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7th International Conference on Science and Sustainable Development and Workshop IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1342 (2024) 012024 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1342/1/012024

Appraisal of Universal Design Strategies for Enhancing Social

Inclusion in The Development of Sporting Facilities

A. B. Sholanke 1 and J. C. Eleagu2

1, 2
Department of Architecture, Covenant University, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria.

Email: [email protected]
ORCID NO: 10000-0003-1295-8032

Email: [email protected]
ORCID NO: 20009-0003-8025-697X

Corresponding email: [email protected]

Abstract. Sporting facilities are essential components of public recreational infrastructure for engaging in physical
exercise, participating in sporting games, or witnessing sporting events. To design sporting facilities, an important
consideration is to ensure that individuals of diverse abilities can fully participate and enjoy sporting events. One
way this can be achieved is through the application of universal design ideology in the development of sporting
facilities. The aim of universal design is to create products, services and environments that are accessible, usable,
and accommodating for individuals of all ages, abilities, and backgrounds. This paper presents an appraisal of
universal design parameters, in order to provide insight on specific design strategies suitable for fostering social
inclusion in sports facility development. The research is a literature review paper that relied on secondary sources to
gather data. The data were content analysed using thematic approach and the findings descriptively presented in
themes, with the aid of a plate, table and figures. The review revealed themes, trends, technical details, challenges,
and success parameters for achieving social inclusion through the application of universal design strategies in the
creation of sporting facilities. The study aligns with the 11th target of the 17 Sustainable Development Goals that
promotes developing safe communities and cities to be resilient, inclusive and sustainable.

Keywords: Universal Design Principles, Inclusive Design Strategies, Sporting Facilities, Social Inclusion,
Accessibility, Usability, People with Disabilities.

1. Introduction

In recent times, there has been an increasing global promotion of sporting activities, driven by
various factors such as health recommendations, financial incentives, popularity, personal
inspiration, and improved facilities. Despite this surge in sporting activities, individuals with
disabilities face significant challenges in participating fully due to barriers like limited access
to facilities, financial constraints, and lack of appropriate technology [1]. To address these
challenges, there is a need to provide insight on specific design requirements for enhancing
social inclusion in the development of sporting facilities.

Over the years the concept of Universal Design (UD) has gained global attention as a result of
its potential towards enhancing social inclusion in the development of the built environment.
UD concept targets developing products, services, buildings and environments to be accessible
and usable by individuals of diverse age groups, backgrounds, abilities and inabilities. Due to
the potential the application of UD ideology processes in enhancing social inclusion, some
researches were found to have examined the prospects and challenges associated with the
application of UD strategies in the development of various building and environment types in
Nigeria [2-11]. However, just few of these studies focused on sporting facilities [3, 4].

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7th International Conference on Science and Sustainable Development and Workshop IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1342 (2024) 012024 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1342/1/012024

For instance, [11] investigated design solutions that constitute hurdles to attaining universal
design compliance in academic buildings in selected institutions; [7] examined the compliance
of Ferry Terminals in Lagos State, Nigeria, with Universal Accessibility Guidelines and
discovered that some accessibility features fell short of some of the guideline requirements; [8]
investigated compliance of selected secondary schools with UD parameters and found that
accessibility features were not adequately provided for individuals with physical impairments.
A study conducted by [2] found that individuals with disabilities are segregated in special
education schools, and underscored the need to bridge the gap between architectural design and
social inclusion.

With regards to sporting facilities, though [5] focused on integrating paralysis needs in stadium
design, while [3] examined inclusive design for isolated user groups in sport complexes, design
requirements for key areas for enhancing social inclusion in sporting facilities were not
adequately examined. It is on this note that this study relied on secondary data to provide insight
on design requirements of key areas suitable for enhancing social inclusion in the development
of sporting facilities. The use of the literature review approach to conduct the research allowed
for annexing a comprehensive view on the subject. Specific accessibility features needed for
enhancing social inclusion, particularly for individuals with disabilities, were highlighted. UD
strategies applicable to sporting facilities for ensuring their alignment with the principles of
catering for users of all ages, genders and abilities, were examined.

While UD concept typically targets inclusive development of products, services, buildings, and
environments, the scope of this study investigation was restricted to issues around the
development of the built environment. Also, while UD concept covers accessibility and
usability, the study investigation focused more on accessibility features which are considered
fundamental to achieving social inclusion in the development of sustainable environments. In
addition, key users of sporting facilities include spectators and athletes. The study investigation
was centred mainly on inclusivity for spectators rather than on the needs of the athletes.

