2022/2023 LESSON NOTE

J S 1 FIRST TERM SCHEME OF WORK

WEEKS TOPICS SUB-TOPICS
1, Introduction to Home  Meaning,
Economics  Area of Home
Economics
 Relationship of
Home Economics to
other subjects
2, Home Economics and National  Career opportunities
Development in Home Economics
 Career requirements
 Importance of Home
Economics.
3. Human Body- The hair and the eye  Structure of the eye
and the hair
 Functions
 Care and grooming
of the hair and eye
4, The ear and the nose  Structure,
 functions,
 care and grooming
of the ear and nose.
5. The skin  Structure
 functions
 care of the skin.
6, The teeth, hands and feet  Structure,
  functions
 care.
7. Good posture and Exercise  Importance of good
posture and exercise,
 Guidelines for
maintaining good
posture
 exercising the body.
8. Healthy and unhealthy feeding
practices

9. Food contaminants  Meaning

 E.g banned additives,
spoilt fruits,
undercooked food
etc.
10. Drug abuse  Meaning
 effect of drug abuse
in the body
11. Revision

12. Examination
 WEEK 1
CLASS: J S 1
TOPIC: Introduction to Home Economics
OBJECTIVES: At the end of the lesson students should be able to:
1. Explain the meaning of Home Economics.
2. List different areas of Home Economics.
3. State the relationship of Home Economics to other subjects.
4. Explain the importance of Home Economics.

REFERENCES ; Home Economics for junior secondary schools by Elizabeth U.

Anyakoha.

Video link ; https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ls-SSZvNqZo&t=254s

INTRODUCTION TO HOME ECONOMICS

Home Economic was introduced to Nigeria by the Missionaries. Before the coming
of the missionaries to Nigeria, young girls acquire their knowledge and skill of
home making crafts from their mothers and other women in the family .The young
boys learnt trade, craft and farming from their father and other elderly men in the
family. All were learnt through observation, imitation and practice. This type of
education is known as informal education. As the number of girls increased
special centre was created and the course was introduced as Domestic Science.
Due to the fact that cooking, sewing and household craft are learnt at home, the
subject was called Domestic Science and later changed to Home Economics.
Home Economics is a very important subject in the schools today.
Definition of Home Economics.
Home Economics can be defined in different ways, two are stated here :
1) Home economics is a field of study that is concerned with improving family
life.
2) Home economics is the application of science and art subjects towards
achieving a healthy and happy family.

AREAS / BRANCHES OF HOME ECONOMICS

Home Economics is made up of many areas. These areas can be grouped into
seven major areas. All the areas are interrelated:

i) Food and Nutrition: This deals with the Nutritional contents of different
types of food their functions sources and deficiency. It includes food
processing, preservation, preparation and meal planning.

ii) Home management :This is the areas that deals with looking after
ourselves, caring for our homes, sweeping, dusting , polishing cleaning
It also includes using the available resources to provide the need for the
family . For example, the family can use the money they have to
 purchase food, Clothes, house etc.

Family members cleaning the home.

iii) Clothing and textiles: This deals with the wise selection of clothing,
textile designing, sewing of clothes and household articles.

Tailor’s Workshop
iv) Child development and care: This deals with looking after child, as they
grow, develop and methods of caring for them.

Child care center

v) Family Living: This deals with having a good knowledge of family values,
building healthy relationship among family members and understanding the norms
of the family.

A Family living together

 vi). Consumer Education: This deals with educating the Individual
about their right as consumer and to enlightening them about wise
decision and spending.

A consumer shopping on groceries

vii) Housing and interior decoration: This deals with the provision of
housing for the family, planning the available space in a house, selection and
arranging the pieces of furniture and other decorative pieces in the house.

Importance of Home Economic

1. It teaches people how to use available resources to achieve a healthy family.
2. It teaches people to be self- reliance.

3. It teaches people how to live a good healthy and happy life

1. It teaches people how to care for themselves and their homes.
2. It teaches women how to budget, purchase and make use of their money to
obtain the best value.
3. Home economics teaches people how to spend money wisely.
4. It prepares boys and girls for home making.
5. It teaches people how to choose, make, wear and maintain good clothing.
6. It teaches people how to plan , cook, serve and eat good food.
7. It helps people to develop their ability.
 Relationship between Home Economics and other subjects
Home Economics is a study that uses knowledge drawn from other subjects to
form its own body of knowledge. It makes use of this knowledge to improve home
making and family living. The subject which Home Economics benefited from
includes chemistry, physics, economic. Biology, history, geography, Agricultural
science, psychology, fine and applied arts, languages, sociology, mathematics, etc.
 Agricultural Science: This deals with the aspect of food production which
forms the basis of foods and nutrition and keeping home garden in home
management is an aspect of home economics,
 Biology: This explains the different parts of the human body and how they
utilize various nutrients obtained from food.
 Chemistry: This deals with the application and effects of heat on the food
we consume. The chemical and content of food and changes that takes place
when heat is applied.
 Mathematics: This helps us to understand how to do some calculations of
the basic nutrient requirement and family
 Sociology: This teaches about our environment relationships and other
social aspects of life.
 History: This deals with past events which are useful in understanding
present and future occurrences.
 Economics: This deals with resources management. It teaches us how to
manage personal and family resources to meet our goals and needs.
 Geography :helps us to know about our surroundings or environment and
the things that exist in the environment affects the family.

