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14

. , , !

bald [bo:ld] wll.liout hair or fur bare [be^] , uncovered; linked; empty; without de fin itio n beard ['biati] lit* hair that grows on the wer part o f mens faces to blush [ -

brow [brau] eyebrow, the forehead; the rounded top of a hill charm [tja:m] , , a soft ly or gently pleasing quali ty; an incarnation; a protec tion against danger or evil cheek [tji:k]

i. to become red from /, shame, modesty; feel shame

In boast [banist] -

the soft fleshy part o f the face between the eye and the mouth
chin [tjin ] the part o f the face below the lower lip curl [1] , to form in to curls, to move in spirals; curly devote [diW ut] to dedicate, to give

i. many words about urself with proper pride

bonny ['boni] -

It, heallooking; fresh and attetlve

V

16 wholly; to make a gift for a particular use; to be bound by strong affection

dignity ['digniti] , worth, excellence; nobility o f man ner or bearing ear [i^ ] yx o the organ of hearing in men and animals

Appearance

['elbani] the joint connecting the forearm and upper arm; the point formed at this j oint when the arm is bent
elbow embarrass [im'baera-s] , to cause to feel awkward, shy or ashamed; to make things difficult and complicated; to involve in debt eye [ai] an organ of sight; the power of seeing; a thing like an eye face [feis] the

finger a terminal digit of the hand; something shaped like or as thin as a finger; the part of a glove into which a finger is inserted footprint, footstep [ futprint], [ futstep] , a mark made by the foot forehead ['forid]

fron t part o f the head; a grimace, a mask

feature ['fi:tjV] the distinctive part or characteristic of a thing; a part of the face

the upper part o f the face above the eyebrows where the hair begins to grow
generosity [d3^n^'rositi]

, giving freely, not stingy, the quality of being nobleminded, plentiful

PI

Appearance

17 f ul in a way which commands admiration; (of animals) well shaped and good to look at; impressive, pleasing; gra cious
head [hed] the top part of the human body or foremost part of an animal body; the leading person in an institution; the brain as man s thought centre; the most effective part of a tool hide (hid, hidden) [haid], [hid], ['hidh] , to put or keep something out of sight; to block the view o f something humour ['hjuim^] , some thing which arouses laugh ter, amusement; the ability for reacting and expressing understanding; a mood, fra me o f mind idle [aidl] ; not working; unwilling to work, lazy innocence ['ina'sns] , free from sin, guilt; a kind-hear-

1 [gla:ns] to look briefly; to to gleam

gloom [lu:m] melancholy; |iiw mood; semidarkness, shadow hair [he^] ivoring of the human head ( miimal body; a threadlike Kfowth on plants
liand [haend] () the part of the

human body from the wrist |u the fingertips; skill, abi lit y to do something
handsome ['heensarn] (of men) good will king; (of women) beauti-

H air

18
ted person, sim ply-m inded person irritatio n [^ ri'te ijn ] being im p atiently angry, annoy; ma k in g sore or uncom fortable je alo u s ['c^ela^s] , a state o f fea r, sus picion or envy caused by a real or im agined th reat or challange to ones instincts keen [ki:n] , , sharp, cu ttin g; acute, intensive, enthusiastic lazy ['leizi] no wish to work, lack o f desire to do som ething le g [leg] one o f the parts o f the body sup

Appearance

p ortin g a human or animal body and used in w alking, running, jum ping lip [lip] one o f the tw o parts o f a mouth; the edge o f a ca vity, open ing; to lick one s lips to show great anticipation look [luk] ; make an e f fo r t to see; to pay attention; to d irect the eyes in a par ticu lar direction and m ani fest surprise, wonder merit [ merit] the qu ality; the goodness or badness o f some th in g; spiritual credit mettle [ metl] , spirit, courage or fortitu d e mild [ maild] , g e n tle , m ode rate, not severe or extrem e; not h avin g a strong taste Modest [ imdist] reasonable, aware o f one s lim itations; avoiding pretension or display mouth [mau0] a cavity in the head containing

Appearance

19
pleasant [ pleznt] good-humoured, pleasing, agreeable pretty { priti] pleasing to see or hear; excellent, fine, good razor [ reiz^] an insrum ent fo r shav in g hair fro m the skin ready [ redi] in a state f i t fo r quick im m ediate action ; quick and easy reckless [ reklis] , w ild ly careless; in d ifferen t to danger rectitude [ rektitju:d] , mo ral in te g rity , uprightness, honesty redden [ redn] to become red, flu shed; to make red reliable [ri lai^bl] able to be relied on, to place one s com plete confidence in and make no altern ative provision

Min li'cth, the tongue, palate |til bounded by the lips n w k [nek] that jint I which joins the head to body; the narrowest part f d l l object [ nimbi] lig h t and quick in ^nl Ion; alert; gu ick-w itted [nsruz] h o c the t ' l i i l prominence above the nil III o f man; a sense o f IH'II; a forw ard or project K p iir t

nim b le

llait [plaet] a tltfth o f hair, straw , rib|li riinsisting o f three inf lined strands

20
resemblance [n zemblans]

Appearance

sim ilarity; the state, fact or quality of resembling, likeness

resp on sibility [ris^onsa^

saucy [ sdisi] , smart, gaily stylish; impudent se lf , - self-centred [ selfsenta-dj seeing oneself as the centre o f a situation -conceit [ selfks4i si:t] the quality o f having too hign opinion o f oneself -conscious [ self konJVs] shy; em barrassed at the thought one is m aking a poor im pression -contained [ selfkan teind]

biliti] the state or quality o f being responsible, answerable for something

reverence [ revarans]

, , the condition or state o f being revered; a bow or curtsy

ruthless [ ru:01is] pitiless, mer ciless sad [sed] depressed in spirits; show ing sorrow; unhappy

sa ga city [sa^ "gaesiti] the quality of being keen, qu ickw itted; native intelligence, shrewd ness
sa rd o n ic [sa: donik]

complete in its e lf; not o ffe r in g or dependent on contact with others

-control [ selfkari traiil]

, expressing b itte r ness or ironic mockery un der laughter

the abil ity to prevent oneself from expressing strong emotion or acting impulsively
-defence [ selfdi fens] defending

ApfU'arance

21
sincere [sm sia*] honest, true; without falseness slim [slim] slender [ slenda^] thin, small in size, amount, ex tent or degree; attractive and graceful sly [slai] , able to trick or deceive; showing or charac terized by cleverness, craft iness, shrewdness sm art [smart] 1) , clever or intelligent, bright; sty lish, fashionable; 2) to fe e l sharp s tin gin g pain; hurt or distress sm ile [small] , an expression of the face formed by the lips to show happiness, amu sement; sympathy, etc. stubborn [ sUbari] hard to overcome or deal with; not givin g in to argument or reason ta ll [toil] more than average height;

>' life, property or re Ion

love [ self Lw] PV love o f oneself; (in concern for one s own II luting
ollant [ selfri lai34it] I | con| piit in one s own abili, hit ving power o f judgeit

i i'Npect [ selfns pekt]

iTito

nm the proper esii In which one holds

<

willed [ selfwild] determined to I I w me s own wishes only MtuiHible [ sensibl] pa11 . showing good ; being practical, rea1(1
V! [Sew]

itve hair with a razor; I down close to the skin n razor; to cut o ff in thin ; to cut very closely
I

I |ai] frightened, timid, tig a lack o f courage

22

Appearance

toe [ten] any of the fiv e end parts of the foot; the part of sto eking, shoe, etc. that covers the toes tongue [U q]

a movable organ attached to the floor of the mouth, used fo r tasting, swallowing, speaking; a spoken lang uage, dialect
tooth (teeth) [tu:0], [ti:0]

, one of the hard bone like processes set in the jaws not short or low; unusually large in amount or degree
thick [0ik] not thin; very noticeable, heavy; mentally dull, stupid thin [0in] not thick; not plump or fat, lean; easily seen through; not dense tidy [taidi] ; unkind [ kaind] , cruel; angry, not kind virtue [ va^tju:]

clean and neat, well-organized; quite large; considerable

timid [ timid] shy, showing lack of cou rage, self-confidence

Appearance

23
close one eye and then at once open it; a signal; to blink, to hint
wrinkle [ riqkl] , a fold in a flexible surface; a fold in the skin as a mark of age; to produce wrinkles wrist [rist] the joint between the hand and the arm

im Iiiuhs;

moral excellence, any good quality trait of character; the W or strength to protH' i I' effects

voice [vois] j Bound uttered from the liwi 11 mouth in speaking Mnging; expression, rep l enting wink [wiqk] , i , to

aw ake |Vweik] ; to stop sleeping; to wake up; to realize; to make somebody understand boy [boi]

a boy or a girl at any age bet ween infancy and teenage

close [kla-us] near; intim ate; nearly alike; compactly, tightly concord [ka-n'ksid] a state of agree ment or harmony; a treaty or agreement couple ['1] a pair; partners in a dance; an engaged or married pair cousin [] ,

a male child; a son o f any age

bride [braid] a woman on her wedding day; a newly married wo man bridegroom ['braidgrum] a man on his wedding day brother ['*] a son in his relationship to another child of the same parents child, children [tfaild], ['tjildr^n] , ;

any distant rela tive

cradle ['kreidl] a small bed for a baby; a place where some thing begins

I'umily

25

darling ['da:liq] tt, a beloved ; loved dearly; lovlaughter ['doita^] I emale human being in InMon to her parents

iloll [dol] a , a miniature human firo; a pretty empty-heaI woman

oinbrace [im'breis] , - to put one s

iiih lovin gly around; to lidpt gladly; to clasp or Id in the arms; to take in M understanding i
I umily ['fiaemili]

forever [f^'reva^] without a break, eternally, up to the end of days friend ['frend] someone who freely sup ports and helps out o f good will, a person who gives f i nancial help over a period of years generation [^en^'reijVn] the whole body of persons thought of as bein g born about the same time; a period o f time roughly corresponding to the age of parents when their children are born

group consisting o f paits and their children; a up of people closely relal>y blood
lather [^]

male parent; an origina; the oldest member of an titution or community

fellow ['fela-u] -

, a friend, companion, associate; a Nil o f whom one speaks

26
give [giv] to

Fam ily

||

heritage ['heritid3 ]

put into someone s hands; to offe r as a present; to o f fer as sponsor; to produce, to show, to supply
have [hasv]

, what has been or can be inherited after a parent s death

honest ['onist] sincere, truthful; obtained by fa ir means husband ['hAzb^nd]

have got; to hold in the hand; to be in a specified personal relationship to; to contain; to accept; to take; to recei ve; to understand suddenly; to be under an obligation or n ecessity as regard s; to know; to trick, cheat
help [help] , to be useful and effective to somebody; to make easier; to prevent; to serve food at a meal; to join and contribute to the performance or finishing of a task here [hia^j in this place, at this or at that moment in tim e, action, thought; which is present heredity [hi'rediti]

the male partner in a marriage

ill-bred ['il'bred] a lack o f good manners, rude or showing rudeness infant ['infant] childish, without comprehension and thought;

the trans mission o f qualities from parent to offspring (a son or a daughter)

Infant

Family

27
helpful, sympathe tic, frien dly; gentle, plea sant; a group or division of persons or things
kiss [ki:s] , to press or touch with the lips as an expres sion of passion, affection or respect like [laik] ; ; resembling each other, identical, equal, faithful to the original; the same; to find pleasing, attractive; to be fond of; to choose in a spirit o f self-congratulation little ['litl] , small in size; young; short, brief; trivial; operating on a small scale maid [meid], maiden [ meidn] ( ) a girl, unmar ried, virgin ; a female do mestic servant m aintain [men tein]
K in

H thinking about future ivi'iits; unable to conclude Inseparable [in'sep^rafbl] , can t be divided, | h whole thing; no parts or |< [jlhces; people devoted in ft Irtidship Just [d3 Asl] ; obeying Lflirrently accepted ethical n w e ; legally valid; deser v ' d , merited; accurate; ve( recently; exactly, directy , ii short time ago kin [k in ] , fa m ily, redives, clan kind [kaind] , ; , -

to declare to be true, valid; to defend

28

Fam ily

mother [ 1 ] a fem ale parent; some thing regarded as a source; a woman in a position of authority name [neim] ; a word by which a person or thing is known n a tive [ neitiv] , one o f the original inhabitants o f the country; a person born in a given place, country nephew [ nevju], [ nefju:] a son o f a persons bro ther or sister niece [ni:s] a daughter o f a per son s brother or sister

M arriage

the truth, validity; to pro vide for the needs of; to sup port
m arriag e [ mridg]

, the institutoin under which a man and a woman become legally united; the wedding cere mony
marry [ maeri] to join two people in marriage; to join closely or match; to enter into mar riage minor [main^] -

, less in importance, size; not hav ing reached the fu ll legal age

M inor

Family

29
teem; sympathetic concern; attention
regret [ri gret] , the emo tion arising from a wish that some matter or situation could be different from what it is; an expression o f this emotion relation [ri leijn]

nourish [ ]-]

, , to supply with food; to keep alive in lint mind; to remember in

thoughts obedient [ biidj^nt], I< bi:di34it] i.v subm itting one s w ill; Hot resisting, diligent o ffsp rin g [ o:fspriq] , a child

Or children
old |>uld] not new, advanced in years;

experienced; former
orphan [ oifa-n]

a relative by birth or m arri age, relationship by blood or marriage, the way in which one thing is associ ated with another
remorse [ri mo:s] the emo tion associated with painful recollection o f something one would prefer not to have done or said because it hurts others reproach [ri pranitj] , reproof, re buke; to tell someone that he has acted wrongly when nobody has expected him to do so several [ sevra4] more than two

a child whose parents ire dead

parents [ pearants] po-

someones who
ive birth to offspring patience [ peiJVns] the capacity to lit up with troubles, pain, fficu lties without compnt or ill temper; the abity to wait or preserve wiout losing heart or becomg bored regard [n ga:d] consideration; es

30
but not many; a small num ber o f persons and things
sister [ sista^]

Fam ily

a daughter in her relation ship to another child of the same parents

sour [ saua^]

uncle [ Aqkl] the brother of a person s fa ther or mother; the husband o f a person s aunt unlike [ laik]

having an acid taste as lemon; unpleasant; irrita t ed, bad-tempered

testament [ testament]

, d i f ferent from; not typical of; not the same or equal

unmarried [ maerid] ; not married widow [ wida-u] a woman who has not married again a fter her husband s death; to make into a widow w id o w e r [ widoua1 ] a man who has not married again after his w ife s death w ife [w aif] the female partner in a mar riage

a w ill, the last will

trust [trASt]

to rely upon, to believe; to fe el sure o f; to expect with confidence

twin [twin] ,

one of two child ren born at the same birth

[ wuman] women [ wi:min] an adult female hu man being; female sex

woman
Twins

accident ['aeksid^nt] , , ; catasphes: railroad accidents, r crash; chance: W e wt by accident acid ['assid] jiving a sour, sharp taste Ike a lemon; having the

quarantee of truth; certainly; surely; promise, convincing reason to rely on

to as/sure (V jW ] , to make certain; to tell as a certain fact; to insure; to make safe to attend |>'tend] , to be present at...; to go re g u la rly to...; to v is it and treat (as nurse, doctor); to

haracteristics of acid, ex: acid remark, an acid face

a/like [V laik ] noxo, ; ;

the same manner; simi; like each other

ambulance ['asmbjula'ns] ; : ambulatory, e as/sur/ance [a'-'juaraiis]

32 accompany; to pay atten tion to...

back [baek] ; the hinder part o f the body; the less im p ortan t side; op posite the front; the distant part; a defensive position bad (worse, the worst)

Health Service H _______________ W

[bCd, W 04S, W 34St] defective, not good, mis fortune

bandage []

bone [] one of the hard parts of the skeleton breath [bre0] , ; respira tion; a slight movement of air; a slight pause, a m o ment; to draw in air and send it out from the lungs; to blow gently to breathe [bri:5]

, ,
bind [baind] to tie up, to bandage, to fasten together, to connect to bite [bait] to cut with teeth; to da mage; to have a tendency to make attacks in this way bleed [bli:d] to lose, to draw blood; to extort money blind [blaind] without sight; without seeing objects or facts blood [bUd] a fluid circulating throug'hout the body

to take into the lungs; to make naturally evident; to live; to recover

bruise [bru:z] , a surface injury to the body caused by a fall or blow can [kaen] 1) to be able to do smth; 2) a tinplated

Health Service

33
cough [kofj , a sudden forced expulsion o f air from the lungs, the noise made by this air crazy ['kreizi]

letitainer in which food prorttmU are preserved

cancer ['kns^]

* northern group of stars in Hip ; a sort of crab; ill , disease

complain [kaWplein]

to express dlwHatisfaction, to express |ntin or distress

complicate ['komplikeit] p , ; lit make difficult or confu|9(I ; to make complex; diffi> IL to understand
i h

foolish; un sound; full of defects; very enthusiastic, in love with

c ry [krai] ; to call out, to shout; to weep, to utter an animal s call cure ['kju^]

conclusion [ka-n'klu^n],

a course o f treatm ent; to restore to health; to treat

danger t'deind3^]

; the end or last part; a Httlement or arrangement n i' t in agreement; a reasoned judgement; the summary or flylJiNhot of an argument
J k ,v n 'k lu :3 3 4 i]

an act leading

[ confidence ['konfida-ns] p , ; a state of trust; Mllftnce, a feeling of hope; H fe c r e t

conscience [konJVns] knowledge of ' own acts as right or

pHing
()( ... .

34
to harm, loss o f life etc. Stop in danger!
dead [ded] having no life ; not alive; having no fe elin g , m ove ment or activity; not in play or in operation deaf [def]

H ealth Service

dissolve [di'zolv] pa , ; to put an end to; to disperse; to pass into solution; to fade gradually distinct [dis'tiqkt] clear, d e fi nite; separate, individual; marked distress [dis'tres] rope,

without sense o f hearing; unwilling to listen; unwil ling to understand

death [de0] the end o f life; the state of being dead; an end, destruc tion, dying definite ['definit] , clear; limiting; exact, certain depend [di'pend]

considerable mental or physial discom fort or pain; financial hard ship; a being in great d iffi culty or danger
disturb [dis'ta^b]

, to worry, to move out of place; to bother; to upset the peace of

dizzy ['dizi] mentally confused; sick, a little bit out of mind doubt [daut] hesitation; a feelin g of uncertainty; being unsure drop [drop] a very small amount of liquid in a round or pear-shaped form clinging or falling to a surface

to rely for support; to rely trustfully; to count; to be contingent

disappear ^dis^'pia-],

['disa^'pi^] to be lost, to vanish, not to be visible

disease [d i'zi:z]

an unhealthy con dition; an illness; being sick; a particular malady

Health Service

35
fo r safekeeping; to g ive a task or duty
evidence ['evrdaris]

drug [1] ; a substance timid as medicine; a chemitil substance used to alter I ho state o f the body or the iti Iiid; a narcotic substance dumb [dAm] unable to speak, mute; without the use of words, mindless; unwilling to ipeak emergency [i'm^:d 3 ^nsi]

, , inform ation given by a witness; anything that provides information on which a conclusion or proof may be based
exhaust [ig'zoist] , to use up completely, come to the end; to empty; to destroy; to discuss completely expect [iks'pekt] , to hope for, to think likely; to require some one to do something expire [iks'paia^]

-* , a dange rous situation which arises nddenly and calls for promt nction; an immediate need
endure [in'dju^] to suffer patiently; to tolerate; to bear, stand; remain set in purpose; to old out under suffering enough [ iW f ] as much as is reded; sufficiently, quite much as is needed; fairly, lerably; as mush as one nil put up with or manage; more en/trust [in'trASt]

to breathe out; to come to an end

external [eks'ta^n^l] , on the outside o f the body; what lies outside the mind fa il [fe il]

, to give

, to omit or forget to do something required; to become exhaus ted, to give out; to crash

36
financially; to be unsucces sful; to abandon suddenly
fault [fo:lt] a mistake, a failure feel [fi:l], felt [fe lt]

H ealth Service

headache ['hedeik] ro a usually persistent pain in the head; a boring/vexing problem health [tielS] the state o f fitness of the body or of the mind hear [hiar] to be aware of somebody s words or sounds; to attend, v is it; to receive inform a tion or news; to be informed heart [ha:t] the organ; the central part of something the most im portant part; man s em o tion, the deepest feelings; a state o f mind or feelings hurt [h^:t] , to do

to become aware through the senses; to experience; to sense

fever ['fliva1 ]

human body tempe rature above the normal; a disease causing such high temperature; a high state of excitement, agitation
fold [fanild] - , to cause one part o f something to lie on another; to reduce into a small space; to clasp the hands together in a relaxed way hard [ha:d] , ; d if ficult to cut, crack or crash; not easy to do; oppressive; unkind; energetic and per sistent; unfavourable hardy ['ha:di]

strong, brave,corageous

robust;
H ear

Health Service

37
dirty, conducting to disease; not healthy, very bad
insecure [^nsi'kjua-] , not safe, safeless; without proper care; careless insensibility [in, sensa'biliti] , indifference; not feeling; unconsciousness insomnia [in'somni^]

hn nil, to cause b od ily or timutal pain to somebody; to damage 1 [il] not well, sick; in bad health, in poor health
illness ['ilnis] a particular disease, the lute o f being ill, in poor llpnlth immediate [I'miidja't]

, without an interval; ct; the closest

inanimate [in'aenimit]

one is un able/can t fall asleep; a per sistent inability to sleep

instant ['instant]

; having no organic life, ow ing no sign of having f<>; boring

infirm [in' fa^m] , physi-

; urgent, im m ediate; in soluble form; done at once, at a short period o f time

insurance [m'Jua'rans] the practice by which an individual se cures financial compensa tion fo r a loss or damage; the protection interrogate [in'ter^geit]

lly weak; m orally weak; poor health, sick, not well

inject [in'd3 ekt] , to force fluid into a body; to introe a new quality into a n or thing insanitary [in'saemtOTi]

ve ry

, to ask, to investi gate, to inquire; to make an

38 interrogation, question to put a

Health Service

jaw [d3 D:] a part of the mouth; the parts of a tool; a place of danger jot [dgot] , a very small amount; a quick w ritten note; a brief note or memo randum kill [kil] to destroy life; to stop dead in life ; to be shocked; do not exist knee [ni:] the area surrounding the knee jo in t in a man; some th in g re sem b lin g a b en t knee left [left] on the side of the body where the heart is situated life [laif] the period of time from birth to the present; a specified period or aspect of ones existence; a fresh sta rt or opportunity liver ['liva*] a large vascular organ that

plays an im portant role in digestion, creates particle:, of blood, etc. lose [lu:z] to become unable to find ; to get rid of; to fail to win; to decrease in; to su ffer loss, to be defeated lung [1] one of the pair of spongy sacklike organs that oxyge nate the blood moan [ ] a low, long sound express ing pain or grief; complain, distress, dissatisfaction necessary [ nesa'sam], [ nc sisari] th at m ust be, essential; unavoidable, in the nature of things necessity [na^ sesiti], [ni sesiti] som ething th at is in need; the quality of being nece ssary nerve [n^:v] any of the cordlike fibers of neural tissue th at connects the nervous system with other organs of the body

Health Service
n o t h i n g [ 0)] -

39
p a s s i v e [ paesiv] acted upon by someone or something else; inert; offering no resistance; lacking in itiative p i l l [pd] , a small ball or pellet of m edicine usually coated w ith su g ar; som e thing unpleasant that must be taken p r e v e n t [pri vent] to come be fore; to cause not to do or not to happen; not to be made or done p ro lo n g

fe not anything at all; for H mason; no less than; not i In way; total insignifif -

[ ] lacking the ability |ft feel any em otion (as a fPHiilt of shock, fatigue)
num b

[ ] , ( , | make pushing movements W ith the nose against; to riH the nose against someS
n u z z le h ln g o b l i g a t o r y [ ]

, | which must be done; ired by authority; being 111 (I obligation

o rd in a ry [ o :d n r i ] , [ o :d i-

[], [pra^bq]

to make lon ger, to extend; to draw out [ kworaritkn] a period of isolation

q u a ra n tin e

M , I usual; not exceptio1, normal, trivial

o v e rlo o k luk] , full to see, do not notice, decide not to punish

[ kwinzi] a very sore throat; an abscess of th e areas s u r rounding the tonsils

q u in sy r a s h [raej-] made or done hurriedly, hastily without considering the possible risk

pain [pern] an upleasant feeling or sense; d ig ressin g emotion

40
reason f ri:zn] , the ab ility to think logically, to under stand; sound th in king recover [ri ^] 1) to get back; to possess again 2) to return to normal health a fte r illness; to be on the mend relapse [n lasps] , a rep eti tion o f some illness, crim e or heresy; com ing back to som ething rely [ri lai] to depend absolutely; to believe com pletely; to place one s complete confidence in restful [ restful] h avin g s calm ing e ffe c t; enabling a person to rest his body or mind restless [ restlis] , in continual m otion, con s ta n tly c h a n g in g ; a g it a ted ly m oving about rid [rid] to fr e e o f s o m eth in g u n

H ealth Service

welcom e; to get rid o f = in ge t free from = to do away w ith rinse [rins] to wash w ell in clear water; a solution for the hair, throat sacrifice [ saskra'fais] th a n k sgivin g fo r the saki> o f another person saint [sein t] a soul gone to heaven sake [seik] fo r the b en efit o f; fo r the pur pose o f sane [sein] , norm al, safe and sound; sensible save [seiv] ; to keep alive, free, safe or in good condi tion; to economize, to reser ve fo r fu tu re use sca re [skea-J , to become afraid; to arouse fea r in somebody; a widespread alarm, panic

Health Service

41

[si -] m pletely safe; sure, cer; fix e d firm ly

H elf-sa crifice [s e lf ssekri-

action in ten ded to nefit o th ers or done to lie s own disadvantage

i sj Sick

sense [sens] - any o f the b o d ily f a c i lities (hearing, sight, smell, . Hte or touch) by which an rganism becomes aware o f ts surroundings shiver [ fiva] 1) , to tr e m b le ; to Hliake w ith cold or fear; 2) to break in to fragm en ts or M ina.ll pieces shoulder [ jyulda*] the jo in t connecting ie arm w ith the upper part id the body; the p art o f a lothing coverin g the shoulle r sick [sik] III, unhealthy; s u ffe rin g from some disease, having Imd h ealth ; sh ow in g sick ness

sigh [sai] a long, deep breathing sound

sight [salt] , ; the pow er o f seein g; v isio n ; som ethin g seen, view ; personal ju d ge ment, regard skin [skin] the
outer coverin g o f a human or animal body

sleep [sli:p] a natural condition o f rest usually at n igh t slight [slait] , , small in quantity, degree or strength; slen d er o r th in ; o f sm all importance sneeze [sni:z]
to d rive or force one s

42
breath out through the nose and mouth in a sudden, violent way
snore [sna:]

H ealth Service

pain, sorrow or distress; to undergo loss or damage

suggest [s a fe s t]

to make harsh or noisy sounds in sleep through the mouth and nose
soap [saup] a

to propose; to offer for consideration or action; to express indirectly, to hint

survive [sa1 vaiv] , to out live; to live longer than; to continue to live or remain active tear [tea^] (tore, torn) [to:], [torn] ; to pull apart into pieces; to wound by tearing; to divide into pieces; a drop o f salty fluid that flows from the eye thrill [9ril] , an excit ing feeling or sensation; to tremble, quiver touch [ Utf] , to bring a hand on or against; to come into contact with; to con cern; to partake; to be in con tact tremble [ trembl] to shake as with

substance used for washing and cleaning

sore [so:] painful or sensitive to the touch; feeling physi cal pain; annoying; any source o f pain spare [spea^] 1) to show mercy to; to leave unhurt; to save from pain or trouble; 2) extra, free, held in reserve stolid [ stolid] ; , impassive; not easily moved; showing no emotion stomach [ sUmak] a digestive cavity; abdomen; belly suffer [ sAfer]

to have or be subject to

Health Service

43
some purpose; not qu a li fied; in poor condition, un healthy
unhealthy [ helGi] sick; ill; not in good health; harmful to a person s morals unsafe [ seif]

not safe '

unsanitary [ sasnitOTi] not clean or sanitary Hold; to be filled with fear,

liurvousness
trouble [ ]

urgency [ 3^:d3^nsi]

, , d iffic u lty , danger or distress; something that Causes a problem; extra work o r e ffo rt
undergo [,And^ 1]

must be done immediately; c o m p ellin g, p ressin g; insistent, earnest

vein [vein] one o f the vessels that carry blood in the body vision [vi 3 n] ; the act or power o f seeing; the ability to plan ahead; fo r s ig h t; m ental image weak [wi:k] h a vin g lit t le physical strength; lacking force; low in intensity; lacking logical force

to pass irough; to endure; to expeience uneasy [ i:zi] ,

rried, anxious; restless; wkward, embarrassed

unfit [ fit] not suited to

44
to weep [wi:p] to shed tears; to cry; to b rin g to a specified condi tion by w eeping
w obble [ wobl] 1) ; 2) , ; 3) to m ove unsteadily from side to side; to shake; to be un steady on its or one s legs; to trem ble w orry [ wah] to trouble; to feel a n x io u s , tr o u b le d ; to be excited

H ealth Service

wound [wu:nd] , an in ju r y as the result o f violence; an injury to the feelin gs X -rays [ eks reiz] a method o f determining crystal struc ture; an electrom agnetic ra diation; a photograph made by exposure to X-rays yaw n [join]

to breathe in deeply, lettin g the mouth open wide because o f sleepiness, weariness or boredom

l.tflt] a person
killed in keeping accounts;

Ac/count/ant/ ['-

busy ['b iz i] engaged in work, having much to do; fu ll o f a c tiv ity calculate ['kaelkjuleit] , to make a calculation; to w ork out m athem atical processes to fig u r e out in one s head c a rp e n te r ['kaipint^]

Someone w ho exam ines or Inspects the accounts o f a

poinpany bak er ['beik^]

*-

professional

bread-

limker

blacksmith ['blaeksmiG]
| a man who works Ith iron and fir e
body-gu ard ['bodiga:d] ' a man or roup o f men gu ardin g the |nfety o f another business ['biznis] , o n e s re g u la r em ploym ent, profession , occupation; personal a ffa ir

a workm an in wood, a person who makes the wooden fram es o f a house, ship, etc
coc [kuk] a person who can make break fast, dinner and supper fo r other people collaborate [k ^'laeb areit]

to work

46
together; another to assist one

Profession

colleague ['koli:g] a fellow worker; a partner communicative [ka-'mju:nik^tiv] , informa tive, w illin g to talk in fo r m atively concern [kWsa^n]

from the ground; to make oneself fam iliar with subject; to find out by research
dismiss [dis'mis] , to send aw ay, to discharge from employment, office; to refuse to listen to; tell to go doctor ['docta] a person who can treat people and help them driver [ 'draiva]

, to be interested in; to take part in; to have as a subject; to involve

construct [ka^n'strAkt] , to put togeher, to build; to arrange mentally, to combine deal [di:l] to distribute; to engage in buying and sellin g; to have business relations desire [di'zaia^] strong wish, request; to want something very much dig [dig] to break up or turn soil with a spade; to excavate; to remove

, a man who can drive a car and use it as transport

Doctor

| Profession
[> :n ] IJii to get a payment for ||Nirk or services; to deserve |iy merit; to bring in some tliO ( >me from investment
e m b r o id e r [im'broid^] , * to ornament with needle w o r k ; to add to a story de mit I Is that are interesting or I f tiny but not true

47
industrial undertaking, sub division
experience [iks'piaTiaTis]

, the knowledge or feeling obtain ed through direct impres sions; the skill gained by practice or life
factory ['fieektan] a building where goods are manufactured farm [fa:m] , an area o f land used for cultivation or animal breeding under individual or collective management fly [flai] to m ove th rough the a ir by means of wings, jets, propel lers; to travel by air; to float or wave in the air; to run away; to tran sp ort in an aircraf flyer fflais]

[im'pbi] , to nun, to make use of; to i squire the work of; to keep liusy; to pay a person for
e m p lo y Ity o rk e n g in e e r [e i ^ i 'n i a 1 ]

, an jlx p e rt in the design and construction of engines; an |xp ert in organization of p lvil works; a person qualiI flrd in any branch of engineering
e n t e r p r is e ['enta'praiz] a venture K n llin g fo r determination, e n e r g y and in itia tive; the flliaracter needed fo r such a venture; a commercial or

fgrocer ['granisa^] a seller o f common household goods (tea, coffe, canned food, soap, matches, etc.)