The research offers useful avenues for enhancing inclusivity in the provision of sport facilities,
towards fostering societies where individuals with disabilities are seamlessly integrated into
communal sporting activities to ensure equal access, opportunities, and experiences for all. The
study serves as a pivotal step in addressing accessibility and usability challenges faced by
individuals with disabilities, as well as promoting a broader societal shift towards embracing
diversity and inclusivity within the realm of sports and beyond.

In addition, the study aligns with the global emphasis on social inclusion. As societies become
more diverse and inclusive, there is a pressing need to ensure that public spaces, including
sporting facilities, are accessible and usable to everyone. By examining and highlighting UD
strategies suitable for developing inclusive sporting facilities, the study promotes creating
environments that foster social integration and equal participation in conformity with UD
concept. In general, the study aligns with the eleventh goal of the Sustainable Development
Goals (SDGs) that encourages the development of cities and communities to be safe, resilient,
sustainable and inclusive in nature.

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7th International Conference on Science and Sustainable Development and Workshop IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1342 (2024) 012024 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1342/1/012024

2. Methodology

This study is a literature review paper that employed qualitative research methods to execute.
The study was conducted by a systematic six-step procedure. Firstly, the specific research
problem was identified based on a gap detected in existing literature, as explained in the
introduction. Secondly, the research's purpose was established, and the study focus was set.
Subsequently, specific areas to be covered were identified as also stated in the introduction.

Thirdly, as the research was designed as a literature review, it relied mainly on secondary
sources to gather data. Google internet search engine was employed to collect relevant
published papers from online data bases of academic researches which include: Google Scholar,
Covenant University Repository, ResearchGate, Science Direct and Scopus. The Google search
engine was solely relied upon to gather relevant published works where data was extracted
from, been a reputable and reliable search engine widely used in the academic community.
Keywords used for the search include: universal design principles, inclusive development
strategies, sporting facilities, social inclusion, accessibility, usability and people with
disabilities. The search focused on open-access documents published within the last ten years
to situate the study within current knowledge in the field, as well as to capture a wider range of
UD strategies suitable for enhancing social inclusion in the development of sporting facilities.
Based on the selection criteria, forty-five documents that centred primarily on sports complex
were identified. However, following a close evaluation, thirty of the papers were found to be
relevant to achieving the purpose of the study and were utilized as the sample size.

Fourthly, each of the selected papers were carefully scrutinized and data extracted from them
through textual analysis. Fifthly, the data was content analysed and grouped in themes. Lastly,
the findings were presented descriptively in themes with the aid of a plate, table and figures to
enhance understanding.

3. Results and Discussion

3.1 Design Standards

Design standards refer to directives related to the visual and structural aspects of a structure or
property enhancement. These directives oversee changes, construction, removal, or relocation
of such elements. They encompass various elements like external alterations, appended
structures, barriers, landscaping, architectural genres, construction substances, hues, passages,
privileges, legal permissions, distances, proportions, compactness, and upholding of distinctive
attributes. Initially, appearance codes served as the earliest form of architectural design
evaluation regulations. These codes comprised a series of benchmarks to be employed by the
design review board [12]. [13] observed that appearance codes were the initial manifestation of
ordinances for architectural design appraisal, outlining specific criteria for the board's
assessment.

3.2 Inclusive Design

Inclusive design embodies an approach to creating "products and surroundings accessible to all
individuals, to the maximum degree possible, without necessitating adjustments or specialized
tailoring" [15, 16]. Acknowledging the challenges confronted by designers, [17] suggested
substituting the term "inclusion" for "inclusive." This methodology transcends mere structures
and encompasses both the internal and external settings where individuals engage in daily

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7th International Conference on Science and Sustainable Development and Workshop IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1342 (2024) 012024 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1342/1/012024

pursuits. This encompasses locations such as commercial establishments, workplaces, medical

facilities, recreational spaces, parks, streets, as well as sporting facilities. By valuing the
diversity of individuals, inclusive design aspires to shape an environment that accommodates
the assorted requirements of users, effectively dismantling barriers and eradicating exclusion.
It is however recognized that achieving full inclusivity might not invariably address every
conceivable necessity [18]. Ideally therefore, the target of UD is not to meet the accessibility
and usability needs of everyone, but rather to meet the needs of as many people as possible.

