Organic Chemistry

BENJAMIN M. MAALA
 Organic Chemistry

•Organic Chemistry is the

study of Carbon Compounds.
 Carbon Compounds

• Carbon Compounds are also

called Organic Compounds.
 Carbon
• Carbon is unique in its ability to bond with other
carbon atoms to form chains.
• To some carbon compounds, these chains are
branched, whereas in others they can form into
rings.
• Such property is called Catenation.
 Catenation

• Catenation permits carbon atoms to

bond with other carbon atoms to form
over millions synthetic and natural
carbon compounds.
• Carbon can also bond with other elements such as
oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen , phosphorus and halogen.
 Organic Compounds
• All are Carbon Compounds
• All have Covalent Bond
• All have low melting points
• All have low boiling points
• Most burn in oxygen
• Most are soluble in non-polar solvents
• Most are non-electrolytes
• All can have large molecules with many atoms
 Hydrocarbons

• Hydrocarbons are compounds that

contain only Carbon and Hydrogen
atoms. They may be described as
saturated and unsaturated.
Crude Oil
What is crude oil?
Crude oil is a mixture of
hydrocarbons.
Hydrocarbon is a molecule made
from hydrogen and carbon atoms.
 Different Crude Oil
Gases - cooking and heating.
Petrol - car fuel.
Naphtha - lighter fuel.
Kerosene - aircraft fuel.
Diesel - lorry/train fuel.
Fuel oil - ship/power station fuel.
Bitumen - road/roof surfacing.
 HYDROCARBONS

Aliphatic hydrocarbons or open chain Aromatic hydrocarbons

compound Or closed chain compound
(unsaturated hydrocarbons)

SATURATED UNSATURATED

BENZENE
DERIVATIVES
ALKANES ALKENES
(CnH2n+2) (CnH2n)
Fused-ring aromatic hydrocarbons
CYCLOALKANES ALKYNES
(CnH2n) (CnH2n+2)
SATURATED UNSATURATED
PETROL car fuel.
GAS cooking and heating.
NAPHTHA lighter fuel.
KEROSENE aircraft fuel
BITUMEN road/roof surfacing
 Saturated and Unsaturated Hydrocarbons
• Saturated Hydrocarbons are those in which all
carbon-carbon bonds are single bonds;
• Unsaturated Hydrocarbons contain one or more
carbon-carbon multiple bonds (double bonds,
triple bonds, or both)
Classification of Hydrocarbons

Hydrocarbons

Aliphatic Aromatic

Alkanes Alkenes Alkynes

 Alkanes
• Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons with general
formula CnH2n+2. They can exist as straight chain or
as branched compounds.
• Cycloalkanes = cyclic saturated hydrocarbons.
• Often called Paraffins
• General formula CnH2n+2 where n = 1 …
E.g. n = 1  CH4; n = 2  C2H6, etc.
• Straight chain (normal) alkanes = carbon atoms
connected to each other to form a chain of carbon
atoms:
• Molecular formula: gives number and kind of atoms
• Structural formula: gives how bonding between different
atoms.

H
H C H CH4
H
structural formula molecular formula
 Structural Formula
• The be following guidelines may be followed in writing
the structural formula of the organic compounds:
a. Carbon can only accommodate four bonds.
b. following the octet rule, a carbon atom with multiple
bonds can form links with other groups as the
remaining bonds will allow.
• A carbon –carbon double bond allows for only two
groups to be bonded to each carbon involved in the
formation of the double bond.
• A carbon-carbon triple bond allows for only one group
to be bonded to each of the carbons in the triple bond.
 H H H H H H H H H H
H C H H C C H H C C C H H C C C C H
H H H H H H H H H H
CH4 CH3CH3 CH3CH2CH3 CH3(CH2)2CH3

Methane Ethane Propane Butane

 Straight Chain Alkanes

• Straight- Chain Alkanes are

named according to the number
of carbon atoms they contain.
• The suffix –ane identifies the
molecule as an alkane
• The naming of alkanes also follows a pattern. The
name has two parts
1. The prefix alk- shows the number of carbon atoms.
2. The suffix –ane shows that hyrdocarbon is saturated (
single-bonded)
• 3. For compounds with five or more carbon atoms, each
prefix is derived from the Greek or Latin name for the
number of carbon atoms.
 Moleculer, Expanded and condensed
structural formula
• C2H6
• CH3-CH3
 Parent alkane
• The longest continuous carbon chain of a branched
hydrocarbon.
 Branched Alkanes