48
guard [ga:d] , watch, control; a keeping watch against surp rise attack or th e ft guide [gaid] , a p ers o n w ho shows the w ay; a book o f in form ation ; an adviser inexperienced [^iniks piaria^nst] w ithout practice, lacking som e s k ills ; unable to do w ithout practical work inferior [in'fiana^] o f low er rank or status; o f poor quality. interpret [in'ta^prit] to translate, to explain the meaning; to express one s conception; to act as a lin gu istic in te r preter interpreter [in'ta^prit^] a person who knows a fo r e ig n language and can translate jester ['d 3 esta\| , a p rofession al joke-maker; an object which gives both lau gh ter and contempt

Profession }

job [d3ob] ;. a specific piece o f work done fo r pay; an occu pation as a source of liv in g ; a d iff ic u lt task; n public o ffic e turned to p riva te advantage judge [d3Ad3] ; to apply the law to a qu estion to a r riv e to an opinion; a c iv il law office: o f the highest rank; any person appointed to settle 11 dispute or a com petition lead [li:d] , to show the way; to force to go; to direct, supervise; to conduct; to be m oving at the head; to hold firs t place; to make the first play main [mein] the most important, chief, principal major [ meids^] ; grea ter in im p o rta n c e , s ize than som ething else make [meik]
to b rin g into being; to p er form an action; to arrange;

| Profession
to establish; to add up to; to turn out to be; to earn money; to produce; m ake up cosmetics; Hie art o f applying cosme tics; the w ay in which the parts o f som ething are put together manage [ maemdj] to have control over; to be able to cope w ith the s itu a tio n ; to m anipu late; to handle m anager [ ^] a leader in a company merchant [ ma'rtja-nt] a person who directs a large-scale trade e s p e c ia lly w ith a fo r e ig n country; a reta iler nurse [na^s] , a woman trained to care fo r the sick or the infirm under the direction o f n doctor; a woman employed to look a fter young children overwork [ a^uva w^:k] to e x haust with too much work; to work too hard, excessively

49

Nurse

ow ner [ ] a possessor pilot [pailat] 1) , ; 2) , ; 3 ) plumber [ 1^] , a skilled worker who fits, repairs and maintains pipes, bathroom fixtu res, cisterns pretender [pri tenda^] , someone who pretends, states falsely quick [kwik] -ly [ k w ikli] fa s t-m o v in g ; ra p id ; h u r ried; liv e ly , im pulsively

50 quiet [ kwaia't] , peace ful, undisturbed; noiseless quit [kwit] , to get rid of; to leave; to free ranger [ reind3 ^] an officer who patrols a public forest or park recipient [ri Sipi34lt] someone who receives rem ove [ri mu:v] 1) ; 2) to move from a place; to change one s place of resi dence; to dismiss from office or to transfer to another post; to transfer from one dwelling to another remuneration [r^mjuin^ reijn] the money or gift received by a person; compensation fo r expenditure o f tim e, trouble or money resign [n zain] to be retired; to leave an occupation by

Profession

one s own volition; to stop activity resignation [,rezig neijVn] a formal let ter, notice; the act of resign ing; retirement retire [ri tai&] , to give up active participa tion in a business; to draw back; to seek privacy; resign ing revenue [ revinju:] the annual or perio dic incom e, return from investments, property, etc. reward [ri wD:d] something given or promised in recog nition of service ride [raid] , to sit in a car, train and be carried along; to sit on and be carried along by a horse or other animal while controlling its movements safeguard [ seifga:d] protection; defence sailor [ seil^] a man professionally

Profession

51 who takes part in smuggl ing soldier [ S3uld3^] a person who serves in an army; a brave, skilled or experienced warrior spy [spai] a person who watches others secretly or gathers secret information about others teacher [ 'ti:tja] a person who gives knowledge to peoples/stu dents * tenant [ tenant] a person who pays rent to occupy or use the property of another; an occu pant or inhabitant thief [0i:f] thieves [Oirvz] , a person who steals, especially secretly and without using force typist [ taipist] , a person who types unemployed [ ploid] jobless, out of work

trained in the operating of a ship or member of a ship s crew below the rank of officer salary [ saelari] , a fixed regular payment made to nonmanual workers scientist [ saia-ntist] a specialist in science t scribe [skraib] , a person skilled in handwriting; a professional copyist or clerk sm uggler [ smAgla'] a person

52
unskilled [ skild] , lacking training, experience, prac tice wage [\ve1 d3 ] money received by nonprofessional workers in the form of a weekly pay ment of an agreed sum waiter [ weit^]

Profession

a man employed to serve food or drink; one who waits on tables in a restau rant
work [wa:k] physical or mental activity undertaken to achieve a purpose w r a n g le r [ rasqgla^]

a person who argues, quarrels noisily

apartament [Vpa.'tma-nt]; set o f rooms on one floor; separate residence; a flat attic ['aetik] room under the ro o f of a ouse barn [ba:n] a arm building fo r keeping y, farm instruments, ain or for housing animals basket ['ba:skit] bath [ba:0] , a container with ater to clean oneself or ash; the process of cleang the body in a bath bed [bed] a ece of furniture for sleepng in or resting on below [bi'lsru] , , under, in a wer place; lower than

bench [bent]- ] a long wooden or stone seat fo r two or more people bucket ['bAkit] a container fo r holding water, milk; a pail build [bild] to construct, to make some thing cage [keid3 ] an airy container fo r keep ing birds

54
call [ko:l] , to say loudly in order to get attention; to speak to by telephone; to bring under discussion; to give a personal name to shout or exclaim; to pay a visit carpet ['ka:pit]

House

position o f a professor in u university ()

chimney ['tfimni] an enclosed vertical channel fo r carrying away the smoke from a fire clock [kbk] a mechanism fo r measuring and indicating time; a time clock convenience [kan'viinjaris | , ad vantage; any useful appli ance; something com fort able cosy ['kanizi] nicely relaxing, comfort able; (about people) easy to get on with creak [kri:k] , a harsh sound made by a loose floorboard or layers o f dry leather rub bing together curtain t'ka^tn] , a hanging cloth used in a theatre stage or decorate windows cushion ['kuJVn] a small

a heavy fabric made o f wool, silk, nylon used as a cover ing for floors
cat [kaet] a

domestic animal
ceiling ['snliq] the upper inner sur face o f a room; an upper li mit of capacity or ability chair [tjea-j a seat with four legs and a backrest for one person; the

 House

55
dorm itory ['do:mitri]

a hostel; a sleeping place; a communal sleeping room with a num ber o f beds
downstairs ['daun'ste^z] to a lower floor, to the groundfloor dust [dASt] minute particles o f mineral or plant material, lying on the ground or on the sur faces of things, or flyin g in the atmosphere d w ell [d w e l] , to live, to inha bit; to occupy en tran ce ['entrains]

pillow, a cloth case stuffed with feather, foam, rubber p ic.; for sitting on or lean in g against
disguise [dis'gaiz]

, to change the normal appearnnee; to hide, to conceal i<lentity; to alter appearance

disorder [dis'o:d^], [di'zo:Idtt] , ; a state o f confu|Kion, untidiness; lawlessIness; violation o f public order
domestic fda^'mestik] belonging to the home or house; relating to fam ily affairs; tame, not Wild; not foreign

a door; the act of coming or going in; the act o f starting, being admitted; a fee paid fo r the right to be admitted
exit ['eksit] a way out; a stage direction for an actor to go o ff ex terio r [eks'tiari^] outer, visible from the outside; a backgroup or scene film ed out doors

56
fence [fens] , a railing of wood, wire to mark a boundary bet ween a street and a private territory or neighbours fla t [flaet] ; an apartment; a set of rooms on one floor; broad, smooth plain, un broken by depressions or projections floor [fb :] , the lower horizontal sur face of a room on which one stands; a structure dividing a building horizontally into storeys from [from], [frara] , , indicating outward movement or distance in re lation to a point in space or time fron t [frAnt] , the most forward part of a thing; the most advanced position; the scene o f a p articu lar activity; a face of a building fu rn itu re ['fa^nrtj^] movable articles put in a room to make it de

H ou se

corative; accessories and equipment garbage ['ga:bid3 ] cop, rubbish, kitchen waste; inacurate or unsuitable data in compute r garden ['ga:dn] a piece of ground where f lo wers, fru it and vegetable arcgrown, usually near a house ; a region o f great beauty gate [geit] a wooden or metal barrier which can be opened and shut, entrance h a ll [ho:l] a large room used fo r meet ings or social occasions; a connecting passage or corri dor between rooms; a place where people meet for social or recreative purposes hang [hq] , to be suspended; to await a decision; to fall in folds or in an elegant loose fit; to suffer death by being suspended by the neck home [] the private livin g place o f a family; the place, city where

House

57

inn [in] ,

a small hotel, a tavern, a dwelling for a night

inside [in'said] in or into inner part of something; at or toward the inner side of interior [in'tia-ri^] , re la tin g or placed at the inner part o f something; do mestic affairs of the country one was born; the place where something originat in te rn a l [in'ta^n^l]

ed, developed
house [haus] , a building fo r a per or fam ily to live in; the

interior, in side; inside the body in volving the mind, soul, con science
key [ki:] , an instrum ent fo r lock in g and u n lock in g a lock; a slotted instrument fo r opening cans, bottles; something which affords or prohibits entrance kitchen ['kitjin] the part o f a house where food is prepared live [liv ] , to have life; to main tain life; to flourish, remain

audience in a theatre; a resi dence, dwelling

indoor ['indo:] ,

inside a house or a building indoors ['indo:z] , into a building inhabit [in'haebit] to live in, to dwell, to stay for long time

58

H ou se

in people s memory; to con duct or pass one s life in a certain manner; to realize one s potential; to reside, to dwell, to pass, to spend lobby flob i] , , a corridor, an entrance hall, vestibule, waiting room; the part o f a legis lative building to which the public has access to meet with legislators lock [tak] , a fastening device on doors for security; a curl of hair as it naturally grows on the head lodger [lbd33t] , someone who occupies a rented room in another person s house log [log] a long and heavy piece o f the trunk or a branch of a tree; a shorter segment used for fuel m ansion [ maenjVn] a very large, imposing house mirror [ mira] , a polished

surface which reflects light; to make a true portrait or representation mop [ ] an implement for washing or polishing floors near [ ?] not far, at a short distance neat [ni:t] , on clean and tidy; well made, well propor tioned neighbour [ neib^] a person living next door or relatively close to another; to be situated near to, adjoin orchard [ oitja^l] a garden, a stretch of land with cultivated fruit trees pail [peil] an open container with arched handle at the top used for carrying liquids pet [pet] , som eone who treated as a favourite; a tame animal kept as a companion or for fun and affectionate ly cared for

H ouse

59 rake [reik] an agricultural instrument for collecting, gathering, cleaning smoothing, etc r o o f [ru:f] , the structure that covers the top o f a building; a home or house affording shelter and hospitality
P a il

pillow [ ] a cushion stuffed with feathers, foam rubber or other soft material; a rest and support for the neck and head plinth [plin0] the base o f a wall which projects just above ground level puppy [ ] a young dog rail [reil] , , a ho rizontal bar of wood or metal; railroad ( .) the organiza tion concerned with runn ing a regional system of rail roads; railway ( .)

room [rum] a sf>ace within a building enclosed by its walls, ceil ing and floor rubbish [ |] waste material, refuse; garbage; nonsense rug [] 1) . a mat o f thick wool used to cover a floor; 2) a thick blanket used as a bed covering or for wrapping

Puppy

60 around the knees when tra velling rural [ maral] , re lating to or characteristic of a village seesaw [ si:so:] a plank balanced in the centre; a back-andforth or up-and-down move ment; to rise and fall alter nately sheet [fi:t] , , large piece of cotton used as a bed covering; a single piece o f paper; any broad thin stripe of something shelter [ Jelta^] something that covers

H ou se

and protects from weather, danger, attack; refuge shutter [ jAta^] a movable panel or screen for a door or window; a de vice that opens and closes the lens opening of a camera sill [sil] the part across the bot tom of a window or a door; a horizontal beam that for ms the foundation o f a stru cture slam [slaem] to shut a door with a loud noise; to strike or move noisily stair [stea^] a flight o f steps for pass ing from one level or floor to another storey [ stori] , one o f the horizon tal divisions o f a building; a set o f rooms on the same floor or level swab [swob] a mob used on ships to clean decks and other surfaces

Seesaw

sweep [swi:p] (swept) [swept] 1) ; -

House

61 again; to become imaginati vely aware o f something wall [wo:l] a vertical structure built to enclose, support, divide, protect; a barrier wash [woj] (), to cleanse with soap and water; to make something clean with soap and water; to remove dirt from clothes watch [wot]"] 1) a small clock worn on the wrist or carried in a pocket; 2) , , , to observe; to be a spectator at; to look after; to take a professional privatfij inte rest in something

Sweep

to clear or clean with a broom, brush, etc.; to move or pass along with a swift movement towel [ tausrl ] a piece o f absorbent material used for wiping or drying upstairs [ stea^z] to ward the top o f a staircase; to an upper floor; the upper floor wake (woke, woken) [weik], [wanik], [wa'uken] , to become conscious after sleep; to pay attention

62 window [ winda^u] an opening in the wall o f a room permiting light to enter, usually fitte d with glass in a frame o f wood or metal wipe [waip] to rub with a cloth; to clean by rubbing; to remove m oisture, dust from sur face

H ou se

yard [ja:d] ;i small open space completely or partly enclosed and adjoining to a building

Yard

FO O D

bacon ['beik^n] pork (p ig s meat) from a pig s back and sides, cured dry or in pickle and smoked bake [beik] to cook food in dry heat (an oven, cooker); to bake bread bar [ba:] 1) ,

b a rley, barm , sugar and water

beetroot ['bi:tru:t]

the red/crim son root of the beet plant used as a vegetable

berry ['beri] j any small, juicy fru t with seeds; : stawberry, gooseberry, raspberry, craneberry

a long piece of wood, metal used as a sup port; 2) , a coun ter over which drink and food is served
bean [bi:n] the seeds of climbing plants (

, , );
: coffee beans

beef [bi:f] the meat o f a cow, bull or ox

beer [bia^] an

alcoholik drink, made from

Beetroot

64
besides [bi'saidz] -

Food

also, in addition to, moreover

biscuit ['biskit] cracker, cookie

cafe ['kaefei], ['kaefi] a cheap restaurant; a place providing light meals or snack and some alcohol cake [keik] ,

to boil [boil] to bubble at a high tempe rature; to be cooked in boil in g w ater; to heat to the boiling point
bottle ['botl]

a baked mixture o f flour, eggs, fats, sugar and other sweet or fru ity ingredients
carrot ['] a vegetab le with yellowish red root cheese [tji:z] a solid food made from pres sed curds o f milk cherry ['tjen]

a narrow necked vessel; without a handle for contain ing liquid

bread [bred] breakfast ['brekfa^st] the firs t meal of the day broth [bro0] ,

the red fruit of the cherry-tree chew [tjju:] to reduce food; to pulp in the mouth; . chewing gum

a thin soup made from meat stock or chicken

bun [] a small soft, slightly swee tened roll with raisins butter ['bAtar] milk fat, the fatty substance of cream

cabbage ['kaebidj] a plant eaten as a vegetable

Food

65
dairy [ deari]

chicken ['tjikari]

the kid o f the hen, a domestic bird

chip [tfip] a small fragm ent broken or Icut from wood, china, glass, f stone cook [kuk] , to prepare food by the action o f heat; to do the work o f a cook; to invent crumb [] a small fragment of bread; a small amount cup [] a small bowl-shaped vessel with a handle for drinking tea, coffee etc.

the part o f a farm given over to milk, cream, butter, cheese; a shop where milk, butter, cheese are sold
delicious [di'lijas] g iv in g pleasure; delightful; supurb, perfect dine [dain] to have dinner ['dina1 ] the main meal o f the day taken at midday or in the evening disgust [dis'gAst] , abhorrence; strong aversion dish [dij*] , , a shallow vessel fo r serving or hold ing food at meals; the food served in a dish

dough [da4i] a mass o f slightly moisten ed flour sometimes with yeast or fat added fo r mak ing bread, pies, rolls, buns, etc
drink [driqk] to swallow a liquid (tea, wa ter); to absorb (plants)

3 ... .

66 der; the ground meal o f rye. barley or other cereals fruit [fruit] , the enlarged 01 developed reproductive bod of a plant (fruit-trees); the result of effort fry [frai] to cook in hot fat or oil in a pa n
Dish

duck [\] any of the smallest webfooted swimming birds o f farm eat (ate, eaten) [i:t], [set], [*i:tn] , to take as food; to have a meal; to consume; to begin to use something up egg [eg] the egg of the domestic hen used as food fish [fij] a class o f backboned aquatic animals; to drink like a fish = to drink much alcohol usually; to feel like a fish out of water = uncom for table, ill at ease flour [flausr] , any fine soft pow

glass [gla:s] , ; a drinking vessel made o f glass, its contents; an optical device goose [gu:s] , a home bird between a duck and swan in size; ;i silly person grape [greip] a green or purple

Food

67 hunger [^] a desire for food; a strong wish fo r som eth in g; a condition of physial weak-. ness ice [ais] water frozen

Grapes

jug [d3 Ag] a vessel for holding and pouring liquids juice [d3 u:s] the fluid extracted from fruit and vegetables keg [keg] a small cask or barrel for holding liquid kettle ['ketl] a large metal cQoking

berry growing in bunches, can be eaten fresh, dried, in Juices, wines ham [haem] , a whole back part of a pig salted or smokedried, eaten roasted, boiled or fried hen [hen] a female bird of the domestic chicken herring ['herirj] I an eatable fish found in the colder areas of the North Atlantic, caught by traw lers and marketed fresh, salted or smoked honey [] ; , a sweet fluid made by bees, nectar; dar ling, a beloved person 3 *

K ettle

68 vessel fo r boiling water; teakettle

knife [naif] a hand culinary tool or weapon used for cutting, consists of a blade fixed to a handle lean [li:n]

Food

thin, having little fat; empty, without result

liquor ['lika*] , drink; any liquid or juice; the water in which something has been cooked; a solution of a specified drug in water

a lo a f a portion o f bread baked in a separate, shaped piece

meal [mi:l] food eaten alone or in company to satisfy hunger; the time of taking food meat [mi:t] the

drawn from a cow, a she goat, etc. for use as human food
napkin [ naspkin] a cloth used at meals for wiping the fingers and lips noodle [ nu:dl] something like macaroni a strip of pasta, served in qu an tity w ith meat or in soup nut [nAt] a dry one-celled fru it consisting o f a fleshy kernel enclosed in a hard shell

flesh o f animals used fo r food

melon [ melaTi] the edible fru it of either the muskmelon or the water melon milk [milk] a white or yellowish liquid

Food

69
pare [pea'J , to cut o ff the outer surface or skin; to reduce the bulk o f some thing by rem oving th ick nesses or portions pastry [ peistri] cookies, biscu its; baked goods pie [pai] a

nutrient [ njuitria-ut] nourishing; Hubstance serving as food nutrition [nju trij>n]

the process of feeding

onion [ ]

vegetable
orange [ Drind3 ]

the reddish-yellow (flobose fru it cultivated in tropical and subtropical climates

pan [paen]

dish o f m eat, fr u it , jam baked with a pastry crust

radish [ raedij]

a metal container used in cooking and baking

pancake [ pasnkeik]

an annual plant, a vegetable

raisin [ reizn] various kinds of grape dried in the sun or artificially raspberry [ raizbaT]]

a thin flat cake made of batter cooked in a pan

a fru it bush with small berries

raw [:] un cooked; unprocessed; un refined; unfinished; unex perienced, untrained recipe [ resipi]

, a list o f in gredients; a course of action recommended fo r produc ing some result

70 roast [ranist] , to cook on a fire or in an oven; to feel extreme ly hot salt [soi 1 a 1] white crystaline compound NaCl sandwich [ saendwitj] two slices of buttered bread put face to gether with meat, fish, sa lad, vegetables between them sausage [ sosidg] finely minced meat salted and spiced is forced into a thin-walled tube which is herm etically closed by tying its ends sip [sip] drink little by little; to drink a very small amount of tea/ coffee at one time sm ell [smel] ; to recognize something by means of the nose; to have or give o ff an odour snack [snaek] a light meal eaten between regular meals

Food

soup [su:p] ;i liquid food made by cooking meat and vegetables in water sour [ saua^] having an acid taste as lemon; unpleasant; irritat ed, bad-tempered spice [spais] , any o f various plants used to season food, such as pepper and clove; something that adds zest or interest spoon [spu:n] a domestic device consis ting o f a shallow, oval or round bowl at the end o f a handle used for eating liqu id or semiliquid food starvation [sta: veij'n] hunger; the act o f absence of food for a long period of time; famine steak [steik] any slice o f meat or fish cut for cooking stew [ stju:] ; to cook food slowly by simmering; to be angry or worried

| Food
sugar [ Juga^] Hticrose, white crystallized form obtained by process ing the juice from sugar cane or sugar beet supper [ SAp^] the last meal o f the day eaten in the evening sweet [swi:t] having pleasant taste like that of sugar or honey; a dessert, a cake or candy tangerine [,taend3 ^ ri:n] a sweet, juicy, reddish-orange citrus fruit having a skin that is easily peeled taste [teist] the sense by which the flavour of something is distinguish ed; tasty [ teisti] pleasing to the taste, fla vourful, savoury thirsty [ 0a^:sti] feel ing the need to drink some thing; lacking water; hav ing a strong desire tray [trei] a flat vessel with a slightly raised rim used for carrying or displayng things

71
turkey [ta^ki] , a d om estic ated long- necked bird vegetable [ vedgita'bl]

the part of a plant used as food, eaten cooked or raw (roots, leaves, flowers, stems, seeds, etc.)
wine [wain] a drink made of the ferment ed juice of grapes; the dark, reddish purple colour of red yeast [Ji:st]

a substance found on the sur face of fermenting sugary liquid; used in bread making yolk |j34ik] the yellow central part of the egg o f a bird

V egeta b le

ability |Vbiliti] , ; His ability to read and write English is good; skills, cleverness, talent able ['eibl] , ; to be able to do = can absence ['asbsaiis] ; a being away; a failure to be present; lack of something absent ['aebsaTit] , to be absent= not to be present accent [ aeksarit] , ; he reads with good accent to accent [aek sent] ,

; he accents the new words adult ['aedAlt] ; a person after 18 years old is an adult person advance [34l'va:ns] ; to prog ress; to go forward; to move forward; to happen sooner than planned or expected to aerate [Wreit], ['eiareit] 1) ; 2) ; to fill with air to afford |Vfo:d] , ; to be in position to do something; to be able to buy smth; to give, to provide aim [eim] , ; ; a purpose;

Education

73 change or development; to happen; to suit, to fit begin [bi'gin] to start blue-print ['blu:print] a copy o f an original b ra in [brein] ; the part of cen tra l nervous system ; the intellect certain [Witn] ; -^ s u re, reliable; non-identified per son (); not very much certificate [sa^'tifikit], [s34 tifikit] , , ; a w ritten statement; status or qualification o f a person chalk [t$o:k] a soft whitish variaty of lime stone composed o f calcium carbonate chapter [ tjaepta^] a division o f a book; a phase o f existance circle ['sa^kl] geometric figu re; to move around or around in; a ring

Intention; ambition; goal; main idea; core allow [V lau ] ; to permit; to let aloud |>'laud] ; n a normal speaking voice, N as to be heard o always ['o:lw3^z], ['o:lwiz], |'o:lweiz] ; at all times; on all occasions; in any case; without exception answer ['ainsa^] ; a reply (in speech, writing, action); a solution to do Homething applicant ['aeplik^nt] someone mak ing an application (to the competition, University) attempt |>'tempt] to try to do some thing; to make a trial of; to try to achieve average ['] a common or usual standard; ordinary; middle; in between become ['] , to come to be; to be in the process of

74
clever ['kleva1 ] quick to learn and under stand; sk illfu l, good at a job; artful comprehend [^kompn'hend]

Education

, to understand; to grasp the meaning or significance; to include

compulsory ['-!]

to dare [dea'J otb;i , to have enough courage, strength; to challenge somebody to do something as a test I courage
dean [di:n] the head of a department or a faculty; the senior member

must be done
conversation [konv^'seijn]

to decide [di'said] pe to determ ine; to choose; to bring to a decisi on; to settle a question
degree [d i'gri:] ; a step in a process, a measure o f inten sity; social rank; a title a f ter University; unit o f tem perature desk [desk] , a piece of furniture fo r reading and writing; a w riting table diary [daiari] a daily written account o f events; a calendar with a space fo r each day dictio n ary ['d ik j> n ri], ['dikjVnari] a book containing the words of a language in alphabeti-

informal and frie n d ly talk; discussion; friendly dialogue

curiosity ['kjuari'asiti],

[,kj ^ 'ositi ] eagerness to know; strangeness, in q u is itiv e ness

| Education

75 ted to do; payment due to the government for import, export

each [i:tf] every one o f two or more; fo r or to everyone easy ['i:zi]

obtained without d iffic u l ty; not d ifficu lt; free from hardship, anxiety or worry; gentle and comfortable cal order; a list of code words used in a program; a work of inform ative character arranged alphabetically
disobey ['dis^'bei] , ; to refuse to do as it has been said; do not follow orders; to be disobidient edit ['edit]

to prepare for publication; to publish; to alter the book as to make it more suitable fo r publication
educate [ edjuikeit]

to draw[dro:] , to make a picture or a plan with a pencil; to formulate ones thought; to try to get information out of somebody
duty ['dju:ti] , ; obligation of behaviour or conduct in relation to others; the work someone is expec

, to instruct, to train fo r a particular end

effort fefa^t] , spending the body or mental energy to achieve a desired end enter [ enta1 -]

to come in/into; to pene trate into; to begin; to join some organ iza tion ; to be added to a list; to start upon, begin to take part in

76
envelope ['envilaup]

Education

a paper cover to hold a letter

essay [ ' e s e i ] , quite short writing dealing with a parti cular subject; an outline, a short literary report evaluate [I'vaeljueit] to name, deter mine the value of; to express the value num erically; to estimate every ['evri]

performance; to do outstand ingly well

exclude [iks'kluid] to leave out, to prevent or forbid the entry of; to make impossible explain [iksplein] to make clear, to give a detailed exposition; complete show that no prob lem or d ifficu lty exists; to give an explanation fate [feit] ,

chance, destiny, fortune fear [fia\| the instinctive emotion in front of danger, pain, evil; tobeaf raid of smth., to get frighte ned
file [fail] , ,

each and all

exact [ig'zaekt] , comp letely correct; neither more or less; accurate exam ple [ig'za:m pl]

something which illustrates, helps to make a meaning clearer; a speci men or instance; a mode of behaviour to imitate
excel [I'ksel] to be outstand ingly skilled or gifted; to be superior in quality, degree,

a device o f various kinds for keeping papers; a set o f papers so kept

fine [fain] a sum o f money paid as a penalty fo r an offen se; a kind of punisnment fool [fu:l], foolish ['fu-.lij] , some one lacking common sense or judgement; stupid

Education

77 good [gud] , m orally excel lent; kind, agreeable; wellbehaved; pleasant, reliable; beneficial graduate ['grdjueit] to com plete a set course o f study and receive a diploma group [gru:p] a number o f people or things gathered closely together and considered as a whole; a set o f elements growth [grou0] the process o f grow ing or developing, increasing in size gym nasium [dgim^eizj]

forget [f^'get] stop thinking about;

fail to keep in the memory

future [fju:tjV| ee in time to come; pres ets, the com ing events,

rspective gain [gein] , , to get; to earn; to obtain; 1 0 achieve; to im prove, to ndvance; to have some profits
get [get] to acquire, to receive; to

i>arn, to buy, to be able to have g ig g le [ gigl]

to laugh foolishly or

nervously; half- suppressed laughter

glad [glasd] , happy bout some specific event; pleased glossary ['gbsari] , a list of

d ifficu lt words with expla nations, usually at the end of a text

Group

78 a room or building for physical exercise; a type of secondary school in Europe handwriting ['hasndraitiq] writing done by a hand; the style of writing of a particular person headway ['hedwei] , pro gress, success ignorance ['ignarans] a lack of education, the state of not knowing impatient [im'peijVnt] restless, showing a lack o f patience, unwilling to put up with im p olite [impa^'lait] showing bad manners, ill-bred inability [^n^biliti] , being impossible, unable to do something; the state or quality of being unable inattentive [in^'tentiv] without paying attention; careless

Education inborn ['in'boin] , natural, inherent; born with such qualities incorrect [^nk^'rekt] , wrong, not true; error, mis take; not conforming to ac cepted standards inexact f ^nig'zaskt] not accurate, not correct, wrong introduce [mtr^'djuis] , to make formally known; to bring into use or practice; to add as a feature; to bring into conversation; to begin; to discover junior ['d3 u:nj^] , young er; lower in status; less advanced; later in date k in d erg a rten ['kinda1 ga:tn] a class or school in which young children (4 -6 years old) are encouraged to develop skills and behaviour by games, exercises, etc

I Education
know [rmi] to iipprehend w ith the conicious mind; to be aware of; to be able to imagine; to have Committed to memory; to realize know ledge ['nolid 3 ] , the state of knowing, understand ing; cognition learn [1] , to acquire know ledge or skills by study, in struction, practice, expe rience; to come to know or be aware of lesson ['lesn] one unit in a series of Hessions o f instruction; Homething to be learned; material taught to a pupil by a teacher during a given period of time letter ['leta\| ; one o f the print ed symbols of an alphabet; a written, printed or typed personal communication; a document, statement library ['laibrari] a room or build-

79

Library

ing housing a collection of books; a number o f books on related topics issued by a publisher listen ['lisn] , to use one s ears in order to hear; to pay attention to speech, music; to be influenced by luck [1] , good fortune; success due to chance; the tendency of a person to be fortunate or unfortunate mascot [ massksrt] an object, animal

80 or person whose presence is supposed to bring good luck mean [mi:n] 1) to denote, to have a special degree or im portance; to intend 2) smallminded, unkind, stingy; 3) midway bet ween two extremes in num ber, value, degree; middle, average m editate [ mediteit] , to think over; to reflect deeply; to spend in the spiritual exercise; to contemplate memory [ meman] a persons capacity to remember; a mental image or im pression o f a past event mind [ maind] 1) , the in te lle ct, opinion, desire, memory; 2) to object to, 3) to pay attention to; to worry about; to be atten tive, conscious mischance [mis tja:ns] misfortune, bad luck

Education

misfortune [mis fo:tji 1 1 J mischamtjj bad luck misprint [ mis print | a mistake l| printing mistake [mis teik] error; misuil<ij standing, misprint m oderate [ modern | , ! between extremes; iiol very great or good; limi 1 <J 1 average monitor [ monit^] j , 4 a pupil appointed to assm| in keeping discipline; : diagnostic program used l|

M on itor

Education

81 obedient; to act in confor mity with to object [a-b dgekt] to be opposed; to express opposition omission [341 mija-n], m ij>n] error, mistake, failure to do something because of forget fulness oral [ oir^l] spoken, using speech more than w riting; relating to the mouth; spoken through the mouth page [peid3 ] one side of a piece of paper or leaf o f a book; a single sheet of data; a fixed block o f instructions paper [ peipa1 ] a substance consisting of interlaced fibers of cellu lose obtained from wood and used in writing, print ing, drawing, etc. pat [past] a gentle stroke or blow made with something flat often as a sign of affection or sympathy

ppond to questions about Computer program [na^ reit], [ reit] , to tell or write a try; to give an account of tints; to act as a story-teller
narrate

[nr.d] l,o be in want, required; to under a specified necesty or obligation

need nod [nod] itt to bow the head forurd quickly in greeting, reement or command

[nzrat] written record made | assist the memory; a fie f informal written comnnication
note b rie f

[ na-utis] to become aware of; write a notice of; to be 1 entive, to pay attention 1
n otice n ov ise [ novis] a beginner; a person iwly converted to some ligion

to obey [a4>ei], [>u bei] to be

82 patter [ p ta^J the quick talk or chatter of a comedian; mechanically repeated words without considering the meaning pattern [ ptaTi] a number of repeated elements; a model from which a copy can be made; a sample; an imitation precise [pri sais] , exact; accurate in every detail; very attentive to detail preface [ prefis], [ prefabs] , a written introducti on to a book; the opening remarks pride [praid] proper self-respect; ex cessive self - esteem; a source of great satisfaction prim ary [ praimari] first in order of development; first in a succession; basic, funda mental primer [ praim^] a simple book for

Education

Prim er

children learning to read; an elementary textbook proceed [pr^ si:d] ; to move forward, to go further; to begin action or take legal measures question [ kwestJVn] = query [ kwiari] a word, phrase or sentence asking about a particular fact; a problem for testing knowledge questionary [ kwestjararri ] , a set of questions for answer ing by many people indepen dently usually to provide statistical information

Education

83 to return; to revive in me mory, to remember, to recol lect recite [ri sait] to repeat aloud something memorized; to enumerate recollection [^eka^ lekjn] the act o f remembering; the power of a person s memory; a spi ritual gathering of oneself together

quotation [kw34i teijan] , assage or phrase quoted; a eference to a passage in a anuscript quote [kwzrut] , to repeat in writing or speech some body s words; to refer to rate [reit] , ; to determine the relative rank or class read [ri:d] to understand the meaning of words by looking at them and assimilating them mentally recall [ri ko:l] ; to order

rectangle [ rek^asqgl] a geo metrical plane quadrangle with four right angles register [ redjista1 ] , an o ffi cial or formal list; a book in which a record is kept; regis tration relevan t [ reliv34it] , closely related to a matter under consideration; connected with the matter remember [ri memba^] , to bring back to mind by an effort o f will; to have come

Read

84 into one s memory again by chance remind [ri maind] to cause to remember repeat [ri pi:t] to say again, to do or make something once more; to say from memory, to recite; to undergo again; to occur again replace [ri pleis] ; to put back some thing in its original place; to take the place of some body; to fill the place of someone with another reply [ri plai] , answer; to say or write something in return resolve [n zolv] , to find a solution to a question or problem; to decide, to deter mine; to agree to expression of opinion by formal resolu tion respect [ris pekt] the special esteem

Education

or consideration; expression o f sympathy, concern respond [ris pond] , to reply, to answer, to make n response; to show an effeel due to a force, influence or stimulus riddle < i question or problem posed to test the ingenuity of the person, a puzzling thing rule [ru:l] an accepted m ethod of behaviour or procedure;

R espon d

Education

85 self-su fficien t [ selfsa^fiJaTit] accepting no outside help senior [si:njV| indicating the older o f two; of higher rank, longer service; relating to a student in the graduating class of a school sentence [ sent34is] a word or group of words which states, asks, commands or exclaims something serious [ siana-s] o f great im por tance; firm ly devoted; alarming, critical shame [jeim] a painful emotion aroused by the recognition that one has failed to act or think in accordance with the standards share [Jea-] ; the part that is given or belongs to one individual; to divide into portions shrug ] to lift the

iomething that prevails ge nerally or occurs normally. satisfactory [fastis ftektari] - udequate, giving satisfaction say [sei] , to express an idea orally or in written form; to utter; to make a statement

schedule [ Jedjuil], [ skeI dju:l] , a written or printed I list; a timed programme of procedure; a timetable school [sku:l] ; a community of those who teach and who are taught; the period or session during which classes occur; formal education science fsara-ns] knowledge got by careful observation, a branch o f study concerned with facts, methods, principles scribble [ skribl] 1) , 2) to write hastily and carelessly or in a hurried badly constructed style

86 shoulders as a g estu re ex p re ssin g d o u b t, lack of in te re s t, ignorance of th e answ er to a question sign atu re [ signitJV] a m ark re p re senting the name of a person sim ple [ simpl] easily done, used or un d ersto o d ; w ith n o th in g mixed or added since [sins] ... fro m th e n till now; a t some tim e between then and now; during the time follow ing solvable ['solvabl] , -able to be decid ed, settled, determ ind solve [solv] to fin d th e solu tio n to; to provide an answ er for speak [spi:k] to deliver a speech; to u tte r , to ex p ress an idea, fact or feeling spell [spel] to w rite or name the le tto rs of a word in th e ir c o rre c t o rd e r; to

Education

Speak

signify, mean; to form a word by le tters square [skwea1 ] , ; a plane fiqurc h aving fo u r sides of equal length and four rig h t angles; an open space in a city or tow n bounded by streets stare [stea1 ] to look in tently w ith widely open eyes; to gape; to gaze story [ stori] .1 a n arrativ e of events th a t have happened or aro supposed to have happened (often u n tru e) strict [strikt] , d em a n d in g to

Educatian

87 ledge to; to give lessons or in s tru c tio n in so m eth in g ; to help to learn tell [tel] to give a detailed account of; let know; to give in fo r m ation tense [tens] 1) a form of a verb th a t shows th e tim e of its action; 2) show ing em otional or m ental strain ; characterized by suspense term [1] , a lim ited period of tim e or tim e d u rin g which som ething lasts; a division of a school year think [Girjk] to use th e m ind; to have in th e m in d as an o p in io n , belief, a ttitu d e ; to reflect; to rem e m b er; to fo rm an image or idea in th e mind title [ taitl] , , th e name by which a p a rtic u la r th in g is known; a word or group of w o rd s a tta c h e d to th e nam e of a fam ily as an expression of respect

llow rules or regulations n exact m anner; exact, omplete, absolute stupid [ stju:pid] silly, slow -w itted; dull, boring; characterized lack of intelligence su b ject [ sAbd3 ikt] , fU- un d er the control or Influence of; dependent superior [sju: !1 ^] higher or greater than the norm al or average in degree or quality; ex ceptional supplem ent [ S A p lim ^ n t] - so m e th in g added to im prove or complete a docum ent, book, thesis, etc sure [ Jua1 ] firm ly believing in some th in g ; h a v in g no d o u b t; confident; c e rta in , in e v it able; w orthy of tr u s t task [ta:sk] a piece of w ork to be done; some job or d u ty teach [ti:tj] (ta u g h t) [to:t] to give know

88

Education

to emphasize; to draw lines under

understand [,And^ staend |

to grasp tinmeaning of; to be in agree ment with; to conclude

unfortunate [ fD:tJnii|

, unlucky; unsuitable; bad luck

Think

translate [trns leit] to express in another language; to e x plain by using other words, terms or signs tutor [ tjiKta1 , ] ; a teacher who gives private instructions to a student; a college officia l who super vises, advises u n d ergra duate students uncertain [ S3^tn] doubtful; variable; not clearly defined, vague underline [^nda^ lain]

upbring [ ], -in^ [ Apbriqiq] care and training got during childhood and youth
vocabulary [v& kasbjulari | , a hand-written list o f words, arranged alpha betically; the stock o f words used in a particular work, branch o f a subject volume [ voljum] 1) a stock of printed sheets, forming a book or some parts of a book; 2) an amount, quantity week [wi:k] a period o f seven days; the working days or hours o f a seven day period

to stress,

Education

89

whisper [ wisp^] me a low soft utterance to be heard only by the person addressed; secretly mentioned inform ation; a rumour wisdom [ wizd^m] a store of know ledge; intelligence; know ledge converted into teaching

wise [waiz] , possess ing great knowledge and in telligence; very clever, fully aware of
wit [wit] 1) ; 2) ; 3) the ability to make the associa tion o f unrelated ideas in unexpected, clever way; a person with this ability word [wa^d] a combination o f sounds having meaning and used as basic unit o f language and human communication