3.3 Universal Design Principles

According to [16], the notion of UD encompasses a set of widely accepted principles known as
the seven (7) principles of UD. The principles are highlighted as follows:
3.3.1 Equitable Use: This notion underscores the idea that the design should be both
advantageous and appealing to people of varying abilities, allowing it to be accessible and
appealing to a diverse variety of users.
3.3.2 Flexibility in Use: This idea requires that the design be adjustable, allowing for a wide
range of individual preferences and capacities. It takes into account the many ways in which
users may interact with it.
3.3.3 Simple and Intuitive Use: The utility of the design is inextricably linked to its simplicity,
regardless of the user's background, experience, linguistic ability, or current state of attention.
This ensures that interaction with the design is straightforward and natural.
3.3.4 Perceptible Information: This idea emphasizes the design's ability to effectively relay
vital information to users regardless of the surroundings or the user's sensory capabilities. It
ensures that vital information is clearly presented.
3.3.5 Tolerance for Error: The architecture of the design decreases the probability of hazards
and poor outcomes from unintended or inadvertent activities. This concept decreases the risks
associated with user's errors.
3.3.6 Low Physical Effort: The design is intended to be efficient and pleasant, requiring little
physical effort and preventing unnecessary weariness during engagement.
3.3.7 Appropriate Size and Space for Approach and Use: This concept is concerned with
providing enough dimensions and space allowances for humans to approach, reach, handle, and
make use of the design. This adjustment is dependent on the user's body size, posture, and
mobility [16].

3.4 Application of Universal Design Strategies in Sport Complex

UD principles can help to improve the quality of life by integration them into the planning,
design, and building processes. These principles serve as valuable guides in shaping the design
process, exerting an impact that recognizes the creation of more practical products and spaces.
They also play a role in assessing pre-existing architectural structures. It is worth noting that
the principles extend beyond the scope of merely accessible and barrier-free designs,
encompassing a wider array of considerations [16]. The considerations are examined in the
following sections:

3.4.1 Accessibility
Designing for accessibility goes beyond creating entry points; it extends to facilitating
movement within buildings and premises. Every individual, regardless of ability, should
navigate spaces and use facilities independently, without struggle or assistance [11]. The focus
of making adequate accessibility provisions for everyone, is to achieve usability for all.

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IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1342 (2024) 012024 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1342/1/012024

Usability refers to users' ability to effectively utilize a structure or environment and its facilities,
focusing on meeting users' needs and ensuring comfort [19]. Considering accessibility and
usability is crucial in building design, including sporting facilities. Creating inclusive designs
that cater to all individuals is the most effective approach to ensure inclusivity.

Accessibility aims to ensure that everyone can safely, independently access, and use a sports
complex and its facilities, while usability involves ensuring that everyone can use the facilities.
Therefore, by recognizing that individuals with limited mobility are an integral part of the
equation when it comes to reaching their intended destinations, all projects can establish
favourable conditions. This includes consideration for people with restrictions, whether they
are traveling alone or with assistance from others [20].

When accommodating athletes or spectators who use wheelchair, the key factors to address
include providing accessible parking spaces, ensuring the presence of ramps, installing a
dedicated elevator, and offering appropriate restroom facilities. Meanwhile, for athletes and
users with visual impairments, it is essential for designers to incorporate floor guide and
warning blocks, braille signage, as well as voice alert systems [21].

It is also important that adequate sightlines are provided for wheelchair users in sporting
facilities. A study by [22] centred on improving sightlines for people using wheelchairs in sports
stadiums. This is crucial to ensure they have an unobstructed view of the game while seated in
their chairs, as illustrated in Plate 1.

Plate 1: Wheelchairs Situated in Areas Designated in a Sports Facility for Wheelchair Users
to have Unobstructed View of the Games
Source: https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-
k6AJyoGTjyg/TaWcwDbbcgI/AAAAAAAAAeo/kxjCN5zBKCE/s1600/024.JPG

UD enables easy and uncomplicated utilization, while legal provisions delineate the ideal
conditions for maximizing available space [23]. Despite the presence of particular criteria
aimed at developing accessible features for persons with limited mobility, the guidelines have
frequently failed to satisfy the expectations of people with disabilities when it comes to

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IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1342 (2024) 012024 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1342/1/012024

accessing such areas [20]. Guidelines for accessible buildings and environments stipulate the
necessity of ensuring sufficient measures are in place to facilitate individuals with disabilities
in effortlessly accessing and utilizing buildings directly from the site perimeter and parking
areas [6]. One way to ensure seamless access for people with disabilities is through the
provision of a ramp where there is a change in level as shown in figure 1. According to Rhoads
[16], ramps must have a maximum slope of 1:16 and a minimum width of 1500 mm to allow
two wheelchairs to navigate side by side.

Figure 1: A Ramp to Ensure Seamless Access for People with Disabilities

Source: https://www.dinf.ne.jp/doc/english/intl/z15/z15009gl/z1500908.html

3.4.2 Creating a Barrier Free Linear Pathway

Creating an inclusive and accessible built environment is a widely recognized global objective
due to the substantial population of individuals with disabilities worldwide [24]. Architectural
barriers restricting access for those with disabilities have been identified as a trigger for a
variety of negative repercussions, including alterations in social status, isolation, and limited
economic prospects [25]. Unhealthy way of living, increased dependency, restricted choices,
discriminatory practices, and an overall diminished quality of life for people with disabilities
[13].