EVALUATION

1. Home Economics is a field of study that: a. deals with cooking and

eating only b. deals with sewing and cooking only c. teaches
how to live a happy and fulfilled family life d. teaches domestic science
2. In Home Economics, the aspect of agriculture deals with the _________.
a. basic application of natural resources b. aspect of food
production c. aspect of interior decoration d. aspect of Home
Management
3. One of the areas of Home Economics is : a. Mathematics and Economics
b. Food production and harvesting c. Food and
nutrition d. Home preparation
4. Which of these subjects help Home Economics to understand the application
of heat and effect of heat on the food we consume? a. Chemistry b.
Biology c. Sociology d. Agricultural science
5. Who brought Home Economics to Nigeria? a. Husband b. Teachers
c. The missionaries d. Chemist
6. The subject that helps a Home Economist to understand the working of
electricity is ________. a. Economics b. Mathematics
`
` c. Physicsd. Psychology
7. Home Economics is related to ________. a. few subjects b. only
biology c. only chemistry d. many subjects
8. At the junior secondary school level, Home Economics is offered
as________. a. single subject b. three different subjects c.
four different subjects d. Seven different subjects
9. All the following are true except one. a. Wise buying-Consumer
b. Family relation-Family living c. Furniture arrangement-Interior
decoration d. Textile - Child care
10.One of the following areas deals with planning available space in a house.
a. Housing b. Building c. Interior decoration
d. Consumer education
x

ASSIGNMENT
1. Define Home Economics.
2. Mention the five areas of Home Economics
3. Explain the relationship between Home Economics and the following
subjects. i.Biology ii.chemistry iii. mathematics
WEEK : 2
CLASS: J S 1
TOPIC: Career and Employment opportunities in Home Economics
DURATION: 40MINS
OBJECTIVES: At the end of the lesson students should be able to:
1. List the careers opportunities in Home Economics.
2. State the requirement for a career in Home Economics.
3. Mention the importance of Home Economics to the individual, family and
the nation.
Video link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tzJXh5NxgbM
Careers and Employment opportunities in Home Economics
Many employment opportunities are available for Home Economist. It is good for
one to discover his or her talent before taking up any employment.
The careers available in Home Economics are based on the seven broad areas of
Home EcoSnomics are food and nutrition, Clothing and textile, Family living,
Home management, Child development and care, Consumer education, Housing
and interior decoration. Each career requires special training after secondary
education. The careers are grouped under six major areas of Home Economics as
follows:
a) Careers in Food and Nutrition
 Dietetic: A dietician uses food to prevent and treat disease in
hospitals.
 Catering:-A caters is a commercial cook who cooks on a large
scale for people in hospitals, schools, hotels, etc.
 Nutrition: - A nutritionist works in health institutions to educate
people on how to improve their health through eating good
food.
 Hotel and Restaurants management:-This involves managing or
running a restaurant eatery or hotel as a business.
 Teaching: - This involves teaching subjects or courses in food
and nutrition.
Research: Researches are carried out to discover new ways of preparing foods for
improvement of health.

Home Economics Teacher

A Dietician
 A restaurant manager

Careers in Home Management.

i) Interior decoration:-Interior decorator plan, design and decorate

interior and of hotel, offices, hospitals, homes e.t.c
ii) Researching:-Researchers here research on issues relating to the home
and its proper management.
iii) Teaching:-Teachers in this area teach home management, laundry and
related courses.
iv) Home furnishing: - This involves the proper management of furniture,
fixtures in a home by an expert.

c) Career in Clothing and Textiles

i. Pattern illustration: A pattern illustrator prepares patterns for commercial

purposes.

ii. Designing: A fashion designer creates new designs on clothes and accessories.

iii. Tailoring / dress making: A tailor or seamstress sew clothes that people wear.
iv. Teaching: Teachers in this area, teach subjects or courses on textiles, clothing,
and related areas.

v. Research: A researcher in this area of Home Economics works on new areas of

fabrics designs in clothing and textiles.

vi. Clothing merchandising: A cloth merchant selects, buys, and sells clothes and
other clothing materials.

iv. Modelling: Models display newly designed clothe styles for people to see
and buy.
v. Embroidery: People in this field make special and beautiful designs on
clothes.
vi. Weaving.
vii. Fabrics dyeing: This involves tie- dyeing and batik dyeing of clothing
materials to produce beautiful patterns , e. g Adire.

d]. Careers in family living and child development

i. Hairdressing and beauty care: Hair dressing and beauticians take

of people’s hair, nails body, etc.
ii. Social welfare: Social welfare worker help troubled individuals,
families, etc to resolve conflicts.
iii. Laundry and dry cleaning: The launderer and dry cleaners clean
our clothes using water and chemicals.
iv. Management of homes, hotels and housekeeping: A specialist in
Home Management can manage homes such as an old people’s
homes or a hotel.
v. Babysitting/day care services: A babysitter or a day specialist
takes care of people’s babies when they are not around.

Careers in consumer education

 A specialist in consumer education guides consumers of goods and services on
how to spend their money wisely by buying goods and services that will give them
good value for their money.

Career requirement in Home economics

Some careers in home economics require special training after secondary school.
Some require tertiary education e.g. in a university .Certain subjects are required to
gain admission into tertiary institution to study any of the areas of home
economics. Some of these subjects are biology, Agricultural Science, Home
economics, chemistry, physics, and Health sciences e.g. With any of these subjects
one can gain admission into a higher or tertiary institution to obtain any of the
following certificates.

Certificate Abbreviation Institutions

1) Doctor of Philosophy PH.D University

2) Master of Science/Master in M.Sc/ M.Ed University

Education
3) Higher National Diploma HND Polytechnic/Monotechnics

4) National certificate in NCE Colleges of Education

Education

5) Ordinary National Diploma OND Polytechnics/Monotechnics

6) Bachelor of science/Bachelor of BSc/Bed University

Education
 EVALUATION
1. A career in Food and Nutrition is ________. a. dietetics b.
gardening c. tailoring d. bricklaying
2. _________ is not a career in clothing and textiles. a. Farming b.
Tailoring c. Fashion designing d. Modeling
3. _________ is a career in family living development and care. a. Dancing
2b. Fishing c. Modeling d. Baby sitting
4. One of the following is not a career in Home Management: a. House
Keeping b. Teaching c. Hotel Management d.
Fashion designing
5. Catering is a career in________. a. Home Management b. Clothing
and Textiles c. Foods and Nutrition d. Consumer Education
6. One of the following is not an importance of Home Economics: a. Help
people to discover their talent b. Teaches people how to spend
money wisely c. Teaches people how to take proper care
of their children d. Help people to be lazy
7. A person who create new styles of clothing is called a fashion_______.
a. model b. designer c. advertiser d. caterer
8. One of the following does not belong to the group: a. dietitian
b. nutritionist c. caterer d. model
9. One of the following is not a member of the group. a. baby-sitter
b. Model c. Designer d.
tailor
10.__________ prepares pattern for commercial purposes. a. Pattern
illustrator b. Fashion designer c. Weaver d. Models

ASSIGNMENT
1. What is career?
2. Mention THREE careers in the following areas:

i Foods and nutrition

ii Consumer Education

iii Home management

 WEEK : 3

CLASS: J S S 1
SUBJECT: HOME ECONOMICS
DURATION: 80MINS
TOPIC: Human Body – The Hair and The Eye
OBJECTIVES: At the end of the lesson students should be able to:
1. Identify the parts of the body.
2. State the functions of the hair and the eye.
3. Mention different types of hair and different parts of the eye.
4. List the factors that are responsible for hair type.
5. Draw the structure of the eye.
6. Explain the different type defect of the eye.
7. State ways of taking care of the eye.