W r it e

write [rait] to form letters or symbols with a pen, pencil brush on paper w ron g [woq] not correct, accurate; not in accordance with moral standards; mis taken zoology (z&u 11 1]

the branch o f biology concerned with animal life and all its manifestations

acorn [':] ; the nut or seed of the oaktree alone O'loun] , ; only; exclusive ly; not taking into account; to ignore; not touch; to leave unaccompanied along (V b i)] , no; from one end to the other end of; onward; forward animal ['] any o f various organisms (livin g beings) which d iffer from plants. Home/domestic animals. Wild animals to annoy [Vnoi] , ; to trouble; to irritate; to vex autumn ['] ; a season between summer and winter

awkward ['oikw^d] , ; no! quite right; difficult to dea I with; unhealthful; incon venient; unhelpful badger [ baed3 ^] an animal with thick body, short legs; bristly hair (is used in shaving brushes and artists brushes); a badger is brown or grey with white patches as facial markings

B ad ger

rI
I

Natural phenomena

91

bark [ba:k] 1) the cover of a tree; 2) - to make the sharp ex plosive noise characteristic of dogsbarley ['ba:h] a cereal grass; its grain is used for animal feed, [ breakfast foods, making beer bat [bast] 1) I a flyin g mouse; 2 ) a special club instrument used for hitting ; a ball in baseball, cricket bay [bei] , a wide inlet of the sea beach [bi:tj] , the shore of the I sea washed by the water and I covered by sand, single or larger rocks a bear [bea^] an animal; ill mannered person beast [bi:st] any four legged wild ani mal; a person with brutal ways a bee [bi:] an insect producing honey and wax beetle ['bi:tl] an insect which can fly birch [ba^tj] a forest tree with light smooth bark; wood of this tree bird [ba^d] black [blaek] without light; the oppo site of white blast [bla:st] a strong gust of wind; a draft of air

beak [bi:k] a I hooked nose of a bird ,

Bat

92
bloom [blu:m] , the state of blossom, flow ering a flower blossom ['blosarn]

N a tura l phenomena

trunk o f a tree; a subuni I, subdivision

bright [brait] reflecting or g ivin g out light; brilliant, cheerful; hopeful, promissing success clever bubble [ ] a small volume o f ai r or gas surrounded by < 1 liquid, an elastic membrane bull [bul] male

, a flower of a fru itp ro d u cin g tree or bush; the mass o f bloom on a fru it tree
blow [btau], blew [blu:], blown [bloun] , to direct air from one side to another; a sudden stroke with a hand or an instrument; a sudden shock bottom ['botarn] the lowest, last part of some thing branch [braintj- ; ] a stem growing out from the

o f large strong animals; very strong-looking o r massive

bush [buj] a |

plant between grass and tree; a shrub

butterfly ['bAtoflai] 6a

; an insect with coloured wings

camel ['] an animal camomile ['],

['kaemoumail] a plant to catch [kastf] , to make b rief contact with; to be in time

Blossom

N a tu ra l phenomena

93 climate ['klaimit] the sum of the prevail ing weather conditions at some place; a region with certain weather conditions; a trend of opinions and at titudes in society cloud [klaud] , any suspension of particles in the air or any gas coal [kanil] mineral resource cold [-uld] low temperature; absence o f heat; a disease with a running nose and sore throat; no attention copper ['\) a metallic element, a very good conductor of electricity and heat corn [ko:n] ;
( .) grain

Camel

for; to surprise or detect; to attract attention chilly ['tjili] unpleasanty cool/cold; unfriendly claw [kb:] the sharp, hooked nail o f an animals foot clay [klei] a firm earthy substance com posed of aluminium silicate; it is plastic when wet but loses its plasticity when heated to high temperature clear [klia-j , transparent, unclouded; untroubled; easy to understand; fre e from defects; free from d iffic u l ty or danger

in general, small hard seeds of cereals crack [kraek] ; a sudden sharp sound; to break info a safe; to break abruptly; to break open (a nut); to fail, give way

94
crawl [:1]

N a tu ra l phenomena

to move forward on hands and knees; to make one s way slowly

creep [kri:p] to move along with the body close to the ground; to crawl on all fours before learning to walk; to go slowly; to grow along the ground or up walls crop [] harvest; a group o f things coming together; the style of wearing hair so short cut cruel ['kruia^l]

showing pleasure at the suffering o f others; causing suffering; liking to inflict pain and suffering
damp ['dsemp] ,

deep [di:p] extending far down below the surface; beyond the normal area; hard to make out; well hidden, concealed deer [dia^] , the males of most species have branched horns shed each year dense [dens] , thick; massed closely together; pressed depth [dep0] deepness; the represen tation o f deepness in per spective; the most intense point; the quality o f being profound

moisture in the air; wet, not dry

dawn [do:n] , the first light of day, daybreak; the first sign of something day [dei] the

time during which the sun is above the horizon; a day as a point of time; ...as mark ing some events; a period of time

N a tura l phenomena

95
down : downhill ['daun'hil] , sloping down, mov ing down a slope downpour ['daunpo:] a heavy shower o f rain dragon ['draegari] -

desolate ['des^lit] , onely, forlorn, neglected, uninhabited

dew [dju:] small drops o f moisture condens ed from the atmosphere form in g on cool surfaces during the night
dim [dim] ,

not b righ t or clear, indistinct, not clearly visible; faint dirty ['da^ti] not clean, unclean; indecent; dishonourable; resentful
dove [dAv] a pigeon, the symbol of peace; one who advocates a peace ful solution

- mythical animal with huge body, enormous claws and sharp teeth; a very angry person
drizzle ['drizl] , to fall in very small drops, to rain slightly, a slight fine rain dry [drai] needed rain; not wet; thirsty; without liquid

eagle ['i:gl] a large strong bird. In mytho logy the eagle represents might and courage
earth |>:0] the planet on which we live; land and sea as opposed to the sky east [i:st] one of the four cardinal points

D ove

96

N a tu ra l phenomena

interval between sunset and bedtime; an entertainmen! or occupation taking plan in the evening evergreen ['ev34jri:n] alway: green, bearing green leaves throughout the year extend [iks'tend] , to lengthen in space or time; to make wider, greater; to stretch; to hold out; to spread out with a regular distance fade [feid] , to lose fresh ness, to lose colour feather ['fea-J one o f the epidermal out growths that cover the body o f a bird fertile ['fa^tail] highly produc tiv e , creative, capable of developing or reproducing field [fi:ld] an area o f land devoted to pasture or the cultivation of crops; the area on which something is drawn, painted ;

o f the com pass; the direction o f the rising sun elep h a n t ['elifa^nt] the largest livin g land animal (weight = 5-6 tons), its nose is a trunk em erald [' ^ ] a bright green precious stone; the green beryl; of or like an emerald eternal [ii'ta^n^l] everlasting, never ending; without beginning or end in time; constantly repeated; limitless, endless evening ['i:vniq] the later part o f the day as darkness approaches; the

{I

N a tura l phenomena

97

rt particular sphere o f inte rest, study, knowledge or thought

fire [fai^] a chemical change accompa nied by the emission of heat ' and light; a flame; a gas or [ electric heater fo r a room; passion

flam e [fleim] ,
, a body of

glowing, burning gas; the state of burning with a blaze; intense feeling, passion; a strong reddish orange colour
flood [fL\d] [ a large quantity of water covering what is usu ally dry land, as the result [ of a river or sea s flow ing over its usual lim its, the breaking o f a dam, etc.; the state of a river that is very full of water

form ing a dense (thick) cloud at or above the earth s surface

forest [forist] a large area o f land covered with trees and bushes grow ing thickly, the trees on such land fox [foks] a wild animal which lives in the forest; a cunning animal freeze [fri:z] , to turn into ice, to be cold enough to turn water into ice; to die by frost; to preserve by re fri geration; to immobilize by governmental authority fresh [frej] just made; not salted or

flower ['flaua^] [ a flo w e rin g plant; the plants blossom only, blooming fog [fog] mist; water vapour condensed on fine suspended particles,
4 ... .

98

N a tu ra l phenomena

green [gri:n] the colour o f vegetation in spring and summer grow [] to develop as a livin g plan I , to be cultivated; to increasi in any way
>

harvest ['ha:vist] yp<>

preserved in any way; refre shing; new, d iffe re n t; healthy-looking; opening up a new field o f experience
frost [frost]

, the gatherinr. in of ripe crops; the time I year when crops are gathera I in; the result o f action or behaviour
hay [hei] cut and dried grass; to make hay o f somebody = to crack, crash heat [hi:t] , 3 H 0 i i high tem perature; the condition of being hot; hot weather; intensity of emo tional feeling; intensity of action; competition heaven ['hevn] ,

temperature below freezing point; to cover with ice crystals; to coat with frost ing
fur [fir:] , a covering of certain animals (fox , rabbit, squirrel); the soft fine thick hair that covers many animals

grain [grein] , the seed of a cereal grass; a hard particle; a very small amount grass [gra:s] the low green herbage o f pastures and lawns

the upper regions o f the sky; perfect happi ness; the upper air; the abode of God
herb [] , pa a plant; grass for

| N atural

phenomena

99 ing a sensation equivalent to heat; follow ing or press ing slowly; close to the solution; freshly arrived
hunt [hAnt] , to pursue (a person, an animal) with the intention o f capturing or killing inexhaustible [^m g'zois-

m edical purposes or fo r flavouring food

hill [hil] an elevation o f the earth s mirface that has a rounded * and is not as high as a mountain; a small quantity of material form ed into Huch a shape horrible ['hora^bl], ['horibl]

extrem ely unpleasant or unpleasing; terrible, awful

horse [ho:s] , - a large domestic animal hot [hot] at
a high temperature; produc

ta'bl] , -impossible to use up, finish, end; everlasting

infrequent [in'frnkwatit] , happening seldom, rarely, not often inordinate [i'no:dinit]

, not rightly directed; without reasonable bounds or limits

insect ['insekt] a mosquito, a bee, a butterfly, a gadfly, a lady bird, etc insular ['insjuta] form in g an is land; separated, lonely; narrow-minded

4*

100

N a tu ra l phenomena

climates, sometimes it loseii its tail

lone [loun] iI

single, alone, isolated, being out of company

lush [1 ( ) growing thickly and richly; charac terized by luxuriant vege tation marble [ ma:bl] calcium carbonate which has been crystallized from limestone under heat and pressure, form in g a hard rock; a piece of sculpture made of this material

leaf [li:f] a thin expanded outgrowh of a plant; a single sheet of paper; metal rolled into a thin sheet; leaves o f tea, tobacco lie [la i], lay [le i], lain [lein] to have the body more or less horizontal upon a surface; to be situated in a specified place; to be placed; to be spread out to the view light [lait] ; illumination, bright ness, daylight; not heavy, of little weight; quick-moving, nimble; easy to bear (food, alcohol); funny lizard ['lizsrd]

a reptile found in warm

| N a tura l

phenomena

101
morning [ mo:niq] the early part o f the day; dawn, the first early part mountain [ mauntin]

marine [ma1ri:n] relating to or pro

duced by the sea; relating to navigation

mature [ tjua-] , having

a high land mass; a great quantity

mouse [maus] any of a large number of rodents resembling rats, but * smaller mud, muddy [n u d ], [ im di]

reached a state of full natu ral development; ripe; deve lopment is completed, maxi mum development
melt [melt] to

become soft, dissolve

liquid;

to

mint [mint] an aromatic plant cultivated for use as flavouring mist, misty [mist], [ misti] , fog, foggy monkey [ mAijki] any of the primates except man; a playful child monster [ monst3\] , a deformed animal or plant; a person who is horrifyingly cruel, brutal moon [mu:n] the only natural sattelite of the earth; to behave in a dreamy abstracted manner

, a sticky mixture o f water and earth or dust; making a mess; to act in a confused, disorga nized way; a state of mental confusion
naval [ neiva^l] characteristic o f a navy, marine nest [nest] the structure built by a bird for holding its eggs during incubation; a cozy place of retreat, a protective packing night [nait] the time during which the sun is below the horizon; darkness; a night or even ing as a point o f time

102

N a tu ra l phenomena

d ifficu lt to see. d iffic u lt to understand through lack o f inform n tion; not attracting atten tion; not known to people uI large
oil [oil] ,

insoluble in water, petroleum; vegc table oil

N est

overcast [ ouva^kaist] north [:0]

cloudy, covered with clouds

overcloud [, klaud |

one o f the fo u r cardinal points o f the compass

northern [ :51]

situated, facing or moving towards the north

oak [] a

; to cover over witli clouds or shadow; to worry

owl [aul] a bird flies noiselessly at night pale [peil] no intensity of colour or illumination; of whitish colour palm [pa:m] ;

great strong tree, its wood is used in shipbuilding and furniture

oat [anit] , oatmeal [ outmi:l] a genus of wild and cultivated grasses, is used as food for humans and animals obscure [^ skjua1 ]

, , ,

the inner part of the hand; the correspond ing part o f a glove; a tree without branches but with a crown o f large leaves

N a tura l phenomena

103
purify [ pjuarifai] by rem oving im purities p u rifica tio n ^pjuarifikeijVn] to make pure by rem oving impurities purity [ pjuanti], [ pjoanti] the state or quality of being pure purple [ -1] , a com posite deep colour o f red and blue puzzle [ pAzl] a question which sets a problem to be worked out quack [kwaek] to say like a duck; the call of a duck

Owl

parrot [ pasr^t] any o f great number of tropical birds with hooked bill and brilliant plumage, can im itate human speech and other sounds

pig [pig] a young hog, piggish [ pigij] a greedy, d irty or selfish person; selfishly greedy
pip [pip] ,

quag [kwaeg] ; quagm ire [ kwaegmai^] shaky, muddy ground; swamp

quake [kweik]

the seed of an apple, orange, grape,etc

plain [plein] a large open country

, to shake violently; earth quake

queer [kwia1 ] strange, peculiar;

104

N a tu ra l phenomena

ray [rei] a I of light; any of several li radiating from a centre reed [ri:d] tall-growing errect gra found in water or swam

rick [rik] , ck an outdoor stack straw or hay eccentric, odd; extraordinary unusual,
ripe [raip] ready to be ea' or harvested; ready to be p into action; ready to open

rabbit [ raebit] a domestic animal with very long ears and a short round tail rabid [ rabid]

river [ riva1 a strew ] of fresh water flow ing in a sea or lake

roar [:] ; p

, violent, unreasoning; listenin g to nobody

rain [rein] ; falling drops o f water from a cloud range [reind3] , , ; , a row, file or rank o f things; a chain of mountains ra ve [reiv] ; to express feel ings wildly, critically

the loud deep soun characteristic o f a lion or bull; to em it a loud, deep confused, rumbling noise
rough [rAf] unrefined; requiring streng rather than intelligence; u polished sand [sasnd] -* small grains of quartz met on the seashore sap [saep] tlir* solution o f raw materinlii

| Natural

phenomena

105

nd organic product in a plmit, sappy [ saepi] ( ) full of sap; fresh, vivid savior [ seivja^] someone who saves person or thing from distraction or injury scent [sent] imiell, usually pleasing; iidour scrabble [ skraebl] 1) to make Meratching movements with the fingers, hands, feet; 2) to have a bad handwriting; '{) to climb up w ith hasty stru gglin g movements scrub [skrAb] 1) ; 2) , ; ) , 1) thick under growth and stunted trees g ro w in g to g e th e r; 2) an uudersized in s ig n ific a n t Iicrson or animal; 3) to clean by rubbing w ith a brush, ;oap and water
Scrub

sea [si:] the continuous body of salt water covering most of the earths surface, sm aller than an ocean, sometimes partly or wholly enclosed by land seal [si:l] 1) ,

anything which serves to keep something secured or closed; 2) any of several fisheating sea animals
seed [si:d] , a spore or dry seedlike fru it; the fertilized ovule of plant and its covering severe [si via^] , very strict or stern; serious, dangerous; causing great discom fort, sharp or violent; d ifficu lt

106
shadow [ Jasd^u] a relatively dark area produced when rays of light are blocked by a person or thing shark :] any of numerous large salt water fish usually with grey rough skin, a deeply forked tail, a large mouth armed with several rows o f sharp teeth

N a tu ra l phenom ena

silence [ sailans] the absence of sound, complete quiet; stillness silent [ saila-nt] , completely quiet, still; not speaking or making a sound

sky [skai] the upper atmosphere over the earth

sleet [sli:t] frozen or partially frozen rain snap [snasp] , to try to bite or seize by closing the jaws suddenly; to move or act quickly

sheep [Ji:p] any of various cud-chewing animals related to the goat, many o f which are raised for fleece, meat, milk and skin; a timid, meek, easily led animal
shine [Jain], shone ]

, to give out or send out light or brightness; to be bright or gleam with reflected light; to be outstanding
shower ] ; a brief fall o f rain, hail or sleet; a hath in which water is sprayed on a person from an overhead nozzle

snow [snani] soft, white crystals or flakes of ice formed by the freez ing o f water vapour in the air soil [soil] the part o f the earth s surface in which plants grow source {so:s] , a spring, lake, etc. where a river or stream begins; a place from which

N a tura l phenomena

107 legs. They are able to spin silken threads for making cocoons and webs
spring [sprig] 1) the season o f the year between winter and summer; 2 ) to jump up quickly; to arise suddenly sting [stiq] , to prick painfully with a sharp, usually pointed organ or object; a sharp organ with which an insect or animal in flicts a sting stock [stok] 1) , ; 2) , ; 3 ) 1) the total amount o f goods; the total number o f shares th at a com pany can issue; 2) a fa m ily or other related group o f plants or animals; 3) the trunk of a tree stone [stanin]

something comes; a person that gives information

south [sau0] one of the four main points of

the compass and is located directly opposite north

space [speis] , the distance or area between or within points or objects; any blank or empty place; the region beyond the earth s atmos phere spider [ spaid^]

any of a group o f small animals without backbones, having a body divided into two parts and four pairs of

a hard, naturally formed mass o f m ineral m atter, rock; a small fragm ent o f this
straw [stro:] the stems o f several cereals

108 after cutting and drying, it is used in cattlefarming

stream [stri:m] , a small river, running water; any conti nuous, uninterrupted move ment stub [sUb] ; a short piece that remains a fte r some thing has been removed, cut o ff (a cigar stub, the stub of a p en cil); the rem ain in g portion of a check, bill, ticket, etc summer [ sAm a\|

N a tura l phenomena

tempest [ tempist] a violent windstorm, accompanied by rain, snow, hail or thunder terrible [ tera'bl] ve ry bad, unplea sant; dreadful, awful; caus ing great distress or pain thaw [0:] , to go from a frozen state to a liquid; become free of frost or ice; melt; a period o f warm weather, to melt ice and snow thorn [0:] , a short, sharppointed growth on a branch or stem, as o f a rose

the season o f the year between spring and autumn

sun [sAn] the central

star o f the solar system

sunrise [ SAnraiz] the risin g o f the sun
above the horizon

sunset [ SAnset] the descent o f the sun below the horizon tail [teil] a

fle x ib le part an anim al s body beyond the main part o f the body; anything resembling a tail in shape

N a tu ra l phenomena

109
vast [va:st] very great in extent, size or amount vine [vain] 1)

thunder [ ^] a rumbling or explosive sound made when a lightn ing d isch arge heats and expands the air in its way tide [taid] --

; , the regular rise and fall of the oceans caused by the gravi tational pull of the moon and the sun; a general trend or tendency
top [top] , the highest peak of

grapevine where grape grow; 2) a plant with a long slender stem that grows along the ground or a tree
warm [wo:m]

something
trace [treis] something left behind show ing the presence o f some person, place, thing; a very small amount valley [ vaeli] a region of low land bet ween hills, mountains; river basin vanish [ vaenij- ] to disappear; to cease to exist vapour [ veipa^] nap,

having the same tempera ture as the human body; serving to keep the body at this temperature; very cordial, emotionally excited
w ater [ wota^] ; the transpa rent, colourless liquid which falls from the sky; to pour liquid on the plants w ave [w e iv ] , a forward-moving swell on the surface of water; a gesture of the hand or arm in a sweeping movement weather [ we5^]

visible particles of matter in the air (mist, smoke)

the atmosphere conditions; to resist the bad effects of weather

110

Natural phenomena

wild [waild] uncontrolled by man; grow in g w ith ou t man s inter vention; uncivilized willow [ wila4i] a tree g ro w in g m ainly in north tem perate regions near surface of lakes, ponds wind [wind] a large body of air in its rapid natural motion; air set locally in motion winter [ winta'] one of the four seasons of a year wolf [ wulf] a doglike wild animal lives in the forest

W ave

west [west] one o f the four cardinal points o f the compass wet [wet] not dry; covered with water; characterised by much rain wheat [wi:t] any o f various grassed cultivated widely in tempe rate regions, an annual cereal grass; the grain yielded from these plants and proceeded into flour white [wait] blond, the colour o f snow, silver whiten [ waitn] to make white, to become white

W o lf

| Natural

phenomena

111 worm; any o f various creep ing animals with soft segmented bodies yield [ ji:ld] , to bring in as profit, income; to have as a product or result; to be fru itfu l, profitable

wood [wud] , () a collection of growing trees; the hard fibrous substance compris ing the largest part o f the stems and branches o f trees worm [w 3^:m] , ; an earth

Ad/join '] , to be im m ediately next to another; to lie next to Ad/just |Vd3 Ast]

thing to another; to fasten; to tie; to bind by love or esteem

awl [:1] a short pointed tool used for making holes axe [asks] a tool consistihg of a wooden

, ; to set right; to regulate for proper use; to harmonize; to adapt oneself

Ad/mix [asd'miks] ; to add by mixture an g le ['asrjgl] ; corner; point of view apprehend ['aepri'hend] , ; to become aware of something; to learn/to know/to come to know; to understand attach iVtaetf]

to connect one

| Technics

113 to prevent the motion o f a body

break (b ro k e, brok en )

[breik] ; to cause to fall into pieces; to interrupt the continuity o f something; to destroy; to1 bring to an end; to disobey; to discover the secret (code); to happen suddenly; to come to an end
Brush []- ] an implement made of wire, hair, nylon set in wood, plastic, etc.; used for groom ing the hair; painting; sweep ing floors bump [ ] 1)

handle and steel cutting head

barrel [] cylindrical container made of wood, metal, etc because [bi'koz]

fo r the reason that

binary ['bainari] , consist ing of two boost [bu:st] ,

; , ; 2) , to give a lift/ to heep a start

bus [bAs] a large public passenger vehicle; serving fixed routes cancel ['kasnsa^l] , to delete, to cross out, to remove capacity [k ^ 'p s s iti] ; ; ; mental ability;

to increase the power, value; to lift up; to push from below; to help, to assist
brake [breik] ,

to slow down

114

Technics

com bine ['] , to form a single unit; to join with other people in order to achieve a joint purpose compartment [karn'paitm34it] , one part o f a space which has been divided; a separate part o f business which must be discussed condense [k^n'dens] ; () to make more compact; to express in fewer words; to concentrate; to become more dense or compact conform [k W fo im ]

the ability to contain or accomodate

car [ka:]

an automobile, a wheeled vehicle

cog [] , a protection or tooth on the rim o f a wheel or between the links of a chain, transmits motion and power coincide ^kanin'said]

to occupy the same place; to occur at the same time; to be equal, the same
column [] a decorative element in a building; a jou rn a lis t s regular articles in a news paper; a group o f ships or cars

to do as others do; to adapt; to comply

Technics

115
crook [kruk] , a hook cut [kAt] to separate into pieces or slices; to make smaller or shorter; to reduce decimal ['desim^l] relating to 10; of a number scale based on 10 delete [di'li:t]

conglom erate [ka^n'glo-

mareit], [ glomareit] to gather into a compact mass; to form a compact mass; to accumu late; to corporate
connect [ksr'nekt] to join, to link, to chain; to tie, to bind consist [kan'sist]

to be composed; to be made up
constitute ['kostitju:t] to have certain qualities; to be an element of; to give legal form to; to set up; to establish contain [kan'tein] to enclose; to have capacity for; to include; to comprise; to hold cord [ko:d] , a rope o f small diameter or a thick string correlate ['korileit] to bring into mutual rela tion; to connect systemati cally; to have a mutual rela tion

; , to cross out, to erase, to destroy

derivation [deri'veijn]

, an origin, source; a basic statement; the formation of a word, the act o f tracing
develop [di'vel^p] to elaborate on; to cause; to grow or expand; to realize; to come into being; to have a new factor or situa tion device [di'vais] , some thing designed or adapted fo r a special purpose; a scheme, trick, motto dial ['daia^l] ; the

116
numbered disk o f an auto matic telephone instrument; to rotate the disk about the centre o f the circle
digit ['did 3 it] ; , a finger or a toe; any of the numbers from 0 to 9 discharge [dis'tja:d3 ] , to release, to unload a ship or cargo; to free oneself from an obligation or debt discompose ['diskam'pa^uz], ^diskaWpouz] , , to disturb the com posure disconnect ['disk^'nekt] , to be no longer connect ed; to be separated; to be disjointed disjoin [d is jo in ] to disconnect, to separate; to untie, to un fasten dot [dot] a

Technics

double ['dAbl]

; having two parts, form ing a pair; fo r two people; twice over; a game between two pairs to drag [drg] , to pull along with an e ffo rt; to pass slowly; to go too slowly edge [ed3 ] ; the extreme horizon tal lim it; the line formed by the meeting of two surfaces; either of the two sharp sides o f the blade
efficient [I 'fijV n t ] , competent, working properly emit [i'mit] , to give out, to give o ff; to put in circula tion

point in printing or writing; a small spot or point usually round

engine ['end 3 in] ; , a device used to transform one form o f energy to ano ther; a machine, a locomo tive
equipment [j'kwipm^nt] what is

Technics

117
balance, position; to slope downwards; to fail to keep pace with schedule
fasten ['fa:sn] , to make secure; to tie, fix firm ly; to get firm hold; to fix ones attention faulty [fo:lti]

Engine

needed to carry out some work; a person s knowledge, training, skill, experience; the act or process of equipp ing
error ['era] mistake; the difference bet ween the correct result and the computed one; a misplay evaporate [i'vpareit] , to disappear without traces; to escape because of high temperature (about liquids) explosion [iks'pla4i3n] a violent expansion, a sudden release o f energy from a very rapid chemical or nuclear reaction; an out burst of violent emotion or energy fall [foil], fell [fel], fallen ['foil^n] to lose

, defec tive, imperfect; an error

flash [flaej] , to give out a momentary, intensely bright light; to emit light sudden ly; to move quickly float [flanit] to be held by water, air; a body which displaces its own weight of a fluid and therefore be comes weightless = to rest on or near the surface of a fluid flow [] to move with a continuous change in shape; to move like a stream; to run or spread freely; to run smoothly and effortlessly

118
flu x [flAks] ,

Technics

the act of flowing; the condition of continuously changing; the rate of trans fer of energy or matter across a given surface area
fuel ['fju^l] ,

stance from solid to liquid condition; a coalition

hammer ['\| ; , a tool consisting of a short heavy head made of steel and a handle handle ['hasndl] , the part o f a tool, weapon, etc.; some thing that can be used as a pretext harm [ha:m] ,

a material used as a source of heat or energy; anything that makes strong feelings or passions
fuse [fju:z] , to join by melt ing together; to become join ed by being melted together fusion ['fjugan] ,

moral wrong; injury, hurt

heavy ['hevi] o f considerable weight; opressive; joyless; uninte resting; d ifficu lt to accom plish; tiresome hole [ha4il] , a small space or cavity; an empty space in the earth made by an animal; a small dark dirty place hook [huk] a piece o f metal curved or bent sharply and able to support a thing, used for suspending things hoop [hu:p] , a

, melting together into a fused mass; the change o f sub

| Technics
strip o f metal; a child s toy; a circle o f metal
im m erse [I'ma-is] to absorb one self in one thing; to put in below the surface level of a liquid or gas

119

include [in klu:d] , to contain as part of a whole; to enclose; to contain, to have indicate ['indikeit]

, to show, to point out; to direct attention to; to state in brief

indissoluble [^ndi'soljubl] , lasting, inde structible; not possible to break up; strong ineffective [jm'fektiv] not producing the desired result; useless; in vain; wasteful inhuman [in'hjuim^n]

install [in'stoil] , to set in a position for use; to settle, establish in some place; to arrange a party to a person s honour interlock [inta^'lok]

, to block; locking parts are held rig id ly together; the parts o f the system cannot move independently of each other
invent [in'vent] , to ori ginate, to devise; to think up; to create, to make some thing new investigate [in'vestigeit]

, showing lack o f hu man warmth, machinelike; not belonging to the human race

, to seek information

120
about, to trace out; to in quire, to ask questions for knowing all the details iron ['] ; metallic element; a hard, strong man (with qua lities o f iron); a devise used fo r smoothening o f clothes irradiation [i,redi'eijn] , , the emission o f radiation as heat, light; the increase in brightness ja c k [] , a device for rais ing an automobile by a lever system or by a hydraulic system jem m y ['d3em i] a device fo r open ing a door or a safe without a key jet [d3et] , a stream of vapour, gas or liquid coming from a narrow hole; the narrow pipe which controls such a stream join [d3 Din] to bring together to make a single unit; to fasten;

Technics

to tie; to become a member of; to enter into the company joint [d3Dint] the place o f joining; any place of enter tainm ent fo r a low class; owned, made or done in common with one or more persons, groups, govern ments junction ['d3Ankjn] , the place where two or more things join; join ig or being joined keep [ki:p] , to continue to have in one s hands, under ones control; to own, to manage; to carry in stock for sale; to maintain; to regulate keyboard ['ki:bo:d] the keys o f a

Technics

121

piano, organ, typ ew riter, computer

knock [nok]

, to make a sudden impact on something; to cause to come together; to beat slightly

leak [li:k] ,

to pass through a small hole in a container; to become known to people (about secret inform ation)
length ['leq0] ,

K e y b o a rd

liquid ['likwid]

liner extent in space from end to end; extent in time from beginning to end; in detail, taking much time; the quantity of a vowel
level ['levl] a horizontal line, plane or surface; a horizontal condi tion; a position in a scale of importance; a relative posi tion in respect to some norm link [liqk] ;

, being a flu id substance assumes a shape imposed by its contai ner; transparent, clear
load [l^ud] , something which is supported by or carried in som ething; an amount o f work expected to be done lorry ['Ion] a truck m an u al [ mnju^l] operated by the hands; a book containing in formation set out briefly mine [main] 1) belonging to me; 2) an excavation in the earth

a ring of a chain; a joining part; portion of a program me or equipment that d irects in fo rm a tio n from one part to another

122

Technics

shioned; not current, defec tive in regard to present situation

overrun [^uva^ ] to go beyond, to extend pause [po:z]

___________M in e___________

a short period of time when sound, motion or a c tivity stops before starting again
p illa r [ pil^] , a vertical struc ture o f m etal used to su pport a superstructure; a supporter pipe [paip] ,

from which minerals are ex tracted; 3) a weapon to destroy the enemy

nail [neil] ; a thin metal spike driven into an objekt to fix or to join som ething; the ends of the fingers and toes o f men n u clear [ nju:kli^] relating to ato mic energy; pertaining to a nucleus occur ] to happen, to be at a point in tim e or during a period o f time; to be found within a region out-of-date [ auta-v deit]

a long hollow cylinder used chiefly to convey fluids, gas, etc.; a musical wind in strument; a device for smok ing tobacco, opium
plane [plein]

an aircraft; a level of de velopment, thought, value

plank [plaeqk] a long board; a main idea, principle in an argument plant [plaint] ; 1) to put the roots o f a plant in the ground and

old-fa

Technics

123
ing; the force actin g per unit area; interference with someone s freedom in mak ing a decision
queer [kwia'] strange, peculiar; eccentric, odd; unusual, ex traordinary radial [ reidja^l] h a vin g ra d ia tin g lines; moving along a radius radiance [ reidj^ns] , the state or q u a lity o f being radiant, em itting energy in the form of electromagnetic waves, shining bright raise [reiz] ,

make it grow; 2) the assem blage o f b u ild in gs, tools used to manufacture some kind of goods or power
plough [ plau] an agricultural instrument drawn by a tractor, horses, etc.; to turn over, break up with a plough/to plow p lu g [1] , , a piece of wood used to fill a gap or hole; any electrical connec tion precept [ pri:s2rpt] , , an in stru ctio n ; a rule o f action or conduct; a technical instruction pressure [ prejV]

the action of press-

to come to a vertical or standing positi on; to give rise to; to bring up (childrn); to increase
rasp [ra:sp] ,

; , a kitchen instrument for grating vegetables; an in strument fo r cleaning me tal surface

receiver [ri si:v^]

; , -

124
some thing that receives; the earpiece of a telephone; a TV or radio set
reduce [n dju:s] to make smaller or less in size, weight; to change to a different form; to bring to a certain state rejoin [n d33in] to join again remit [ri mit] to become less in force, intensity; to return, to send back; to send money by mail research [ri sa^tj]

Technics

rock [] 1) one or more minerals form ing the earth s crust; 2) to cause to move to and fro, to shake, vibrate, sway violently round [raund] having a circular shape; plump; expressed in tens, hundreds, etc rub [] to move something using pre ssure over a surface; to be subjected to friction rust [rAst] corrosion ; a hydrated oxide o f iron; the reddishbrown colour o f this sub stance rusty [ rASti] covered with rust; outof-date, behind the times sample [ saempl] an individual portion by which the quality o f a substance is to be judged saw [so:] a steel cutting tool with a toothed edge scatter [ skast^] ,

, a systematic search for facts; scien tific investigation ; inquiry

revet [n vet]

, to face with supporting material; a retaining wall or other sup port for an embankment to ring [rig] to give a sound of a bell; to telephone; a sound resembl ing a bell

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125
m atter which sinks to the bottom o f an undisturbed liqu id w ith which it was previously mixed
serve [sa^v] to satisfy the needs or requirements o f a person or organization; to supply with something; to bring food to the table set [set] , , to cause to occupy a certain position; to put; to bring into contact; to arrange shake Lfeik], shook [Juk], shaken [Jeikn] , to cause to vibrate, to move rapidly up and down or from side to side o f the normal position shape [Jeip]

to separate w idely in d if ferent directions; to cause to break up and go in d iffe rent direction or be widely separated or distributed
scissors [ siza^z] a cutting tool con sisting o f two sharpedged blades and two handles through which fin ger and thumb are passed scoop [sku:p] , ; any im plement fo r holding or re moving liquids scrape [skreip] 1)

, to make clean by rubbing w ith an abrasive; 2) , an unpleasant situa tion, d ifficu lty, problem
sediment [ sediment]

, a dense

, form, embo diment; the way in which an object is seen or felt; the outward appearance o f a person s body shut [|At] , to block an entrance; to bring together the parts; to stop the opera tion o f a shop, etc.

