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COMMUNICATIONS ENGINEERING
(ELC 3251)

INTRODUCTION

Over the centuries, communication has evolved from

primitive methods like smoke signals and carrier
pigeons to the invention of telegraph, then
telephone, till complex digital networks connecting
individuals across the globe within seconds.

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 Today, we have a vast array of devices and platforms at our

fingertips that allow us to connect with anyone, anywhere, at
any time.
 This remarkable transformation would not have been possible
without the relentless pursuit of electronics engineers to
develop efficient and reliable communication devices.

FUTURE OF COMMUNICATIONS

1. Internet of Things (IoT)

2. 6G Technology
3. Artificial Intelligence

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Internet of Things (IoT):

IoT devices, interconnected through the internet, have the potential to
transform how we communicate with our surroundings. Smart homes, wearable
devices, and connected vehicles are just a glimpse of the possibilities.

Source: Publish/subscribe-enabled software defined

networking for efficient and scalable IoT communications
Article in IEEE Communications Magazine · September 2015

6G Technology

6G research has already taken a pace before 5G global rollout.

5G – the fifth-generation network is barely commercialised with only few
places enjoying its unparalleled benefits.
6G network is capable of delivering speed of 1 terabyte/second or 8,000
gigabits/second with air latency less than 100 microseconds.
4G or LTE networks had a latency of about 50 ms whereas 5G networks
had 5ms. This enhances near real time applications such as autonomous
vehicles and immersive 3D and virtual reality.

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Artificial Intelligence:

 With its ability to analyse vast amounts of data, make intelligent

decisions in real time, and automate complex processes, AI has enabled
the development of more efficient, reliable, and secure communication
technologies that have enhanced our daily lives.
 Integrating AI in communication systems can enhance; chatbots,
automated voice assistants and language translation services, mitigate
non-linear effects in wireless transceiver design, wireless network
resource allocation, localization of wireless devices, and detection and
prevention of cyber-security attacks at the wireless network edge.

THE ROLE OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING IN

COMMUNICATION NETWORKS

Here are some key areas where computer engineering plays a critical role:

Protocol Design: Developing robust and secure communication protocols is

vital for efficient network operations. Computer engineers are responsible
for designing protocols such as TCP/IP, which govern the transmission of
data across networks. These protocols enable seamless data exchange and
prevent network congestion.

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Data Security: As data breaches become more prevalent, computer

engineers work tirelessly to design and implement secure
communication networks. They develop sophisticated encryption
algorithms, intrusion detection systems, and firewalls to protect data
from unauthorized access.

 User Interface Design: User interface (UI) design is crucial for

intuitive and user-friendly communication platforms. Computer engineers
work on creating interfaces that are visually appealing, easy to navigate,
and responsive. They optimize the user experience by considering factors
such as accessibility, compatibility across devices, and responsiveness to
user inputs. This ensures that communication platforms are user-centric
and create a seamless conversation experience.

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WHAT SHOULD COMPUTER ENGINEER STUDENT STUDY?

For Computer Engineering students, key topics in Communications

Engineering might include signal processing, modulation
techniques, digital communication systems, data transmission
technologies and protocols, wireless communication, and network
architecture. You might also delve into topics like information
theory, error detection and correction, and network security.

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This course covers the following two main subjects:

1- Modulation Techniques (Analog communication

techniques), and

2- Transmission Media

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COMMUNICATIONS ENGINEERING
In general, communications Engineering mainly deals with the following:
 Theory and Concepts
Modulation Theory, Sampling theory, Traffic Theory,..etc.
 Technology
- Analog and digital
- Transmission Media and Technology
 Measure of Performance
 Developing

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Course Learning Outcomes

Among the learning outcomes of this course;
1.Demonstrate a solid understanding of the basic concepts
of communication theory,

2. Demonstrate a good understanding of the typical

communication systems,

3.Be able to use the proper transmission media and

technology to achieve efficient and reliable
communications.