Video link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VkrqIJGYxO8

HUMAN BODY
Human body is the whole physical structure of a person. It is made up of different
parts. Some part are inside the body while others are outside .Each part performs
different function in the body. The parts are:Head, Eyes, Nose, Ear, Teeth, Skin,
Hands, Fingers , Nails ,Feet, Legs, Toes, Arm ,Mouth, Neck, etc.
 The Hair
Hair is mostly found on the head and also could be found on the eyelid, Armpit,
Pubic regions. Hair is attractive and adds beauty to person’s personality if it is well
taken care of.
 Structure of the hair
Each hair grows out of a narrow tube in the skin called hair follicle. It has at its
side tiny oil gland which produces oil through the pores. This oil makes the hair to
shine and keeps the skin around it soft and smooth.
Functions of hair
1) It covers and protect the head
2) It keeps the head warm in cold weather
3) It improves personal appearance and adds beauty to individual.

Types of Hair

There are different types of hair. These include:-

1) Dry Hair
2) Oily hair or greasy hair
3) Soft hair
4) Tough or coarse hair
5) Artificial hair
Qualities of a healthy hair
1) Must be beautiful and look attractive
2) Should be full and not scanty
3) Must be able to grow
4) Should not break or split easily when touched, comb or brushed.
5) Must look shiny or glossy but not greasy or over dry

Care of the hair

The hair can be cared for by:
i. Washing the hair regularly with shampoo.
ii. Combing or brushing the hair thoroughly.
iii. Oiling the hair regularly.
iv. Cutting the hair short.
v. Plaiting the hair.

Hair care products

 Shampoo
 Hair oil
 Hair cream
 Hair spray
 Hair conditional

Hair care tools/ equipment

Hair comb
 Hair brush

Hair dryer

Clipper
Hair rollers

Hair razor scissor

THE EYE
The eyes are one of the five sense organs of the body. It is for seeing it is very
important for normal life. It also affects the physical appearance of an individual.
A good balanced diet rich in vitamins add up to the prescription for health shinning
age
 Structure of the Eye

Part s of the eye and their functions

1) Eyes brows:- These prevent sweat from running down the eyes.
2) Eyes lashes: - These protect the eyes from dust and dirt.
3) The eye lid:- These can close to protect the eyes from foreign objects.
4) The eye balls: - These are the organs of sight. Each is connected to the brain
by the sensory nerve called optical nerve.
5) Lens:- This is the glass like part of the eyes .It helps the eyes to see things
that are far or near by changing the size
6) Cornea: - This is a protective layer; It keeps dust and dirt from passing
through the pupil of the eyes.
7) Iris - This is the coloured part of the surrounding the pupil. It helps the
pupils to regulate itself to either darkness or brightness.

8. Retina: It is a sensitive spot where images are formed.

9. Pupil: This is the hole through which light enters the eyes.
 10. Optic nerves: This is the sensory nerve which transmits signals from the eye
to the brain.
Defects of the eyes
Defects are the problems that can affect the eyes. The common defect is
1) Short –Sightedness:-This result in inability to see objects that are far away.
2) Long-Sightedness:- This is inability to see object s that are near.
3) Night blindness: Inability to see in dim light

Care of the eyes

1. Do not wash your eyes with disinfectant except on doctor’s advice.
2. Always use a good source of light when reading.
8. . Do not watch television in a completely dark room to avoid straining the
eyes.
3. Eat food rich in Vitamin A such as green vegetables, carrots, palm oil etc.
4. Do not rub the eye when you have foreign object in it.
5. Do not look directly at bright light e .g sun, light from electric welder, etc.

Results of improper of care of the Eye

1. Poor sight
2. Weakness of the eye.
3. Inflammation of the eye or eye infection.
4. The need to wear glasses.
5. Partial or complete blindness

EVALUATION:
1. Human hair grows out of a pit inside the skin called_______. a. glands
b. follicles c. pore d. oil depot
2. Which of the following prevents dryness of the hair and scalp? a. Shampoo
b. Spray c. Oils d. Brush
3. _______ is not a factor that determines hair type. a. Race
b. Ageing c. Position d. Food
4. One of the following is wrong (a) eye for sight (b) ears for hearing (c)
nose for touching (d) tongue for taste.
 5. Part of the eye that can close to protect the eye from foreign object is (a)eye
ball (b) cornea (c) eye lid (d) the lens
6. A glass-like part of the eye which focuses the light rays into one spot on the
retina thus forming the image is called_____ (a) eye brow (b) lens (c) ball
(d) iris
7. Improper care of the hair causes the following except _____ (a) ring worm
(b) dandruff (c) curly hair (d) hair lice
8. Which of the following is not a way of caring for the hair (a) application of
cream or oil (b)by combing regularly (c) by applying powder (d) by plaiting
9. ______ is the sensory nerve which transmits signals from the eye to the
brain (a)Olfactory nerve (b) Optic nerve (c) Auditory nerve (d) Blood vessel
10. Which does not belong to the group? (a) Hair brush (b) hair cream (c)
shampoo (d) Hair spray

ASSIGNMENT

1. Draw the structure of the hair.

2. Mention three eye defects

3. Give two ways of caring for the eye?

WEEK 4
CLASS: J S 1
TOPIC: The Nose and Ear
DURATION: 40 MINS
OBJECTIVES: At the end of the lesson students should be able to:
1. Describe the nose and the ear.
2. Mention their functions.
3. Explain each part of the ear and their functions.
4. Take proper care of these parts of the body.
 The Nose and the Ear
The nose is the organ of smelling and breathing in and out of air. The
nose is divided into two nostrils by a partition called septum. The nerves of smell
which run from the nose to the brain are called olfactory nerves. There are tiny
hairs at the entrance of the nose. They act as filters for the air we breathe into the
lungs.

