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Amt 3a Examplesincl Excl New

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17 views

Amt 3a Examplesincl Excl New

Uploaded by

Manish kumawat
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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INCLUSION AND EXCLUSION PRINCIPLE:

Let A and B be two finite sets, then n(A  B) = n(A) + n(B) − n(A  B) ,
where n(A) = |A| = Number of elements in set A.
In other words, to find the number of elements n(A  B) in the union A  B
, we add n(A) and n(B) & then subtract n(A  B) ; that is “include” n(A) and
n(B) and exclude n(A  B) .
This follows from the fact that when we add n(A) and n(B), we have counted
the elements of A  B , twice. This principle holds for any number of sets.
INCLUSION AND EXCLUSION PRINCIPLE FOR THREE SETS:
Let A1 ,A 2 ,A 3 be three non empty sets.
3 3
| A1  A 2  A 3 | = | A | −  | A
i =1
i
i  j=1
i  A j | + | A1  A 2  A 3 |

or
n(A  B  C) = n(A) + n(B) + n(C)
−n(A  B) − n(B  C) − n(A  C)
+ n(A  B  C)
INCLUSION AND EXCLUSION PRINCIPLES FOR n SETS
Extending the principle of inclusion and exclusion principle to n sets, we have
the following:
Let A1 ,A 2 ,...A n be any n non-empty sets. Then,
A1  A 2  ...  A n =

 (A ) −  (A  Aj) +  (A  A j  A k ) − ... + ( −1)


n n n
( A1  ...  A n )
n −1
k i i
i =1 i  j=1 i, j,k =1

Examples.1:Passwords must be 2 characters long. Each character must be a


letter a – z , a digit 0 – 9, or one of the 10 punctuation characters
! @ # $ % ^ & * ( ) . Each password must contain at least 1 digit or punctuation
character. Find the number of legal passwords.
Solution:
Password has a digit or punctuation character in position 1 or in
position 2. The inclusion and exclusion principle applies as these cases
overlap.
Let A be the set of all Passwords that has a digit or punctuation character in
position 1.
Let B be the set of all Passwords that has a digit or punctuation character in
position 2.
Then A  B is the set of all passwords, which has a digit or punctuation
character in position 1 and 2.
|A| = (10+10) (10+10+26) = 920
|B| = (10+10+26) (10+10) = 920
| A  B |= 20x 20 = 400
By the principle of inclusion and exclusion,
A  B = A + B − A  B =920+920-400 = 1440
Example 2. In a language survey of students it is found that 80 students know
English, 60 know French, 50 know German, 30 know English and French, 20
know French and German, 15 know English and German and 10 students
know all the three languages. Using Venn diagram find out how many
students know (i) at least one language (ii) English only (iii) at least two
languages?
Solution:
Let E, F, G denote respectively, the sets of students knowing English, French
and German.

Set Region Triple intersection


S1 1 E  F G
S2 2 E  F G
S3 3 E  F G
S4 4 E  F G
S5 5 E  F G
S6 6 E  F G
S7 7 E  F G
S8 8 E  F G
Given E = 80 F = 60 G = 50
Given E  F  G = 10.  S5 = 10
E  F = 30  S3 + S5 = 30  S3 = 30 − S5 = 30 – 10 = 20
E  G = 15  S5 + S6 = 15  S6 = 15 − S5 = 15 – 10 = 5
F  G = 20  S5 + S7 = 20  S7 = 20 − S5 = 20 – 10 = 10
S2 = E − S3 − S5 − S6 = 80 – 20 – 10 – 5 = 45
S4 = F − S3 − S5 − S7 = 60 – 20 – 10 – 10 = 20
S8 = G − S6 − S5 − S7 = 50 – 5 – 10 – 10 = 25
Therefore
(i) the number of students who know at least one language is
S 2 + S 3 + S 4 + S 5 + S 6 + S 7 + S8
= 45 + 20 + 20 + 10 + 5 + 10 + 25 = 135
(ii) the number of students who know English only is
S2 = 45
(iii) the number of students who know at least two language is
S3 + S5 + S6 + S7 = 20 + 10 + 5 + 10 = 45
Example.3. In a language survey of students it is found that 80 students know
English, 60 know French, 50 know German, 30 know English and French, 20
know French and German, 15 know English and German and 10 students
know all the three languages. Find the number of students who knows (i) at
least one language (ii) English only (iii) at least two languages using the
principle of inclusion and exclusion.