Scissors

126
side [said] any of the surfaces or lines that bound an object or figure simultaneous teinja's] existing, happening or done at the same time smoke, smoky [sma'uk], [ srrmiki] , ; to produce gas by burning wood, coal, ciga rette solid [ solid] h a vin g hardness; not loose, compact, firm ; struc turally sound, reliable; una nimous soluble [ soljubl], solvent [ solvent] having the power to dissolve spade [speid] a tool used fo r digging; a long handled tool with a broad, flat blade stainless [ steinlis] , spotless, having no stains steady [ stedi] , regular or uniform , not shaking; reliable; not easy upset, calm

Technics ;-1

steam [sti:m] nap water in the form of a gas; power, energy generated by steam substance [ sAbst^ns]

, matt er, material; body

sway [swei] 1) to move or swing from side to side; 2) to direct or control in a certain way

sw in g [s w ig ], (sw u n g) [swAq] , to move or lift in a curved, sweeping motion; to turn

switch [switj] a device fo r open ing or closing an electric current tab [taeb] , a small flap, strip or other attachment to open, fasten or handle something Eg: Pull the tab on the soda can to open it tap [taep] 1) to strike lightly several times; 2) ;

I Technics a device used to turn on or o ff a flow o f liquid

tape [teip] , any long, narrow strip of metal, plastic, paper or other material . thing [Gig] , an inanimate object; any act; fact, idea, statement tip [tip] ,

127 devices held in the hand and used in doing work; any thing necessary to professi on or trade
transfer [traens fa*:] , , to remove from one person, place to another, to convey a draw ing or picture from one sur face to another treadle [ tredl]

the extreme end o f anything; a g ift of money in return for some service
tire [ tai^] ; a rubber band filled with air around the rim of a wheel tool [tu:l] any of various

a lever or pedal worked by the foot to provide motion for operating a machine
truck [tiwk] 1) to change, to exchange; 2) a motor vehicle for carrying heavy loads; 3) ( .) vege tables raised for sale it the market turn [term] , to move around; to rotate; to change direction twinkle [ twiqkl]

T ir e

to shine with; to give flashes o f lig h t; to move lightly and quickly

128
unbind [ baind] to loose; to set free undo [ du:] 1) , to unfasten, untie; to open; 2 ) to destroy; to cause the ruin or down fall of uneven [ i:v34i] , not straight; not smooth or flat; not o f the same kind; not well-matched or balanced; one-sided unit [ junit] a standard o f measure ment; unity [ juiniti] , the arran gement of the parts in a work o f art or literature to produce a single design or effect; being in harmony or agreement vent [vent] , a hole or small opening fo r the escape or passage o f a gas, liquid, etc verge [ va^dg] , a border; the im aginary line at which a

Technics |

V essel

new condition starts

or

action

vessel [ vesl] ; a ship or la rge boat; a hollow container for liquids well [wel] 1) a deep cylindrical hole dug into the earth to reach a supply o f water, 2) a spring o f water; some source, 3) , to rise up and pour out, 4) in a manner that g ive s satis faction; thoroughly, fully, quite wheel [wi:l] a circ u la r d evice able to rotate; a circular motion; something resembling this device in shape, movement

I Technics
whip [wip] , ; to strike with a lash, rod; making whips to strike stigingly w h irl [wa^l]

129

, spinging around; turning around very quickly; to revolve rapidly

widen [ waidn] to make or become wide or wider
W h irl

to wind [waind] 1) the act o f blowing a horn; 2) , ; 3) to make a complete turn, to sping around wing [wig] ; one o f the struc tures of an airplane which supports the machine in the air; the wings of a bird, bat,

insect; a division o f an army

wire [ waia\) , metal drawn out into thread-like form of uniform diameter; the tele graphic system w rea th e [ri:d] , to encircle; to form flow ers, leaves into a wreath; to move in coils

5 ... .

to abolish [VbDliJ] , , ; to do away with... completely; to put an end to... (laws, customs, taxes, privileges)
abolition [aeb^'liJVn]

ter; right to consult access to the files; a sudden emotio nal outburst an access of fury, tears
ac/complish iV kom plif]

, ; the movement against slavery/ smoking, drinking, drugs

accept [aek'sept] , ;to take sometning offered; to admit the correctness of sometn ing; to give an affirm ative answer to sometning; to receive smth access ['aeksa^] , , ; way o f approach access from two roads; right to approach access to the Prime Minis

, ; to come to an end well; to bring to a successtul conclusion; to fu lfil; to finish

ac/know/ledge [']

, ; to recognize as a fact; to admit the truth o f some thing; to recognize in a legal form; to notice and ensure
admit [a^l'mit] , ; to allow to enter; to recognize as true; to acknowledge; to have room for

131
affair [V fe^ ] ; concern; business; case; Eg: a man o f affairs; affairs of state; a love a ffair against [Vgenst] anniversary ^aeniWisari]

opposite to...; cont rary to...; in contrast to...; into contact with...; about...; in exchange for...; in opposite direction to...; next to...
agree [a^'gri:]

the parti cular day on which the yearly return of the date of an event is celebrated (Eg: wedding anniversary)
annual ['aenju^l] ; once a year;measured by the year anthem ['] ;

, ; to balance; to be in harmony; to be suitable; to correspond in number; to check

alarm [Vla:m] ; , ; a signal of danger; inspiration with fear; alarmist ; alarm-clock

a piece o f choral music; a song of praise or joy (national anthem) to appeal [Vpi:l] , , ; to call upon an autho rity; to address oneself to a higher authority; to turn for an opinion or judgement; to make an earnest request; to ask for voluntary contribu tions; to be pleading to appear [Vpia1 ] ; to come in sight; to be in sight; to be on the scene; to arrive in public; to perform in public; to be published; to look wha"t a person or thing is; to be evident or probable to ap/point O'point] ; to select for an

to alter ['o:lta\| , ; to make different; to change; to become different; to remake

to a/mass [Vmaes] , ; to accumu late; to gather together; to preserve for the future anew |Vnju:] , ; again; in a new form or way

132
office or position; to set a date, time, place; to choose
approach (V p ro u tf] the act o f coming close or closer; the act o f going near or nearer; the way one approaches; a method of beginning approval ']

Politics I

to avoid [Vvoid] ; to keep out of the way; to refrain from ; to in va li date

avouch |Vvautf] , ; : ; to state as a positive fact; to guarantee; to rely on badge ['baed3 ] a distinctive sign o f an office ban [baen] , not to allow to do something banner [^]

a favourable opinion or judgement; o f f i cial sanction or recognition

article t'a:tikl] , a particular piece o f w riting in a larger work (book, newspaper, periodi cal); a particular thing o f a distinct class (jackets and other articles of clothing); a statement, a regulation (an article o f Constitution); the words , , th e in grammar associate iV sa n ijie it]

a flag o f a country or political organization

battle ['baetl] , , ; a fight between armies; a combat between two individuals

; to connect; to take part/to participate; to join as companion; to mani fest publicly ones solidarity; a corporate act o f (protest, solidarity)

to bear [bea"] , to carry; to be marked with; to be known by; to tolerate; to produce

bearer ['^] somebody who carries; holder

| Politics to beg [beg] ; ; to ask for money, clothing, food for a livin g; to express demand by making noises; to ask for being excused
behind [bi'haind] ,

133
brief [bri:f] lasting a short time; instruc tion for an operation; to summarize; to inform bring [brig] ;

, in back of something; in support of somebody; running later than; progressing more slowly
between [bi'twi:n] within two limits, to and from; common to; among blam e [bleim]

to carry; to lead; to cause to come; to institute; to prefer; to win over to a new point of view; to produce; to restore
broad [braid] fu ll and clear, general, not detailed; not narrow; of great width; easily under standable brutal ['bru:tl] , plain and direct with no regard fo r feeling; cruel campaign [kaem'pein] any organised attempt or attack to win public support century ['sentjuri]

to hold responsible; to lay the fault for

border ['boida1 ] an outer side; a frontier; a boundary between two countries brevity [' breviti] shortness; : B revity is the house of wisdom (Edward Lear) bribe [braib] a secret g ift (usually of

a period o f a hund red years

challenge ['tj'aelmdg] a calling in question; somethhing that tests a person s qualities; an initiative to play a game

money) offered to a person

134
chamber ['tjeimba1 ]

Politics ^

claim [kleim]

; a legislative or judicial body; a large room or hall used fo r meetings; a compartment or cavity
cheer [ ] ,

to demand as a right; to call out; to need; to want to be done

collapse [k^'laeps] , falling down; a breaking to pieces; a failure o f plans; a mental or physical breakdown commit [kar'init] to be guilty of; to put in its last place; to bind, to pledge; to compromise common ['] belonging or relat ing to more than one, to the public; ordinary, usual; second-rate complete [ka^m'pli:t] , with nothing missing or lacking; absolute, entire; to complete to finish, to make up a desired amount conceal [k^n'siil]

to shout for joy; to applaud by shouts; to fill with gladness, hope and comfort
choice [tjois]

the act of choosing or select ing to choose (chose, chosen) [tju:z], [tJVuz], [tJVuzn] to select bet ween alternatives; to make a choice; to select from a number of things
circumstance ['sa^ka-ms-

tons] , ; an essential fa ct or detail; the particular ele ment d irectly a ffe c tin g a matter; chance; case; fate
civil ['sivil] , ; relating to a community or citizens; conforming to normal stan dards o f politeness; legally determined

, to keep secret; to hide; to cover

concept ['konsa'pt] ,

I Politics
a thought or opinion,

135
a contradicting statement; on the contrary
contribute [ka-n'tribjuit] , to g ive together with others; for a common purpose; to supply; to give a share; to help to b rin g something about council ['kaunsl], ['kauns^l]

general idea
condition [ka4i'dij>n],

[kan'dijn] mode or state o f existance; state o f health; circumstances; social rank

co n firm [k34i'f^:m ]

to make stronger or more persistent; to establish the truth; to ratify; to make definite
conquest ['koqkwest]

som ething won or acquired by physical or moral victory; the act of conquering a country or people
contemporary [k^n'tem] belonging to the time; modern

, a consultative or advisory as sembly; a body elected or appointed to advise or legis late fo r a term; an assembly o f authorities
course [ko:s] a

line of conduct; any of the successive parts of a meal; ordinary sequence; moving from one point to another; a direction of travel
creditable ['kreditabl] * quite good, more than satisfactory crown [kraun] a royal headdress of precious metal or jewels; an emblem; the monarch him-

continue [k34i'tinu:] , to go on with; to prolong; to take up again; to remain in a given place or condition
contradiction [kontra^-

'dikjn] ; opposition,

136
self; a reward; the top of the head
crush []-] , to damage or spoil by pressure; to reduce to a powder or to small pieces under pressure; to become crumpled daily ['deili] every day dash [dsej] ;

Politics

to d eclare [di'kle ] , to make known publicly; to announce; to a ffirm or protest strongly

deed [di:d] , an act, something done; actual performance; a w ritten or printed agree ment, contract defence [di'fens] preparation to meet attack; the act o f resisting attack deliver [di'livjr] , to trans port som ething to an ad dress; to fulfil a promise; to pronounce a speech; to speak out denominate [di'nomineit] , ; to give a name; to state; to define deny [di'nai] to refuse, to say no, to declare to be untrue derivation [deri'veijn] , an origin, source; a basic

; to smash, to shatter; to go in a great hurry; a rush sudden move ment; a punctuation mark (-)
datum ['deitara] data (pi) [ deita^] a known fact; a starting point from which an essay is made

to deceive [di'si:v] not to tell the truth; to mislead; to break faith with smth.; to make someone believe what is false
decision [di'si3 n]

resolution, a result o f making up one s mind; a summary of facts

J//^Politics^

137

statement; the formation of a word, the act of tracing

disfavour ['drs'feiva1 ] the state of being out of favour; dislike, disapproval dissolution [ ldis3Jlu:J3,n], [dis^'luijn] , breaking up some thing; the ending o f work; passing away, disappearan ce; the liquidation of a busi ness divide [di'vaid] to separate; to share; to deal out; to put into separate groups division [di'vi35rn] , a distri bution, a sharing; a section Of a larger group; lack of harmony, disagreement; a special purpose formation elaborate [i'ibareit] to work out in detail; to make or develop with care; to go into details about a matter elect [i'lekt] ,

voting, to decide on a course o f action

elevate ['eliveit] , to raise to a higher level; to raise in rank or dignity; to raise in price, importance; to raise to a higher moral or intellectual level embassy ['embsrsi] an official mis sion or delegation, which represents one country in another at the highest diplo matic level; residence of the head of such mission enemy ['enimi] a hostile nation; a person who brings another ill w ill and actively works or fights agaisnt him; someone who opposes or works against enforce [in'fois] to press to do som ething; to im pose by force; to give strength to; to make smb. do something by force enjoin [m'd30in] to impose as a rule, order or duty; to

to choose by

138

Politics I

command, to order; to forbid or restrain

enlarge [in'la:d3 ]

ex/change [iks'tjeind3 ]

, to make bigger; to expand; to become bigger; to speak or write more fu lly about
en/sure [in'jW ] to make certain of gett ing or achieving en/title [in'taitl] , to g ive a title to; to g ive someone a right envious ['envies] feeling, show ing or promted by envy equal ['i:kwa4]

, the g iv ing or receiving of one thing in return for something else; a thing given in return for something else; the price of one country s money in the currency o f another
excuse [iks'kjuiz] to forgive, overlook; to release someone from an obligation, undertaking or duty; to free from blame fa ith [fe i0] trust, confidence; complete acceptance o f a truth which cannot be demonstrated or proved favour ['feiva1 ] , an act of kindness; the condition o f being ap proved or liked; support, help

, the same in number , degree or oth er standard; w ith no advantage on either side; without domination; equiva lent
event [ 1'vent] , , an occurrence notable as being an exception to routine; a separate item in a program

figh t [fait] , a battle, a physical s tru g g le fo r v ic to r y ; an e ffo r t to overcom e some thing

folk [fa-uk] a

great mass of common people

I Politics that make up a nation; people as belonging to a class

follow ['fola4i] to go or come after; to succeed in order of time; to result from; to act in ac cordance with; to pay atten tion to; to take an interest in and make a study o f force [fo :s]

139
open to all without restric tions, not limited, not cap tive, at liberty
fu lfil [ful'fil] , to carry out; to complete, to accomplish; to prove true; to realize glory f'gbri]

physical strength; mental or moral strength; the power and might

forecast ['fD:ka:st] , some thing predicted; to predict on the basis o f scientific observation foresee [fo:'si:], [f^'si] to have a vision of; to take measures in advance; to forecast found, foundation ['faund],

praise, fame, adoration; particular distinction

govern/ment ['gAvnment] a rul ing authoritative control; a dominant authority; a group o f people/ministers guilty ['gilti]

, having commited an offense, show ing guilt

headline ['hedlain] the name, the title hesitate ['heziteit] , to pause before acting; to be indecisive; to pause repeat edly when speaking hold [hanild] , to have in

[faun'deijam] , to originate, to establish, to begin the building of, to base

free [fri:]

not reserved or occupied; spontaneous, voluntary;

140

P o litic s J ^

one s hands; to keep in the ground place, in a certain position or condition; to keep control; to detain; to contain honour [''] conventional respect fo r a person o f high rank; special ceremony to express public respect; a w om an s good reputation impose [im'paniz] to force others to receive oneself as guest, companion; to use superior strength or authority incline [in'klain] , to bend, to bow; to change the posi tion from vertical or hori zontal incompetence [in'kompit34is] not knowing the fact; be ing unaware o f something; a lack o f information indefinite [m'definit] , not lim ited, not clearly stated

independence [ (indi'pendaris] an autonomy; without control or domination by another power; freedom indiffrence [m'difa-rans] , lack o f interest or feeling; unimportance; show of no response, neutral indirect [^ndi'rekt] , not following the shortest way; round about; not going straight to the point; oblique inequality [^nii'kwoliti] lack of equality, regularity, un evenness; a variation from the norm influence ['influaiis] , a person s indirect power over men, events, things; ingratitude [in'graetitju:d] lack o f ability to thank; lack of gratitude; ill-bred injustice [in'd3 AStlS] unfair

I Politics ness, violation o f juistice; a wrong law

insist [in'sist] , to repeat a request; to demand; to prove to do something; to point out insult ['insAlt]

141

unable to endure, stand; un willing to put up with some thing

intrude [in'truid] , to enter, break in; to force in an unwelcome way; to attack invade [in'veid]

a remark or act showing contempt, rude ness, very impolite; vulgar, unpleasant
intent [in'tent]

to enter a country by armed force; to intrude upon; to make an invasion

ir re g u la r [i'regjula-] , not regular, not fo l lowing a pattern or sequence; asymmetrical; abnormal issue ['isju:], ['ijju:] , , a publishing or givin g out; an outcome, result; a question under dispute or discussi on; a matter o f concern item ['aita^m] , , a piece o f news; a single article, unit, feature in a list, account, collection judicial [djui'diJVl] , of the administration of justice or o f acts or persons associated

, aim, purpose, ambition, will, desire, wish, the main idea; problem
intermediate [inta'Vmiidja^t] between two things, events, extremes; average, in the middle of; neither good nor bad interrupt [int^'rApt]

, to stop abruptly but briefly, to make a break in something; to interfere in action;

intolerant [in'tolaraTit]

unfriendly, hostile towards somebody;

142 with it; use o f the power and process of critical judgement
kidnap ['kinaep] , to take away and hold a person by force; to racket king [kirj] a male monarch, the chief person; a magnate let [let] ;

Politics I

real or im agined scale o f measurement (moral or social values or ranking); small in number or amount
magazine [,^ zi:n]

a periodical publication o f writings by d iffe re n t authors, often illustrated and with adver tisements
matter [ m eeta-J ; a circumstance, issue; a trouble, difficulty; a substance which any physi cal thing is composed of meaning [ mi:niq]

to permit; to put at the temporary disposal in return fo r rent; to become violent in action or speech; to set free or allow to leave
liberate ['libareit]

to change the status of ownership; to set free, to release

liberty ['lib^ti] the condition of being free to choose, the right to do as one pleases; unemploy ed, not busy loan [1] the

that which is in tended; conveying emotion expressive

member [ memb^] a person who belongs to a group or organization; a part of the body mention [ menjn] to refer to some thing; to cite the name o f a person; to speak; to speak about .* mess [mes] , a state of disorder; an unpleasant,

lent money on condition that it is returned with or with out interest; a lending, permission to use
low [ 11] at

or near the bottom of some

I Politics troubling situation or con dition

might [mait]

143

modify [ modifai]

to change; to make less extreme

moot [mu:t] open to argument, un certain; no longer a matter of practical importance navy [ neivi] -

power, strength; one s utmost force

military [ militari] involving the arm ed forces or warfare miserable [ ']

extremely un happy, poor or worthless

misery [ mrza^ri] extreme unhappiness or suffering; wretchedness

a state s ships o f war, the organiza tio n and m anpow er o f a state s force for war at sea neglect [ni glekt] , to fail to perform ; to fa il to care for; to fail to attend to, dis regard
negotiate [ni -ufieit], [nig^ujjeit], [ni -usieit] to discuss something in order to reach an agreement, confer; to do business next [nekst] nearest in space; ranking second; closest to nobility [1 biliti] , a noble class; the quality or state o f being magnanimo us, generous

due to poverty
misunderstand [ miSAnd.Tstsend]

to interpret incor
rectly, w rongly; not to get proper sym pathy or appre ciation

misuse [ mis ju:s]

incorrect use; to treat wrongly or badly

mock [rmk] to ridicule; to imitate

in order to ridicule; to dis appoint; to express disap pointment

144

Politics

now [] at the present tim e; without delay; immediately null [1] having no force in law; relating to zero object [ obd3ikt], [ obd3^kt]

omit [1 mit], [-"mit] to fa il to do something, to neglect; not to pay attention at onlook er [ ,1*]

a passive spectator, witness

o pin ion |> pinja'n]

, a body or thing; an aim or purpose; a person or thing exciting attention or emotion

objection [jrbd 3 ekj>n]

a point o f view; a mental estimate; a belief or conviction; a formal ex pression o f thought

opposite [ opa'Zit], [opaSit] contradictory, contrary; con trast; utterly different oppression [> prejVn], [o preJbTl] , a set of circum stances causing to feel men tally or spiritually burdened or physically suffering outbreak [ autbreik] , a sud den violent bursting out; an insurrection o u tbu rst [ autba^st] , a violent emotional fit; an eruption outlook [ autluk] a prospect or

an act o f objecting, a feeling of oppo sition; resistance

obsess [-b ses], [ob ses] to occupy or engage the mind o f some one to an inordinate degree; to follow step by step obstacle fabstakl] an obstuction, prevention, difficulty, prob lem obvious [ obvia's], [ Dbvja's]

, self-evident, not requiring proof or demonstration; easi ly seen; attracting immedi ate attention

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145
proclaim [ p m kleim] to an nounce publicly or o ffic ia l ly; to declare officially prohibit [ hibit], [prani-

view ; a way o f looking at things

overdo [^u v^ du:] to exaggerate, carry too far; to make too great a display overhear [^ u v ^ hia\J to hear a conversation accidentally participant [pa: tisipant] someone who takes part or has a share in some activity partake [pa: teik]

hibit] to prevent or make impossib le; to forbid with authority

puppet [ ] a small model of a human being or an animal with mobile limbs control led by strings or wires

to take
or receive a share in predominate [pri domineit]

, to lead in quality or status; to be most frequent

prevail [pri veil], [^ veil]

purpose [ pa-ipa's] , a desire to obtain result which is kept in mind in perform ing an action
pursue [pe sju:] to follo w in order to capture or over take; to engage in; to go on talking about push [ , pushing [ pujiq]

, to be victorio us; to be the chief characte ristic, predominate; to be widespread or current

prison [ prisn] a building used to hold offenders or suspects await ing trial, or enemy captives

stim ulating; aggressively self-assertive

quandary [ kwonda-Ti]

a dilemma, a state of uncertainty

146

Politics

quash [kwoj- ]

recent [ ri:snt]

to annul; to put down

queen [kwi:n]

not long before the present

reconciliation [^eka^nsili-

the w ife of a king; a female monarch

quell [kwel] ,

eijn] reach ing a compromise, agree ment about differences

redress [ri dres] ; ; to put right; to readjust refer [ri f^:]

to'crush, to suppress; to overcome rage [reidg] uncontrolled anger; intense emotion, passion
rank [] ,

line or row of per sons or things; social posi tion

ransom [ ransom] money paid or de manded for the release of a person held captive; a relea se by payment of this money rebu ff [ribAfj

to turn for information; to direct to a source of informa tion refuge [ refju:d3] shelter or protec tion from danger, distress or d iffic u lty , a person or place offerin g protection
refigee [,refju: d3i] a person who flees, escapes or must hide refuse [ri Quiz] to decline to accept; to be unable to do some thing; to make a refusal; to reject reign [rein]

to reject; to give proper answer; to act quick ly and reasonably

recede [ri: si:d]

, to be come more distant; to slope backwards, to draw back

to hold royal

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147
physical force; to protect from change
restrain [ris trein] , to prevent from doing some thing; to set limits to; to re press emotions restriction [ris trikjn] keeping within certain limits; avoi dance o f exaggeration, shocking effects in any form o f expression

o ffic e ; to be monarch; to prevail, to be predominant

reject [ri d3ekt] to refuse to accept; to be unacceptable, to dec line; rejection [ri dgekjn] , a re jectin g or being rejected; something rejected reluctance [ri Ukt^ns] an emotional or mental opposition to a course o f action renew [ri nju:]

to make new again or as if new; to begin again after an interval of time; to revive; to make valid for a further period
repeal [ri pi:l] delete, crossing out; re moving from; abolition; delay, neutralization represent [,repri zent]

resume [ri zju:m] to take back or again; to begin again; to go back to using; to sum up
retain [ri tern] , to keep in one s memory, in one s control; to keep securely in place retreat [ri tri:t] , , to avoid dangers and d iffic u ltie s o f life tem po rarily; to withdraw for peace, safety; to hide fo r a while

to point out, to act on behalf of; to be the delegate of; to be a symbol for, to correspond to
resist [ri zist]

to oppose a

revenge [ri vend3 ] , to avenge,

148
vindict; a desire to in flict injury in return for an injury suffered rig h t [rait] , true, logical ly sound; correct; suitable; to set in a proper position; to put back to balance; to return to a correct position rig id [ ridgid] , in fle x i ble; strongly resisting de formation; s tiffly set royal [ ] relating or belong ing to the fam ily o f a king or queen; v e ry im posing, splendid, majestic satisfy [ saetisfai] to p ro vid e what is required, needed; to cause to be happy or free from some desire search [sa-itf] an investigation in order to find something, gain in formation seldom [ seldom] not often, rarely; some times

Politics

self-criticism [ self kritisizm] the ability to notice weak points in one s own behaviour, speech, life. sequence [ siikwaris] , a succession of things which are connected in some way s e r f [s ^ :f] a feudal labourer bound to his owner or landlord serfdom [ sa^fd^m] the state or con dition o f being a serf; the practice or in stitu tion o f having the land with serfs settle [ setl] ; to determine or decide; come to agreement about; to put into order shatter [ Jaeta-] (), ; to break into pieces; to destroy com pletely or damage greatly shoot [$u:t], shot [Jot] to wound or kill

Politics

149

a person or animal with a bullet, arrow, etc.; to pass rapidly down, through or over; to photograph or make a film shortage [ Jo:tid3 ] lack, too small an amount or supply sh u ffle [ Ja A ] 1) , the fe et along the ground or floor; 2) , , to mix playing cards so as to rearrange them; to drag to mix facts so as to rearrange them significance [sig nifikans] , the state or quality having special value or importance; meaning sin [sin] the w illfu l breaking o f God s law; any offense situation [,sitju eijn] ; a condition or state of affairs; a location slander [ slasnd^] any false and insulting statement

slap [slaep] , a sharp, quick blow with the open hand; an insult, a piece of sharp criti cism slave [sleiv] a person who is a property of another person; a person who is under the control of some influence; a serf slogan [ sloug^i] a phrase, statement or motto used by a particu lar group; a phrase used in advertizing smash [smasj"] , to destroy, to crush; to break into pieces; a complete defeat or disaster smuggle [ sm\gl] to bring, take or transport secretly goods on which the required duties have not been paid society [sa^ sai^ti] all people; human beings as a group; a com munity; companionship, company solicitation [sa^ ,1isi teijn] the prac-

150

Politics

tice or an act of begging for, appealing fo r some help or assistance

solution [s3^ lu:Jn] ; method of answering to a problem; mixture of two or more sub stances speech [spi:tj] the ability to express an idea, thought, fe elin g by the use o f spoken words; the act o f speaking; a way in which someone speaks spoil [spoil] to ruin, damage or harm something

to; to come against with force; to hit, to make an attack on

substitute [ SAbstitjuit] , to take the place o f another; to put in the place of another; instead of support [ssr po:t] to hold up; to provide for; to uphold, -er [sa^ poit^] a person who supports, aids or approves suppose [s? ]

spread [spred] to unfold, stretch out; to cover with a thin layer o f something; to dis trib u te; to extend over a period o f time
state [steit]

, to believe to be true; to expect; to imagine to be possible

supposition [ p SAp2r Z l j n ]

a s sumption, plan, project; the

act o f supposing

, the con dition o f a person or thing; a body of people living together under one government
strike [straik] , to give a blow

suppress [sa^ pres] to crush, to put down by force; to restrain; to prevent or forbid the telling suprem e [sju: pri:m]

, greatest in rank, authority

Politics

151
troop [tru:p] ,

or power; ultim ate; final,

last
suspect [sa-s pekt] to have doubts about; to consider possible, true, likely; to think someone guilty with little or no proof suspicion [s^s pijn]

a group of persons; members of the armed forces as a group

true [tru:] , correct; real; genuine; loyal; rightful ultimate [ Altimit] final, coming to an end; greatest possible undersign [ Anda^ sain] u n derw rite [ Anderait]

a feeling or impression; a slight trace or suggestion target [ ta:git] , an object that is aimed at in shooting prac tice or competition; any thing that is the object of any attack ta x [tseks] money that must be paid by people for the support of the government
threat [Bret] an expression o f the inten

to put one s signature under the docu ment; to agree to do some thing; to ensure
unequal [ iikwa^l] not the same; unfair; not fit or qualified; uneven. unfair [ fea] not just; not following accepted rules or standards ungrounded [ graundid] with out basis in fact or reality; not educated; unify [ ju:nifai] ,

tion to in flict punishment, harm or pain; a person or th ing th at is a source o f misfortune, danger or harm
today [t^ dei] the present day, nowa days, currently

152
-------------------- =----------------

________________ Politics
victim [ viktim] a person who is injured, killed or ruined; who is cheated or tricked victory [ viktari] the defeat of an op ponent or enemy violation ^vaia1 leijn]

to unite; to combine or make into a whole

union [ junja^n] ,

an associa tion; the act o f uniting

unite [ju: nait] to bring or put toge ther; to join together unjust [ d3 ASt]

unfair; not moral, not just

unveil [ v e il]

; tre a tin g d isresp ectfu lly ; disturbing, interrupting

vote [v34it] ; to decide, accept or establish by a vote; to elect w a r [w o:] armed conflict between nations, a state o f hostility without arms or weapons warn [wo:n] , to draw the attention of somebody to the probable result of an act; to inform beforehand weapon [ wepn], [ wepan] any instru ment used for figh ting; any means o f attack or defense w ill [wil] , moral strength or

, to remove a covering from; to remove a veil

upper [ ']

higher
vain [vein] empty; not successful or e f fective vanguard [ vasnga:d] the part o f an army that moves ahead of the main force; the leading position venture [ ventjVJ

an affair that demands some risk or danger; a guess with out real calculation

Politics

153

energy; determination; the facility of determining ones actions; wish, desire

witness [ witnis]

to take away, to remove; to take back, to retract; to leave, to retire

wrangle [ raeqgl] to argue; to quarrel noisily; to speak loudly or shout while proving some body yesterday [ jesta-dei], [ jest^di] the day which proceded today

a person who has observed a certain event; something taken as evidence

withdraw [wi5 dra:] (with drew, withdrawn) [wi5 dru:], [wi6 drain] , ,

TR A V ELLIN G

aboard [>'bo:d] , ; my friend was aboard the last ship go ing to Amsterdam abrupt {VbrApt] , ; , ; sudden, un expected, rougn [rAf], disc onnected again [Vgen], [Vgein] , ; once more; the same quantity in additi-. on; one more time

air+field/drom ; air +man ; air+plane ; air+pocket A condition in the atmosphere, usually a partial vacuum, which makes an airplane in flight drop sud denly. air+hole ;

ago [Vgani] , : long ago; a year ago

air [^] ;

air+Ballon ; air+base ; a ir+ b rid g e ;

Travelling

155

air+raid ; air+ship ; Air+space ; A ir + s t r ip

already [oil'redi] ; : all+ready; by this time; before a particular moment ancient ['einjVnt]

service by a waiter, a shopassistant; the need to listen to; act o f politeness

a/way [Vw ei] far, at a distance; in a d iffe re n t direction; at an end; continuously b a rb a ria n
[:'11]

u n civ ilize d person; uncultured person

before [bi'fo:] , , in front of, ahead of; earlier than; sooner in time than bell [bel] , an empty cup shaped instrum ent which makes a ringing sound

; antique; old fashion ed; very old; belonging to times long past
arrive [Vraiv] to come to a place; to end a journey; to appeare; to come on the scene

to ascend |Vsend] , to go up; to come up; to rise from a lower degree or level; to climb [^s'tonij] to shock; to astonish w ith amazement or wonder
astonish atten tio n [V te n jn ] mental concen tration; notice something;

156
belong [bi'bq]

Travelling

, to have a rightful place; to be a member of; to be classified with

bridge [brid3 ] a structure carrying a road over a river, railroad bus [b\s] a

large public passenger vehicle; serving fixed routes

camp [kaemp]

C astle

a place where people live in tents, barracks or huts; a holiday resting centre for children
capital ['kaepitl] main city; chief city; big letters in the ABC

Christian worship; baptized Christian men and women

circus ['sa^ka^s] the entertainment made up of acts including perform ing animals, horseback riders, acrobats, clowns; the arena with seats around it in which the show is performed; the persons and animals making up the show clim b [klaim ] , to go up; to rise to a higher point; to rise in social rank or reputation coast [kanist] , the

castle [ ka:sl] , a palace, a fortress

check [tjek] ,

; to arrest; to con trol; to restrain the prog ress of motion; to vertify the correctness
church [tjVitj-]

a particular place of Christians; a building fo r

Travelling

157

seashore, the land border ing the sea

come [ ] to appear; to arrive; to happen; to occur; to occur to the mind; to be born; to

state; a region or district w ith reference to geogra phical or esthetic features; regions o f woods and fields as opposed to towns
crowd [kraud] a large number o f people collected together; a clique, sect current ['] , a mass of water m oving in a certain direction; the stream; of the present time; in general use custom ['kAstarn] , a habit; a generally accepted practice; convention; something made usually delay [di'lei] , an unexpected lapse of time; failure to make something; postponing

result; to pretend to be
corner [':\]

the point or place of meet ing; the angle formed by the m eeting o f two streets; a distant place; a secret place
country ['] ; a political

to depart [dipa:t] , to go away, to set o ff, to leave, to set out

d ifferen t ['difa-rant], ['difr^nt] , not the same, un usual, out o f the ordinary

C ircus

158
dike [daik] , a raised bank con structed to prevent flood ing, high water; protection from something disappoint Ldisa-'point], ['dis^'point] , to break a promise; to fail to come up to the expectation; to frustrate disaster [di'zaista^] an event causing great loss and suffering to people; a great or sudden misfortune, a fiasco district ['distrikt]

Travelling

raphical division of a city, state; a region

downstream ['daun'stri:m| in the direction o f the flow of a river or stream, nearer to the mouth o f the river downtown ['daun'taun] in the business area of a city; the main business area of the city drive ( drove, d riven )

a p olitical or geog-

[draiv], [draniv], [drivn] , to control the course; to convey in a vehicle; to hit or push in some direction; to activate; to cause to work hard
embank [im'baeqk]

to en close or protect with a rais ed bank o f earth, stone

embankment [lm'basqkmarit] , , a raised bank of earth,stone e/norm/ous [I'noim^s]
D isaster

v e ry great, huge, gigantic

Travelling

159

foreign ['form]

com ing fro m some country outside; not of ones own country or race; introduced from outside
form [fo:m ] , ; shape, out ward appearance; a variety, manifestation, example; a document with blank spaces for information to be w rit ten in; a class in a school

escape [is'keip] to get free; to disap pear; to run away; to find release from worries, troub les; to avoid, to keep safe from
excursion [iks'ka^Jn]

go [gam] , to be in motion, to move with a special purpose, aim; to leave, to disappear, to escape
happen [1] , to take place; to occur spon tan eou sly; to chance; to find or meet by chance h arb ou r ['haiba^] ; a bay or inlet o f quiet water protec ted from stormy waves by man-made or natural walls; a place o f refuge; shelter

a short pleasure trip; a pleasant hiking trip; to walk about; to go sight seeing; a tour
exploration [,ekspb: reijn] , a trip or voyage through an unknown or little known region in order to add to man s knowledge; a searching, an investigation far [fa:] at a considerable distance; very distant, remote

high [hai] , great in degree; at a large distance

160

Travelling

above; occupying an impor tant position; noble; at the zenith, top hike [haik] to walk a long way for pleasure in the open country huge [hju:d3 ] , extreme ly large, enormous, super, extra
indistinct [jindis'tirjkt] , d ifficu lt to see or hear; not clear; vague, slight; confused initial [I'nija^l] , at the very beginning; show ing the firs t letter or syll able; the fir s t le tte r o f a personal name inquire [in'kwaia'-]

H u ge

o f its size or nature; very small

is la n d [ aila^nd] isle ['ail] a piece of land, sm aller than a con tinent, surrounded by water; an isolated land, person ivory ['aivari] the hard creamywhite dentine of an elephant; the colour o f ivory; things made of ivory jin gle ['d3iqgl] , a pleasing sound o f bells in continuous but unrhythmical combination journey [^]

, to obtain information by asking; to ask questions; to investigate

invisible [in'viza-bl]

concealed, hid den, can t be seen because

, a trip, a travel, a voyage; a move

Travelling

161

ment over considerable distance from one place to another

kerb [] , border of a street pavement knight [nait] a man given the rank of knighthood by the British monarch in recognition of merit; a man o f noble birth; a m ilitary attendant on a lord or his lady leave [li:v] , to go away, to depart; to stop staying in some place

defin ite number o f people or things map [] a representation in scale, usually on a fla t surface, of part o f the whole of the e a rth s surface, showing physical, political or other features never [ neva-J not at any time, not on any occasion observe [a^b za^v] , to look at with attention; to watch; to come to know by seeing; to note attentively

lu ggage ['U gid 3 ] suitcases, bags and trunks fu ll o f a traveler s belongings

mail [m eil] the public organization of the collection and delivery

of correspondence and other postal m atter; the letters and parcels sent by this organization
many []

consisting of a large but in

6 ... .