THE STRUCTURE OF THE NOSE

Functions of the nose

1. It is the sense organ of smell
2. It acts as a passage or channel through which the air we breathe passes in
and out of the lungs.
3. The tiny hairs at the entrance of the nose filter and warm the air entering the
lungs.

Care of the nose

1. Do not push objects into the nose
2. Do not pick or poke the nose because it may cause wounds and bleeding
3. When you have cold, blow your nose instead of sniffing the mucus.
4. Clean your nose always
5. See a doctor for the treatment of any nose infection.

Result of improper care of the nose

1. Nose bleeding.
2. Nasal infection.
3. Breathing difficulties.

THE EAR
STRUCTURE OF THE EAR
 The ear is a delicate part of the body and is the sense organ for hearing. The
ear is divided into three parts – the outer ear or pinna, the middle ear and the inner
ear. It is like a funnel. The main function is to pick up sound or vibration and carry
it to the eardrum which is between the outer and middle ear. The sound then passes
through auditory nerves is interpreted in the brain. The ear helps to maintain the
balance of the body etc
functions of the ear
1. The ear is used for hearing sound.
2. It also helps us to maintain balance.
Care of the ear
1. Wash the outer ear regularly when bathing.
2. Do not put any sharp object into the ear.
3. Always use good cotton buds to remove excess wax in the ear.
4. Do not stay where loud noise is because it will damage your eardrum.
5. If there is any ear infections see a doctor.

Result of improper care of the ear

1. Spread of infection from the ear to the brain.
2. Temporary deafness if excess wax is not removed.
3. Permanent deafness if anything is poked too far into the middle ear.
4. Removal of foreign bodies from the ear
If any object such as insect enters your ear, put some drops of warm water in
the ear, the insect may float out. If this fails, see a doctor.

EVALUATION:
1. The sense organ for smelling is the _______ (a) hair (b) hand (c) eye (d) nose
2. The nerve that travel from the nose to the brain is called _______ (a) nose
nerve (b) nostril nerve (c) olfactory nerve (d) sensory nerve.
3. The partition which divided nose into two nostrils is called ________(a) septum
(b) follicle (c) scutum (c) sputum
4. The air we breathe in goes into the ________ (a) lungs (b) blood vessel (c)
mouth (d) ear.
5. Tiny hair at the entrance of the nose acts as ________ (a) dryer (b) strainer (c)
filter (d) funnel
6. The ear is divided into _______ parts (a) three (b) five (c) seven (d) ten
7. The ear drum can be damaged by _________ (a) cool music (b) loud noise (c)
regular bathing (d) use of cotton balls.
8. The outer ear is like a _______ (a) bottle (b) plate (c) funnel (c) pot.
9. The ear can be cared for by the following except _______ (a) washing the ear
when bathing. (b) stay away from loud noise (c) avoid using sharp objects to
remove excess wax in the ear (d) stay where there is loud noise.
10. ______ maintains balance .(a) ears (b) toes (b) eyes (c) nose.

ASSIGNMENT
1. What are the two major functions of the nose?
2. Describe how to remove foreign objects from ear.
3. State three results of improper care of the nose.

WEEK 5
CLASS: J S1
TOPIC: The Skin
DURATION: 40 MNS
OBJECTIVES: At the end of the lesson, students should be able to:
1. Describe skin.
2. Explain the structure of the skin.
3. List types of skin.
4. State the functions of skin
5. Care of the skin and mention common skin diseases.
 6. State the effect of bleaching cream on the body.

The skin
The body is covered and protected all over by the skin. Good care of the skin adds
beauty to one’s appearance.
Structure of the Skin is here.

The skin is divided into two layers:

1. The epidermis (out layer): This has hair and tiny holes or openings called
the sweat pores. Sweat or perspiration comes out through the sweat pores
and the tiny hairs protect the skin from dust.
2. The dermis(the inner layer or true skin): This is the inner layer known as
true skin is directly under the out layer and it
contains the following:
i. Hair roots
ii. Oil glands: Produce oil that keeps the skin soft and smooth.
iii. Sweat glands: Produce sweat and sends it out to the skin surface
through the pores.
iv. Blood vessels and nerves: Keep the skin healthy and help it to perform
its functions.
v. Fat deposit reduces heat loss from the body.
 vi. Sweat ducts act as a passage through which sweat passes to the outer
layer of the skin.

Types of skin
1. Oily skin
2. Dry skin
3. Combination
4. Normal skin

Functions of the skin

1. The skin protects the body against heat, cold and infections.
2. It helps the body to get rid of waste matter through sweating.
3. It helps to regulate the body temperate during cold and hot weather.
4. It produces oil through the oil glands to lubricate the body surface.
5. Vitamin D is produced by the skin when the sun shines on it.

Care of the skin

1. Wash your whole `body daily and more than once during hot, dry and dusty
seasons.
2. Always have a bath after serious games or exercises to avoid body odour.
3. Use good toilet soap, soft sponge and clean water.
4. Avoid other person’s towel and clothing.
5. Do not use bleaching creams.
6. Eat balanced diet that is rich in milk, proteins, fruits, vegetables, cod liver
oil.
7. Use mild skin creams and oils.
8. Treat skin diseases and problems promptly.

Common skin diseases and their prevention

1. Eczema
2. Ringworm
 Pimples

Scabies
 Common skin injuries
i. Burns and scalds
ii. Bruises
iii. Cuts
iv. Stings

EVALUATION:
1. Name different types of skin.
2. State the functions of the skin.
3. List common skin diseases.
4. Mention the effect of bleaching cream on the skin.