Furthermore, these barriers cause substantial difficulty while accessing and departing buildings
and institutions, as well as when seeking to use the amenities located within such structures. In
sports complex settings, the inaccessibility of the environments can induce feelings of
vulnerability among people with disabilities, ultimately leading to stress, diminished self-
esteem, and embarrassment [26, 27]. Hence, it is imperative that sports complexes and their
facilities are designed with a focus on accessibility for everyone. This approach fosters
inclusion and unfettered entrance through a secure and practical architecture that accommodates
people with different requirements, such as those with vision or hearing impairments, parents
using baby carriages, wheelchair users, and older people.

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IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1342 (2024) 012024 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1342/1/012024

Individuals with disabilities acquire the ability to fully participate in mainstream social and
economic activities without fear of exclusion or unfair treatment as a result of barrier-free
design. It is helpful to have antecedent studies available as references for incorporating barrier-
free design concepts into urban architecture [28]. Additionally, the establishment of codes,
guidelines, and regulations is essential to aid in the construction process and provide guidance
to designers regarding UD principles [29] to ensure acceptable and optimal accessibility for
individuals with disabilities. Guidelines for accessible buildings and environments stipulate the
necessity of ensuring sufficient measures are in place to facilitate individuals with disabilities
in effortlessly accessing and utilizing buildings directly from the site perimeter and parking
areas [11].

Regarding the integration of design aspects related to "Low Physical Effort", the approach
involves incorporating specific amenities that adhere to standards. Ensure that accessible car
parking spaces are conveniently located near the lobby, and create unobstructed barrier-free
pathways (minimum width of 1200 mm) from the parking area to the building entrance. These
pathways should be free of obstacles and have a contrasting colour on their surfaces. The design
also involves using push doors without handles to facilitate easy operation [16].

3.4.3 Parking Facilities

In accordance with guidelines outlined in Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) [30], parking
facilities must ensure universal accessibility. Parking spaces should be designed to
accommodate the diverse needs of individuals and be well-defined within designated areas. A
standard perpendicular parking space typically measures 2400 mm wide x 4800 mm long, while
a parallel parking space measures 2400 mm wide x 6100 mm long. It is recommended to
incorporate multiple parking spaces with dimensions larger than the standard. This approach
accommodates individuals with larger vehicles and those requiring additional space for easy
ingress and egress from their vehicles. An example of a typical accessible perpendicular parking
space is shown in figure 2.

Figure 2: Accessible Perpendicular Car Parking Space

Source: https://www.dinf.ne.jp/doc/english/intl/z15/z15009gl/z1500908.html

In compliance with accessibility standards, parking spaces designated for individuals with
disabilities can be arranged parallel or perpendicular to pavements, paths, or walkways. These
spaces must be clearly marked on the road surface. Post or wall-mounted signs should have a
minimum dimension of 300 mm wide x 450 mm high and should be positioned between 1500

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mm to 2500 mm from ground level to the centreline. Painted roadway symbols should have a
minimum plan height of 1400 mm. Clear signage indicating the location of these designated
spaces should be visible from the car park entrance and must feature the International Symbol
of Access. Additionally, it is recommended to maintain a clear access zone of 1200 mm on the
sides and ends of the designated parking spaces [15], as shown in figure 3.

Figure 3: Typical Parking Arrangement for Designated Car Parking Spaces

Source: https://www.dinf.ne.jp/doc/english/intl/z15/z15009gl/z1500908.html

3.4.4 External Ramps

The strategic placement of external ramps becomes essential when addressing changes in level
within a site. An accessible route, designed to be suitable, usable, and easily understandable,
should span from the site's entrance to the building entrance, connecting various structures and
external features like gardens. Incorporating ramps into the design from the beginning is crucial
to ensure seamless integration.

In situations where site topography necessitates level changes, the design of access routes
should prioritize ease of use. Ramps must follow a direct and user-friendly direction. Steps and
ramps at a building's main entrance should be plainly visible from the principal approach point.
In circumstances when ramps or steps are not immediately visible, signs should be strategically
placed to properly direct people [15].

Figure 4 shows a preferable way to use a ramp and steps where there is a change in level, that
is, placing them side by side to provide opportunity for equitable use in conformity with the
first principle of UD.