162
once [WAns] , on one occasion only, a single time; form er ly; at some time outline [ autlain] lines bounding the outer limits of a figure; a scetch; a rough draft of a plan, scheme of work overcrowd [^uva- kraud]

Travelling

j|

path [pa:0] a narrow way or trail; any way or space by which people may pass; line of progress place [pleis]

a particular part o f space or area on a surface; the position o f a figure, etc

prehistoric [ pri:hi 'storik]

more people or things than it is desirable or permitted

oversea [ aniva1si:] pertaining to countries or people or things beyond the sea pace [peis] ,

related to the period before recor ded history, existin g dur ing this period
quadrangle [kwo draeqgl], [kwa^ draeqgl] a plane figure with four sides a square or rectangle quite [kw ait] completely, very much; rath er...; a con siderable number ramble [ ] , a long unplanned walk fo r enjoy ment

rate o f travelling; manner of walking or runn ing; a step made in walking

pack [] to put in a container; to put things together for a trip; to assemble, crowd together; to wrap up passenger [ passmc^a-]

a person who travels in a vehicle but is not a driver nor one o f the crew

rather [ :&] ; - more exact ly; in some measure; most certainly

Travelling

163

reach [ri:tj] 1)

to arrive at, to get in touch with; 2) to extend, to expand

remain [ri mein] to stay in the place; to continue in a certain state; to be left reminiscence [,remi nisns]

- perso nal memories of past events; Homething which is remem bered; recalling memories of past related events
remote [ri manit]

at a great distan ce in space or time, not close ly related; out-of-the-way

rescue [ reskju:]

return [ri term] , to go or come back; to occur again; to play back road [ranid] ,

, to deliver from danger, violence; to release by force; to save

resort [ri zo:t]

a strip o f cleared land fo r the passage from place to place; the way to get somewhere
sail [seil] a piece of canvas or other cloth to catch or reflect the wind and drive a ship along seaport [ si:po:t] a town on a sea coast having a harbour, docks and used by seagoing ships

- a place fo r rest to which people go usually or fre q uently

rest [rest] to be motionless; to leave

activity, to recover energy; t< give a period o f rest

164

Travelling

|p

seek (sought) [si:k]-[so:t] , to try to find, to try to obtain, to ask for, to look for send [send]

symbol; a motion, gesture, idea; a warning; a trace

slot [slot] , ,

to cause somebody to go to a specified place; to send a letter to somebody; to transmit a message

ship [fip] any large seagoing vessel; a sailing vessel having three or more masts shore [Jo:] ,

a narrow straight opening in a mail box; in any automatic device

stamp [stemp]

to strike the feet forcefully down upon the ground; an officia l mark fo r letters
station [steijn] , a place where someone or something stands; a building where a body o f people work toge ther; a place along a route where trains or buses stop stay [stei] , to live in a place fo r a short period o f tim e; to remain in one place; to stop fo r a while steep [sti:p] 1) ; having a very sharp face or slope; 2) , to involve deeply or absorb; to soak in liquid strange [streind3 ] ,

the land form ing the edge o f an ocean or sea

sign [sain] ,

a lettered board;

| Travelling _
remarkable or odd, unfami liar, -er [streindgaf] a person with whom one is not fam iliar; a foreig ner, outsider, newcomer
stretch [stretj] , to extend from one place to nnother; to spread out to full length or width; to widen, lengthen or pull out Of shape by force subway [ SAbwei]

165

Su bw ay

an underground passage or tunnel fo r pedes trians

surface [saifis]

tower [taua\| a tall but narrow structure rising above a church, castle or other building town [taun] any densely populated place; a group of houses and private buildings, larger than a village but smaller than a city traffic [ traefik] , the passage of people and means of transportation to and fro; an exchange of goods fo r profit train [trein] a connected line o f railroad cars

the upper or outer part o f a thing; outer appea

rance

survey [ s^vei]
a detailed study or exaiii i nation; a general view; a

review
ticket [ tikit] n card or a piece of paper that shows the person who holds it has the r ig h t to receive certain services or privileges

166

Travelling

unless On les] if not; except on the condition that up [] in, on, to a higher place valid [ vlid] based on facts and evidence, true; e ffe c tive, correct, confirm valise [va^ li:z] a suitcase; a small piece o f luggage van , a large covered truck used fo r transporting view [vju:] 1) the act o f looking or seeing; sight; 2) a range of vision; 3) , a particular way of think ing about something; a tti tude, opinion village [ vilid3 ] countryside; a group of houses smaller than a town walk [wo:k]

T ow n

travel [ traevl]

to make a jour ney; to make a tour of; to go from one place to another
trip [trip] , a light quick step; the act o f traveling or going from one place to ano ther underground [^nda- graund]

; hidden below the surface of the earth; secret

unexpected [ Aniks pektid]

happen ing without warning; unforseen

, to move on feet; to travel on foot; to pass through, over;

Travelling

167

to accompany on fo o t; to measure a distance by walkIng

welcom e [ welkAm]

waste [weist] , ; to expend goods, materials without propor tionate result; needless and excessive consumption; gar bage, rubbish, ashes, etc way [wei] , the course taken in

, to greet some body with signs of pleasure; to be glad about; to receive gladly
w o rld [wa^ld] , ; the planet; the universe; human society; a recognized part or period o f human society zoo [zu:] a place where alive animals are kept in captivity for the public to see

gettin g from one place to other; the distance; direc tion of movement; the ability to do something

admire [aed'mai^] to express one s good feelings; to look at somebody with pleasure or respect adore |Vd3:] , ; to love; to like very much; to worship

the act o f apprearing; look ing, dressing to ap plau d |>p'b:d] , ; to show approval by clapping; to demonstrate approval by clapping
a/shame/d (Vjeim d] feeling shame; dishonour, disgust

to affect [a^'fekt] 1) ; 2 ), ; 1) to make an impression on somebody; to have an effect on something; 2) to attack; to cause a par ticular condition in... to a/muse [Vmjuiz] , ; amu sement entertainment, pleasant spending o f free time
appearance [Vpi3T34is] , ;

to assent [V sent] , to say yes; to accept something; to agree on/upon something

attitude ['aetitju:d]

a mental position
au d ien ce ['oidja^ns]

; ; a group of people assembled to listen to or watch something; those who

A rt

169

read a publication or listen to a broadcast (rad io); an official or formal interview

aw ard |Vwo:d] , ; to give as a prize; to present; to choose the best; to evaluate the best; to admit; to value; to recognize aware [VwEa'] ; informed; having learnt; conscious [ konja^s] background ['baskgraund] , the part of the picture against which the principal figures shown; a person s past history; any accompanying noise beauty ['bju:ti]

B eau ty

hold as one s opinion; to be sure o f

beloved [bi'Lvvd] , much loved; some one who is dearly loved bore [bo:] an u n in terestin g person, anything dull chain [tjein] , a series of rings or links o f metal; an ornamen tal set used as a necklace choir ['kwai^] xop a

physical loveliness; a particularly good example of a thing or specimen

beau tiful ['bjuita'ful] having beauty, physically lovely; morally or intellectually pleasant

to believe [bi'hv] to accept as true; to

group of singing people; to sing in chorus; a choral society

170

A rt

clap [klaep] the sound o f hands struck together; loud noise compose ['] , ; to create in music or litera ture; to arrange in good order; to bring under control considerable [kam'sid^'] quite large in amount, extent or degree; important contents ['kontents] (pi) that which is contained; a summary of subject treated in a book; the amount o f a certain sub

stance contained; the volume o f a solid; the substance, matter o f a book cover ['L\v3\| to hide; to keep un der aim; to stand immedia tely behind another man; to spread over; to protect financially; to have as ones territory create [kri'eit], [kri:eit] , to bring info being; to make by applying the imagination in some artistic technique; to produce;to incarnate cue [kju:] a hint; an agreed signal c u ltiv a te ['kAltiveit] , to prepare land for crops; to improve, to refine; to cause to develop dance [dains], [daens] set movements to music, either alone or with a partner or partners; a party or social gathering declaim [di'kleim] to speak with too much emphasis; to recite

 Art

171
depict [di'pikt] to rep resen t by drawing or painting; to des cribe verbally d escribe [dis'kraib] to draw, to trace; to qualify; to move in the outline of; to give a portrait design [di'zain] ,

a decorative pattern; the combination of parts in a whole; a purpose, intention

dishonesty [dis'onisti] fraud, lie, false;a dishonest act, not honest; insincere disillusion [,disi'lu:3 n], [ ldisi'lu:33'n] free from illusions, realistic, true; without dreams dislike [dis'laik]

publicly manner

in

theatrical

deliberate [di'libarcit] , to think out a matter with proper care; to make or do intentionally
delight [di'lait] boci , great pleasure, admiration, exal tation, adoration delusion [di'lu^n]

, antipathy, to feel an anti pathy for; an aversion

dispirit [di'spmt]

, a false idea, thought; a wrong opinion

, to dishearten, to make gloomy; to be in a low mood

172

Art

encrust [in'krAst] , to cover with a coating; to inlay jewels into; covered with something engrave [in'greiv] to decorate; to cut a design or lettering on something by hand with a sharp tool; to fix deeply in the mind, memory
D epict

display [dis'plei] , to exhibit; to show; to dis close donation [dani'neijaii] , a gift; a sum of money to an institution or society dull [cL\l] stupid, slow in understading; uninteresting; not bright or vivid, not clear empty ['empti] unoccupied; vacant; without nothing in it; with out foundation; silly, not serious

en/rich [in'ritj] , to make richer in money or goods; to improve the quality of; to add a precious ornament to; to make a valuable addition to a collection especial [is'pejVl] particular, out standing, exceptional, extra essential [I'senJVl] , necessary, of great importance; basic, funda mental, containing all that is best or most important in a thing estimate ['estimit] , a judgement of size, number, value; a state-

I Art
ment of the cost or change which would be involved in given piece of work, or a lender to carry it out for a certain sum o f money everlasting [eva^'laistiq] constantly repeated, lasting for ever; Meemingly without end exceed [ik'siid] to be greater, to go beyond a proper limit excitement [ik'saitm^nt] , emotional tension, unba lance; stimulation; impa tience excla im [iks'kleim ] to cry out in emotion or excitement; to utter under the stress of Hudden thought or emotion exhibit [g'zibit] , to show, display to Ilie public; to present, demonstrate fairy [feari] ; a small super natural being capable of in-

173

terventing in human affairs, usually in order to help false [fols] , untrue, lo gically w rong; incorrect, mistaken; not natural fame [feim] , , the state o f being widely known and esteemed; repu tation famous ['feima's] , wellknown, widely known, cele brated fancy ['faensi] , great

174
wish, dream; imagination; wish to have something, eager to have
fond [fond] loving, affectionate, fo o lis h ly ten d er; ta k in g pleasure in; having the habit of foreground ['fo:graund]

to knock against another; to hurt emotionally or financi ally; a popular success

hope [Im ip] , a confident expectation; wishful trust; waiting for something image ['imidj] a mental picture or concept; a painted or drawn symbol; a person or thing resembl ing another person or thing, a likeness impossible [im'posa'bl] hard to tolerate, unacceptable, not possible incomplete [^nkaWplirt]

the part of a scene nearest the viewer; the most noticeable position
gap [gaep] , an opening or breach in a wall, fence; a break in continuity, a pause; a wide difference in views great [greit] large in size, big; large in number or extent; a high degree; specially important, powerful; favourite, noble; excellent hint [hint] , a slight sugges tion; an oblique piece o f ad vice; an indirect thought, mention hit [hit] , ;

, not fin ish ed , not done; not full; unfinished

inscription [in'skripJVn]

an informal dedication; words devoted to somebody; private notes

inspiration [mspi'reijn] the creative impulse o f an artist; desire or wish to do something; a supernatural ability of a person

to make contact with; to strike with a blow;

A rt

175

intend [in'tend] to have in mind, think, to make up one s nd; to plan; to have a desmtion fo r something interconnection [inta^k^-

pensive food, clothes, com forts; something enjoyable, relatively costly

m agnificent [mg nifisnt] splen did, beautiful, admirable, wonderful m ajestic [ma^ d3estik]

kjn] nnection of two or more hings

in te rre la tio n ['inta^ri-ijn] , having a close, connection, related to each other; mutual relationnhip love [Iav] , a powerful emotion,

royal, splendid, magnificent

mark [ma:k] , a spot, stain, scratch; something that indicates the presence o f something else; an impession or influe nce; a cross or other symbol used as a signature by a person m arvel [ marvel] , something that causes astonishment or admiration; something wonderful m ere [ mia1] ,

~ep affection; a great likg, fondness

luxury ['UkjVri]

, ex-

pure, unmixed; average, simple

miracle [ mira-kl] a supernatural event; an extremery remarkable achie vement or event; an unex pected piece of luck

Love

176

worthy o f note; a prominent person; a member of an as sembly, largely aristocratic in composition nude [nju:d] naked; w ithout clothing, undraped obsession [ - sejVn], [ o b seJVn] the state of being completely involv ed, obsessed, occupied with some idea obstinate [ Dbstinit] stubborn, refus ing to concede to reasonable arguments op p ortu n ity t^pa^ tju:niti], [,opa^ tjunti] possibility, chance; a set o f circumstances; good fortune outstanding [ aut stndiq] promi nent, great, remarkable; not yet settled or complete paint [peint] to create a pic ture; to make a vivid des cription; to apply cosmetics to; to practice the art of creating pictures

N aked

movies [ mu:viz] entertainment and a branch o f industry naked [ neikid] without clothes; uncovered; without decora tion; without supplemen tary material noble [ ] illustrious by rank or birth; of high character, lo fty ideals; im pressive, splendid, grand in appea rance notable [ nanita'bl] outstanding,

177
part [pa:t] that which is less than all; one of Heveral equal amounts, num bers, quantities particular [p^ tikjula ] unusual, spe cial; relating to one thing singled out among many passion [ paeJVn] , violent emotion; a great liking or enthusiasm; an outburst of feelings piano [ pjasnau] a musical instrument before which the player sits playing on a horizontal key board picture [ piktJV] a representation or image on a surface; a perfect likeness; a mental image, idea; a situation as a com bination of circumstances please [pli:z], pleasure [ 1\| a general feeling of satis faction, enjoyment plot [plot] the plan o f events in a novel probability [^ biliti] som e thing regarded as probable, based on the experience that of two or more possible effects one tends to predo minate p rod ig y [ prodidgi] a person with extra ordinary talents; an amaz ing person or child rapt [raspt] carried away in ima gination from reality rare [\| seldom, inf requently found; unusually good, appealing; delicious
Piano

rattle [ raetl] ; to produce

178
a rapid line o f short, sharp sounds
raucous [ roika-s] , , rough- sounding, gra t ing, hoarse

Art

to admire, to cause rapture; to cause exaggera ted admiration

ravish [
fecviJ]

reflection [ri flekjn] showing as an image; being in accor dance w ith ; re fle c tin g or being reflected; an opinion a rrived at a fte r conside ration rehearse [n ha^s]

rance of a past mode; a res taging o f a play

ridicule [ ridikju:!]

to practice a play before perform ing it for an audience; to enume rate the list; to try to act before performing
reproduce [,ri:p r^ dju:s]

to laugh at somebody; to mock with; to sneer, scoff

row [] 1) an orderly line o f persons or things; 2) to propel, to participate in a race by using oars screen [skri:n] , , anything givin g protection from ob servation; a white surface on which films, movies are projected; a shelter or conceal

to repeat exactly or very close ly; to re-create mentally; to make a copy by mechanical means
revival [ri vaiva^l] the reappea

A rt

179

script [skript] the printed or w rit ten text of a play, broadcast seat [si:t] , anything on which one may sit or sits; a centre of some activity seduce [si dju:s] , to lead aside or away; to persuade a person to act contrary to the principles he normally follows seem [si:m] to give the impression of being som ething; to have the appearance o f b ein g true, existing self-portrait [ self poitrit] the port rait of a painter made by himself

ness; a slight variation, degree; a place partly shel tered from the fu ll light or heat of the sun
shape [jeip]

, form, em bodiment; the way in which an object is seen or felt; the outward appearance of a person s body
sharp [ja:p] ; ; ; well adapt ed to cut or pierce; harsh, b itin g or severe; clear or distinct; rapid, brisk, ener getic silly [ sili] stupid, lacking common sense; absurd, ridiculous

sin g [s ig ], sang [saeq], sung [sAq] to perform a song; to produce sensual [ sensju^l], [ sen musical sounds; to recite in a singing voice having great liking for bodi
ly pleasure, pertaining to singular [ siqgjul^]

the satisfaction o f bodily desires

shade [feid] , comparative dark

, unusual or remark able; extraordinary; strange or peculiar

180
song [sag] a musical composition for one or more voices; a poem that can be set to music; the act or art o f singing; the call of a bird sound [saund] vibrations that are carried through the air to produce sensation in the ear; some thing that is heard spark [spade] a
Stage

A rtM

small, hot, glowing particle thrown o f f from fire ; any flash of light; a small amount, trace
specify [ spesifai] , to describe in detail; to mention in a definite way; to set down as a specifica tion spectator [spek teita^] a person who watches but does not take part; an observer, member o f an audience stage [steid3] a raised platform in a theatre or hall on which a p erfor mance takes place.

star [sta:] any h eavy body th at ap pears as a bright point of light in the night sky; a person who is outstanding in some field string [striq] , a rope; a thin strand of wire or nylon used to produce tones in certain musical instruments stun [sUn] to shock as by a blow; to overwhelm stunning [ sUniq] extrem ely attractive or good-looking

181

tale [teil] , a story or account of uvents; narrative; false hood talk [to:k] to express ideas or

Information; to spread rumours, to gossip

temptation [temp teijn]

, Homething sinful, illega l, foolish, provocative

treasure [ "tre3 a^]

V a lu e

showing the latest style; fashionable

value [ vaelju:] ; monetary worth; considered worth, usefulness, importance; merit valu able [ vaeljua'hl] worth much money; of great use, worth or importance visual [ vi^ua^l] , used in sight; relating to; resulting from; visible, can be seen vivid [ vivid] , clear and distinct; sharp; producing clear or

a store o f valu
ables; accumulated riches treat [tri:t] 1) to provide entertain ment, pleasure; 2) to give food, drink; 3) to g iv e m edical attention to unforgettable [ Anfjr getobl ]

me morable; not to be forgotten

unknown [ ] 1 - unfam ili ar, not identified, not disco vered up-to-date [ Apta1deit]

modern,

182

A rt
consisting o f horizontal wooden bars arranged in graded length and tuned in a chromatic scale

lifelike images in the mind; active, lively

xylophone [ zaila'fanm]

an instrument

advertise f'aedvaiaiz] ; to make known; to draw attention to; to proclaim publicly; to nnnounce advertisement |>dW:tis-

a stated opinion which helps to determine correct action or conduct

bargain ['ba:gin]

inarit] ; public notice or announcement o f fering goods or services for sale; the act of announcing (by radio, newspapers, TV, handbills) to advise |>d'vaiz] ; to recommend a course o f action; to g iv e ndvice to sombody; to teach how to plan one s work; to consult
advice [a^d'vais] in for mation sent by an agent; consultation of a specialist;

, an agreement on turns of give and take; some thing offered cheaply or advantageously to borrow ['] , to take; some ting on the under standing that it w ill be re turned later; to take and use
c a rd b o a rd ['ka:dbo:d],

['kaidb^d] s tiff paper used for shoe boxes

case [keis] ;

, , state of affairs; a box; an incident

184

Shopping I
close [kl34iz] to end, to finish; to shut; to come to an end coin [koin] a piece o f metal money colour ['1\| a pigment; the complexion o f the face; the racial com plexion o f people; a ribbon used as a symbol o f a party, sports team; tone o f con versation or behaviour; the general effect of colour in a painting c on sum e [ka4i'sju:m], [k34i'su:m] to eat, to drink up; to waste or absorb time, money

chance [tja:ns] , an occurance/ case that can t be accounted fo r ; fa te o f a person; an o p p o rtu n ity to do som e thing change ['tjeind3] ; the e x change o f one thing for another; fresh outlook; a balance o f money; coins of small denomination cheap [tji:p] inexpensive; easily ob tained; poor in quality clip [klip] , , a thing for fastening papers togeter; a bobby pin

| Shopping cost [kost] , be

185 disagree [disa-'gri:], ['disa'1 gri:] , to d iffe r in opi nion; to quarrel; to be harm ful or unsuitable d isc o u n t ['diskaunt]

the price paid or to paid for something; money to be paid; an item in the outlay o f time, labour, trouble, etc.
count [kaunt]

to add up; to repeat; to include; to name numbers in order

custom er ['kAst34na\|

, a reduction in price; a sum deducted from an account if it is paid immediately or in advance

dispose [dis'p34iz] , to place in position, to incline, to arrange; to determine the outcome; to deal as one wishes with d is trib u te ['distribju:t],

someone who buys regulary from a parti cular shop

dam age ['daemid3] , ; harm; injury; a money compensation for harm

debt [det] some th in g (m on ey ) owned to another; the state of owning

demand [di'ma:nd]

[dis'tnbju:t] , to spread, to put in d ifferen t places; to occur geographically eager [4:\| , having a strong desire; to wish very much; keen
enum erate [I'njuimareit] to name one by one; to count exaggerate [ i g 'z a e c ^ r e i t ]

an urgent claim, an economic need or call; the thing requested

disadvantage [^isa-d'vain-

tid3 ] , an unfavourable circum stance, drawback, loss, han dicap

to go

186 beyond the truth in describ ing or representing; to make larger than normal; to lay increased emphasis upon
expend [iks'pend] to spend, to use up; to pay out expense fiks'pens] cost in term s of money; money paid out in running a business or house hold fair [fea'] 1)

Shopping |

half [ha:fj one of the two equal parts into which som ething is divided; one of two equal periods in a game divided by a break hurry ['h\ri] , the need to act quickly, without delay; waste no time; to do some thing for a short period of time income ['] , wages, salary; dividents from in vestments increase [in'kriiz] , , to become greater in size, degree, number; to grow inexpensive [^niks'pensiv] , cheap, not expensive, not dear; of small price innum erable [I'njuima1 -

a traditional market held on a specific date; 2) light coloured, beau tifu l; 3) ju st; according to the rules
fare [fe^] the cost of a journey (by bus, train, airp lane, ship) fit [fit] ,

good enough; proper, right; in good physical condition, healthy

habit ['haebit] a tendency to repeat an act again and again; automatism

-] , very many, too many to be counted; un countable

m arket [ ma:kit]

a place where many

Shopping

18-7

sellers display and sell their goods; a region for success ful trading measure [ 1 , ] determinati on; bringing into comparission; a unit of length, volume; amount, extent or degree; a criterion ; an appropriate amount or portion m ill [mil] a building containing m achinery which grinds grain into flour; a machine that grinds grain; a small hand-operated machine for grinding co ffee, pepper, beans money [ ] anything that serves as a medium of exchange for goods and services much [m\tj] ( ) great in quantity, extent or degree number [ ] , a symbol used to express how many; a figure used to denote one thing
obtain [ tein]

, to get, receive, have; to become the possessor o f, secure for oneself or another
occasion |> kei3^n] , a set of circumstances; some case, occurance, event odour [ Vuda1 , ]

smell, the charac teristic smell of sometihng

open [ -] , not shut, not closed, free, unoccupied; frank, concealing nothing option [ opJVn] , a choos ing; freedom of choice; most favourable, the best

188
outlay [ autlei] expenditure, an in stance of this pledge [ pled3 ] , som ething o f value left as security for a loan or as a quarantee; a solemn promise prefer [pri to like better; to choose rather; to give priority to price [prais] market value; that which is given or demanded in return for a thing, service offered for sale or barter profit [ profit] benefit, advantage; f i nancial gain purchase [ pa4tj>s], [ po-itjis] , to get something by paying money; to buy put [put] to cause to be in a specified place, condition, situation quality [ kwoliti] degree of excellence; characteristic; social status

Shonmne

jp

quantity [ kwontiti] the number of; an amount; the property of things that can be measured queue [kju:] a line o f people awaiting their turn rap [] 1) , ; a sharp quick blow 2) ; nonsense, half penny; : not to care a rap (not to give a rap) receipt [ri si:t] the act o f g ettin g som eth in g; a formal written acknowled gement o f receiving smth; request [ri kwest] an attempt to get something that one wants by making this known in speech or writing
rich [ritj] possessing great wealth; having many natural resour ces rob [rob] to take property illegally; to

I Shopping
take money with threat of force sack [saek] a large receptacle; a bag sale [seil] a selling or being sold; a public selling by auction; a selling of out-of-date stock at reduced prices sell (sold) [sel], [sanild] to find a buyer; to give goods, property or rights to another person in exchange for money shop [Jap] , a small store where things are sold; a place where a particular type of work is done; a place where things are made or repaired shortage [ Jb:tid3 ] lack, too small an amount or supply size [saiz] , bign ess, true account spend [spend] , ; to pay out money; to pass time in a specified manner or place

189 sponge [spAnd3 ] a synthetic material used in cleaning for its ability to absorb fluids and yield them again on pressure spray [sprei] , , water in the form of fine particles or droplets; the device holding this liquid steal [sti:l], (stole, stolen) [stoul], [ stoula^n] , to take from another secretly without permission; to move or pass secretly, slowly or without being seen store [sto:] , a place in which a variety of goods is kept for sale; a quantity o f something put away or held in reserve for future use supply [s^ plai] stock; the amount needed for use; store tag [taeg] , ; a piece of paper, plastic or other material with some information to indentify or label the thing

190
take [teik] , to grasp, to get hold; to capture; to occupy; to conduct, to lead thread [0red] , a very thin cord o f cotton, wool or silk used in sewing; to pass or proceed in a tw is tin g or winding manner toy [tDi] an object fo r a child to play w ith ; som ething o f little value or importance

Shopping

trade [treid] ; the business o f buying and selling; ex change of goods; a profession twice [twais] two times; on two occasions unnecessary [ nesisari]

, not needed, needless

use |Ju:s] the act of using; a need or occa sion; [ju:z] to take often; to supply; to employ fo r a particular purpose useful [ ju:sful] , serv ing a good use or purpose; helpful variety [va^ raia'-ti] change or d if ference; a collection of d if feren t things; a d ifferen t part or form of something various [ vea-ria's] d ifferen t from one another, o f d iffe re n t kinds; several, many wallet [ Wo:lit] , a

T h rea d

Shopping

191

Hmall fla t pocketcase fo r carrying papers, paper money, etc want [wont] , need o f some thing; the state or fact of having too little o f some thing desirable or needed ware [wea^] , m anufactured goods for sale; merchandis ed things wealth [wel0] , anything which can be exchanged for money; world possessions; the products o f the econo mic a ctivity of a nation weigh [wei] , to d e te r mine the w eight o f some thing, to estimate weight; to consider the importance weight [wert] , the force acting on a

body in a gravitational field; a mass; an amount of matter; importance; a known mass of metal used for comparing other weights whisk [wisk] 1) ; 2) , quick, light move ment; to move quickly; an instrum ent fo r sweeping small particles

C L O T H IN G

belt ['belt] , ; a strip of leather to support trousers; a region characterized by certain climatic conditions; belts fo r fix a tio n : Fasten the belts! blaser ['bleiza*] a windbreaker boots [bu:ts] , footwear made of leather, rubber or canvas button [] a small disk or knob sewn on material cap [kaep] , a kind of light hat; a headdress of special form and colour cardigan ['ka:dig^n] ,

a knitted jacket with buttons

clean [kli:n] not dirty; fresh; tidy; free from ceremonial elements cloak [] , a broad sleeve less outer cloth sometimes

B laser

Clothing

193

worn instead o f a coat; som ething which hides clothing ['klanidnj] something to put on, to wear; clothes in general coat [kaut] a person s jacket; an over coat; any outer covering cotton ['kotn] the soft, white, wool-like fiber enclosing the seeds of the cotton plant; a textile of this fiber; made o f cotton dark [dark] , not light; dis p iritin g , gloom y; m yste rious, secretive dream [dri:m] , an idea or im age present in the sleeping mind; something greatly desired; an extravagant fancy dress [dres] , decoration, style, fashion, clothes; a woman s frock or gown fashion ['faejn] , , way, man

ner; style of clothes worn at a particular period of time; a prevailing mode in speech, social behaviour female ['filmed] , a female person (g irl, woman), ani mal or plant glove [gU v] a covering for the hand heel [hi:l] , the rounded back part o f the human foot; the back part of a boot or shoe; the part o f a sock or stock ing which covers the heel height [hait] , the distance from the base or foot to the top; distance above the earth

7 ... .

194
inconsiderable ^mka-n'si-

Clothing

|j

dara-bl] , triv ia l, not important, very small; un worthy

indefectible [ lindi'fekt3v bl]

without faults or defects; unfailing; good

inexpressive [^niks'pre-

siv] without emotion, boring; mashed, not distinct; un able to show, demonstrate
leather ['1^]

the skin o f an animal, cleaned and made soft; some thing made of this material (shoes, bags, gloves, coats, etc.)
loop [lu:p] a

characteristic o f men, man ly; a male person, animal or plant

m anner [ masna^]

closed figure with a curved outline

loose [lu:s] ,

, the way of doin g som eth in g; social behaviour with respect to standards; correct social behaviour
mantle [ mntl]

hang freely ; not fittin g tightly; not fas tened or firm ly fixed; care less, vague; not exact; lack ing moral control
male [meil] masculine [ ma:skjulin]

, a loose outer sleeveless cloak or coat

medial [ miidja'l]

situated in the middle; average

middle [ midi] , central;

Clothing

195

intermediate, m edium or a v e ra g e in size, q u a lity , Htatus

pure [pjua^]

[ motli] , bright, varied in character, type; mixture o f colours

motley narrow [ ]

free from the presence o f any other substance; free from admixture; a priori
rag [raeg] ,

a torn or worn piece o f cloth, article of clothing

ribbon [ ] a narrow strip o f silk, satin, velvet used for tying the hair or fo r decoration rin g , ,

small in width; thorough, very precise; m arked by little activity

needle [ni:dl] a

Hlender pointed piece of steel with an eye fo r carrying the thread, used in sewing
new [nju:] made, discovered, known, heard or seen fo r the first l ime; recently made, pro duced or arrived odd [ad] ,

a circular band of precious metal worn on a finger as a symbol; boxing ring; arena
robe [] , ,

unusual, exI raordinary, not fittin g in to the accepted p attern ; occasional, out-of-the-way
pair [1 a * ] et o f tw o th in gs o f the

Hinne kind; a tning consist ing o f two complementary Inrts; two persons associa ted together

R obe

196
r

Clothing

long loose outer dress worn as a symbol o f profession or position

shabby [ jaebi] , looking badly worn; wear ing badly worn clothes; poor in quality; mean, unfair, dishonourable, shameful shirt [JV:t] a male clothing for the upper part of the body with a collar, sleeves and buttons down the front shoe ] a

waist or hips and hanging down to varying lengths

sleeve [sli:v] the part of a clothing that covers all or part o f the arm slippers [ slipa^z]

light low shoes worn chiefly in doors

small [smail] not large or great in size, number; not im por tant, trivial; soft, weak, low sock [sok] a short stocking covering a persons foot above the ankle soft [soft]

foot covering o f leather or other material giving pro tection to the instep
short [$b:t]

not hard; easily shaped;

having little length, not long; not tall; not long in time; using few words; brief or abrupt
shorten [ jb:tn] to take short or shorter; to reduce; to decre ase skirt [ska^it] a part of a womans or girls clothing fastened around the

S lippers

I Clothing
smooth or fine to touch; not rough
spot [spot] a 11lark , stain or blot produced by dirt; a small part or mark

197

differing from surrounding urea in colour or material

stain [stein] 1) a spot or mark o f dis coloration; 2 ) to colour or treat with a pig ment or any coloured solu tion; to bring dishonour upon suit [sju:t] 1) a jacket with a matching pair of trousers; 2)

, to Ilease, to satisfy, to be agreenble, convenient; 3) , the act, process or proceeding in a court

tro u se rs [ trauz^z]

uncover [ Lvva^] , to disclose; to lay bare or make known; to remove the cover or covering from undress [ dres]

a clothing for the lower part of the body

um brella [ brela1 ]

() to remove the clothes or covering from, to take the clothes o ff

veil [veil] , a piece of lace, silk or net worn by women to cover their face; anything that covers, conceals, hides w aist [weist] the narrow part of the

a device used to
give protection from rain or unbutton [ bAtn] to open by unfastening the buttons

198

Clothing

wide [waid] not narrow, o f relatively large extent from side to side; great in extent; fully open,loose width [wid6] ,

measurement, distance or extent from side to side

wool [wul] the fibrous crisped growth on the skin o f certain ani mals; used fo r knitting or weaving a soft warm fabric w rap [raep] 1) , a rug, shawl or ex tra clothing used to cover oneself, somebody; 2) , to cover or enclose; to conceal; to fold as a covering wreath [ri:0 ] , ; () a circular band of flowers, leaves used to decorate a door, window, etc.

human body between ribs and hips; the part o f the dress that covers the waist
wardrobe [ wo:dra4ib] , a tall piece o f furniture to keep clothes in; persons clothes; a room where cos tumes are kept wear [wea1 (wore [wo:], ] worn [wo:n]) , to have clothes on the body; to arrange smth. in a specified way; to bring to a specified state by use; damage due to use

arrow ['] the weapon shot from a bow; a directing sign b a ll [:1] a spherical object of any size used in different games (foot ball, volleyball, basketball) balloon [b^'luin]

a small round piece of lead fired from a rifle or pistol chess [tjes] an ancient game of skill fo r two players played on chessboard coach [ ; a large four-wheeled carriage; a bus for long distance journeys; a rail road car for passengers; -

bandy [ba^ndi] 1)

(, ) to exchange; 2) ( ) crooked, not straight; 3) hockey stick, club

bold [bauld] , brave; con fidently original; impudent, shameless; printing o f bold face type bullet ['bulit]

200

Sports

a p riva te tu tor; trainer in athletics

crew [kru:] a ship s company with the officers; a body of men work ing together at a task; a row ing team dart [da:t] ; a sharply pointed light arrow; a sudden swift movement; to aim quickly and suddenly decline [di'klain] , to refuse, to fall o ff, to slope downwards; to begin to go down decrease [di:'kri:s], ['di:kri:s] , ; to make less, smaller; to diminish

straight, straight-forward, candid; immediate; not turn ed aside; not inverted

disable [dis'eibl], [diz'eibl] not able to do, to incapa citate physically or mentally distract [dis'traekt] , to confuse; to divert the attention of; to drive nearly mad d rill [dril] , ; a series of exercises in physi cal training, in the use of weapons or equipment; a

d e fe a t [d i'fiit] , frastration, prevention from success; to be overcome in war, sport or argument defend [di'fend] to p ro tect from danger, to ju stify direct [di'rekt], [dai'rekt]
,