WEEK 6
CLASS: J S 1
TOPIC: THE STRUCTURE OF THE TOOTH, LEGS, FINGER NAILS AND
FEET
DURATION: 80 MINS
OBJECTIVES: At the end of the lesson students should be able to:
1. Draw the structure of a tooth.
2. List each part of the tooth
3. State the functions of the teeth, legs, finger nails and feet.
4. Mention types of permanent teeth and their number.
5. State the causes of tooth decay and prevention.
6. Explain how to take good care of the teeth, legs, finger nails and feet
7. Mention the causes of the hands and feet infections and the treatment given
to such infections.
 THE TOOTH
Sound and clean set of teeth is essential to good health and self confidence.
Teeth are used for biting, tearing and crushing food. Teeth also help in the
circulation of sound in speech. Human beings grow two sets of teeth. The first set
of teeth appears between the age of six months and twelve years. This is called
milk teeth or temporary teeth and they are usually twenty four in number. The
second set of teeth is called permanent teeth and they are thirty-two in number.
 Types of teeth and their functions
1. The incisors: These are in the centre of the front of the jaw. They are used
for cutting off lumps of food. They are eight in number.
2. The canine: These are beside the incisors. They are pointed and used for
tearing food. They are sometimes called dog teeth. They are four.
3. Premolar: These are next to canine. Each has one or more points for cutting.
They are eight in number.
4. Molars: These are behind the premolars. They are similar to premolars and
they are only present in the permanent teeth or dentition. Children do not
have molars. They are twelve in number.

Parts of tooth
A tooth consists of the following parts. They are:
1. The crown: - The part of the tooth projecting above the gum or the part that
shows when you open your mouth or smile.
2. The neck: - This is the area around the surface of the gum that separates the
crown from the root.
3. The root: - This is the part of the tooth inside the gum or buried in the jaw-
bone.
4. The dentine: - Is the tough center of the tooth which surrounds and protects
the pulp cavity.
5. The pulp cavity: - It contains blood vessels and nerves.
6. The enamel: - A very hard substance which protects the dentine against heat
and cold. The removal of the enamel exposes the dentine and this may result
in tooth decay.

Care of the Teeth

1. Clean the teeth regularly first thing in the morning and before going to bed.
2. Use toothpaste and brush or smooth chewing stick to clean the teeth using
upwards and downward strokes. Make sure you brush every corner of your
mouth.
3. Rinse your mouth properly after each meal to remove food particles from
your teeth.
4. Do not chew sweets s they cause tooth decay
5. Do not use teeth to open bottles cover
6. Do not pick your teeth with sharp object e. g needle
7. Eat adequate meals for strong, healthy teeth e. g foods rich in calcium,
phosphorus and vitamin D
8. Do not eat very hot or cold food this can damage the enamel.
9. Exercise your teeth and gum by eating fairly hard or crispy food e. g
coconut, maize, carrot, soft bones e. t .c
 10.In case of tooth ache, visit the dentist.

Causes of tooth decay

1. Often small pieces of food are left n the mouth after meals.
2. Eating of too much sugar, sweets and starchy foods bring about tooth decay
if the particles are left between the teeth.
3. Putting dirty objects or finger in the mouth.
4. Lack of care for the teeth.
5. Habits of picking teeth with sharp objects.
6. Not keeping of the toothbrush or chewing stick clean.
7. Sharing brush with other people.
8. Cutting dirty fingernails with teeth.

Prevention of Tooth Decay

1. Clean the teeth regularly and properly.
2. Keep your toothbrush or chewing stick clean.
3. Do not use another person’s toothbrush or chewing stick.
4. Visit the dentist whenever you have a tooth problem.

Hand,Finger nails and feet

The hand is a part of the lower arm of the body. It starts from the wrist and is made
up of the palm, fingers and the nails. The first finger is big and is known as the
thumb.
The leg is also part of the lower part of the body. It starts from the ankle and
consists of the heel, sole, toes and nails. Each nail has the following:
I. The nail plate.
II. The nail crescent, which is white crescent at the base of the nail.
III. The cuticle which is the thin protective band of skin around the nail
IV. The nail bed is the base of the nail.
Functions of the hands
1. Hands and fingers are used to hold things.
 2. They are used for doing all types of works like eating, cleaning, clapping,
cooking writing, e t c.

Functions of the feet

1. Feet give support to the body.
2. They are used for standing, walking and running.
3. They add to a person’s beauty.

Care of the Hands

1. Wash the hands with mild soap and water before and after meals.
2. Always wash your hands after using the toilet.
3. Rinse properly with clean water after any dirty work.
4. Dry with clean soft cloth.
5. Apply some hand lotion regularly on your hands, after washing to keep the
palm soft.
6. Use rubber gloves to protect your hands when doing dirty jobs.

Care of the Hands

1. Keep your finger nails short and clean.
2. Always scrub around under the finger nail using a soft sponge.

3. Always use a pair of scissors, razor blade, nail clipper or nail file to trim
your nails. Do not use your teeth.
4. Finger nail infection can result in discoloration of the nails. They disfigure
the finger if left untreated for a long time.
Hand Infection
This can occur between the fingers and around the nails when fingers are not
properly dried. It is caused by a fungus that hides some germs. To cure the
infection, it is necessary to see a doctor. To prevent the disease, the hands should
always be kept dry and not left in water for too long E .g Whitlow.

Manicure
 The care and treatment given to the hand and finger nails is known as
manicure. Manicure sets are the tools for caring for the hands and finger nails.
These include:
i. Nail buffer: used for smoothing the nail before polish.
ii. Nail file or emery board: Used for filing and shaping the nails.
iii. Nail clipper and scissors: used for clipping or cutting nails and removing
dead cuticles.
iv. Cotton wool tipped broom stick or cotton board: Used for pushing back
the cuticles.
v. Hand cream or lotion: Applied to soften the hands and smoothen rough
dry skin.
vi. Nail polish, enamel or varnishes of different colors and textures: Used for
painting or coating the nails.
vii. Nail hardeners, base coats and top-coats: Used for preventing breakage of
long nails.
viii. Some sets also include artificial nails and the glue for fixing them.