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7th International Conference on Science and Sustainable Development and Workshop IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1342 (2024) 012024 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1342/1/012024

Figure 4: Ramp and Steps

Source: https://www.dinf.ne.jp/doc/english/intl/z15/z15009gl/z1500908.html

When the gradient of an access route surpasses 1 in 25, it should be treated as if it were an
external ramp. External ramps should adhere to specific standards: the gradient must not exceed
1 in 20, and there should be a maximum rise of 450 mm between each landing. Additionally,
the length of the ramp should not exceed 9000 mm.

For ramps with multiple slopes, each slope between landings should maintain a consistent
gradient. It's important to avoid steep gradients, as these pose challenges for wheelchair users
and individuals relying on walking aids. By adhering to these guidelines, access routes and
ramps can be designed to be inclusive and easily navigable for everyone [30]. Figure 5 shows
an example of an external ramp with gradient not exceeding 1 in 20.

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IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1342 (2024) 012024 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1342/1/012024

Figure 5: External Ramp

Source: https://www.dinf.ne.jp/doc/english/intl/z15/z15009gl/z1500908.html
3.4.5 Conveniences
Pathways play a crucial role in ensuring that toilets are accessible to individuals with
disabilities, as they serve as the connecting link between the sports complex environment and
the restroom facilities. Consequently, ensuring the accessibility of these pathways is of utmost
importance for people with disabilities [28, 31]. To achieve this, it is essential that pathways
are designed to be wide, even, and devoid of obstructions. They should have a minimum width
of 1500 mm to allow the passage of at least two wheelchair users moving in opposite directions
[3]. Moreover, it is imperative that these pathways feature a non-slip surface to facilitate smooth
access for both wheelchair users and individuals relying on mobility aids [27, 31].

In addition to width and surface, it is also critical that the pathways have a limited slope and
provide ample turning radius for wheelchair users [32]. These approaches to pathway design
ensures that individuals with disabilities can access public toilets with ease and without
encountering any barrier. Figure 6 shows illustration of the necessary pathway widths to
facilitate convenient entry for individuals using wheelchairs.

Figure 6: Accessible Pathway Widths

Source:
https://disabilityinclusion.msf.org/assets/files/Iraq%20General%20Accessibility%20Guidelin
es.pdf

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IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1342 (2024) 012024 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1342/1/012024

(1) Considerations for Ensuring Accessibility of Sports Complex Conveniences

(a) Edge Protection
[33] emphasized the significance of incorporating edge protection in sports complex toilets
pathways as a means of safeguarding individuals with disabilities, particularly wheelchair users,
from the edges of footpaths. It is recommended that the edge protection should have a minimum
height of 50 mm from the ramp level to ensure the safety of wheelchair users during their access
to public toilets. Figure 7 is an illustration to underscore the safety crucial role of edge
protection for wheelchair users.

Figure 7: Pathways Edge Protection for Wheelchair Users

Source: http://www.handicap-international.us

(b)Wash Closets
Creating accessible toilets for individuals with disabilities encompasses several key features.
These include providing ample space to accommodate wheelchair users and individuals
utilizing various equipment, installing user-friendly amenities at convenient heights, and
incorporating sufficient handrails and grab bars to aid individuals transitioning from
wheelchairs or those with reduced strength [15, 33].

It is important that a water closet (WC) or latrine allows for a parallel approach to permit a
seamless transfer from a wheelchair to the toilet seat, as this design solution has been
demonstrated to be the most user-friendly. The recommended dimensions for an accessible WC,
complete with a toilet and sink, are 2000 mm by 2000 mm. Figure 8 is a pictorial representation
illustrating the preferred parallel approaches for individuals with disabilities when accessing a
WC.

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IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1342 (2024) 012024 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1342/1/012024

Figure 8: Preferred Parallel Approach for Individuals with Disabilities When Accessing a
Water Closet
Source:
https://disabilityinclusion.msf.org/assets/files/Iraq%20General%20Accessibility%20Guidelin
es.pdf

(c) Handrails
Public restrooms should be equipped with both indoor and outdoor handrails to ensure
unimpeded access for individuals with disabilities [15, 33]. According to the guidelines in the
Persons with Disability Act, 2006 (Act 715) of the Republic of Ghana highlighted by [18],
outdoor handrails should be installed at a height of 1000 mm for adults and 600 mm for children,
beginning at the ramp level. The outside handrails must continue horizontally at least 300 mm
beyond the top and bottom of steps and ramps, bending back to the wall or terminating with an
inconspicuous termination that does not hinder the route.

As for indoor handrails, also known as grab bars, their presence is crucial to assist wheelchair
users in accessing the WC [34]. In addition, handrails should be in a colour that contrasts with
the wall and have two unobstructed heights (865 mm and no more than 965 mm). A horizontal
railing should also be installed at the end of a ramp [16]. Figure 9 shows the significance of
grab bars in facilitating access to the WC for individuals with disabilities.