Solution:

(i) Using principle of inclusion and exclusion number of students who


know at least one language is given by
E  F G = E + F + G − E  F − F G − E G + E  F G
= 80 + 60 + 50 -30 – 20 – 15 + 10 = 135
(ii) Let A = E  F and B = E  G
 A  B = A + B − A  B = 30 + 15 – 10 = 35
Therefore the number of students who know English alone is given
by
E − A  B = 80 – 35 = 45
(iii) Let A = E  F , B = E  G , C = F  G
Clearly A  C = A  B = B  C = A  B  C = E  F  G
By principle of inclusion and exclusion we get
A B C = A + B + C − A B − AC − B C + A B C
A B C = A + B + C − A B − AC
A  B  C = A + B + C − E  F  G = 30 + 20 + 15 – 20 = 45

Example:
There are 900 employees at CantoCrafts Inc.Of these, 615 are female, 345 are under 35
years old, 482 are single, 295 are single females, 187 are singles under 35 years old, 190
are females under 35 years old, and 120 are single females under 35 years old. Use a
Venn diagram to determine how many employees are married males who are at least 35
years old.

Solution:

n ( total number of singles, females or under 35 years of age) = n (females) + n (singles)


+ n (under 35 years of age) - n (females under 35) - n (single females) - n (singles under
35) + n (single females under 35)
= 615 + 345 + 482 - 295 - 187 - 190 + 120
= 890

Total number of married men who are atleast 35 years old = Total number of employees -
Total number of single females or employees under 35 years old
= 900 - 890
= 10
Therefore, 10 employees are married males who are atleast 35 years old.

Example 4:
A University want to count the number of students who are taking Math,
English, Religion or Science. They found that:

120 students are taking Science


120 students are taking English
130 students are taking Math
140 students are taking Religion
60 students are taking Science and English
60 students are taking English and Math
80 students are Math and Religion
60 students are taking Science and Religion
60 students are taking English and Religion
60 students are taking Science and Math
30 students are taking Science, English, Math
30 students are taking Science, Math, Religion
20 students are taking Science, English, Religion
40 students are taking English, Math, Religion
10 students are taking all four courses

Question: How many students are taking Science, English, Math or


Religion?

Solution:

Let n(A) = Students taking Science


Let n(B) = Students taking English
Let n(C) = Students taking Math
Let n(D) = Students taking Religion

In order to solve this, the elements have to be grouped into 4 sets. Initially,
one would think that a 4 circle Venn diagram would be able to display this
information. However, it's impossible to visually display this information
using four circles. To solve this, the four sets can be represented using a
vertical rectangle, horizontal rectangle, a circle and 2 circles connected
together as shown.
The sections in blue represents students taking only 1 of the 4 subjects
The sections in yellow represents students taking 2 of the 4 subjects
The sections in gray represents students taking 3 of the 4 subjects
The section in violet represents students taking all 4 subjects
n(A U B U C U D) = n(A) + n(B) + n(C) + n(D) - n(A n B) - n(B n C) - n(C
n D) - n(A n D) - n(B n D) - n(A n C) + n(A n B n C) + n(A n C n D) + n(A
n B n D) + n(B n C n D) - n(A n B n C n D)

= 120 + 120 + 130 + 140 - 60 - 60 - 80 - 60 - 60 - 60 + 30 + 30 + 20 + 40 -


10
= 240
Therefore, there are 240 Students taking Science, English, Math or Religion

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