Drill

1 |

Sports _________________

201

mental exercise regu larly repeated; a tool for making holes in wood, etc

em ulate ['emjuleit] to try to do as well as; to have a compe tition envy ['envi] a fe e lin g o f antagonism towards someone because of some good which he is enjoy ing but which one does not have oneself; an innocent desire to share another's good; something which arouses this desire excercise ['eks^saiz]
the use or practice o f power, right; training to develop skill, mental abilities; a task for students to g iv e practice and test knowledge; a train ing operation

goal [1] ; an aim or objective; the act of sending a ball to score gold [] a yellow metallic element; the colour o f gold; the prize good w ill ['gu d'w il] , friendliness gun [] , any weapon (a revolver, a rifle ); a toy im i tation o f such weapon guy [] a
man, a fellow ; a person of funny appearance

foot [fut]
the lowest part of a leg

game [geim] a contest played fo r sport or pleasure; a scheme, a plan of action; a competition; some amusement or fun

hop [hop] , to make a little jump; to move foreward in a series of little fumps; to

202

Sports

jump into; to change the subject of a conversation; a short trip

hour [\| , 60 a fix e d period o f time, 60 minutes; a special moment or short time hurry ['] , the need to act quickly, without delay; waste no time; to do some thing for a short period of time indeed [in'diid] , in fact; certainly; really; true in flex io n [in'flekjn] , turning or bending; a change in tone or pitch of voice instead [in'sted]

slight push; to cause to move or become active; to move along at a regular pace with out hurrying
jum p [d3Amp] to rise momentarily into the air with the help of legs; to make a sudden involun tary movement; to shift from one topic to another; to make rise quickly k ick [kik] , to hit with the fo o t volu n tary or in v o lu n ta ry ; to s trik e out with the foot; to protest or complain kneel [ni:l] to rest or fall on one or both knees

, for a change; in place of; rather than

jab [d3 aeb] to push; to penetrate sud denly with a pointed object; to poke sharply; to give a short straight blow

, a sudden move ment from one place to another by the muscular e ffo rt of the legs or feet; to jump slightly
line [lain] ,

leap [li:p]

jog [d3 Dg] ; to give a

a mark showing the lim its; the boundary or lim it of an area; an outline, contour; a row of written,

 Sports

203

printed or typed words; a number o f th in g s which come one after another in time in a regular manner or series .
loud [laud] , noisy, produc ing a powerful stimulus on the ear; unrefined man [maen]

an adult human male; a husband; a male employee

manhood [ masnhud]

M atch

the state or period o f b eing an adult male; men collectively; man ly qualities o f courage and fortitude

mankind [mn kaind] the human race in general mat [mt] 1) without shine or luster; 2 ) , a floor covering; a thick floor coverin g used in gymnas tics match [ mtj] ; one o f two persons or things exactly alike; a person or thing harmoniz ing well with another; a competition mate [meit] ; a companion, a fellow worker; a partner in marriage; ai? assistant

M anhood

204
motion [ rrmijn] , the act or process; a formal proposal; a movement move [mu:v] to change the position; to in flu en ce; to be made active; to make progress; to take action movement [ murvmarit]

S p o r fs J I

outside [ aut said] , ex terior, outer parts; external appearance overbalance [^uva^ bas i c s ]

to lose one s balance

past [pa:st]

the act or process o f moving; an im pulse; a change or trend in the price of some commodity or stock
net [net] an

just ended; relating to an earlier time; former

pity [ piti] a feeling of sympathy; a cause o f sorrow or regret play [plei] to

open-meshed fabric of cord, hair, nylon used for catch ing fish, birds, insects or animals
noise, noisy [noiz], [ noizi]

take part in games; to make music; to perform the music; to give a performance
playground [ pleigraund] a piece of ground set apart for children to play on; a favou rite district for recreation previous [ priivja^s], [ privies] done earlier, before the right time quarrel [ kwor^l] an a n gry d ispu te; disagreement; altercation

, any sound which causes discom fo r t to the hearer; a loud outcry, shouting, vib ra ti on, etc
outdoor [ autdo:] , done or used outside the house; characteristic of the open air

Sports

205 rink [rigk] an area of natural or artificial ice used for ice-skating

quits [kwits] to be quits , equal; to stop activity without victory or

defeat

rapid [ raspid] , characte rized by speed; fast, quick real [ ] ,

rival [ raiva^l] a person in competi tion with others; a competi tive, an enemy rod [rod] ,

existi ng in fact; natural; obvious

reel [ri:l]
to whirl around;

a thin slender bar (pole) in wood, metal, glass

run [] to move rapidly over the ground; to escape; to compete in a race; to go regularly between two places ru se [ru:z] ,

to be shaken physically
or mentally by the shock of

astonishment, g rief, etc

relax [n laeks]

cunning; guile; trick, trial

, to make less strict; to lower nervous tension; to become less tense or strict, less restrained
repel [n pel] to d riv e back; to repress, to discourage; to cause not to penetrate rile [rail] , to annoy, to arouse anger or resentfulness in; to irritate

R iv a l

rush [|] , to move with speed and violence; to appear swiftly; to act quickly, reckless score [sko:] 1) ;

element that is soft and easily shaped and is the best conductor o f heat and elec tricity skate [skeit] , an ice skate, a roller skate; to move or glide along on skates
ski [ski:] ,

2) a line or mark cut in the surface of something; the marking o f a point in a game or competition; a num ber symbolizing the degree of success
scream [skri:m] to cry loudly because o f fear, pain or shock seize [si:z] , to take sud denly and hold firm ly ; to take by force; to take sud den mental possession self-possession [ selfpa^-

one of a pair o f long, narrow, wooden, metal or plastic strips curv ing upward at the front and designed to be fastened to a boot for gliding over snow
skill [skil] the power or ability to do

zejam] presence of mind, the ability to control oneself [Jaut] , a loud wordless cry to attract attention or to express some strong emotion; to yell
shout silver [ silva^] a shiny white metalic

Sports

207

something resulting from practice, training skip [skip] to move along with short, quick hops first on one foot then on the other; to jump the rope
sleigh [slei] sledge | sled3] , a vehicle on runners used to carry people or load over snow and ice slide [slaid]

snare [sne^] , a trap for catch ing small animals; anything that tricks or entraps soccer [ soka1 football ] a game in which two teams of eleven players each attempt to move a round ball in to a goal by kicking or striking it with any part of the body except hands soon [su:n] ,

to move or pass smoothly along a su rfa ce; to pass quietly or gradually slip [slip] 1) to slid e sud denly and accidentally; to move or slide out o f control; 2 ) to make an accidental mistake - a slip of the tongue
slow [s la n i] acting, m oving or happening with low /little speed, not fast or quick snapshot [ snaspja-t] to take a photograph for a very short period of time

in the nearest future; before long; shortly; without delay

sorry [ son] , feel ing pity, sympathy, regret speed [spi:d]

quickness or rapidity of motion; rate of motion; the sensitivity o f a photograhic paper to light
spontaneous [spon teinja^s] , arising from a natural impulse or desire; not planned or forced step [step] , - the move-

208
ment of raising the foot and p u ttin g it down in a new position (w alk in g, clim b ing, dancing) stick [stik] a long thin piece o f wood; anything resembling a stick stout [staut] ; , hav ing a thick, balky figu re; brave, physically strong; solid in structure straigh t [streit] not wavy, moving in the same direction without a curve or bend; not crook ed; truthful, frank

Sports

strength [streqG] ,] power, force, energy; the power to resist] attack, force; the degree of concentration success [s^k ses] * good luck; favourable result or ending; the gain ing o f wealth, position or fame sweat [swet] , a clear salty fluid given o ff through the o f the skin sw ift [swift] , m oving with great speed; happening quickly or without delay swim [swim] , to move along in the w ater by m ovin g the parts of the body; to float on water; team [ti:m] any group working toge ther throw [Gram] (threw [0ru:], thrown [] to send up into the air with the hand or hands; to

Sports

209

1i nuse to fall to the ground; 1 put hurriedly or careless11

lv; to direct or project

unlucky [ Uki] not having H' K )d luck; unfortunate; bad luck upset [ set] , ; paci " to turn over, I I knock over; to throw into ilisorder; to make anxious or uneasy whole [h34jl] , n entire, undivided; not lacking any part, with no part excepted willowy 1 slender and grace ful; abounding in willows; thin, slim, tender w in (w on, w on ) [w in ], |wAn] to come fir s t in the compe-

W in

tition; to achieve a victory; to succeed; to gain reward wrestle [resl] , to stru ggle with an opponent trying to throw or trip him yacht [jot ] a light, fast sailing vessel used fo r racing, pleasure cruises

b irth d a y ['ba^Gdei] the day o f one s birth card [ka:d] ,

dedicate ['dedikeit] to d evo te to some purpose; to inscribe some book, etc.; in honour o f somebody enjoy [in'd30i] , to take pleasure or deligh t in; to have the use, benefit or advantage; to get satisfaction and plea sure e n te rta in [ent^'tein]
, to give interest and pleasure to; to receive as a visitor or guest; to show hospitality; to have in one's mind; to give thought or considera tion to smb

a piece o f paper suitable for writing or print ing; a playing card

celebrate t'sela^breit] , to perform a ceremony pub licly; to honour some event; to praise and sing glories chatter ['tjet3\j

, a ligh t talk; to speak much and fast often foolishly

congratulate [kari'grastjuleit] to express pleasure in the success or happiness of...

eve [i:v] the day before some named day;

Holidays

211

the brief period before some momentous or culminating event

fill [fil] , to make fulj; to occupy the whole space of; to become full; to complete film ['film ] ; , a movie with an accompanying sound track; a thin layer; a growth on the eye find [faind] to discover what was lost; to open by experim ent or study; to discover by chance fun, funny [fan], ['fani] , , pleasure and amusement; playfulness; a joke gather ['1 ] , to collect; to come together; to accumulate, to generate; to pick up gay [gei] , merry, cheerful, lighthearted, joyful

greet [gri:t] to say hello; to salute; to address with cour teous words or gestures on meeting guess [ges]

to say an opinion about something without full knowledge or detailed reasoning; to suppose
happy ['haepi] expressing jo y or pleasure; lucky, fortunate holiday ['hol^di], ['holidi], ['holidei] , a day on which one does not go to work, school; some past ^, famous person s birthday holy ['h^uli] o f God, his works, dwelling place, attributes; a life of spiritual purity invite [in'vait] to ask for; to request, to ask hospitably to come and participate involve [in'volv]

gift [gift] ; , a thing given; a natural talent; a present

; to include, concern; to comprise; to consist of; to engage

>

212

H olidays

joke [11] an action, saying, event which causes amusement or laughter; a person who is laughed at because he is rediculous jo lly ['d3oli] , full of good humour and fun; sligh tly drunk; good-humoured joy [d3 or] happiness, great deligh t; the outward expression of emotions kite [kait] ; a bird o f a fa m ily o f small hawks; a lig h t wooden fram ew ork covered with paper and flown on the wind at the end o f long string m agic [ masd3 ik] ; any mysterious power or pheno menon; the art or practice o f producing illusions meet [mi:t] to come face to face; to be present at the arrival; to make the acquaintance of; to face up to; to come into

the com pany o f; to come into contact with

miss [mis] 1) unmarried woman or girl; 2 ) , to fa il to reach, meet, make contact; to escape, to avoid month [ ] a period o f four weeks nice [nais] , pleasant, kind, attractive, delightful, fine; delicate, sensitive orthodox [ 3:034loks] holding the official, accepted or standard opinions, not heretical or independent

parcel [ pais^l] one or more things secured by a string or wrapp ing to make a single object for handling and transport
pick [pik]

to gather; to choose or select carefully; to distinguish from others

quibble [ kwibl] ,

H olidays

213

a game of pompous words raising purely formal difficulties

quip [kwip] , ; a sarcastic remark, an epigram quiz [kwiz] , a joke; gen tly mocking; eccentric or odd note receive [ri si:v]

splash [splj] ,

to throw a liquid about; to mark or decorate by splashing; to fall or move with a splash or splashes
splendid [ splendid] , b rillian t, m agnificent, im pressive, gloriou s, e x cellent thank [0ijk] to express g r a ti tude or appreciation time [taim] ; an indefinite extent dur ing which events, actions happen, exist or continue; a definite part or portion of time trick [trik] ,

, to take into one s hands or mind; to accept something; to get; to admit; to welcome
salutation [,saelju: teijn] the act of givin g greeting, saluting solemn [ solarn]

having much d ign ity or m ajesty; accompanied form a lity or ceremony, serious and earnest
soul [sjnil] the emotional part o f humans, seat of deep feeling; the non physical part of humans that controls their thoughts, feel ings, actions

, cheat; a p a rticu la r s k ill o f doing something easily and success fully

u ngratefu l [ greitjul] not thankful fo r the received kindness and help; unplea sant unhappy [ hpi] , )

214

H olidays

unlucky, unfortunate; with out joy or happiness

wait [weit] to expect; to remain in a place to meet somebody; to await fo r somebody whistle [ wisl] , to make a shrill, piping sound by fo r cin g the breath th rough pressed lips; a device used as a signal

wish [w ij] ,

a feeling o f un fu lfilled satisfaction; a desire, a request

worship [ wa^fip] , to id olize, to adore; honour paid to God

year [ja-:], [jia^] the period o f timetaken by the earth to complete one orbit around the sun


A abbreviate [>"bri:vieit] ab/norm/al [>b no:m], |>b na:ma"l] ab/original [ 1 baJrid3 a,n/ 1] absolute ['bs3^lu:t] ab/sorb [a^b'saib] abstract ['bstrkt] absurd, -ity |>bW:d], adventure [>d'ventja] advocate ['aedva^keit] aerodrome ['eara'dramm] aerodynamics ['earamdai'naemiks] aeroplane [leara,plein] agency ['eid33"nsi] agent ['eid33nt] agglomerate [a^'glomareit] aggregate ['aegrigit] agitation [,aed3 i'teijn] aggression [a^'greja^n] agony ['aega-ni] agricultural [^gn'kAltfar^l] agrarian [V g rE arian ] alcohol ['aslka'hol] allegory ['aeligari] alley ['aeli] almanac [oilma-naek] alternative [a:l'ta:na'tiv] ambition [aem'biJVn] a/moral [as'mara^l] amorphous [a-'moifa-s] analogy [a"'naela"d3 i] analyse ['aena^laiz] anecdote ['aenikda-ut] angel ['eind33"P

[a^b sditi]
academy |Vkdami] accelerate [k'selOTeit] accessories [k'sesariz] accord [Vka:d] ac/credit [Vkredit] accumulate [aJkju:mju/ leit] accurate ['kjurit] acoustic [Vku:stik] acrobat ['kra-bt] act [kt] actor ['kta1 ] adaptation [^dp'teijn] address [Vdres] adequate ['dikwit] administration [a^ministreija'n]

admiral ['dmara-l]

216

annotate ['aenaniteit] anonymous [ ^] antenna [sn'tena^] apparatus [ lasp3Jreit3,s] appetite ['aepitait] apricot ['eiprikot] arena [:^] argument ['aiqjumarit] aristocracy [aeris'tokr^si] arithmetic [] archaic [a:'kenk] architect ['aikita'kt] army ['a:mi] art [a:t] artist ['a:tist] aspect ['aespa^kt] asphalt [ aesfaelt] ; [aes'felt] , assembly (Vsembli] assistant [Vsistaiit] astronaut ['aestranoit] astronomy [WtronaTni] atheism, -ist ['eiOnzarm], ['eiBnst] atmosphere ['aetma^sfijr] atom ['aeta'm] antique [asn'tirk] attribute ['astribju:t] auction [ oikj^n] author [':0] autobiography [^itanibai'ografi] autograph ['o:t^gra:f], ['oita'graefj

automatic [^it^'mtik] automobile ['-] avenue ['vinju:] aviation [1 eivi'eiJ'n] bacillus [ba^sila^s] bacteriology [bk ^an'otod^] bacterium [bask'tiariarn] balance ['blaris] balcony ['blkatu] balk [:] , ballad ['bla-d] ballet ['blei], ['bli] ballast t'bla^t] ballot ['bl^t] , banal [b^'nail] banana [b^'nain^] bandit ['bndit] bank [bqk], banker f'bqka^] banquet ['bqkwit] bar [ba:] barge ['ba:d3 ] barometer [b^'romit^] baron ['brari] barrack ['bra'k] barricade [^ri'keid] barrier ['bria^] barter [ baitsr] base [beis]

217

basic ['beisik] basketball [ ba:skitbo:l] bastion ['bstism] battalion [b^'tlja-n] battery ['btan] beat [bi:t] , benzine ['benzi:n] Bible ['baibl] billiard ['bilja^d] billion ['bilja-n] biography [bai'agro-fi], [bi'ogra^fi] biology [bai'ola^i] biplane ['baiplein] blindage [ blaindid3 ] block [bbk] blockade [bb'keid] blond (e) [bbnd] bolt [banilt] , bomb [bom] booklet ['buklit] boom [bu:m] , , boss [bos] boulevard ['bu:lva:d] boxing ['boksiq] boycott ['boika^t] breeches [britjiz] breeze [bri:z] brigade [bri'geid] brilliant ['bnljant] Broadway ['bro:dwei] broker ['branika*]

bronze [bronz] budget ['bAd3 it] businessman ['biznismaen]

C

cabin ['kasbin] cabinet [ kaebinit], ['kaebnit] calendar ['kaelinda-], [ kaetand^] calorie ['kaelari] camera ['kaema-r^] capitulate [kar'pitjuleit] captain ['kaeptin] carp [ka:p] catalogue ['kaeta^bg] categorical [^aeti'gorik^l] centre ['senta\| ceremonial ^seri'maunja1 !] ceremony ['serim^m] champion ['tjasmpja-n] character ['kaera"kta\|, fkaerikta^] chemical ['kemika^l] cheque [tj"ek] chief [tj:if] chlorine ['kb:ri:n] chocolate [ tjoka-lit] chorus ['koira's] Christian ['kristjsrn] cigar [si'ga:] cigarette [^iga^'ret] cinema f'simma"] 4 citadel ['sita-dl]

218

Cjioeapb 0M0(p0H06 u UHmepH.au,uoHCuiu3Moe

civilization [^ivilai'zeijn] classic ['klsik] clerk [kla:k]

C lien t ['klaiant] clim ate ['klaimit] club [klAb] cocktail ['kokteil] cocoon [ka^'kuin] co e ffic ien t [^kaWfijarit] c o ffee ['kafi] collect [ka^'lekt] colony ['kalam] colossal [ka^'lasl] com bination ^kambi'neijn] com edy ['kamidi] command [kzr'maind] com m entary [ kama-nta-fi] commune [ka^mjuin] companion [ka'fn'pnja'n] compensate f'kampariseit] coAiplex f'kampleks] com plim ent ['kamplimant] composite ['kampa-zit] compress [karn'pres] compromise ['komprarnaiz] com puter [kaWpjuita"] comrade ['komrid], ['kAmrid] concentrate ['kansentreit] c on fed era tion [ka^feda^reijn], [ka^feda^'reijVn] confiscate [ kanfiskeit] con flict [ konflikt] congress ['kaqgra-s]

conspirator [ka-n1 p ir a l] s constitution ^kansti'tjuija-n], [,kansti'tju:Jn] consultation [kansafteijan] contact [,k3"n'tkt] context ['kantekst] continent ['kantinant] contract f'kantrkt] contrast ['kontrst], ['kontraist] control [kan'traml] convoy ['kanvai] cooperate [kani'apa-reit], cooperation [ka^apa^reiJVn] copeck ['kaoipek] coordinate [kam'a:dineit] coquette [kWket], [ko'ket], [ka^'ket] coral ['kara^l] copy ['kapi] corporation [1 ko:pa"'reij'av n] correspon d [jkaris'pond], l^kara-s'pand] corridor ['kanda:], ['karida^] corruption [ka^'rApjan] cosmetic [kaz'metik] costume ['kastjuim], [kas'tjurm] cottage ['katid3] cream [kri:m] credit [kredit] cretin ['kretin], ['kri:tin] critic ['kritik] crocodile ['kraka-dail] crossing ['krasiq], ['kraisiq]

219

crystal ['kristl] cube [kju:b] culinary ['] cultural ['kAl^ara-l] cutlet ['kAtlit] cycle t'saikl] cyclone ['saikla-un] cynic ['simk] D dandy ['dasndi] debate [di'beit] debauch [di'boitj] debit ['debit] decade ['dekeid], [di'keid], d^'keid] d ecad en t [di'keida^nt], [ deka-da-nt] decim etre ['desi mi:t^] declamation ^dekl^'meijan] declaration ^dekl^'reijVn] decoration ^dek^'reija-n] decree [di'kri:] defau lt [di'fo:lt], [di'fblt] defect [di'fekt] d efic it ['defisit], [ diifisit] deform ation [ ldi:fo:'meiJav n] degradation ^degr^'deijVn] delicate ['delikit] d em a go gic [^em a^gogik],

dem obilization [ ldi:lm3, ubilai'zeija-n] dem ocratic ^dem^'kraetik], [^emau'kreetik] democracy [di'mokra^si] demon [ di:m;rn] dem onstrate ['dema-nstreit] d e m o ra liza tio n [di,mor3"lai'zeija-n], [d^morlai'zeijVn] dentist ['dentist] departm ent [di'paitma-nt] deportation [ ldi:po:'teiJ'3v n] deposit [di'pozit] depression [di'prejVn] deputy ['depjuti] despot ['despot], ['despot] dessert [di'za^it] detail ['dnteil], [di'teil] detective [di'tektiv] determ inate [di'tominit] detonate ['detouneit], ['dutauneit], ['diita^neit] devaluation [di:vaelju'ei(Vn] d evil ['devl] diagnosis ^daia^gWusis] diagonal [dai'sega^nl] diagram ['daia^gram] dialect ['daia'-la'kt] dialogue [ daia-log] diam eter [dai'aemita1 ] diamond ['daia^ma-nd] dictation [dik'teija] dictator [dik'teita^]

| ,dem ygDd3ik]
demarcation ^dkmai'keiJVn] demarche ['deima:J]

220

C jioeapb OMOCponoe u uH m epH a u,u oH cuiu 3M oe

diction ['dik jV n] diet ['daia-t] d iffe re n tia te [ ldifaJrenJieit], [^ fa -'re n jjeit] d iffu s io n [d i'fju g a n ] d ip lo m a [dip'tau m ^] d ip lo m a t ['diplamaet] d ip lo m a tic [,dipla"'mtik], Ldipbu'm tik] directive [di'rektiv], [dai'rektiv] d ire c to r [di'rekta^] d isciplin e ['disiplin] d isc o m fo rt [dis'kAm f^t] d isc red it ['dis'kredit] d iscu ssion [dis'kAja-n] d isin fe c t [^isin'fekt] d isk [disk] d islocation [ ldisl3"'keijn], [ ldislou'keiJa'] d is o r g a n iz e [dis'oiga-naiz], [di'zo:g^naiz], ['dis'oiga-naiz] d iso rien ta te [dis'oirienteit] disp ersio n [d i s 'p a ^ n ] disproportion [^ispr^'poijari] disqu alification [dis(kwolifi'keifam], [ ldiskwohfi'keij-3v n] d isse rta tio n ^disa-i'teija-n] d issid en t t'disidsrnt] d iv a n [di'v n], [dai'vn], [ daivn] d iv id e n d ['d ividen d] d o c k [d o k ] d o ctor ['doktsr ]

d o ctrin e ['doktrin] d o lla r ['dola1 ] do m in a n t ['dominant] d o s e [d o u s ] dozen ['dAzn] d ra in a g e ['dremid 3] d ra m a ['draima*] d u et [dju:'et] d u p lic a te ['dju:plikeit] d u t y -fr e e ['dju:ti'fri:] d y n a m ic [dai'naemik], [di'naemik] d y n a sty [ dma-sti]

E
eccentric [ik'sentrik] echelon ['e jV b n ] echo ['ekam] econom ic [ li:kaJn3mik], [,eka" nomik] ecstasy ['eksta-si] e ffe c t [I'fekt] egoism ['e g ^ u iz^ m ], egoist ['egannst] elastic [I'laestik], [i'la:stik] electorate [I'lektarit] electric [I'lektrik] electrod e [I'lektraud] electron [I'lektron] e le g y ['elid 3i] elem en t ['elima'nt] e m a n c ip a te [I'maensipeit], [e'maensipeit],

221

mancipation [i,maensi'pei|vn], [e^aen si'p eijan] em b argo [em 'ba:gaii], |iin'ba:g3"u] em blem ['em blarn] embryon ['embriDn], ['embrian] e m ig ra n t ['em igrant] em otion [I'm^uJVn] (tnperor ['empara"] em p ire ['empaia-] em u lsion [I'mAlJVn] e n e rg y ['ena-dji], e n e rg e tic

e q u iv a le n t [i'k w ivl^n t] era [' ] e r a d ia tio n [i^reidi'eijari] e r o tic [l'rotik]

[I'kwivo^loTit],

[^reidi'eijo-n],

e ru d itio n ^eru'dijVn], ^erju'dijVn] esca la tor ['eska^leitsr] escort ['esko:t] es tra d e [es'traid] eth ics ['e0iks] eth n o g ra p h y [e0'nogr^fi] e th n o lo g y [0'1] e tiq u e tte [,eti'ket], ['etiket] e ty m o lo g y [ ^ ti'm o la ^ i] eva cu a tion [^vaekju'eijVn] e v o lu t io n [^ iv ^ 'l u i j V n ] ,

|cn^'dsetik], [lena'Vd3etik]
enthusiasm [in'Ojuiziaezatn], |cn'0ju:ziaez3"m], [en'0u:zjae-

/.rm]
ephem eral [r'fem ar^l],

|c'fcmOT3"l], [e'fiimaT^l]
epic ['epik] ep idem ic [ tepi'demik] ep ig ra m ['ep igram ] epigraph ['epigraif], ['epigraef] ep ilo g u e ['epilog] episode ['episa'ud] ep ith et ['epi03"t], ['epiGit] epoch ['i:pok] epopee ['epampi] epos ['epos] e q u a to r [i'kweitO "], equ a1 rial [^ kw ^'toiri^l] 1 e q u l i b r is t [ i'k w ilib r is t ], |,i:kwi'librist]

^evWluija-n], ^ev^ljuijVn]
e x a m , - in a tio n [ig'zaem ], [ig ^ m i'n e ijo-n] ex em p la r [ig'zem plo1 ] e x o tic [eg'zotik], [ek'sotik], [ig zotik] e x p a n s io n [eks'pasnjVn] [iks'paenjan],

e x p e d itio n [ ^kspi'dija-n] e x p e rim e n t [iks'perim ent], [eks'perimo-nt] e x p e r t ['ekspa^t] ex p lo ita tio n ^ekspbi'teija-n] e x p o rt [eks'po:t]
f

e x p o r t . ['ekspo:t]

222

exposition [^ekspo'ziJVn],
[,ekspa"U zij>n]

express [iks'pres] expropriate [eks'prauprieit] exterritorial [ 'eks,teri 'to:ri^l] extra ['ekstrsr] extradition [^kstra^'dij^n] extraordinary [iks'tradnri], [eks'tradinari], [eks'traidanari] extravagant [iks'trvigsm't], [eks'trv^ga'nt] extreme [iks'triim], [eks'tri:m] exu ltation ^egzAl'teiJVn], [^ks^l teijVn]
F
*

fabricate ['fbrikeit] fact [fkt] factor ['faekto] facultative ['fk^ltativ] fak ir ['faikia-], [fa^'ki^] fam iliarity [f^mili'riti] fanatic [f^'ntik] fan tastic [fn'tstik] fan tasy ['fnta^si] fascism ['fjizam], ['fjizm] fatal ['feitl] fauna ['fo:n3\) federal ['fedaral] feminine ['feminin] ferment ['fument] festival ['festival], ['festival]

fetish ['fi:tij], [ fetij] , fiasco [fi skaai] figurative ['figjura'tiv], ['figaraliv] figure ['figa1 ] filial ffilj^l], ['filial] filter ['filtar-J filtrate ['filtreit], ['filtrit] final ['fainl] fin an cial [fai'nnjVl], [fi'nnj>l] finish ['finij] firm [fm] fixation [fik'seijVn] flag [flg] flagm an ['flgmn] flannel ['flnl] flirt [fla^t] flora ['floiraj focus ['faukas] folklore ['faukb:] form ai ['formel] form ation [foi'meijVn] form ula ['ftimjuta] form ulate ['foimjuleit] fort [fo:t] fortune ['foitjsm] forum ['foiram] fountain ['fauntin] foyer ['fbiei], [fwaje] fraction [lfrkjav , n] ,

Cjioeapb 0 M 0 (p 0 H 0 e u u H m e p H a it ,u o H a jiu 3 M o e

223

fresco ['freskati] fr ig id ity [fri'd3iditi] fun ction ['fAgkjari] fund [fAnd] fundam ental [^And^'mcntl] G g alla n t ['gaela-nt] g a lle ry ['gaslari] gallop ['gaela'p] galoch [g^bj] g alvan ic [gasl'vaenik] gangster ['gaeqsta1 ['gaeijksta1 ], ] g a ra g e ['gasra:3], ['gaerid3], | 'gaera:d3] gas [gaes] g azette (ofpuu,.), [ga-'zet] gelatin e [d33 "la" ti:n] genealogy J^ iim 'asla^i] general [^enara-l] generator [^ e n a re ita ] genetics [d3e'netiks], [d33 "'netiks] genius [ld3i:njac s] gentlem an ['d3entlmen] geographer [dsi'agra-fa-] gestu re ['d3estja"] geyser ['gaiza1] gia n t [^aia-nt] g ig a n tic [d3ai'gasntik] g ir a ffe [d3i'ra:f|, [d3i'raef] globe [gtaub]

glycerin e ^glisa-'riin], ['glisarin], ['glisariin] gnom e [na-um] g o lf [golf] gon g [gag] gradation [gra^'deijn] gram m ar ['grma\] gram ophone ['graema'famn] g ran ite fgrnit] gran u la r ['grnjula"] grap h ic ['grfik] grap h ite ['grfait],f'greifait] g ra v ita tio n ^graevi'teijVn] g rill [gril] grim ace [gri'meis] g ro g [grog] grotesque [gra-u'tesk] g u a ran ty ['gra-nti] g u ita r [gi'ta:] gym nastic [d3im'nstik]
H

h allu cin atio n [ha^luisi'neijan ], [ha^ljuisi'neijn] harem ['hearem], [ha-'riim], [ heararo] harpoon [ha:'pu:n] H-bomb ['eitjbom] hectare ['hekta:], ['hektea], [hek'ta:], ['hekta:r] h egem ony [hi^gemaTii], ['hed3ima"m], ['hegimani]

224

Cjioeapb oMotponoe u uHmepHau,uoHajiu3Moe

helicopter ['helikopte] heraldic [he'raeldik], [hi'raeldik], [he'raeldik] herbarium [ha-i'beana-m] hero [lnaram], ['hja^ra-u] heroic [hiWuik], [hetauik], [he'rauik] heroism ['hereuiza-m] hierarchy ['haiaraiki] h ieroglyp h ['h a iereglifj, ['haia-ra-ughf) hippodrome ['hipa-dramm] historic [his'torik] history ['histari] hobby ['hobi] hockey ['hoki] hooligan ['huiligen] horizontal [^on'zontl] hospital ['hospitl] hotel [hW tel], [he'tel] human ['hju:men] humanitarian [hju^maemlt3'TI3v n] humorist ['hjuimerist] hydrant ['haidrent] hydroplane ['haidra-uplein], ['haidra-plein] hydrostation ['haidreusteijVn] hygiene ['haid3 i:n] hyperbole [hai'pa^ba-b] hypnosis [hipWusis]

hypothesis [hai'poBisis], [hai'poGa-sis] hysterical [his'terika-l] I icon ['aikan], [ aiken] idea [ai'die] identification [ai,dentifi'keijVn] ideological [ laidi3'lbd3ik3tl], [^die'bdgikel] ideology [ laidi'ola^l3 i], [ lidi,ola^d3i] idiom ['idia-m], ['idja-m] idiot [idia-t], ['idja-t] idol ['aidl] idyll [ idil], ['aidil] ignore [ig'no:],[ig'n3e] illegal [i'li:ga-l], [Vlngel] illogical [I'bd^ika'-ll, [Vbd3ikel] illumination [i^jumi'neijan], [^luimmeifan] illusion fi'lu:33Ti], [I'lju^en] illustrate ['ila^streit] imagination [ilm aed3 i'nerj'a^n] im itate ['imiteit] immigrant ['migrant] immobile [i Wubail], [1Wubi:l] immunity [i'mju:mti] impeachment [im'pi:tjma-nt] imperial [im'pianel], [im'piriel]

I
im perialism [im 'piari^li/], [im'pjeirielizem] im plant [im'plaint]; im p o rt . ['im po:t], . [im'po:t] im portant [im'poitent] im pressive [im'presiv] im provise [impra-vaiz], ['impruvaiz] impulse ['impAls] im pulsive [im'pAlsiv] in a d e q u a te [in'aedikw it], ['in'aedikwit] in a u g u ra tio n [^noigju'reijVn], [^noigja-'reijan] incarnation [^nkai'neijati], [^gkai'neijen] incident ['insidant] in crim in ate [in'krimineit], [iq'krimineit] incubator ['inkjubeite], ['igkjubeite] incrustation [lmkrAs'teija n], [^gkrAs'teiJari] index ['indeks] indicator ['indikeite], [^ndi'keite] in d iv id u a l [ lindilvicljuav l], [jindi'vidjw^l] industrial [in'dAstriel] in d u stry ['inda'stri] inert [I ne:t] infan tile ['infjmtail]

225

infection [in'fekjen] in filtra te ['infiltreit] inform ation [^nf^'meijyri] in g re d ie n t [in 'griid jen t], [ig'griidient] inhalation [^nhe'leiJVn] initiate [i'nijieit], [I'nijjeit] injection [in'dgekjVn] innovation [^nW veijV n] in q u isitio n [^nkw i'zijaii], [^gkwi'zija^n] insinuation [in ^mju'eijan] inspector fin'spckta1] in s t a b ilit y [^ n ste 'b iliti], ['inste'bihti] instinct ['instigkt] institu te ['institjuit] instruction [in'strAkJan] in stru cto r [in'stTAkt^] in stru m en t ['instrument], ['instrument] in tegrate ['intigreit] intellect ['intilekt] intelligence [in'telidgens] intensive [in'tensiv] interaction [^nter'kjen] interchange [^nte'tjeindg] intercom m unication [lintekelmju:ni'keiJen] interest ['intrist], ['intrest], ['interact] in tern atio n al [^nee'nJVnel], [.m te 'n J W l]

8 ... .