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IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1342 (2024) 012024 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1342/1/012024

Figure 9: Grab Bars in a Toilet Space

Source:
https://disabilityinclusion.msf.org/assets/files/Iraq%20General%20Accessibility%20Guidelin
es.pdf

(d) Wash Hand Basin

The existence of a wash hand basin (WHB) in public restrooms is critical for supporting
individual's health and well-being. To enable accessibility for all, the sink height should be
placed at 800 mm from the floor to the top of the sink [34]. This height makes it easier for
wheelchair users to make use of the WHB. Also, there should be a clearance of 700 mm from
the floor to the underneath of the sink to allow a wheelchair to fit comfortably beneath it [34].
Additionally, it is essential that the handles on the sink are designed for easy operation,
eliminating the need for wrist rotation, and positioned at a height of 900 mm from the floor, in
accordance with the same provision.

For the convenience of children and individuals of smaller stature, it is recommended to provide
a removable footstool to aid them in reaching the sink effortlessly. This inclusive approach
ensures that the WHB can be comfortably and safely used by a diverse range of individuals,
promoting overall hygiene and well-being in public restrooms. Figure 10 shows an example of
a WHB for diverse user groups, including wheelchair users.

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Figure 10: Wash Hand Basin for Diverse Users

Source:
https://disabilityinclusion.msf.org/assets/files/Iraq%20General%20Accessibility%20Guidelin
es.pdf

(e) Doors
Doors play an important role in maintaining the privacy for people with impairments, making
their inclusion essential in the design of a sports complex space [35]. It is crucial to consider
specific door features to enhance accessibility further. In the case of the sports complex toilet
doors, they should open outward to maximize the available space within a cubicle. Additionally,
door handles should be positioned at a height of 800 mm to accommodate individuals with
physical impairments [18].

Furthermore, various categories of sports facilities are observed to be utilized by distinct groups
of individuals engaged in sports. Doorways should be 800 mm wide, capable of opening to a
90-degree angle as shown in figure 12. The main entrance, ideally automated, needs to be
accessible. In cases where the entrance continues, sufficient space (1200 mm alongside the
door's width) should be provided for individuals using a wheelchair to enter the room while the
second door is opened. The entrance threshold should not exceed a height of 13 mm for
seamless access for a wheelchair user [16].

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Figure 11: Handrail on Door

Source:
https://disabilityinclusion.msf.org/assets/files/Iraq%20General%20Accessibility%20Guidelin
es.pdf

(f) Walkways and Pavements

In the case of people with disabilities, a sporting complex environment characterized by
numerous obstacles in the walking pathways, deteriorating path conditions, discontinuous
sidewalks, the presence of obstructions, and a lack of disability-friendly amenities such as curb
cuts and tactile signage, could lead to extended travel times to access facilities. Also, it might
diminish the appeal of engaging in social activities in sporting facilities which are vital for
enhancing the overall quality of social inclusion in sports complex [26, 36].

According to [2], wheelchair users may feel vibrations that have an influence on their spine,
thereby raising the risk of abnormalities, lower back pain, and other musculoskeletal problems.
One effective arrangement to mitigate these risks involves employing a 900 herringbone pattern
with a bevel measuring less than 6 mm. This pattern is considered preferable to the 450 pattern,
as it ensures a safer level of exposure to vibrations [37].

In terms of walkway dimensions, it is recommended that the walkway should have a width
ranging from 1500 mm to 2000 mm. However, the minimum width for a walkway should not
be less than 3000 mm, in accordance with the guidelines provided by [38], adapted from The
2010 Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) Standards for Accessible Design.

3.4.6 Urinals
The 2010 ADA Accessibility Guidelines provides the norm for a wide range of buildings and
facilities, including sports complexes. According to [38] Standards for Accessible Design
specify particular criteria for urinals in restrooms. Some of the criteria for urinals in sporting
facilities are as follows:

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(i) Height: Urinals should be installed with the rim not exceeding 17 inches above the floor
level.
(ii) Clear Floor Space: A clear floor space of at least 30 inches by 48 inches must be available
in front of the urinal.
(iii) Flush Controls: Flush controls should be positioned not higher than 44 inches above the
floor.
(iv) Location: Urinals should be situated along an accessible route and should be clearly
identified by the International Symbol of Accessibility.
Urinals can come in the form of wall-hung bowls or stall-type fixtures and should be installed
on a level floor surface. One out of every six urinals should be positioned lower than the others,
with the rim at 380 mm above the floor level instead of the standard 500 mm. Each pair of
urinals should be equipped with guardrails on both the left and right sides to provide support.
The lower urinal must have a clear space of 900 mm width and 1400 mm depth in front of it,
allowing wheelchair users to approach comfortably. Additionally, urinals should be separated
by screens or partitions to ensure privacy, especially when located near washbasins or cubicle
areas as shown in Figure 12.