Pedicure
Pedicure is the care and treatment given to the feet and toe nails. The same sets of
tools that are used for manicure are used for pedicure.

Problem of the feet

1. Athlete’s foot

When the feet are not well exposed to air or when they are too tightly closed
together, dampness of the feet occurs. This encourages the growth of fungus
causing infection on the skin of the feet called athlete’s feet.
 Treatment
1. Thoroughly dry the feet after washing especially the space between the toes
and under toes to avoid infection.
2. Apply dusting or other medicated powder in- between toes and in the shoes
to keep them dry.

Corns
Corns are small moulds of dead skin on the toes.
Treatment
1. Avoid wearing tight covered shoes for at least three months.
2. Pedicure feet regularly and apply lotion every day.

Calluses
Calluses are the thickened areas of skin that are usually found around the heel. This
disorder is different from corn in that they do not have regular round shape of hard
waxy cor

Treatment
1. Avoid wearing tight covered shoes for at least three months.
2. Pedicure feet regularly and apply lotion every day.

EVALUATION:
1. The process of caring for the hands and finger nails is called ________.
a. pedicure b. manicure c. hand care d. hand and nail care
2. The tools for filing and shaping the nails is called_______. a. nail buffer
b. nail polish c. nail stick d. emery board
3. Soaking the nails for about three minutes in warm water helps to _______.
a. remove nail polish b. soften nail polish c. remove nail cuticle
d. soften the cuticle.
 4. When the feet is constantly wet, bacteria and fungi can grow in between the
toes causing_________. a. calluses b. corn c. wet feet d.
athlete’s foot
5. Disadvantages of long nails are the following except______
( a)they harbour germs (b) they can accidentally scratch someone
(c) they disturb homemaking task like washing of clothes (d)they look
attractive when cleaned.

ASSIGNMENT:

1. Describe the structure of a tooth.

2. List the types of teeth.
3. Explain how you take care of teeth.
4. What are causes of tooth decay?
5. How can one prevent tooth decay?

WEEK 7
CLASS : J S 1
TOPIC: GOOD POSTURE
OBJECTIVES: At the end of the lesson students should be able to:
1. Explain these terms
i. Posture. Ii. Exercise
 2. List the importance of good posture and exercise.
3. Distinguish between good and bad posture.
4. .state types of exercise.
5. Mention the effect of drugs in exercise and sports.

POSTURE
Posture means the way you carry body when walking, sitting, standing, and
working. In good posture, the back is kept straight, shoulders pull well back and
head held high.
There are three major weight centers in the body: head, chest and waist or
pelvis.
Importance of good posture or carriage
1. Good posture enhances appearance.
2. It helps different parts of the body to be supported by the right bones and
muscles.
3. It gives the body a comfortable and relaxed feeling.
4. It affects the way your clothes fit you. Clothes fit better with good posture.
5. It promotes good health.
6. Good posture gives dignity, poise, self- confidence and respect.
7. It can improve a person’s movement and activities.
8. It prevents body pains.
9. Poor posture can also be considered as a sign of poor nutrition.
 Exercises
Exercise is the act of making the body performs some activities e.g. jumping,
running, swimming, walking, playing games Because human body
is designed for movement, it needs regular exercise.

Importance of exercises
There are many reasons why exercise important. These include:
1. It increases the flow of blood to the muscles.
2. It makes the muscles strong, firm and healthy.
3. It makes the sweat glands of the skin more active.
4. It helps the body to excrete wastes.
5. It helps the whole body to keep fit and healthy.
6. During an exercise the lungs become more active, breathing is deeper and
air in the lung is changed more often.
7. It reduces tension.
8. It reduces heart diseases by reduction in body’s cholesterol level.
9. Maintain normal blood pressure.
 10.Exercises aid the digestion and prevent constipation.

Types of exercises
There are two major groups of exercises. They are:
a. Mind-training exercises
b. Body- training exercises.
a. Mind-training exercises include the following:
i. Playing cards
ii. Fixing crossword puzzles
iii. Playing scrabble
iv. Playing ludo games

b. Body- training exercises include:

i. Stretching exercise
ii. Strengthening exercise
iii. Aerobics
Examples of body training excersises

Uses of drugs in exercises and sports

Drugs are different types of medicines and other substances like marijuana,
cocaine, heroin, etc that are bad for our health. One can become addicted to them
by using them continuously. It is a bad practice to use drugs as an enhancer during
sports and exercises.

Disadvantages of using drugs in sports and exercises

1. Drugs can affect the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord)
negatively.
2. It can lead to behavioral change.
3. A drug user can break down physically.
4. It can lead to death.
5. It gives the user a false feeling of well-being.
6. The anti-doping law can be used to disqualify the contestant.
7. Individual can be disgraced.
8. They can be suspended or banned permanently.
9. Other illnesses can occur as a result of drug addiction, etc. EVALUATION:

1. The correct way the body is held while sitting, standing, walking is
called________. a. good posture b. bad posture
c. posture d. carriage
 2. Good posture is important because of the following reasons EXCEPT
________. a. it makes us look good in appearance b. it
helps our clothes to fit us better c. it helps to maintain good
skin complexion d. it gives the body comfortable feeling
3. Guidelines for a good ironing posture is ________. a. not to
stoop or stretch to work b. to use an ironing board to iron c. to
place one leg a little forward while ironing d. to bend over the iron
board
4. Which of the following is important for a good walking posture?
a. Turn the head sideways b. tucking in the abdomen
c. turning the abdomen upwards d. turning the head backwards
5. Supporting the back on a chair is good for both________. a. good sitting and
reading postures b. good walking and sitting posture c. good sitting and
scrubbing postures d. good reading and ironing postures

ASSIGNMENT:
1. What is posture?
2. State three importance of a good posture.
3. Define exercise.
4. List the importance of exercise to the body.
5. List the effect of drugs in exercise and sport

WEEK 8
CLASS: J S1
TOPIC: Healthy feeding and eating practices
DURATION: 40MINS
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES: At the end of the lesson, students should be able to:
1. Define healthy eating and feeding practices.
2. List the healthy feeding practices.
3. Explain healthy eating habits