226

interpretation [inlt3'pnlteijan] interval [W a 'w l] intervention [^nt^'verijVn], [lint3J venj3in] interview ['inta^vju:] intim ate ['intimit] intonation [^ntam'neija-n], ^inta-'neijan] intoxicate [in'toksikeit] intrigue [in'trirg] introvert ['mtrauva-it], ['intra-va-it] intuition [lintju'ij- "n] 3 invalid ['inva'liid], ['invalid] inversion [in'v3v 3'n] :j' invest [in'vest] ironic [ai'romk] irony ['aiaram] irration al [I'raeja-na^l] irrigatio n [jin'geijan] isolation [ais3"'leij'atn],
Laisaai'leijVn]
J

je rsy ['d3&:z\] jewellery [^ma-ln], [4], ['d3u:ln}, ['d3uilri] jockey ['d3oki] journal ['d3aral] journalism [^] jubilee ['d3u:bili:] jungle ['d3Angl] ju risd ic tio n [^ua-Tis'dikJVn], [^oaTis'dikJari] jurisprudence ['dsuanspru:da^ns] ju rist ['d3 U3Tist], ['d30OTist] ju ry ['d3 U3 Ti], ['d3oan] jute [d3u:t] justice ['d3AStis] juvenile ['d3u:vinail] ,

jackal ['d3ko:l] jacket ['d3aekit] jag u ar ['dgaegju^], ['d3gja:J, ['d3gw^] jam [d3m] jazz fd3z] jeep [d3i:p] je lly ['d3eli]

keeper t'kiipa^] kerosene ['kera-siin] ketchup ['ketjVp] khaki ['ka:ki], ['ka:ki:] kilogram (me) [kila-grm], [kila-ugrm] kilometre ['kila^miita-], ['kilam^irta^], [ki'lomit] kilowatt [lalawot], ['kilouwot] kinem atics ^kaim'maetiks], [,knli'mtiks] kinetic [kai'netik], [ki'netik] kurd [ksr:d]

227

laboratory fla^'bora^ta^ri] labyrinth ['lbarinG], ['lbirinB] lackey ['lki] laconic [ly'konik] lactation [lk'teijyn] lady ['leidi] lancet ['la:nsit] laureate ['b:rat], ['briyt] leader ['li:da-] league [li:g] lecture ['lektjy] legal ['liigsrl] legend ['led33-nd] leggings ['legiqz] legion ['li:d32rn] lemon ['lemyn] lens [lenz] lethal ['li:0yl] lexicon ['leksikyn] liberal ['libyra-l] licence ['laissons] lieutenant [leftenant], [Ic'tenynt] lift [lift] lily flili] lim it ['limit] linguist ['liqgwist] linguistics [liq'gwistiks] lion ['laiyn] liquidation [^ikwi'deijyn] literary ['lityryri]

literatu re [ lityrytjy], ['litantjy] litre [liitar-] livery ['livyri] local ['lyukyl] location [bou'keijyn] locomotive ^buky'm yutiv] logic ['bd3ik] logical ['bd3ikyl] lord [b:d] lottery ['btari] loyal ['b iyl] lumbago [Um'beigyu] luminous ['luiminys], ['lju:minys] lunatic ['lu:nytik], ['lu:ntik] lynch [lintj] lyric ['link]
M

macaroni ^mky ryum] machine [m y Ji:n] m achinist [my Ji:nist] magnate [ mgneit] magnet [ mgnit] m ajority [m^ d3oriti],
[m y d3Dryti]

management [ mnid3mynt] manager [ mnid3y] manifest [ mnifyst] manipulate [mynipjuleit]

x*

228________ |
m anual [ masnjujrl], [ maenjwaHty, m elo d y [ mela^h] m em orandu m [, ^ ra n d o m ], [,memu rasndam] m em o ria l [mi m oiri^l], [m e : 4 ], [ - moiria'l] m en ta l [ mend] m ercy [ ma^si] m erid ia n [m eridian ], [m i ridjaii] m eta l, m eta lic [ m etl],

[ maenjul] manufactory ^masnju faektan] manufacture LmasnjufaektjV] manuscript [ masnjuskript] marauder [marada'j margarine ['], ^maigariin] marmalade [ maima-teid],
[ maimleid] m arshal [m a :jV l] m ask [ma:sk] mass [maes] m assage [ maesa:3] m assive [ massiv] m aster [ ma:sta\| m a teria l [ma^ ] m aterialistic [ma^tiana^ listik] m athem atics [,0 msetiks] m a ttress [ maetris] , m au soleu m ^maisa^ lia m ], [,mD:s^ '] m axim u m [ masksima^m] m echan ic [mikaenik] m edal [ m edl] m ed ical [ m edik^l] m ed icin e [ medsin],

[mi taelik], [ 1taslik] m e ta llu rg y [m etaela^ i], [mi tada^i] metaphor [ met^fjr] meteor [ miitja^] m eteorite [ miitjarait] meteorology 111],
^miitia^ ro la ^ i]

meter, metre [ mi:ta] method [ !] m ethodical [mi 0 adika4 ], [ma^ Godika^l] metric [ metrik] metropolitan ^metnr politan]

m icrob e [ maikra4ib] m icrop h on e [ maikra'fsrun] m icroscop e [ maikra'ska'up] m ien [mi:n] , m ig ra te [mai greit] m ile [m ail] m ilita r is t [ militarist]

[ medisin] megaphone [ mega'faun] melancholy [ ], [ mela-ijka'h]

I Cjioeapb oMo<poHQ6 u uHmepHau,uoHcuiu3Moe

229

m illennium [mi lema-m], [milenjam] milliard [ milja:d], [ milia:d] milligramme [ miligrm] millimeter [ mill mi:ta"] million [ milja-n] millionaire [jmiljar near] mimic [ mimik] mineral [ mina-ra^l] miniature [ minja'tJV],

m onastery [ mana'Stari] m onetary [ mAnitari] monologue [ monolog] m onopolist [m3" napa-bst], [ma1naplist] monotonous [ma" notants],

[ma1notais]
monument [ manjuma'nt], [manj aroin t] moral [ mara^l] m orgue [ma:g] m orphology [ma: fa la ^ i] mosquito [ m ki.'t^u], [mas kiita^u] m otel [mau tel] m otive [ ma^utiv]

[ mmia'tja'-], [ minitja-] minimal [ minimi], m ini mum [ minimum] minister [ rnmista1] m inistry [ ministn] minus [ maints] minute [ minit] mirage [ mirag], [mi rag] mission [ mijan] mister, mr [ mista^] mix, mixer, mixture [miks], [ miksa\|, [ mikstja"] mobile [moa-ubail], [rrmibi:l], [ ma-ubil] mobilization Lma'ubilai zeijVn], ^ma'ublai "zeijVn] model [ modi] modern [ mada-n] modification ^modifi keija^n] modulate [ madjuleit] molecule [ malikju:l],
[ m^ulikjuil] moment [ ma-umarit] monarch [ mana'k]

N narcotic [na: katik] nation [ neijn] nation/alism [ njna-hza'm] natural/ist [ ntjra^list] nature [ neitfa-] navigate [ nvigeit], navigator [,nvi geita^] navigation [,nvi geija-n] negative [ negativ] negro [ niigram] nervous [ na^va^s] network [ netwa^k] neutral [ njuitra'l] nocturne [,nak ta^in]
i

230________

nomenclature [1 menklatfar], [nanjinenkleitja^] nomination ^nomi neijVn] non-stop [ nonstop] nonsense [ nonsans] norm, normal [nom], [ normal] nostalgia [nos task^ra*], [nos tldjja^] notary [ nanitari] novel, novelist [ nova^l], [ novelist], [ novlist] nuance [nju a:ns], [nju o:ns] numeration [, njumareijVn] numerator [ njuimareita1 ] nymph [nimf]

oasis [ou eisis] obligation [,abli geija^n] observatory [a-b W :valri], [ab "zawa'-tan] obstruction [a^b strAkjan] , [o'b "ztrAkjVn] occupation [,okju peijan] occupy [okjupai] ocean [ auj>n] ocular [ akjula] , optic [ optik] office [ ofis] officer [ ofisa\|, [ ofsa] official [a^fija-l], [o fijal]

olive [ oliv] opal [ Vupa^l] opera [ opara] operation ^opa^ reijVn], operate [ apareit] operative [ opa-rativ] operetta [,opa" reta1 ] opponent [a^ pamnant] opportunist [ opa'tjumist], [,opa" tjuinist] opposition [,apa" zijVn], [,opau zija'n] optimism [ aptimiza-m], optim ist [ optimist] oracle [ ara'kl], [ orikl] orator [ arata], [ arita^] orbit [ o:bit] orchestra [ oikistra^], [ oika^tra^] organ [ o:gan] organic [o: gaenik] organism [ oiga-nizam], [ oigmza'tn] o rg an izatio n ^oiga^nai zeiJa-n], [,o:gnai zeijan], [,o:gm zeija^n] o rien tatio n ^airien teijan] original [a- ridjanl], [a nd3nl],
[a" ridga-na^l]

ornam ent [ ainarnant] o rth o g rap h y [a:0agrafi] oval [ aw a-l] ozone [ aoizaun], [a^u zamn]

| Cjioeapb 0M 0(p 0H0e u uHmepHau,uoHanu3MQ6

231

P pacifist [pa- sifist] packet [ paekit] pact [paekt] palace [ paelis], [ pastas] pampas [ paempa's] pamphlet [ paemflit] panel [ paenl] panic [ p^nik] panorama [ pxn& raima^] panther [ paenBa'] pantomime [ paenta-maim] parabola [pa^raeba-la-] parachute [ pasra-Juit] parade [pa^ reid] paradox [ paera'daks] paraffin [ paera^fiin] paragraph [ paera'graif] parallel [ paera-tal] paralyse [ paeralaiz] parapet [ paera'pit] paraphrase [ paera'freiz] parasitic ^paera- sitik] parasol [(paera" sal] park [pa:k] parliament [ pailimant], [ pa:lamant] parody [ paera'di] parole [pa1rami] parquet [ pa:kei], [ pa:ki], [ pa:kit] partisan [,pa:ti zaen] partner [ pa:tna"]

party ['pa:ti] pass [pa:s] passport [ pa:spo:t] paste [peist] pastor [ pa:sta] patent [ peita'nt] patient [ peijant] patriarch [ peitria:k] patriot [ peitna-t], [ paetria-t] patrol [pastrami] patron [ peitran], patronage [ petra-nid3], [ pEetmid3] pavilion [pa-Vilja-n], [pa1vilian] pedagogical [ lpedagod3ika-l], [^eda^ gav ud3ika"l] pedagogue [ pedagog] pedal [ pedl] pedant [ pedant] penalty [ penlti] pension [ penja-n] perfume [ p3":fju:m] period [ pianatl], [ pja^iria-d] periphery [pa- rifari] perpendicular [p&vpvn dikjula*], [,pa":pn dikjuta] personnel [,pa":s3" nel], [,pa-:s nel] perspective [pa^ spektiv], [pa^: spektiv] pessimistic [ jpesi mistik] petition [pitija-n], [pa-tijan]

232________ | petrol [ petrel], [ petrol] phantasy [ fsentaesi] phantom [faentain] pharm acy [ fa:ma"Si] phenomenon [fi nominal] philanthropy [fi lasnBra'pi] philologist [fi bla'dgist] philology [fi lola^d3i] philosopher, -y [fi bsa-fa-], [fi bsa-fi] phlegm atic [fleg mastik] phone [foun] phonetic [fa-u netik],
[fa^ netik] photograph [ fzrutogra:f],

- er [f^togra-fa^] phrase [freiz] phraseology [,freizi ola^d3i] physics [ fiziks] physiognom y [,fizi anarni] physiology [,fizi a la ^ i], - ist [lfizralav d3ist] pianist [ pjasnist], [pia-nist], [piaenist] picket [ pikit] picnic [ piknik] pilgrim [ pilgrim] pilot [ pailart] pistol [ pistl] placard [ plaskaid] plan [plaen] plantation [plaen teija^n], [plain teijam]

plaster [ plaista^] plastic [ plaestik] platform [ plaetfoim] planet [ plasnit] plenary [ ] , , plus [pLvs] pneumatic [nju mastik] pneumonia [nju ma^unja^], [nju ^] poem [ ], [ ] poet [ pa-out], [ ] polar [ ] polemic [pa lemik] police [pa^ li:s] policy [ palisi], [ pabsi] politic [ palitik], [ ] political [pa1litika^l], [ litika^l], [pu litika^l] politics [ palitiks] polytechnic [pa-li teknik] pomp [pomp] pontoon [pan tu:n] pony [] popular [ papjub] popularize [ papjubraiz] port [pa:t] portion [ pa:jVn] portrait [ paitrit] pose [], position [pa^zija^n], [puzijari] positive [ paza4iv], [pazitiv] post [p3 1 4 St]

|Cjioeapb QM Q(poH oe u u H m ep H a u ,u oH a jiu 3 M oe

postman [ pa-ustmaen] poster [ pa-usta-] potency [ pa-uta-nsi] potential [pa- tenja-1], [pa-u tenja-1], [pu tenja-l] potentiality [pa^en^i aeliti], [pa-u,tenjraeliti] practical [ praektika-l] practice [ praektis] preamble [pri: aembl], [pri aembl] prefix [ pri:fiks] prelude [ prelju :d] premier [ premia-], [ premja-] premium [ pri:mja-m], [ pri:mia-m] preparatory [pri paera-ta-ri], [pra- paera-ta-ri] prerogative [pri raga-tiv], [pra-raga-tiv] present [pri zent] presentation [,prezen teija-n],
[,preza-n teija-n]

233

preservative [pri za-:va-tiv] president [ prezida-nt] press [pres] prestige [pres ti:3 ] presumption [pn zAmpJa-n], [pra- ZAmpja-n] preventive [pn ventiv], [pra- ventiv] price-list [ prais list] prim itive [ primitiv]

prince [prins] princess [prin ses] principle [ prinsipl] print, printer [print], [ printa-] priority [prai ariti] private [ praivit] privilege [ pnvilid3 ] prize [praiz] probation [pra-beijan], [pra-ubeija-n], [pru beija-n] problem [ prabla-m], [ prablim] procedure [pra- si:d33-], [prou si:d3 a-], [pru si:d33-] process [ pra- uses] proclamation [ prakla- meija'n] product [ prada-kt], [ pradvkt] profession, al [pra- feja-n], [pru feja-n], [pra- feja-nl] professor [pra- fesa-], [pm fesa-] profile [ pra-ufi:l], [ pra-ufail] prognosis [prag na-usis] program (me) [ pra-ugraem] progress, -ive [pra- gres], [prou gres]; [pra- gresiv] project [ prad33-kt], [ prad3 ikt] prologue [ pra-ulag] prolongation ^pra-ulai] geiJa-n], [,pralai] geija-n] propaganda, -ist [,prapa-gaenda-], [,prapa- gaendist]
i

234

propeller [pra^u pela1 ], [pra^pela\] prophilactic [,prafi laektik] proportion [pra-paiJaTi], [pru po:Ja-n] prosaic [pra-u zenk], [pra1 zenk] prose [prouz] prospect [praVpekt], [pros pekt] p ro test [ pra-utest] protocol [ pra-uta-kal] protuberant [pra- tju:barant] provider [pra- vaida-] province [ pravins] provision [pra^ vi33"n], [pru v ^ n ] provocation [jjrova-'keiJaii], [,provani keijan] pseudonym [ sjuidaium], [ suida^mm] psychiatrist [sai kaia-trist], [sa" kaia'trist]
psychologist, -gy

pyjam as [pa^ d3a:maiz], [pi d3a:mav z] pyram id [ IjpirOm Id]

Q
qualification ^kwalifi keifari] q u a rte r [ kwa:ta] q u artz [kwaits] quota [ kwanita]
R

[sai k a la^ ist], [sai kaladgi]

public, -ation [ pAblik], [,pAbli keiJVn] pull-over [ pul,auva-] pulsation [pAl seijan] pulse tpAls] pulverizer [ pAlvaraiza^] punctual [ pAqktjua^l],
[ pAqktjwa-1]

race [reis], racial [Veija-l] racket [ raekit] racketeer [,rki W ] radar [ reida^], [ reida:] rad iatio n [,reidi eija^n], radiate [ reidieit], [ reidjeit] radio [ reidiaoi], [ reidjani] radio-location [ reidianla'-ukeijan] radical [ rdika1 !] raid [reid] rajah [ ^^] rally [ rli] ranch [ra:ntj], [rntf] ratification [ ,rtifi keijan] rating [ reitiq] ration [ rjVn] rational [ rja^nl] rationalization ^raefna'-laizeijan]

I ________ 235
rea ction [ri $] r e a c tiv e [ri asktiv] re a lis tic [ria^ listik], [,ri:^ listik] r e a lity [ri aeliti] re a liz a tio n [ (^1 zeija n ], [^ia^li zeija^n] reclam a tion [,1^ m eijVn] recom m end [,rek^ mend] recom m en dation ^rekarnen deijVn], [. deijVn] recon stru ct [ riikans trAkt], [ rikons trAkt] recon sru ction [ riik^ns trAkj> n ] record ( ) [ri ko:d], [r^ ko:d] rec re a tio n [,rekri eijVn] re c ru it [ri kru:t], [t& kru:t] re c to r [ rekt3\| re fe r e e [, ri:] r e fle c t iv e [ri flektiv] r e fo r m [ri fo:m], -a tion

[^efa-meija^n]
r e fr a in [ri frein], [ra1 frein] r e frig e ra to r [ri frid33vreita'], [^^* reita*] r e g e n t [ ri:d3 ^nt] re g im e [rei : ], [re : ] re g io n [ ri:d334i] r e g is tra tio n [,red3 is treijVn] reg res s [n gres] re g u la r [ regjula"]

regulation [,regju leijaii] rehabilitation [ riia^bili teiM reincarnation [ rinnka: neij>n], [,:1: neijVn] relaxation [,ri:laek seijVn] release , , [ri li:z], [^ h:z] relic [ relik] religion [rilid33n], [r2rlid3?n] remake [ ri: meik] remark [ri ma:k] renegade [ renigeid] rent [rent] reorganize [ ri: "o:g34iaiz] reparation [.repa1reijVn] repatriation [ ri:paetri eija^n] repellent [^ pelaTit], [ri pela-nt] repetition [,repi tijan] report [ri po:t] repressive [ri presiv], [r& presiv], -ion [ri prejVn], [ra prejVn] reproduction LriipradAkJaTi], [,ri:pru dAkJa^n] reptile [ reptail] republic [ri pAblik] reputation [,repju teijVn] requisition [,rekwi zijan] reservation [, ^ veijVn], [ trez&: veijVn]

236

reserve [ri 'zsr :v], [t& za-v] reservoir [ reza'vwa:], [ reza'vwa:] re sid e n t [ re zid a n t], -al [,rezi denja^l] reso lu tion [ trez& liuja-n], [,rezl uijan] resonant [ rezna'nt] resource [n so:s], [ras sois], [ri za:s] respectable [ris pekta'bl], [raspektabl] respirator [ respireita1 ],

[ respareita'] restaurant [ restaraig],

[ restarant], [ resteront] restoration ^resta- reijan], presto: reijVn] result [ri ZAlt] retrospective [,retr3"U spektiv], ^riitrati spektiv] review [n Vju:], [ra^vju:] revision [n v ^ n ] , [ra^ vi an] revolution [,reva- lu:jVn], -ary ^reva- lu:Jnari], [,revu lu:Ja-nOTi] revolver [ri : vo:lva\| revue [ri vju:], [ra^ vju:] rhapsody [ rpsa'di] rhom bus [ ramba^s] rhyme [raim] rhythm [ rutom], [ riGam]; rhythmic [ nmik], [ riGmik]

rice [rais] risk [risk] robot [raubot], [ robot], [ ] rocket [ rakit] role [] roller [ ^] roman [ ], -tic [], [ maentik] rose [raniz]; rosary [ ra-uzan] rosy frauzi] rotation [rani teijan] route [ru:t] ruby [ ru:bi] ruin [ ruin]
S

sabotage [ saeba^ta^] saddle [ saedl] safe [seif] saga [ saiga1 ] salad [ sffila^d] saloon [sa^ lu:n], [si u:n] salute [sa^ lu:t], [si u:t], [sa^ljuit] sanatorium [^- to:riam] sanction [ saeqkjan] sandal [ saendl] sanitary [ s^nitari] sapphire [ saefaia1 ] sarcasm [ saikaszarn] sarcastic [sa: kaestik]

237

sardine [sa: dim] sateen [sae ti:n] satire [ saetaia] satirical [sa^ tinka-l] sauce [sa:s] coyc scalp [skaelp] scalpel [ skaelp^l] scan [skaen] , scandal [ skasndl] scenario [si na:rmi] scene [si:n] sceptic [ skeptik] scheme [skiim] scholastic [k^ laestik],
[skolaestik]

schooner [ skuina1 ] scrupulosity [,skru:pju lositi] sculptor [ sL\.lpta\] sculpture [ skAlptJV] sherry [ Jen] shift [Jift] shilling [Jiliq] shock ] show [jVu] signal [ signal], [ signl] silk, silky [silk], [ silki] single [ siqgl] siphon [ saifa^n] skeleton [skelitn] sketch [sketj^ ,

slang [slq] smack [smk] smoker [ smanika^]; nonsmoker [ non smaoik^] sniper [ snaipa\| snob [snob] social [ sanija^l] soda [ samda1 ] sofa [ sav ] ufav solar [ soula^ solidarity [,soli driti] solo [ S34ll34l] soprano [sa^ pra:nsru] sort [sa:t] souvenir [ suivant] sovereign [ sovrin] spasm [ spzarn] special [ speja^l] specific [spi sifik] spectacle [ spekta-kl], [ spektikl] spectral [ spektra^l] spectrum [ spektrarn] speculation ^spekju leijVn] sphere [sfia^], spherical [ sferika^] spirit [ spirit] sponsor [ spansa^] spore [spa:], [spoa^] sport [spo:t] sportsman [ spaitna^n] sprint [sprint], sprinter [ sprinta^]

238

stabilization ^steibilai zeiJ>n] stability [sto biliti] stadium [ steidjara] stagnation [stseg neijan] standard [ staenda'd] standardize [ staenda^daiz] start [sta:t] statist [ steitist], -ics [stjr- tistiks] statue [ staetju:] status [ steitsrs] statute [ stastju:t] stenography [sta1 nogr^fi), -er [ste nografa] stimulate [ stimjuleit], -tion [,stimju leijari] stipend [ "staipa-nd] stool [stu:l] stop [stop] storm [sto:m] strategy [ straetid3i] stratosphere [ straetaaisfia-*] stress [stres] structure [ stiwktjV], -al

subordination [sar-,br*:di nei JVn] subsidize [ sAbsi daiz] subsidy [ sAbsidi] su ffix [ SAfiks] sultan [ sAltsra] sum, summary [sAmari] summit [ SAmit] super [ sju:pa\| superman [ sjuipa'maen], [ suipamasn] supervisor [ sju:p3"vaiz3"], [ suipa'vaiza-] surrogate [ SAragit],
[ SArugit], [sAra-geit] symbol [ simb^l] sym m etry [ simitri], -rical [si metrik^l] sym pathy [ simpa^i] symphony [ simfaTii] symptom [ simptsrm],

[ strAktjar^l]
student [ stju:dant] studio [ stjuidia-u] style [stall] stylistic [stai listik] submarine [ sAbmarim],

[ simptim] syndicate [ sindikeit] synonym [ sina-mm] syntax [ sintseks] syntactic [sin taektik] syrup [ sira-p] system [ sistim], [sista-rn]
T

[ SAbmriin],

tablet [ taeblit] tabular ["taebjula"]

239

tact [taekt] tactics [ taektiks] tandem [ taenda-m], [ taendem] tank [taegk] tanker [ taegk3\| ta riff [ tserif] tattoo [ta'-'tu:], [tae tu:] taxi [ taeksi] technical [ tekmka^l] technique [tek ni:k] teenager [ ti:n,eid33"], teens [ti:nz] telegram [ teligraem] telegraph [ teligra:f] telephone [ telifsrun] telescope [ tehskaup] television [ teli,vi33"n] temperament [ tempararoant] temperature [ tempritfa], [ tempra'tja*], [ temparitja"] tendency [ tendonsi] tender [ tenda"] tennis [ tenis] tenor [ tena^] terminal [ ta-iminl] terminology [ lter:minol3'd3i] terrace [ tera-s] territorial [,teri to:ria^l] territory [ tentari] terror [ tera] test [test] text [tekst] textile [ tekstail]

theatre [ 01^] theme [ 0i:m]

theorem [], [Biarim] theoretical [0ia^ retika4] theory [ 0iari] thermal [ 01] thermometer ['-], ['mamita1 ] thermos [ Oa^mos] thesis [ 0i:sis], [ 0esis] tiger [ taiga\|
tip top ['tip b p ], [ tiptop] toast 1) ; 2) [ t^ust] tobacco [ta^ bkau] to ilet [ toilit] tolerant [ tolerant] tom ato [ta^ ma:tau] tome [toum]

ton [Un], tonnage [ Unid3] tone ; [taun] tonsillitis [(tansi laitis] topic [ tnpik] topography [ta^ pografi] tornado [ta:neidou] torpedo [to: piidaoi] total [ toutl] tour [toa-j, [toa], [to:] toxic [ taksik] track [trk] tract [trkt] 1) , ; 2)
>

240

tractor [ trkta*] tradition [tra^difan] tragedy [ trd3 idi] trajectory [trd3 iktOTi] tramway [ trmwei] trance [trains] tranquil [ trijkwil] , transcontinental [ trnz,konti nentl] transcription [trns kripJVn], [trains kripjVn] transform [trns foim], [trainsfoim] transit ["transit], [ trainsit], [ trainzit], [ trnzit] transmission [tranz mijaii], [trains miJam] transplant [trns plaint], [trains plaint] transport [ transport], [ trainspoit] transportation [,transportaJ>n], ^trainspo: teiJVn] tribune [ trib)ju:n] tribunal [trai bjuinl], [tri bjuinl] triumph [ traiaraf] tr iv ia l , [ trivial], [ tri vjsrl] trolleybus [ trolibAs]

trophy [ troufi] tropic [ tropik] tsar [tsai], [zai] tube [tjuib] tulip [ tjuilip] tune [tjuin] tunic [ tjuinik]
tu n n el [ tAnl]

turbine [ ta^ibin], [ ta^ibain] turbulent [ ta^ibjul^nt] twist [twist] type [taip], typical [tipika^l] typhus [ taifa's] tyrant [ taiars'nt], tyranny [tiraiu]
U
u lt im a t u m [ ,Alti m eit^m ] u lt r a - v i o le t [ Altra^ vaia'ht] u n if o r m [ juinifoim ] u n iq u e [ jui niik], [ju niik] u n is o n [ ju in izn ], [ juinisn] u n iv e r s a l [ juini V3"isa"l] u n iv e r s it y [ juini V3"ISltl] u n lim it e d [An lim itid] u n n a t u r a l [An naetjral] u n p o p u la r [ An popjula1 ] u n p ro d u c tiv e [ Anpra" dvktiv] u n r e a l [ An ri3"l] u rb a n [V ib ^ n ] u t i li t a r i a n [ juitili tea-ri^n] u t ilis e [ juitilaiz]

I ________ 241 viscose [ viskanis] visit [ vizit] vitamine [ vitamin],

[ vaitarnin] volcanic [vai kaenik] v o lt [voult] volleyb all [ valiba:l] vocal [ vanik^l] volu n tary [ valaTitaTi] vouch [vautj] vulcanize [ VAlkariaiz] vu lga r [ VAlga-], -ity
[vaI

vacancy [ veik^nsi] vaccinate [ vaeksineit], -tion [,va2ksi neijVn] vacuum [ vaekjuarn], [Vaekjum] valency [ veil^nsi] valet [ vaelit], [ vaeli], [ vaelei] vam pire [ vaempaia\) varian t [ Veanaiit] variation [, eijVn] vase [va:z] vegetarian [,ved3i tea-ria-n] venereal [],
[va^ marn^l], [vi: maria^l] ventilate [ ventileit], -tion [,venti leijan] verdict [ va^dikt] version [ V2r:fa4i] vertical [ va^tik^l] veteran [ veteran] veterinary [ vetarinari],

gaeriti]

W waggon [ waega-n] waltz [wo:ls], [wols], [wo:lts], [waits] watt [wot] web [web] , western [ westari] wrestling [ reslirj] X, Y, Z zephyr [ zefo] zero [ ZI3T341] zipper [ zip&] zone [zaun]

[ vetnri] veto [ vi:tou] vibration [vai breijVn] vice [ vais] virtual [ va-rtjua-l], [va^wa4], [ va^tjw^l] visa [ vi:za]

>

W O R D B U IL D IN G

( ), : , .

Nouns

Adjectives

Verbs

Adverbs

ability, disability, inability acceptance

accident accuracy, inaccuracy accusation, the accused, accuser achievement, achiever act, action, inac tion, interaction, reaction, trans action activity, inactivity addition admiration, admirer

able, unable, disabled acceptable, unacceptable, accepted accidental accurate, inaccurate accusing achievable acting

enable, disable accept

ably acceptably, unacceptably accidentally accurately, inaccurately accusingly

accuse achieve act

active, inac activate tive, interac tive, proactive additional add admirable admire

actively

additionally admirably

I W ord building

243

Nouns

Adjectives

Verbs

Adverbs

advantage, dis advantage advertisement, advertiser, advertising advice, adviser

advantageous, disadvantaged advertise advisable, inadvisable, advisory agreeable aimless amazed, amazing angry unannounced announced advise

advantageo usly

agreement, disagreement aim amazement anger announcement, announcer appearance, disappearance, reappearance applicant, application appreciation approval, disapproval approximation argument arrangement art, artist, artistry

agree, disagree aim amaze to be angry announce appear, disappear, reappear apply appreciate

agreeably aimlessly amazingly angrily

applicable, applied appreciable, appreciative approving, disapproving approximate arguable, ar gumentative

approve, disapprove approximate approxima tely argue arguably arrange rearrange

appreciati vely approvingly

artistic

artistically

244

W ord building I Nouns Adjectives Verbs Adverbs

shame

attachment

ashamed, unashamed, shameful, shameless attached, unattached, detachable, detached

shame

shamefully, shamelessly

attach, detach

attack, counter attack, attacker attention attraction, attractiveness authority, authorization availability avoidance awareness base, the basics, basis bearer beat, beating beautician, beauty beginner, beginning

attack, coun ter-attack attentive, inattentive attractive, unattractive authoritarian, authoritative unauthorized available, unavailable avoidable, unavoidable aware baseless, basic bearable, unbearable unbeatable beautiful begin attentively attract authorize attractively

avoid unawares basically

base bear unbeaten beautify

beat beautifully

I W ord building

245

Nouns

Adjectives

Verbs

Adverbs

behaviour / US behavior, misbehaviour / US misbehavior belief, disbelief block, blockage blood, bleeding the boil, boiler bore, boredom break, outbreak, breakage breath, breather, breathing brother, brother hood build, builder, building burn, burner burial calculation, calculator calm, calmness capability care, carer

behavioural / behave, US behavioral misbehave

believable, unbelievable blocked, unblocked bloodless, bloody boiling bored, boring unbreakable, broken, unbroken breathless brotherly

believe disbelieve block unblock bleed boil bore break

unbelievably

boringly

breathe

breathlessly brotherly

build, rebuild burning, burnt burn bury buried incalculable, calculate calculated calculating calm calm capable, incapable careful, care care less, caring, uncaring

.
calmly capably carefully, carelessly

246

W ord building I Nouns Adjectives Verbs Adverbs

celebration, celebrity

celebrated, celebratory

celebrate centre, cen tralize/US center, de centralize centraly

centre / US center, central, cen centralization, tralized decentralization certainty, uncertainty challenge, challenger change certain, uncertain challenging

certainly, uncertainly challenge

character, characteristic characterization chemical, che mist, chemistry circle, semicircle, circulation cleaner, clean ing, cleanliness clarity, clearan ce, clearing close, closure closeness collection, collector colour/ US color, colouring / US coloring

changeable, change interchange able, unchan ged, changing characteristic, characterize characteris uncharacte tically ristic chemical chemically circular circle, circulate clean

clean, unclean clear, unclear clear closed, clos ing, close collected, collective coloured / US colored discoloured / close

clean, cleanly clear, clearly closely collectively colourfully /US color fully

collect colour/ US color

I W ord building

247

Nouns

Adjectives

Verbs

Adverbs

combination comfort, discomfort commitment communication, communicator comparison

competition, competitor completion, incompleteness complication computer, computing, computerization concentration, concern conclusion

US discolored, colourful /US colorful, colourless / US colorless combined comfortable, uncomfortable, comforting noncommittal, committed communica tive, uncom municative comparable, incomparable, comparative competitive, uncompetitive complete, incomplete complicated, uncomplicated

combine comfort

comfortably

commit communicate

compare

compara tively competiti vely completely, incompletely

compete complete complicate computerize

concerned, concentrate, concentrated, concern unconcerned concluding, conclusively conclude conclusive, inconclusive

248

W ord building I Nouns Adjectives Verbs Adverbs

condition, precon conditional, dition, conditioner, unconditional conditioning confidence confident, confidential confirmation confirmed, unconfirmed confusion confused, confusing connection connected, disconnected, unconnected subconscious, conscious unconscious, subconscious, consciousness, unconscious unconsciousness consequence consequent, inconsequen tial consideration considerable considerate, inconsiderate, considered continent continental, interconti nental continuation, continual, continuity continued, continuous contribution, contributory contributor

condition

confide confirm confuse connect, disconnect

conditionally unconditio nally confidently, confidentially

confusingly

Consciously, nconsciously

consequently

consider, reconsider

considerably, considerately

continue, discontinue contribute

continually, continuously

I W ord building

249

Nouns

Adjectives

Verbs

Adverbs

control, controller convenience, inconvenience conviction

controlling, uncontrollable convenient, inconvenient convinced, convincing unconvincing cook, cooker, cooked, cookery, cooking uncooked cool, coolness cool correction, correct, correctness incorrect, corrective countable, count, recount uncountable, countless undercover, cover, coverage, cover, covering uncovered creation, creativity, creative, creator uncreative crime, criminal, criminal, incriminating criminologist critic, criticism critical, uncritical crowd, crowded, overcrowding overcrowded cruel cruelty cry, outcry crying culture, cultural, subculture cultured

control inconve nience convince

uncontroll ably conveniently convincingly

cook cool correct coolly correctly, incorrectly

count, recount uncover discover undercover

create, creatively recreate incriminate criminally criticize crowd cruelly cry culturally * critically

250

W ord building I Nouns Adjectives cured, incurable customary cutting damaging endangered, dangerous daring dark, darkened, darkening dated, outdated daily dead, deadly, deathly deaden deal deceitful, deceptive decided, undecided, decisive, indecisive decorative deep, deepening undefeated, defeatist deceive decide deceptively decidedly, decisively, indecisively decoratively deeply Verbs cure accustom cut, undercut damage endanger dare darken dangerously daringly darkly customarily Adverbs

cure custom, customer, customs cut, cutting damage, damages danger dare, daring dark, darkness

date

date, predate

day, midday dead, death deal, dealer, dealings deceit, deceiver, deception decision, indecision

daily deadly, deathly

decoration, decorator deep, depth defeat, defea tism, defeatist

decorate deepen

defeat

I W ord building

251

Nouns

Adjectives

Verbs

Adverbs defensively

defence / US de fense, defendant, defender definition demand, demands democracy, democrat demonstration, demonstrator denial, dependant, dependence, independence, dependency description

defenceless / defend U S defense less, indefen sible, defensive definite, indefinite demanding, undemanding democratic, undemocratic define demand

definitely, indefinitely

democrati cally

demonstrable, demonstrate demonstrably demonstrative undeniable, dependable, dependent, independent deny depend undeniably, dependably, indepen dently descriptively

describable, describe indescribable, nondescript, descriptive undesirable desired, undesired desire

desire, desirable

destroyer, destruction determination, determiner developer, development, redevelopment

indestructible, destroy destructive determine determined, predetermined, indeterminate developed, undeveloped, developing develop, redevelop

destructively determinedly

252

W ord building I

Nouns difference, indifference, differentiation directness, direction, direc tions, director disagreement disappointment disaster disciplinarian, discipline discoverer, discovery distance disturbance

Adjectives

Verbs

Adverbs

different, indifferent direct, indirect

differ, differently differentiate direct, redirect directly, indirectly disagreeably disappoint ingly disastrously

disagreeable disagree disappointed, disappoint disappointing disastrous disciplinary, discipline disciplined, undisciplined discover distant disturbed, undisturbed, disturbing divided, undi vided, divisi ble, divisive divorced done, over done, undone distance disturb

distantly disturbingly

divide, division, subdivision divorce, divorcee do, doing

divide, subdivide divorce do,outdo, overdo,redo, undo doubt undoubtedly, doubtfully dreamily

doubt, doubter

dream, dreamer

undoubted, doubtful, . doubtless dream, dream dream less, dreamy

I W ord building

253

Nouns dress, dresser, dressing drink, drinker, drinking, drunk, drunkenness drive, driver, driving due, dues earner, earnings earth ease, unease, easiness east, easterner economics, economist, economy education

Adjectives dressed, undressed, dressy drunk, drunken driving due, undue

Verbs dress, redress, undress drink

Adverbs

drunkenly

drive due, duly, unduly

earn earthy, earth unearth ly, unearthly easy, uneasy ease east, easterly, eastern economic, eco nomical, un economical) educated, uneducated, educational effective, in effective, ineffectual effortless unelected, electoral electric, electrical

economize

easily, uneasily, easy east, eastward(s) economically

educate

educationally

effect, effectiveness, ineffectiveness effort election, re-elec tion, elector, electorate electrician, electricity

effect, effectively ineffectively effortlessly elect, re-elect

electrify

Electrically

254

W ord building I Nouns Adjectives Verbs Adverbs

electronics embarrassment emotion emphasis employee, employer, employment, unemployed encouragement, discouragement end, ending energy enjoyment enormity entrance, entrant, entry entertainer, entertainment enthusiasm, enthusiast environment, environmentalist equality, inequality escape, escapism

electronic embarrassed, embarrass embarrassing emotional, emotive emphatic emphasize unemploy employ ment

electronically embarrass ingly emotionally emphatically

encouraged, encouraging, discouraging unending, endless energetic enjoyable enormous

encourage, discourage end energize enjoy enter

encourag ingly endlessly energetically enjoyably enormously

entertaining

entertain

enthusiastic, enthuse unenthusiastic environmen tal qual, unequeal escaped, inescapable

equalize escape

entertain ingly enthusiastic ally, unenthu siastically environment ally equally, unequally inescapably

I W ord building

255

Nouns

Adjectives

Verbs

Adverbs

essence, essentials estimate, estimation event, non-event

essential estimated estimate, overestimate, underestimate

essentially

eventful, uneventful, eventual examine, cross-examine excel excite

eventfully, eventually

exam, examinati on, cross exami nation, examiner excellence excellent excitement excitable, ex cited, exciting, unexciting excuse excusable, inexcusable existence non-existent, existing, pre-existing expectant, expectancy, expectation unexpected expenditure, ex expensive, pense, expenses inexpensive experience, experienced, inexperience inexperienced experimental experiment expert, expertise explosion, explosive expert, inexpert exploding, explosive

excellently excitedly, excitingly inexcusably

excuse exist, coexist

expect expend experience experiment

expectantly, unexpectedly expensively, inexpensively

experiment ally expertly explosively

T

explode

256

W o rd building I
Nouns Adjectives Verbs Adverbs

explaining, explanation

exploration, explorer expression extreme, extre mism, extremist, extremity fact fail, failure fairness faith, faithfulness familiarity, family fame fashion fat fastener fault fear

unexplained, explanatory, explicable, inexplicable exploratory expressive extreme, extremist factual unfailing fair, unfair faithful, unfaithful familiar, unfamiliar famed, famo us, infamous fashionable, unfashionable fat, fattening, fatty

explain

inexplicably

explore express expressively extremely

fail

factually unfailingly fairly, unfairly faithfully familiarly famously, infamously fashionably, unfashionably

familiarize

fashion fatten

feel, feeling, feelings fiction, nonfiction fictional fill, refill, filling filling

fasten, unfasten faultless, faulty fault fearful, fear fear less, fearsome unfeeling feel fill, refill

faultlessly fearfully, fearlessly

I W ord building

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Nouns

A djectives

Verbs

Adverbs

final, semifinal, finalist finish

final

finalize finish

finally

finished, unfinished firmness, infirmity firm, infirm fish, fishing fishy fit, fittings fitted, fitting fix, fixation, fixed, transfi xed, unfixed fixture flat flat flower flowered / flowery, flowering fold, folder folded, folding following follower, following force forceful, forcible forest, deforesta forested tion, forestry forgetfulness forgetful, unforgettable forgiving, forgiveness unforgiving form, formation, reformed transformation, re former, transformer formality formal, informal fortune fortunate, unfortunatel

fish fit fix flatten flower

firmly fishily fittingly

flat, flatly

fold, unfold follow force forcefully, forcibly

forget forgive form, reform, transform formalize

forgetfully

formally, informally fortunately, yunfcMunate

9 ... .