Figure 12: Accessible Urinal Arrangement

Source:
https://disabilityinclusion.msf.org/assets/files/Iraq%20General%20Accessibility%20Gui
delines.pdf

3.4.7 Signage
According to [39], signage should typically feature bold 'sans-serif' lettering, such as Helvetica,
and be positioned against a highly contrasting background. This design approach is aimed at

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ensuring that individuals with impaired vision can easily discern the signage. Additionally, the
plan emphasizes the importance of utilizing appropriate signage to differentiate between
pedestrian, vehicular, and emergency routes within the facility.

Also, one-way paths should be clearly identified with pavement markings as well as post-
mounted signage. Signage consistency is critical to preventing confusion among users of
athletic facilities. To achieve consistency, it is recommended to incorporate the "International
Symbol of Accessibility" when identifying special facilities like accessible parking areas,
accessible entrances, or accessible restrooms, as indicated in figure 13 [42].

Figure 13: Signage Description

Source: http://publicservice.universaldesign.ie/written6.html

3.4.8 Stairs
According to [16], steps should be 125 mm high and 180 mm wide, with a width of 280 mm.
According to the principles of UD [40], consistent dimensions for both the width of each step
and the angle of inclination are required for stairs. Also, stairs should maintain an incline of
less than 60 degrees. There should be no perforated ramps that could pose a hazard to
individuals using the stairs. Handrails must be present on at least one side of the staircase, but
preferably on both sides. At the ends of the staircase, the handrail should extend an additional
300 mm as displayed in figure 14. The handrail must be comfortably graspable, placed 650 mm
to 800 mm above the floor, free of distracting structural components, and have rounded or
deflected ends facing the floor, wall, or column. For outdoor stairs, provisions must be made to
prevent rainwater from pooling on the steps. Figures 14 to 18 show various handrail standard
specifications along a staircase.

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Figure 14: Staircase with Handrail Design Specifications

Source: https://eprints.uny.ac.id/63842/4/BAB%20II.pdf.

Figure 15: Handrail in a Straight Configuration

Source: https://eprints.uny.ac.id/63842/4/BAB%20II.pdf

Figure 16: Handrail Located at a Staircase Base.

Source: https://eprints.uny.ac.id/63842/4/BAB%20II.pdf.

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IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1342 (2024) 012024 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1342/1/012024

Figure 17: Handrail Usage at a Turn

Source: https://eprints.uny.ac.id/63842/4/BAB%20II.pdf.

Figure 18: Different Sizes of Handrails

Source https://eprints.uny.ac.id/63842/4/BAB%20II.pdf

3.4.9 Elevators:
Elevators serve a critical role in guaranteeing accessibility for those with mobility issues in
sports complexes; thus, elevators must be user-friendly and operable without the intervention
of professionals. To enhance accessibility, elevators should ideally be located opposite
staircases, providing multiple means of access between floors and allowing individuals to
choose their preferred mode of mobility. The visibility of elevator locations is paramount; clear
signage should be employed to ensure that elevators are easily identifiable and accessible to all,
promoting inclusive movement within a facility [41].

To provide adequate access for all people in sporting facilities, it is important that the ADA of
2010 accessibility guidelines [30] are adhered to. To this end, elevators must adhere to the
following ADA Standards:

a. Visual Indicators:
When the call is answered, visual indications above the control panel/keypad or door with
a minimum character height of 12 inches shall extinguish.
b. Automatic Verbal Announcement:
Automatic vocal announcements with frequencies ranging from 300 Hz to 3,000 Hz and levels
ranging from 10 dB above ambient to 80 dB are required.

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c. Existing Elevators (Alterations):

Alterations to existing elevators must comply with the ADA Standards to ensure accessibility.

d. Limited-Use/Limited-Application Elevators:
The ASME A18.1 Safety Standard for Platform Lifts and Stairway Chairlifts must be followed
by platform lifts. Compliance with the A18.1 Standard, 1999 or 2003 versions, is required.
However, freight or service elevators are exempt from complying with the standards, as these
are not intended for public use. [30]. Table 1 shows various elevator car dimensions.
Table 1: Elevator Car Dimensions

Minimum Dimensions
SN Location of the Inside Car Side to Side Back Wall to Back Wall to
Door Door Width Inside Car Front Return Inside Face
Inside Car of Door
1 Centred 1065 mm 2030 mm 1295 mm 1370 mm
2 Side (Off-centred) 915 mm 1725 mm 1295 mm 1370 mm
3 Any 915 mm 1370 mm 2030 mm 2030 mm
4 Any 915 mm 1525 mm 1525 mm 1525 mm
Source: [2].