HEALTHY EATING HABIT AND FEEDING PRACTICES

Healthy eating habit is the act of observing good table and eating manners. It
involves good sitting position, proper use of cutlery, avoiding unnecessary talk,
being polite and being considerate during meal time.
Healthy feeding practice is the act of choosing good healthy food and nutrients
from various food sources in order to ensure adequate and balance meal. This
means choosing healthy food from the six classes of food groups so as to enjoy
good health.
Feeding habits are your everyday patterns of eating. It involves the tendency to
reach out for the same foods whenever you are hungry. Some feeding habits are
young, other habits develop from factors in your current life style. It is important to
understand your eating habits as the first step in managing them.
Healthy feeding habit results from choosing nutritious food in a conscious way.
Unhealthy feeding habit results from making poor food choice over a period of
time. Food affects your health over a long period of time. Wise choice of food is
very important.
Importance of healthy feeding habits
Healthy or proper nutrition and habits can help you:
1. Look and feel better.
2. Have more energy
3. Prevent you from getting some diseases later in life e g diabetes, obesity,
heart disease.
4. Have body better equipped to heal fast and properly than a poorly nourished
ones.

Healthy feeding practices can be maintained in the following ways:

Choosing from quality food groups e. g body building foods, energy giving foods,
protective foods and roughages

Good table manners (Table Etiquette)

1. Sit upright at the dining but do not allow your body to touch the table.
2. Use the cutlery correctly.
 3. Do not stretch your hand over some one’s food in order to get anything from
the table but rather ask the nearer person to help you.
4. Ensure that you give due consideration to others eating with you.
5. Be polite to waiters or waitresses who serve you.
6. Clean up after your meal if nobody waits on you.
7. Make use of toothpick if the need arises rather than using your finger nails.
8. Do not take food directly from the serving dish into your mouth except the
type of service permits such.
9. Do not talk with food in your mo

Healthy feeding habits

 1Select food from rich sources E. g from fruits and vegetables, water, oils ,
proteins sources, etc.
 Choose from quality food groups e. g body building foods, energy giving
foods, protective foods and roughages.
 Avoid eating contaminated foods.
 Choose a diet that is low in sugar, fat, cholesterol, low salts and sodium.
 Feeding at the right time for meals{ breakfast – 7:30-8:00 am, Lunch- 2pm –
3pm, dinner- 7pm- 8pm}.
 Avoid eating junk food in between meals.
 Eat adequate meals regularly to sustain good health.
 Use food in season, because they are fresher and rich in nutrients.

Evaluation.
 1. The act of choosing good healthy food nutrients from various food sources to
ensure adequate meal is known as________. a. healthy eating healthy habit b.
balanced diet c. healthy feeding practice d. healthy eating method
2. Unhealthy eating habits include all of the following except_______.
a. being rude to waiters who serve food b. eating gently during meals
c. talking food directly from the serving dish c. eating with the mouth
3. Kwashiorkor, obesity and indigestion are effect of________. a. healthy eating
habits b. healthy feeding practices c. unhealthy eating habits
d. unhealthy feeding practices
4. Eating too much salt and sugar is an _________. a. unhealthy table
manner b. unhealthy feeding practice c. unhealthy choice of food
d. unhealthy lifestyle choice
5. The act of observing good table and eating manners during meals is referred to
as _________. a. feeding style b. feeding practice c. healthy
eating habitsd. healthy feeding habits
6. Which of the following supply the body with heat and energy? a.
Carbohydrate and calcium b. Carbohydrate and fats c. Minerals and
fats d. Oils and vitamins
7. Surplus carbohydrates in the body is stored as body _________. a. fat
b. protein c. starch d. glucose
8. One of the following helps digestion and bowel movement. a. Starch
b. protein c. Roughages d. Vitamins
9. Which of the following is not a body builder? a. Soya beans b. Meat
c. Milk d. Cassava
 WEEK 9
CLASS: J S1
TOPIC: Effect of unhealthy feeding habits and Food Additives
DURATION: 40MINS
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES: At the end of the lesson, students should be able to:
1. List the effect of unhealthy feeding habit.
2. Define food additive.
3. Mention different of food additive.
4. State the uses of food additives.

Effects of unhealthy feeding

The effects of unhealthy feeding can result to the following:
1.Kwashiorkor
2. Marasmus
3. Scurvy
4. Anaemia
5. Obesity
6. Under- nutrition and starvation
7. Diabetes
8. Indigestion
9. Stomach upset
Food Additives
A food additive is any natural or synthetic substance that is intentionally added to
food in the processing, packaging and storage of food for inhibition of microbial
growth. Additives improve the shelf life of foods, enhance their flavor and aroma.
Examples of common food additives are preservatives, antioxidants, sweeteners,
colouring matters, flavor enhancers, thickeners and emulsifiers. Most food additives
have no food values.
Types and uses of food additives
1. Food acids: These are added to make flavor sharper and also acts as
preservatives e. g vinegar, tartaric acid, lactic acids, etc
2. Acid regulators: These are used to control the acidity and alkalinity of food.
3. Anti- foaming agents: These are used to reduce foaming in foods.
4. Anti – caking agents: These are used to keep powders such as milk powder
from sticking or caking e. g salt and icing sugar.
5. Bulking agents: These are used to increase the bulk of food without affecting its
nutritive value.
6. Antioxidants: These act as inhibitors to the effect of oxygen on foods and are
thus beneficial to health, e. g cinnamon, curry, vitamins A, C and E.
7. Food colour: These help to replace colour lost during preparation and to make
food look attractive.
8. Colour retention agents: In contrast to food colour , these help to preserve the
food’s existing or natural colour.
9. Flavour: These give food a particular taste or smell e. g spices, herbs, sugar, salt,
etc.
10. Emulsifiers: These allow water oil and water remain mixed together in an
emulsion as ice-cream, mayonnaise and homogenized milk.
11. Flour treatment agents: These are added flour to improve its colour and its use
in baking.
12. Flavour enhancers: These enhance food‘s existing flavor.
13. Glazing agents: These proved a shiny appearance or protective coating and are
used in sweets, chocolates, chewing gums, etc.
14. Humectants: These prevent foods from drying up.
15. Stabilizers and thickness: These increase the thickness of foods and give the
correct consistency.
16. Gelling agents: These make a products to gel and are used in jams,
marmalades, etc
17. Firming agents: These prevent fruits and vegetables from softening during
processing.
18. Salt: Salt is used to preserve food like fish and meat to prevent them from
decaying