258

W ord buildine Nouns Adjectives Verbs Adverbs

freebie, freedom freeze, freezer, freezing frequency, infrequency freshness, refreshments friend, friendliness fright

fruit, fruition fund, refund, funding furnishings, furniture garden, gardener, gardening generalization generosity gentleness gladness glass, glasses good, goodies, goodness, goods government, governor gratitude, ingratitude

free freezing, frozen frequent, infrequent fresh, refreshing friendly, unfriendly frightened, frightening frightful fruitful, fruit less, fruity funded furnished, unfurnished

free freeze frequent freshen, refresh befriend frighten

free,freely

frequently, infrequently freshly, refreshingly

righteningly, frightfully fruitfully, fruitlessly

fund, refund furnish garden

general generous gentle glad glassy good

generalize

gladden glass

generally generously gently glad

governmental, govern governing grateful, ungrateful

gratefully

J | W ord building

259

Nouns

Adjectives

Verbs

Adverbs

greatness green, greenery, greens ground, under ground, ground ing, grounds grower, growth, undergrowth guilt, guiltiness habit hair, hairiness hand, handful handle, handler, handling hanger happiness, unhappiness hardship harm

great green groundless, underground growing, grown, overgrown guilty habitual hairless, hairy underhand, handy handle hanging happy, unhappy hard unharmed, harmful, harmless overhead, heady healthy, unhealthy unheard, unheard of heated, unheated

greatly

ground

underground

grow, outgrow guiltily habitually hand

hang, overhang happily, unhappily hard, hardly harmlessly

harden harm

head, heading health hearing heat, heater, heating

head,behead overhead healthily, unhealthily hear, overhear heat, overheat j

heatedly

260

W ord building I Nouns Adjectives Verbs Adverbs

heart

height, heights help, helper, help fulness, helping highness historian, history

heartened, heartening, heartless, hearty heightened helpful, unhelpful, helpless high historic, prehistoric, historical

heartily, heartlessly

heighten help

helpfully, helplessly high, highly historically

hold, holder, holding home honesty, dishonesty hope, hopefulness, hopelessness human, huma nism, humanity, inhumanity hunger hurry hurt ice, icicle, icing identification, identity

hold homeless, homely honest, dishonest hopeful, hopeless human, inhu man, superhu man, humane hungry hurried, unhurried unhurt, hurtful icy identifiable, unidentified home home honestly, dishonestly hopefully, hopelessly humanly, humanely hungrily hurriedly hurtfully icily

hope

hurry hurt ice identify

I W ord building

261

Nouns

Adjectives

Verbs

Adverbs

imagination

importance impression

improvement increase incredibility, incredulity independence, independent industrialist, industrialization, industry infection, disinfectant inflation

imaginable, unimaginable, imaginary, imaginative important, unimportant impression able, impres sive improved increased incredible credible, incredulous independent

imagine

unimaginably imaginatively

importantly impress impressively

improve increase

increasingly incredibly incredulously indepen dently industrially, industriously infectiously

informant, information, informer injury innocence

industrial, industrialized industrious, infectious infect disinfect inflatable, inflate, inflated, deflate inflationary informative, inform, uninformative, misinform informed, uninformed injured, injure uninjured innocent

innocently

262

W ord building I Nouns Adjectives Verbs Adverbs

insistence instance, instant instruction, instructor intelligence

insist insistent instant, instantaneous instructive instruct intelligent, unintelligent, intelligible, unintelligible intended, unintended, intentional, unintentional interested, disinterested, uninterested, interesting uninterrupted interviewed introductory inventive

insistently instantly, in stantaneously instructively intelligently

intent, intention

intend

intentionally, unintention ally interestingly

interest

interest

interruption interview, interviewee introduction invention, inventiveness, inventor invitation, invite involvement item joke, joker journal, journal ism, journalist

interrupt interview introduce invent, reinvent invite involve itemize jokingly

inventively

uninvited, inviting involved, uninvolved itemized joke journalistic

invitingly

I W ord building

263

Nouns

Adjectives

Verbs

Adverbs

judge, ju d g e ment juice, juices keenness keep, keeper, keeping kill, overkill, killer killing kindness, unkindness knowledge

judgmental juicy keen kept

judge

keenly keep kill

kind, unkind knowing, knowledge able, known, unknown large laughable lawful, unlawful lazy lead, leading learned, unlearned legal, illegal lengthening, lengthy lying lifeless, life like, lifelong light know

enlargement laugh,laughter law, lawyer, outlaw laziness lead, leader, leadership learner, learning legality, illegal ity, legalization length liar, lie life light, lighter, lighting, lightness

enlarge laugh outlaw to be lazy lead learn legalize lengthen lie

kindly, unkindly knowingly, knowledge ably, unknow ingly largely laughably lawfully, unlawfully lazily

legally, illegally lengthily

lifelessly light, lighten lightly

264

W ord building

Nouns Adjectives Verbs Adverbs

dislike, liking likelihood limit, limitation, limitations literature, literacy liveliness, living loser, loss local, location, relocation love, lover

low luck machine, machi nery, mechanic, mechanics, mechanism magic, magician make, remake, maker, making man, manhood, mankind management, manager

live, outlive, live relive lose dislocate, locally relocate lovingly lovable, unlo love vable, love less, lovely, loving lower low low, lower, lowly lucky, unlucky luckily, unluckily mechanically mechanical, mechanized

likeable likely, unlikely limited, unlimited literary, lite rate, illiterate live, lively, living lost local

like, dislike likely limit

magic, magical unmade make, remake manly, man man ned, unmanned manageable, manage unmanageab le, managerial

magically

I W ord building

265

Nouns

Adjectives

Verbs

Adverbs

mark, marker, markings market, marketing marriage match material, mate rialism, materia list, materials

marked, unmarked marketable married, unmarried matching, unmatched material, immaterial, materialistic

mark market marry, remarry match materialize

markedly

,
leaf [li:f] leaves [li:vz] bath [ba:0] baths [ba:dz] life [laif] lives [laivz] loaf [buf] loaves [lauvz] calf [ka:f] calves [ka:vz] louse [laus] lice [lais] child [tjaild] children ['tjildran] man [maen] men [men] corps [ko:] corps [ko:z] , mouse [maus] mice [mais] deer [dia] deer [dio] elf [elf] elves [' elves] mouth [mau0] mouths foot [fut] feet [fi:t] ; [mau6z] oath [0] oaths [au5z] goose [gu:s] geese [gi:s] ox [oks] oxen [' okson] , half [ha:f] halves [ha:vz] path [pa:0] paths [pa:6z] house [haus] houses ['hauziz] scarf [ska:f] scarves [ska:vz] knife [naif] knives [naivz] sheaf [fi:f] sheaves [[i:vz] lath [la:0] laths [la:9z] sheath [[i:0] sheaths [fi:6z] * sheep [Ji:p] sheep [Ji:p] ( . ). I. *

267

shelf [[elf] shelves [felvz] staff [sta:f] staves [steivz] , swine [swain] swine [swam] thief [0i:f] thieves [0i:vz] tooth [tu:0] teeth [ti:0] wharf [wo:f] wharves / wharfs [wo:vz];[wo:fs] wife [waif] wives [waivz] wolf [wulf] wolves [wulvz] woman ['wumon] women ['wimin] wreath [ri:0] wreaths [ri:6z] youth [ju:0] youths [ju:6z] II. * bad [bsed]; worse [wa:s]; worst [wo:st] old [ould]; elder ['elds]; the eldest ['eldist]

far [fa:]; farther/further ffa:6o] / [':]; farthest/ furthest [fa:63st],[fa:dost] ; farther further ,
;

fur

ther

, . I would like to make one further point. good [gud]; better ["beta]; best [best] ill [il]; worse [wa:s]; worst [wo:st] ; little [litl] ; less [les]; the least [li:st] ( )

many ['meni]; p i more [mo:]; the most [moust] much [mAtJ]; sgmore [mo:]; most [m oust] small [srm:l]; smaller [' smo:lo] smallest [ srm:list]
( )

top [top]; su p erl the top most ['topmoust] upper ] ; superl the up permost ["Apomoust] utter [ato]; superl the utter * most [Atomoust] ( well [wel]; better [beto]; the ). best [best] xopoi^o

268 . :
Infinitive The Past Participle II Simple Tense

Participle I

Translation

1
abide

2
abode/ abided
fa'baut]/ [a'baid id ]

3
abode/ abided

4
abiding

[ baid]

[ baidiij]

[a'bout]/ [ baidid]
abode
[a b o u t]

5 ;
( )

abide

abode
[ baut]

abiding

[ baid]
arise

[abaidig]
arising

arose

arisen

[ raiz]
awake
[a 'w e ik ]

[ rouz]
awoke
[ w au k]

[ rizn]
awoken
[ waukan]

[ rizig]
awaking
[ w eik ig]

be [bi:] bear []

was [w o z ] were [w a :] bore [b o :]

been [bi:n]

being
[ bi:irj]

; , ; ;

borne [bo:n] bearing born [bsarir)]

[bo:n ]

, born be born (was born , were born . .) (), , by + : born 1957 (), 1957 . (: borne by her ).

beat [bi:t] beat [bi:t] become became

beaten

beating

[bi:tn]
become

[bi:tirj]
becomimg

[']

[bi'keim]

[']

[']

269

1
befall

2
befell

3
befallen

4
befalling

5
.

[bi'fo:l]
beget

[bi'fel]
begot

[bi'fD:ln]
begotten

[bi'fo:lig]
begeting

[bi'get]
begin

[bi'got]
began

[bi'gotn]
begun

[bi'getirj]
beginning

[bi'gin]
begird (with)

[bi'gaen]
begirt

[bi'gAn]
begirt

[bi'gimrj]
begirding

[bi'ga:t]
beheld

[bi'ga:t]
beheld

[bi'ga:diq]
beholding

( )

[bi'ga:d]
behold

[bi'hauld]
bend

[bi'held]
bent

[bi'held]
bent

[bi'hauldirj]
bending

[bend]
bereave

[bent]
bereaved

[bent]
bereaved

[bendig]
bereaving

[bi'ri:v]
beseech

[bi'ri:vd]
besought

[bi'ri:vd]
besought

[bi'riivirj] [bi'si:tjir|]
besetting

beseeching

[bi'si:tj]
beset

[bi'so:t]
beset

[bTso:t]
beset

, ; , ;

[bi'set] [bi'smaitf]
bestride

[bi'set] [bi'sma:tjt]
bestrode

[bi'set] [bi'sma:tjt]

[bi'setiq]
besmirch ing

besmirch besmirched besmirch

[bi'smartjnj]
bestridden bestriding

[bi'straid]

[bi'straud]

[bi'stridn]

[bi'straidig]

betake

betook

betaken

betaking

(oneself) [bi'taik]

[bi'tuk]

[bi'taiken]

[bi'teikiq]

>

270

1
bid

2
bade; bid

bidden; bid bidding

5 (
)

[bid]; [bid] [beid]; [bid] [bidn]; [bid] ['bidiq]

bind bound bound binding

[baind] bite [bait]

bleed

[baund] bit [bit]

bled [bled] blew

[baund]
bitten ]

['baindiq]
biting

; ; , ()

[bitn
bled [bled] blown

[baitiq]
bleeding

[bli:d]
blow

rbliidirj]
blowing

[bbu]
break

[blu:]
broke

[btaun]
broken

['blauir)]
breaking

[breik]
breed

[brauk]
bred

[braukn]
bred

fbreikirj]
breeding

[brird]
bring

[bred]
brought

[bred]
brought

['bri:diq]
bringing

[bnij]
build

[bro:t]
built

[bro:t]
built

fbrinir)]
building

[bild]
burn

[bill]
burnt

[bilt]
burnt

['bildiq]
burning

[ba:n]
burst

[bo:nt]
burst

[bs:nt]
burst

['bainii)]
bursting

[ba:st] buy [bai]

can [kasn]

[bo: st]
bought

[ba:st]
bought

['bsistir)]
buying

[bo:t]
could [kud]
( )

[bo:t]

['bang]

[ksd] (
)

271

4
casting

cast [ka:st] cast fka:st] cast [ka:st] catch caught caught

5 ;
( )

[ka:stirj]
catching

[kaetj]
chide

[ko:t]
chid

[ko:t]
chidden

[kaetjig]
chiding

[tjaid]

[tfid]
chided

[tfidn]
chided

['tjaidirj]

['tjaidid]
choose chose

[tjaidid]
chosen choosing

()

[tju:z]
cleave I

[tjauz]
clove / cleft

[tjauzn]
cloven / cleft

t'tju:ziq]
cleaving

[klirv]

['kli: viq]

[kbuv]/ [kleft]
cleave II cleaved

[kbuv]/ [kleft]
cleaved cleaving

[kli:v]
cling

[kli:vd]
clung

[kli:vd]
clung

['kli:viq]
clinging

[klir)]
clothe

[klArj]
clothed

[,]
clothed

[klirjii)]
clothing

();
. .

[kbud]
come

[kbufid]
came

[kbu6d]
come

['kbudiq]
coming
['kAmirj]

( )

[kAm] [keim] cost [kost] cost [kost]

creep crept

[] cost [kost]
crept

costing

['kostir)]
creeping

[kri:p]
crow

[krept]
crowed

[krept]

['kri:piq]

[krau]
cut [kAt]

[kraud]
cut [kAt]

crew [kru:]; crowing crowed ['krauiq]

[krsud]
cut [kAt] cutting

fkAtir)]

272

I
1 2 3 4 5

dared dared daring ; ['dearirj] [dead] [dead] (pr. 3. sg. dcires u dare; e mpocum. u on ipuu,am <popj dare I?, dare < he?, dare n ot u m. d.) , deal [d i:l] dealt [delt] dealt [delt] dealing [ 'di:lirj] dare [dea]

.
dig [dig] do [du:] draw
[d ro :]

dug [d A g ] did [did] drew [dru:] dreamt [dremt] dreamed [dri:md] drank [drasqk] drove [drauv] dwelt [dwelt] ate [et] fell [fel]

dug [d A g ] done [dAn] drawn [dro:n] dreamt [dri:mt] dreamed [dri:md] drunk
[drArjk]

dream [dri:m]

digging [digirj] doing ['du:iq] drawing [dro:iq] dreaming [dnmir)]

(. 3. sg. does) , ;

drink [drir)k] drive [draiv] dwell [dwel] eat [i:t] fall [fo:l]

drinking
[driqkir)]

; ; ( -.)

driven [' dnvan] dwelt [dwelt]

driving ['draiviq] dwelling ['dwelirj]

feed [fi:d] fed [fed] feel

[fi:l]

eaten [i:tn] eating ['Ktir)] fallen falling ffo:lan] ['fD llirj] feeding fed [fed]
r firdnj]

felt [felt]

felt [felt]

feeling [Tulir,]

273

1 fight [fait] find [faind] flee [fli:]

2 fought [fo:t] found [faund] fled [fled]

3 fought [fort] found [faund] fled [fled]

4 fighting ['faitig] finding ['faindig] fleeing ['fling]

5
(),

fling [fill)] flung [fUq] flung [] flinging [' flirjir)] flying flew [flu:] flown fly [flai] [flaun] ['flaiirj] (p r. 3. sg. flies [-z]) forbearing forborne forbear forbore [fo:'bo:n] [fai'beanr)] [fa:'ba:] [fa:'bea] forbidding forbad(e) forbidden forbid [fa'bidn] [fa'bidiq] [fa'beid] [fa bid] forgotten forgetting forgot forget [fo:'gotn] [fa:'gatir)] [fa:'gat] [fo:'got] forgiven forgive forgive forgave [fa:'givir)] [fa:'geiv] [fafgivn] [fa:'giv] forsaking forsook forsaken forsake [fa'seiknj] [fa seikn] [fa'seik] [fa suk] frozen freezing freeze froze [fri:ziq] [frauzen] [frauz] [fri:z] get [get] got [got] got [gat] (gotten
.)

, ,

getting ['getirj]

gild [gild] gilded/gilt gilded /gilt gilding [gildid]/ [gildid]/ r ^ ld iq ]

[gilt] [gilt]

274

5
,

gird [ga:d] girded/girt girded/girt girding [ga:did]/ [ga:did]/ fgardiri] [ga:t] [ga:t] give [giv] gave given giving [geiv] [givn] Tgiviq] go [gau] went [went] gone [gon] going Tgauir)] grind ground ground grinding [graind] [graund] [graund] ['graindnj] grow grew grown growing [grau] [greun] ['grauii]] [gni:] hang hanged hanged hanging

, ; ;

[haerj]
hang

[haerjd]
hung

[haerjd]
hanged

['haerjiq]
hanging

[harj] have [hffiv] had [haed]

(p r . 3. Sg. has) hear heard

[haerj]

[haeqd] had [haed]

Thaeqirj]
having

( )

['haevirj]
heard hearing ['hisrir)] heaving () ; ,

[his]
heave

[ha:d]
heaved

[ha:d]
heaved

[hi:vd] hide [haid] hid [hid]

hit [hit] hold [hsuld] hit [hit] held [held]

[hi:v]

[hi:vd]
hidden

['hi:virj]
hiding

[hidon]
hit [hit] held [held] hurt [ha:t]

['haidig]
hitting [hitiq] holding fhauldiq] hurting ['ha:tii)]

hurt [ha:t] hurt [ha:t]

275

1
inter weave

2
interwove

interwoven inter [ inta'wouv] [ inta wauvn] weaving

[.inta'wi:v] keep [ki:p] kept [kept] kept [kept]

[ inta wi:viq]
keeping

, ,

['ki:pir)]
kneel [ni:l] knelt [nelt] knelt [nelt] kneeling

['ni:lif)]

knit [nit] know

knitted

knitted

knitting

['nitid]
knew

['nitid]
known

['nitiq]
knowing

[nau]

[nju:] [leidid]

[naun]
laden

['knauiq]
lading

lade [leid] laded lay [lei] lead [li:d] lean [li:n] laid [leid] led [led] leant / leaned

[leidn] laid [leid]

led [led] leant / leaned

[lerdiq]
laying

fleiiq]
leading

[li:diq]
leaning

['limit)]

[lent] / [li:nd]
leap [li:p] leapt / leaped

[lent] / [li:nd] leapt /

leaped

leaping

['li:pirj]

[lept] / [li:pd]
learn

[lept] / [li:pd]
learnt/ learned learning

[b:n]

learnt/ learned

( - .)

['b:niq]
>

[b:nt]/ [b:nd]

[b:nt]/ [b:nd]

276

1
leave left

2
left

3 [left]
lent [lent] let [let] lain [lein] lit [lit] lost [lost] made

4
leaving

5 , ;

[li:v]

[left]

['li:viq]
lending

lend [lend] lent [lent] let [let] lie [lai] let [let] lay [lei]

['lendiq]
letting

fletirj]
lying

['laiirj]
light [lait] lit [lit] lose [lu:z] make lost [lost] made lighting

['laitirj]
losing

['lu:ziq]
making

[meik]
may [mei]

[meid]
might

[meid]

['meikiq]

[mait]
mean meant meant meaning

[mi:n]
meet

[ment]
met [met] misgave

[ment]
met [met] misgiven

['mi:nig]
meeting

[mi:t]
misgive

[mi:tig]
misgiving

[mis'giv]
mishear

[mis'geiv]
misheard

[mis'givn]
misheard

[mis'givir)] [mis'hiarir]]

mishearing

[mis'hia]
mislay

[mis'ha:d]
mislaid

[mis'ha:d]
mislaid

[mis'lei]
mislead

[mis'leid]
misled

[mis'leid]
misled

[mis'li:d]

[mis'led]

[mis'led]

misleading [mis'li:dir)]
mislaying

[mis'lenq]

277

2
misspelt

3
misspelt

misspell

[mis" pel]
mistake

[misspelt]
mistook

[mis'pelt]
mistaken

[mis'teik]
mow

[mis'tuk]
mowed

[mis'teikn]
mown

[mau]
need

[maud]

[maun]

[ni:d]

5 misspelling [mis'peliij] mistaking [mis'teikir)] ( mowing [mauii]] . .) needing [ 'ni:diq]

4

. . need , he/she/it -s; , do, to, .: If he needs to go, Ill just have to let him. You dont need to go. I didnt need to see him at all. Didnt you need to tell him something? need , he/she/ it -s; do, to , .: She neednt go if she doesnt want to. Need we tell her everything? Present Simple Tense.

ought [o:t] partook partake

partaken

partaking

[pa:'teik] pay []
put [put]

[pa:'tuk] paid [peid]

put [put]

[pafteikn]
paid [peid] put [put]

[pafteikiij]
paying

() ,

i'penr)]
putting

['putirj]

278

1 2 read [ri:d] read [red]

rebuild rebuilt

3 read [red]
rebuilt

4
reading

[ri:diq]
rebuilding -

[,ri:'bild]
,

[,ri:'bilt] [,ri:'bilt] build [bild]

rewrite. rent [rent] rid [rid]

[,ri:'bildiq]

, .',

rend [rend] rent [rent] rid [rid] rid [rid]

rending

., .

['rendiij]
riding

(
. .)

[ ndir)]
ride [raid] rode [raud] ridden riding

[ridn]
ring [rig] rise [raiz] rive [raiv] rang [rasq] rose [rauz] rived rung [rAg] risen [rizn] riven

['raidiq]
ringing

fngirj]
rising

[' raizirj]
riving

[raivd]/ [rivsd]
run [] saw [so:] ran [raen] sawed [so:d]

[raivn]/ [rivan] run [rAn]

[' raiviq]
running
fr A n ir )]

sawn/[so:n] sawing sawed/ [so: ig]

say [sei] said [sed] (p r . 3. sg. says [sez]) see [si:] saw [so:]

[so:d] said [sed]

saying [seiiq] seeing Tsirirj]

seen [si:n]

279

1
seek

2
sought

3 sought

4 seeking

5 . .

[si:k] sell [sel]

send

[so:t]
sold

[so:t]
sold

[' si:kiq]
selling

[sauld]
sent

[ssuld]
sent

[selirj]
sending

[send] set [set]

sew [sau]

[sent] set [set]

sewed

[sent] set [set]

sewn/ sewed

['sendirj]
setting

Tsetir)]
sewing

[saud]

fssuio]

[saun/ saud]
shake shook shaken shaking

()

Lfeik]
shave

[Juk]
shaved

[feikn]
shaved/ shaven

ikir)]
shaving

Lfeiv]

[feivd]

['Jeivir)]

[feivd]/ [feivan]
shear sheared

3]

Lfiad]

sheared/ shorn

shearing

rjiarii]]

, ; (), ; ;

shed [fed] shed [Jed] shine shone

[fi3d]/[fo:n] sheding shed [fed] ['Jediq]

shone shining

[fain]
shoe [fu:] shoot

[faun]
shod [fad] shot [fDt] showed

[faun]
shod [fod] shot [fat] shown

'm o ]
shoeing

= ir)]
shooting

lfu:t]
show [fau]

[ Ju:tiq]
showing

ud]

[faun]

['Jsuiq]
>

280

I
1 2 3 4 5 ( ); .

shrink
LM k]

shrank
[fraerjk]

shrunk
LfrAqk]

shrinking
ffn tjk n j]

shrive
[fraiv]

shrove/ shrived
[frsuv]/ Lfraivd]

shriven/ shrived
Lfnvn]/ Lfraivd]

shriving
[J ra ivig ]

shut [j*At] sing [siq]

shut (J*At] sang [saeq]

shut U*At] sung [sAq]

sh uttin g
fjA tiq ]

singing
t'siqiq]

sink [siqk] sank [saeqk] sunk [sArjk] sinking

T sigkig]

sit [sit] slay [slei]

sat [sast] slew [slu:]

sat [saet]

sittin g
[ sitiq]

slain [slein] slaying

['sleurj]

sleep [sli:p slept [slept] slept [slept] sleeping

['s li:p iq ]

slide
[slaid]

slid [slid]

slid [slid]

sliding
['slaidiq]

sling [sliq] slung [sIaq] slung [sU q ] slinging

['sliq iq ]

; ,

slink
[sliqk]

slunk
[sU qk]

slunk
[sU qk]

slinking
['sliqkiq]

slit [slit] smell

[sm el]

slit [slit] sm elt

[smelt]

slit [slit] smelt

[smelt]

slittin g
['slitiq ]

sm elling
['sm eliq]

smite
[smait]

smote
[smout]

sm itten
[smitn]

sm iting
['sm aitiq]

281

sow [ssuj

sowed
[soud]

sowed/ sown
[ssud/soun]

sowing
fsouirj]

speak
[spi:k]

spoke
[spauk]

spoken
[spoukon]

speaking
['spi:kirj]

speed
[spi:d]

sped
[sped]

sped
[sped]

speeding
['spi:diq]

spell
[spel]

spelt/ spelled
[spelt]/ [speld]

spelt/ spelled
[spelt]/ [speld]

spelling
fsp elir)]

( )

spend
[spend]

spent
[spent]

spent
[spent]

spending
[' spendirj]

spill [spil]

sp ilt/ spilled
[spilt]/ [spild]

sp ilt/ spilled
[spilt]/ [spild]

spilling
fsp ilir)]

(), ()

spin [spin] spun [spAn] spun [spAn] spinning

['spiniq]

( );

spit [spit]

spat [spaet]

spat [spjet]

sp ittin g
['spititj]

split [split] split [split]

split [split]

splittin g
['splitir)]

( )

spoil
[spoil]

spoilt/ spoiled
[spoilt]/ [spoild]

spoilt/ spoiled
[spoilt]/ [spoild]

spoiling
['spoiliij]

spread
[spred]

spread
[spred]

spread
[spred]

spreading
['sprediq]

282

1
spring
[sprig]

2
sprang
[spraei]]

sprung

springing

[sprAf)]
stood
[stud]

['spriqirj]
standing
['stasndii]]

;
. .

stand
[staend]

stood
[stud]

, , , ) . .

steal
[sti:l]

stole
[stsul]

stolen
[stsuln]

stealing
['sti:liij]

stick
[stik]

stuck
[stAk]

stuck
[stAk]

sticking
[' stikiq]

sting
[stir)]

stung

stung
[stArj]

stinging
Tstiqiq]

[stAtj]
stank/ stunk
[staerjk]/ [stArjk]

stink
[stiqk]

stunk
[stArjk]

stinking
['stiqkq]

strew
[stru:]

strewed
[stru:d]

strewn/ strewed
[stru:n]/ [stru:d]

strewing
['stru:ig]

stride
[staid]

strode
[straud]

stridden
[stridsn]

striding

[' straidig]
striking
['staikirj]

strike
[staik]

struck
[stAk]

struck
[stAk]

, () ; ;

string
[strirj]

strung
[strAq]

strung
[strAq]

stringing
['striqirj]

strive
[straiv]

strove
[strauv]

striven
[strivsn]

striving
['straivir)]

swear
[swea]

swore
[sw o:]

sworn
[sworn]

swearing
['sw eaiq]

283

2
swept

4 sweeping

sweep

swept

; (), , ,

[swi:p]
swell

[swept]
swelled

[swept]
swollen

['swi:pir)]
swelling

[swel]
swim

[sweld]
swam

fswolon]
swum

['swelir)]
swimming

[swim]
swing

[swaem]
swung
[S W AI]]

[swAm]
swung
[s w A q ]

['swimiq]
swinging

[swig]

['swig)]
taking

take [teik] took [tuk] teach ] taught

taken

[teikn]
taught

[teikiq]
teaching

[ti:tj
tear [tea] tell [tel] think

[to:t]
tore [to:]

[to:t]
torn [tom]

rti:tfir)]
tearing

['teorirj]
told [tould] told [tould] thought thought telling

['telirj]
thinking

[Oak]
thrive

[0o:t]
throve

[0o:t]
thriven

[Gigkirj]
thriving

[Graiv]
throw

[Brouv]
threw

[Grivon]
thrown

['Graivirj]
throwing

[Grou]
thrust

[9ru:]
thrust

[Groun]
thrust

['Greuirj]
thrusting

[0TASt]
tread

[GrASt]
trod

[GrASt]
trodden

['GrAStir)]
treading

[tred]
unbend

[trod]
unbent

[trodn]
unbent

['tredirj]
unbending

[An bend]

[An bent]

[An bent]

[An bendiq]

. , .

bend ( )

- ,

284

1
under stand

2
under stood

3
under stood

4
under standing
[Anda'-

[Anda stasnd]

[Anda'stud]

[Anda'stud]

staendiq] ), ; () (
. .)

undertake undertook undertaken under [Ands'teik] [Anda'tuk] [Anda'teikn] taking

[Anda'teikirj]

upset
[Ap' set]

upset
[Ap'set]

upset
[Ap'set]

upsetting
[Ap'setlfj]

wake
[weik]

woke
[wauk]

woken
[waukan]

waking
[weikiq] [weariq]

wear [wea] wore [wa:] weave wove

worn [wa:n] wearing woven weaving

[wi:v]
weep
[wi:p]

[wauv]

[wauvan]

[wi:viq]
[wi:pirj]

wept [wept] wept [wept] weeping won [WAn] wound

[waund] [wid'dru:]

win [win] wind

[waind] [wid'dro:]

won [wAn] wound

winning

[winig]
winding
[waindiq]

[waund]

withdraw withdrew

withdrawn with [wid'dratn] drawing

[wid'dra:ir)]

, (), () ; ,

withhold

withheld

withheld
[wid'held]

[wid'hauld] [wid'held]

with holding
[wid'hauldii]]

withstand withstood
[wid'stand] [wid'stud]

withstood
[wid'stud]

withstand

[wi6' staendiq]

285

1 \ []

^ []] \ [ ]

4 w ringing
[))]

[] wrote [] \vritten []

[]

5 ,

. :

, 2001.
B r a n s f o r d J . D . Human cognition: Learning, under standing and remembering. Belmont, California, 1979. C la rk H . H . a n d Clark E .V .

Psychology and language.

N .Y ., 1977.
. . .: , 1964. H i g b e e K . L . Your memory: How it works and how to improve it . Englewood C liffs, N .J., 1977. . : : , 2001. Lu ria A .R .

The mind of a mnemonist. Basic Books, N. Y., . : ,

1968.
.

2001

New W ebster s Dictionary and Thesaurus of the English Language. U.S.A. Lexicon Publications, Inc., Danbury, 1963. The psychology of human memory. Academic Press, N .Y ., 1981.
W in g f ie ld A . a n d B y r n e s D .L .

. .: , 1991.
.

................................................................... 3 Appearance ............................................ 15 Family .............................................................24 Health Service ............................ 31 Profession .............................................. 45 House ................................................................ 53 Food .................................................................... 63 Education ............................................72 Natural phenomena ...............90 Technics ................................................... 112 Politics ..................................................130 Travelling ........................................ 154 A rt ........................................................ 168 Shopping ................ ................................ 183 Clothing .................................................... 192 Sports ............................................................199 Holidays .............................................. 210 ............. 215 ....................................................... 242 . , .................... 266 ..................................................................286

. .

30.09.05. 8 4 1 0 8 '/ 2. . , . Newton. .-. . 10,24. . . . 15,12. . 5000 . . 6-257. TOB 83015, , . , . . , 102 61012, . , . , 11