Elevator cars should have a clear width of at least 1065 mm and clear depth of 1370 mm as
shown in figure 19. The doors should be placed at the narrow side and should have a clear
width of at least 815 mm [30].

Figure 19: Elevator Car Dimensions

Source: https://www.pinterest.com/pin/440508407293509503/
3.5 User Comfortability and Preference
The extent to which a structure or environment can meet the needs and aim of its residents is
referred to as usability. It entails determining how well and efficiently people can traverse and

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IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1342 (2024) 012024 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1342/1/012024

use the building and its services. In essence, the goal is to design locations and goods that are
accessible to a wide range of individuals, including those with disabilities, without the need for
assistance. This concept of usability becomes evident in various aspects of design, such as the
height and rigidity of door handles, the positioning of switches, the placement of handrails, and
the accessibility of sanitary facilities, among other factors, as discussed in references like
Barrier free [42].

Addressing user comfort design issues in terms of size and space for approach and use requires
developing components that can be accessed comfortably by all users, whether seated or
standing. Ample room must be made available for the use of assistive equipment or personal
assistance. Furthermore, various categories of sports facilities are observed to be utilized by
distinct groups of individuals engaged in sports [43]. Doorways should be 800 mm wide,
capable of opening to a 90o angle. The main entrance, ideally automated, needs to be accessible.
If the entry continues, enough space (1200 mm beside the width of the door) should be allowed
for a wheelchair user to enter a room or space while opening the second door. The entry
threshold should not be higher than 13 mm [16].

Comfort pertains to both physiological well-being and psychological stability. Eco-friendliness

signifies designs that have no detrimental impact on the environment and can be sustained over
time. Safety underscores the importance of designs that provide security and prevent accidents.
Selectivity empowers individual preferences, abilities, physical conditions, age, and ethnicity.
Lastly, comfortability represents a design that caters to local characteristics while seamlessly
integrating with urban contexts. These principles regard accessibility as a distinct and essential
component, comparable to UD itself, marking a departure from the perspective presented by
[45].

The process of inclusive design should be perceived as a seamless journey starting from the
earliest concept or design outline, encompassing the design brief or overarching plan, and
extending to the intricate design details. This journey further incorporates the phases of
planning, obtaining building control approvals, progressing to the construction stage, and
eventually encompassing the operation, administration, and upkeep of the finalized structure.
At every one of these junctures, inclusivity should remain a central focus, engaging potential
users, which naturally includes individuals with impairments [19, 26, 46].

4. Conclusion and Recommendations

This study emphasized the importance of sporting facilities in public recreational infrastructure,
highlighting the need to consider inclusion and social engagement in their design. It examined
the requirements of the universal design concept in the development of the built environment
with the goal of providing insight on how to make sporting facilities accessible to individuals
of all backgrounds and abilities, particularly people with disabilities. The examination of
literature revealed seven key areas to consider to achieve social inclusion in a sports complex:
equitable usage, adaptability, simplicity, perceptibility, tolerance for error, use of minimal
physical effort, and adequate space allocation. In aligning with Sustainable Development Goal
11, that promotes the development of safe, resilient, sustainable and inclusive cities or
communities, the research highlights strategies for enhancing social inclusion in sporting
facilities development. The importance of sports in promoting well-being is recognized, with

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IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1342 (2024) 012024 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1342/1/012024

an emphasis on overcoming hurdles faced by people with disabilities. The article promotes the
use of universal design principles across the whole design process, taking cultural and
socioeconomic considerations into account.

It is recognized that relying on secondary data for the study constitutes a limitation for the
research, but does not in any way diminish its contributions which include: provision of insight
on how to achieve social inclusion in the design and development of sporting facilities, through
the application of the universal design principles and inclusive design strategies. Consequently,
further studies should explore the possibility of investigating the practical implementation of
universal design strategies in existing sporting facilities, as well as to ascertain the extent to
which the strategies employed meet users’ requirements. Also, further studies should examine
to what extent are building codes embedded with provisions to encourage the deployment of
universal design strategies in the development of sporting facilities in particular and the built
environment in general. It is envisaged that such studies will reveal key areas that require further
improvements towards achieving inclusivity in the development of the built environment.

5. Acknowledgments

Covenant University is acknowledged by the authors for the financing support and provision of
infrastructural facilities used to carry out the research. The authors are also grateful to
researchers whose works were consulted, cited and referenced in the study, as well as the
anonymous reviewers whose insightful remarks helped to improve the quality of the initial
manuscript.

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