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Assignments & Quizzes

 You may have a 5 minutes quiz during the

lecture,
 You will receive the assignment at least one
week before the submission due date.
Notice: that it is an individual assignment.
 Grades:
•Assignments and quizzes for this part (for
the time being…!)

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SCHEDULE (TENTATIVE & HOPEFULLY) OF

THIS PART OF THE COURSE (PART B):

Unit 1 Basics of Communication Systems and

transmission Media, Line and Cannel
Coding
Unit 2
Queuing and Traffic Theory

Unit 3 Example of Communication Systems

(satellite Communications)

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Suggested Reading
There is no single textbook for
topics covered in Part B. However,
the following are good references :
Contact:

1- Data Communications and

Address: Building 8, Elec.&
Networking, Behrouz A Forouzan, Comm. Dept, 3rd Floor
and Sophia Chung Fegan, 4th Edition
McGraw Hill Higher Education, Phone : 8847
2007.
2- Communication Systems Email:
[email protected]
Engineering , John G. Proakis and
Masoud Salehi, 2nd Ed, Prentice
Hall 2002

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TCP/IP Network Reference Model

The TCP/IP model with some protocols

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UNIT 1: Basics of Communication

Systems
 Comm. System Building Blocks
 Frequency Spectrum & Bandwidth
 Analog & Digital Comm. (case Study: Telephone Channel)
 Frequency and Time Division Multiplexing (case Study: DSL)
 Synchronous and Asynchronous Trans.

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MODULE 1:
COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
BUILDING BLOCKS

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Communication System

Channel
Source Transmitter Receiver Destination

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Physical transmission Coaxial cable

UTP
Wire (guided) Twisted Pair
STP
Fiber Optic

Transmission Radio waves

Media
Physical Transmission

Microwave

Wireless
Infrared

Baseband Satellite

Signaling
Laser
Techniques
Broadband

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Transmission Impairment

Causes of Impairment

Noise
Attenuation

Distortion

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Communication System Design Concepts

Communications Systems
-waveforms unknown (else no actual information
is transmitted)
-design for efficient information transmission

While in Electrical Energy Systems for

example;
-waveforms known
-design for minimum energy loss

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Communication System Design Concepts (2)

Four main concerns for communication system design

➢Selection of the information bearing waveform “symbol
waveform”
➢Bandwidth and power of the waveform
➢Effect of system noise on the received waveform
➢Cost of the system

Communication systems main resources to transfer

information are:
- TIME
- FREQUENCY BAND (spectrum),
- TECHNOLOGY (Money)
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Goal of Communication System

To design the communications system such that the
information is transmitted with as little deterioration
as possible while satisfying design constraints, i.e.,

allowable transmission energy

allowable channel bandwidth

Common signal deterioration measures:

Digital System: Bit Error Rate (BER)

Analog System: Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) at
receiver output

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Module 2:
Frequency Spectrum & Bandwidth

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FREQUENCY SPECTRUM
 Available range of frequencies for
communications.
 Starts from low frequency communication such
as voice and progresses to high frequency
communication such as microwaves and satellite
communications.
 The spectrum spans the entire bandwidth of
communicable frequencies .

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FREQUENCY SPECTRUM
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Source: tra.com.eg
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RADIO FREQUENCY (RF) 30 HZ - 300 GHZ (CONTINUED)

• ELF 3-30 Hz (Extremely Low Frequency) Metal Detectors

• SLF 30 Hz-300 Hz (Super Low Frequency) Submarine communications.

• ULF or VF 300 Hz-3000 Hz (Ultra Low Frequency/Voice

Frequency) Audio – Telephone

• VLF 3-30 KHz (Very Low Frequency) Navigation, Sonar

• LF 30-300 KHz (Low Frequency) 9-190 KHz Radio navigation and

Maritime 190-405 KHz Aeronautical and Radio Beacons
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RADIO FREQUENCY (RF) 30 HZ - 300 GHZ CONTINUED

• MF 300 KHz - 3 MHz (Medium Frequency)

AM Radio 535 - 1705 KHz Police, Fire 2000-2187 Maritime radio,
Direction finding 457 KHz Avalanche Beacon 1800-2000 KHz 160
m amateur radio 2300-2500 120 m Shortwave International
Radio.