Misuse and Detection of food additives

Some chemicals have been abused as food additives. E. g are the use of Sudan
Dye in curry power, Red 2G in Chinese sausage , Orange in BBQ pork
Rhodamine B in Olive, boric acid in shrimps, Salicylic acid in fish balls and
formaldehyde in noodles fish preservatives and texture modifiers .
The technical functions of these chemicals alone cannot justify their use in foods
because a chemical has to undergo through safety evaluation by international food
safety authorities before it can be approved for use as additive.
As part of safety evaluations of food additives, an Acceptable Daily Intake {ADI}
for each substance that people has been established. The DAI is the amount of
substance that people can consume on a daily basis during their whole life without
any appreciable risk to health.
The food industry cannot go without food additives but many enterprises will add
too much or misuse food additives and even add non- edible substances. This has
seriously affected food security.
EVALUATION:
1. Define food additives.
2. State eight food additives and their uses.

1. Food contaminants, Harmful substances that should not be consumed E. g

banned additives, spoilt fruits, undercooked food etc. Meaning of drug
abuse, effect of drug abuse in the body.

WEEK10
CLASS: JS 1
DURATION: 40MINS

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES: 1At the end of the lesson, students should be able to:
1. State the meaning of food contaminant.
2. List different types of contaminants.
3. Identify harmful substances that must not be consumed.
4. Meaning of drug abuse and effect of drug abuse.

Contaminants
These are substances that are not intentionally added to food. They come in contact
with food at various stages of its production, packaging, transportation and storage.
Their contact may also be due to environmental contamination. The negative
impact of contaminants on the quality of food and the risk to human health has
made definite measures to be taken to minimize the instances in foodstuffs very
important.

Types of contaminants
There are different ways food can be contaminated, these include:
1.Food to food, e. g meat in refrigerator drips onto vegetables on the shelf below.
2. Equipment and utensils to food: E. g cutting raw chicken and then using the
same knife and cutting board to cut raw vegetable for salad.
3. People to food: This is a serious form of contamination, but also the easiest to
stop. Food can be contaminated by handling it after using the toilet without proper
washing of hands, touching raw meat and then preparing vegetables without
properly washing the hands. It might also be through using the apron or towel to
wipe hands after handling different foods.
 Other food contaminants are; bacteria, fungi, parasites and viruses. These
pathogens cannot exist in food is undercooked or they are introduced to them after
the manufacturing process.

Harmful substances that must not be consumed

These include:
i.Expired products.
ii. Undercooked foods.
iii.Spoilt or contaminated foods.
iv.Dented or bulging cannedfoods.
v.Food grown in polluted environment.
vi. Banned food items by food regulatory agencies.
vii.Food containing emerging food contaminants such as chemicals {acrylamide,
benzene, etc.}

Effects of Harmful substances in the Body

Eating of harmful substances into the body can have the following negative effects
such as :
i.Nausea
ii. Vomiting
iii.Fever
iv.General feeling of discomfort
v.Aches and pains.
EVALUATION:
1.__________ is added to food to give food a sharper aroma. a. Food flavor
b. Food acid c. Emulsifier d. Food colouring
2. Which of these is not a food contaminant? a. Bacteria b. Fungi
c. Parasites d. Spirits
3. Which of these is not an effect of ingestion of harmful substances unto the
body ? a. Nausea b. Fever c. Aches d. Drowsiness
4. __________ provides a shining appearance to food. a. Humectants
b. Glazing c. Firming agents d. Flour treatment agents.
5. Harmful substances that must be consumed are __________. a. dented foods
b. preserved food c. crystallized foods d. packaged foods.

Assignment:
a. State five food additives and their uses.
b. List five harmful substances that must not be consumed.
WEEK: 11
CLASS: JS 1
DURATION: 40MINS
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES: At the end of the lesson, students should be able to:
1.Define drug abuse.
2. List the substances that are abused.
3. Explain the effects of drug abuse.

Drug Abuse
Drug abuse can be defined as the misuse or improper use of a drug that can be
harmful to health. Taking kolanut to prevent sleeping taking overdose of drugs for
quick recovery from ailment or taking drugs without medical advice or direction
are all examples of drug abuse.
Substances that are Abused are :
1.Caffeine from coffee, tea, kolanut, etc.
2. Tobacco
3. Marijuana
4. Alcohol
5. Heroin
6. Cocaine
7. Nicotine

Effects of Drug Abuse

Drug abuse affect people on the following ways
1.It leads to mental problems.
2. It can also cause non chalant attitude of students
3. Students taking excess drugs or engaging in drug competition can lose self-
control and commit crimes.
4. It can lead to poor academic performance.
5. It can lead to early drop out and later delinquency.
6. It leads to ill-health as addict usually lose appetite for food.
7. It leads to absenteeism from work.
8. It also leads to lack of trust and secrecy.
9. It may lead to the addict into committing suicide.
10. It increases the rate of crimes like armed robbery, prostitution and murder in
the society.

EVALUATION:
1.Which of the following is not substance that people abuse? a. Cocaine
b. Tobacco c . Water d. Kolanut
2. Drug abuse means_________. a. misuse and improper use of drugs
b. health stimulants c. taking drug without a doctor’s prescription
d. taking expired drugs
3. Taking an overdose of a particular drug can cause________. a. good behavior
b. mental illness c. intellectual development d. better eating condition
4. Which of the following is not an effect of drug abuse? a. high crime rate
b. nonchalant attitude c. poor academic performance d. obesity
5. Government makes __________ to check the problem of drug abuse.
a. laws b. policies c. promises d. commands

ASSIGNMENT:
1. Define drug abuse.
2. State four effects of drug abuse.
3. Enumerates Four substance s that are abused by drug addicts.