• Carbon atoms can also bond to three or four other

carbon atoms, resulting in branched in chains.
• Each carbon in a molecule is described as primary,
secondary , tertiary , or quaternary based on the number
of carbon atoms bonded to it.
• Parent Chain- The longest continuous chain of carbon
atoms
• Substituent- All side branches
-Substitute for a hydrogen atom in the straight chain.
 Alkyl groups

• Compounds like methane, CH4, and ethane, CH3CH3, are members of a family of
compounds called alkanes. If you remove a hydrogen atom from one of these you get an
alkyl group.
For example:
• A methyl group is CH3.
• An ethyl group is CH3CH2.
• These groups must, of course, always be attached to something else.
 Isomers
• When two compounds have the same chemical formula but
different structural formulas they are called isomers.
• There are many kinds of isomers depending on where the
carbons are placed and how bonds are arranged.
Alkanes Usual Form

Methane Gas -162 -161.5

Ethane Gas -172 -88.6

Propane Gas -187.7 42.1

Butane Gas -138.3 -0.5

Pentane Liquid -129.7 -36.1
Hexane Liquid -95.3 -68.7
Heptane Liquid -90.6 -98.4
Octane Liquid -56.8 -125.7
Nonane Liquid -53.6 -150.8
Decane Liquid -29.7 -174.0
Quick Check:
 Cycloalkanes
• An organic compound that contains a hydrocarbon ring
is called a cyclic hydrocarbon.
• To indicate the hydrocarbon has a ring structure, the
prefix cyclo- is used with the hydrocarbon name.
• Cyclic hydrocarbons that contain only single bonds are
called cycloalkanes
• Hydrocarbons where the carbons form a ring or cyclic
structure; General formula: CnH2n.
 Alkenes
• Alkenes, having double bonds in their
structures are unsaturated hydrocarbons
with the general formula CnH2n
• Naming Alkenes is changing the -ane
ending to -ene.
 Naming alkenes
• Alkenes are named in much the same way as alkanes.
Their names are formed by changing the -ane ending of
the corresponding alkane to -ene. An alkane with two
carbons is named ethane, and an alkene with two
carbons is named ethene. Likewise, a three-carbon
alkene is named propene. Ethene and propene have
older, more common names: ethylene and propylene,
respectively.
 Naming branched-chain alkenes
• When naming branched- chain alkenes, follow the
IUPAC rules for naming branched-chain alkanes, but
with two exceptions. First, in alkenes, the parent chain is
always the longest chain that contains the double bond,
whether or not it is the longest chain of carbon atoms.
Second, the position of the double bond, not the
branches, determines how the chain is numbered.
• Cyclic alkenes are named in much the same way as
cyclic alkanes; however, carbon number 1 must be one
of the carbons connected by the double bond.
ALKYNES
 We know that the term
“organic” means different
things to different people.
What does “organic” mean
to chemists?
It means carbon-based
 What makes an
organic compound
different from an
inorganic compound?
Organic compounds
contain carbon,
whereas inorganic
compounds do not.
 Why is organic
chemistry important
to studying living
organisms?
It is important because living
organisms are carbon-based,
meaning that they are made
of organic compounds
 What are some
examples of organic
compounds
Examples include:
petroleum, plastics,
vitamins, sugar, and
gasoline
 (C6H12O6)
Is this compound organic or
inorganic?
It is Organic
How do we know?
It has Carbon
• C5H4N4O3 – uric acid (organic)
• H2O – water (inorganic)
• C21H22N2O2 – strychnine (organic)
• C17H19NO3 – morphine (organic)
• NaCl – salt (inorganic)
• C19H28O2 – testosterone (organic)
• CH4 – methane (organic)
 Alkynes
• Unsaturated hydrocarbons that contain one
or more triple bonds between carbon atoms
in a chain are called alkynes. Triple bonds
involve the sharing of three pairs of electrons.
The simplest and most commonly used
alkyne is ethyne (C2H2), which is widely
known by its common name acetylene.
Acetylene (systematic
name: ethyne) is the chemical
compound with the formula
C2H2. It is a hydrocarbon and
the simplest alkyne. This
colorless gas is widely used as
a fuel and a chemical building
block. It is unstable in its pure
form and thus is usually
handled as a solution.
 Naming alkynes
• Straight-chain alkynes and branched-
chain alkynes are named in the same
way as alkenes. The only difference is
that the name of the parent chain ends in
-yne rather than -ene. Study the
examples in Alkynes with one triple
covalent bond form a homologous series
with the general formula CnH2n-2.
 Aromatic Hydrocarbons