• HF 3MHz-30MHz (High Frequency) ITU Band 7

3.023 MHz Marine Search and Rescue 4-22 MHz Shortwave
Radio 3.2 - 3.4 90 m Shortwave 3.5-4.0 MHz 75/80 m Amateur
Radio 4-4.4 MHz Maritime

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RADIO FREQUENCY (RF) 30 HZ - 300 GHZ CONTINUED

 VHF 30MHz-300MHz (Very High Freq.) ITU Band 8

30.86-32 MHz Public Service,

32-33 MHz Government
33.4-34 Public Service
35.42-35.46 MHz IMTS Improved Mobile telephone Sevice- Base To Car
37-37.4 MHz Public Service
37.9-38 MHz Public Service
39-40 MHz Public Service
40 MHz Garage door openers, alarm systems, etc.
42-42.9 MHz Public Service
43.42-43.46 IMTS Mobile Phone - Car To Base
43-49 MHz Alarm Systems, Door Openers, Baby Monitors, Cordless
phones, Motorcycle Intercom
49 MHz Baby Monitors
50-54 MHz 6 Meter Amateur Radio
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RADIO FREQUENCY (RF) 30 HZ - 300 GHZ CONTINUED

 VHF 30MHz-300MHz (Contd.)

54-88 MHZ TV Ch. 2 to 6
72 MHz Radio controlled airplanes
75 MHz Radio controlled cars
88-108 MHz FM Radio
108-117 Aircraft - Aeronautical radio navigation service
(ARNS), VHF Omnidirectional Range navigation system (VOR)
137-144 Government, Little LEOs (Low Earth Orbiting Satellites),
Public Safety
121.5 MHz
150-156 MURS (Multi-Use Radio Service) low power, short range VHF
Citizens Band service.
152 MHz Pagers
152-156 Non-Military LMR (Land Mobil Radio).
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RADIO FREQUENCY (RF) 30 HZ - 300 GHZ CONTINUED

 UHF 300MHz-3GHz (Ultra High Freq.) ITU Band 9

328-335 Aeronautical Radio navigation 451-454 Public Service
(Police, ..) 452 Taxi 460-462 Public Service (Police, ..) 470-
698 TV Ch. 14 -51 807-890 TV channels 70-83
L-band 1000-2000MHz 1,559 GPS Aeronautical radio
navigation service (ARNS) 1,575 GPS L1 frequency - 1.6 GHz LEO
(Low Earth Orbiting Satellites 500-1000 mi.), satellite
pagers 1610-1618.7 MHz Globalstar Satellite Phones 1.8 - 2.0
GHz PCS Mobil Telephone (CDMA, TDMA, GSM) 1.8 - 1.9 GHz
DECT (Europe) S-band 2000-4000MHz

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RADIO FREQUENCY (RF) 30 HZ - 300 GHZ CONTINUED

 SHF 3 GHz - 30 GHz (Super High Frequency) ITU Band 10

3.1-3.6 MDS(mW Dist. Sys), WLL 3.3-3.7 GHz WLAN band.
C-band 4-8 GHz 3.7 - 4.2 Satellite to Earth
communications X-band 8-12 GHz 10.5 Police Radar Ku-
band 12GHz-18 GHz K-band 18 GHz-27 GHz NASA -
Satellite comm 24.15 GHz Police Radar

 EHF 30 GHz - 300 GHz (Extremely High Frequency), ITU

Band 11
Ka-band 27-40 GHz Millimeter Wave Frequencies 20 GHz
LEOS, 31 GHz LMDS, V-band 40-75 GHz, W-band 75-
110 GHz

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Quiz 1

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Quiz No. 1

Analog FM Broadcasting works in which of the following

frequency band(s)
A. LF (30-300 kHz)
B. MF (300-3000kHz)
C. HF (3-30 MHz)
D. VHF (30-300MHz)

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