• Aromatic Hydrocarbons or
arenes are compounds that
contain a benzene ring in their
struccture.
 Aromatic Hydrocarbons

• Benzene, C6H6 , is the parent

compound of this class
hydrocarbons.
• In fact, benzene is the simplest form
of aromatic hydrocarbons.
• In 1865, August Kekule proposed the
benzene by a ring structure consisting of six
carbon atoms.

• Kekule showed that the benzene has double

bonds alternating around the ring.
• Benzene is a ring of six carbon atoms, each attached to one
hydrogen atom.
QUICK CHECK
FUNCTIONAL GROUP
 ALCOHOL
• Alcohol is a organic compound commonly used as
reagent, solvent, and fuels. It is colorless and also
transparent. It has an OH group attached to a single bond
alkyl group, alkane.

• The four most common alcohols are methyl alcohol, ethyl

alcohol, propyl alcohol, and isopropyl alcohol.
 AMINES
• Amines are organic compounds containing a functional
group of basic nitrogen atom. They are derivatives of
ammonia where one or more hydrogen atoms are
replaced by an R group.

• It may be in three different classes

Primary, secondary and tertiary amines.
 Carboxylic Acids
• Carboxylic acids are characterized by the presence of
carboxyl group. A carboxyl group is a functional group
with a carbonyl and hydroxyl which has the general
formula ----COOH

• Acids having two carboxyl groups are called dicarbixylic.

A good example of this is oxalic acid (COOH)2. this acid
is used as cleansing agent.
 Aldehydes
• Aldehydes functional group consists of a carbonyl bonded
to hydrogen atom and in R group.
• The term aldehyde comes from the word “alcohol
dehydrogenated.” the simplest aldehyde is the
formaldehyde or methanal.
• Contribute to favorable odors of essential oils like cilantro
and vanilla.
• Formaldehyde is used as disinfectant and preservative.
 KETONES
• Ketone is a functional group characterized by a carbonyl group
linked to two other carbon atoms. It can be generally represented
by the formula RCOR, where the two Rs are Alkyl groups.
• Acetone or propanone is the simplest example of a ketone.
• The common name for ketones is formed by naming two alkyl
substituents on the carbonyl group.
• Ketones are often used in perfumes and paints to stabilize the
other ingredients so that they don’t degrade as quickly over the
time.
 AMIDES
• Amides contain a functional group consisting of a carbonyl group
linked to a nitrogen atom. They are formed from the reaction of
carboxylic acid and an amine.
• The simplest organic amide is methamide
• Most drugs are amides including the penicillin or pen.
 ETHERS
• Ether structure contains 2 alkyl group joined in one
oxygen. Ethers act much like alkanes.
• Different ethers have diverse uses bu most are
useful as solvent.
• Diethyl ether is used as anesthetic for surgical
procedures while dimethyl ether is used as
refrigerant and aerosol spray propellant.
 ESTERS
• Ester is a product formed in the reaction between a
carboxylic acid and alcohol.
• Due to their distinct odors, esters are widely used as
artificial flavorings and fragrances.
• Esters have two-word names. The first should be the
name of the alkyl group. The second should be the
stem name of the acid, changing the suffix –oic to –
oate.
 ESTERS CORESPONDING FRAGRANCE
ESTER FRAGRANCE
Ethyl methanoate Rum
Methyl phenyl ethanoate Honey
Pentyl ethanoate Pear
Octyl ethanoate Orange
Methyl ethanoate Pineapple
Ethyl cinnamate Cinnamon
Methyl athramilate Grapes
 QUIZ # 3
• Write down the condensed structural formula for each of the following
1. 3 methyl octane
2. Dimethyl ether
3. 5 ethyl 1-2-3 dimethyl 1-1 hexyne
4. 3 chloromethylbenzene
5. Chlorobenzene
6. 1 pentyne
7. 2-methyl 3- hexyne
8. 1-6 nonadiyne
9. 1-2 dibromobenzene
10.4-ethyl 2-methylheptane
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