Chapter 25

Sankalp Bharat
Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter

1. The minimum wavelength of X-rays

produced by an electron accelerated
through a potential difference of V volts is (c)
proportional to: (2023)
(a) 𝑉 2

(b) √𝑉
1
(c) 𝑉 (d)
1
(d)
√𝑉

2. The work functions of Caesium (Cs),

5. An electromagnetic wave of wavelength ‘𝜆’ is
Potassium (K) and Sodium (Na) are 2.14 eV,
incident on a photosensitive surface of
2.30 eV and 2.75 eV respectively. If incident
negligible work function. If ‘m’ mass is of
electromagnetic radiation has an incident
photoelectron emitted from the surface has
energy of 2.20 eV, which of these
de-Broglie wavelength 𝜆𝑑 , then: (2021)
photosensitive surfaces may emit 2𝑚𝑐
photoelectrons? (2023) (a) 𝜆𝑑 = ( ℎ
) 𝜆2
2𝑚𝑐
(a) Na only (b) 𝜆 = ( ) 𝜆2𝑑
ℎ
(b) Cs only 2ℎ
(c) Both Na and K (c) 𝜆 = (𝑚𝑐) 𝜆2𝑑
2𝑚
(d) K only (d) 𝜆 = ( ) 𝜆2𝑑
ℎ𝑐
3. When two monochromatic light of 6. Light of frequency 1.5 times the threshold
𝜐
frequency, 𝜐 and 2 are incident on a frequency is incident on a photosensitive
photoelectric metal, their stopping potential material. What will be the photoelectric
𝑉𝑠
becomes and 𝑉𝑠 respectively. The current if the frequency is halved and
2
threshold frequency for this metal is intensity is doubled? (2020)
(2022) (a) Four times
(a) 2𝜐 (b) One-fourth
(b) 3𝜐 (c) Zero
2 (d) Doubled
(c) 3
𝜐
3 7. An electron is accelerated from rest through
(d) 2
𝜐 a potential difference of V volt. If the de
4. The graph which shows the variation of the Broglie wavelength of the electron is
de Brogli wavelength (𝜆) of a particle and its 1.227 × 10–2 nm, the potential difference is :
associated momentum (p) is : (2022) (2020)
(a) 10 𝑉
2

(b) 103 𝑉
(c) 103 𝑉
(a) (d) 10𝑉
8. The energy required to break one bond in
DNA is 10–20 𝐽. This value in eV is nearly.
(2020)
(a) 0.6
(b)
(b) 0.06
(c) 0.006
(d) 6
177
9. The de Broglie wavelength of an electron (b)
2ℎ
√3𝑚𝑘𝑇
moving with kinetic energy of 144 eV is 2ℎ
nearly, (2020 Covid Re-NEET) (c)
√𝑚𝑘𝑇
ℎ
(a) 102 × 10−4 𝑛𝑚 (d)
√𝑚𝑘𝑇
(b) 102 × 10−5 𝑛𝑚
(c) 102 × 10−2 𝑛𝑚 15. The photoelectric threshold wavelength of
(d) 102 × 10−3 𝑛𝑚 silver is 3250 × 10–10 𝑚. The velocity of the
electron ejected from a silver surface by
10. The wave nature of electrons was ultraviolet light of wavelength 2536 × 10–10 𝑚
experimentally verified by. is: (2017)
(2020 Covid Re-NEET)
(Given ℎ = 4.14 × 10−15 𝑒𝑉 and 𝑐 = 3 ×
(a) Hertz
108 𝑚𝑠 −1 )
(b) Einstein
(a) ≈ 0.6 × 108 𝑚𝑠 −1
(c) Davisson and Germer
(b) ≈ 61 × 103 𝑚𝑠 −1
(d) de Broglie
(c) ≈ 0.3 × 106 𝑚𝑠 −1
11. An electron is accelerated through a (d) ≈ 6 × 106 𝑚𝑠 −1
potential difference of 10,000 V. Its de
16. In an experiment of photoelectric effect the
Broglie wavelength is, (nearly) :
stopping potential was measured to be V1
(𝑚𝑒 = 9 × 10−31 𝑘𝑔) (2019)
and V2 with incident light of wavelength 𝜆
(a) 12.2 × 10 −13
𝑚
and λ/2, respectively. The relation between
(b) 12.2 × 10−12 𝑚
V1 and V2 is: (2017)
(c) 12.2 × 10−14 𝑚
(a) V2 > 2V1
(d) 12.2 𝑛𝑚
(b) V2 < V1
12. An electron of mass m with an initial (c) V1 < V2 < 2V1
velocity 𝑉 ⃗ = 𝑉0 𝑖̂(𝑉0 > 0) enters an electric (d) V2 = 2V1
field 𝐸⃗ = −𝐸0 𝑖̂ (𝐸0 = constant > 0) at 𝑡 = 0. If 17. If the mass of neutron is 1.7 × 10–27 kg, then
𝜆0 is its de-Broglie wavelength initially, then the de-Broglie wavelength of neutron of
its de-Broglie wavelength at time 𝑡 is energy 3 eV is: (2017)
(2018) (ℎ = 6.6 × 10−34 𝐽𝑠)
(a) 𝜆0 𝑡 (a) 1.4 × 10−11 𝑚
𝑒𝐸
(b) 𝜆0 (1 + 𝑚𝑉𝑓0 𝑡) (b) 1.6 × 10−10 𝑚
0
𝜆0 (c) 1.65 × 10−11 𝑚
(c)
(1+
𝑒𝐸0
𝑚𝑉0
𝑡) (d) 4
(d) 𝜆0 18. When a metallic surface is illuminated with
13. When the light of frequency 2𝜈0 (where 𝜈0 is radiation of wavelength λ, the stopping
threshold frequency), is incident on a metal potential is V. If the same surface is
plate, the maximum velocity of electrons illuminated with radiation of wavelength 2λ,
emitted is 𝜈1 . When the frequency of the the stopping potential is V/4. The threshold
incident radiation is increased to 5𝜈0 , the wavelength for the metallic surface is:
maximum velocity of electrons emitted from (2016-I)
the same plate is 𝜈2 . The ratio of 𝜈1 to 𝜈2 is: (a) 4𝜆
(2018) (b) 5𝜆
5
(a) 4 : 1 (c) 𝜆
2
(b) 1 : 4 (d) 3𝜆
(c) 1 : 2
19. When an 𝛼 particle of mass m moving with
(d) 2 : 1
velocity v bombards on a heavy nucleus of
14. The de-Broglie wavelength of a neutron in charge ‘Ze’, its distance of closest approach
thermal equilibrium with heavy water at a from the nucleus depends on mass:
temperature T (Kelvin) and mass m, is: (2016-I)
(2017) (a) 1/𝑚
ℎ
(a) (b) 1/√𝑚
√3𝑚𝑘𝑇

178
 (c) 1/𝑚2
(d) 𝑚
20. An electron of mass m and a photon have (c)
same energy E. The ratio of de Broglie
wavelengths associated with them is (c
being velocity of light)
1
1 𝐸 2
(a) ( )
𝑐 2𝑚
1
𝐸 2 (d)
(b) (2𝑚)
1
(c) 𝑐(2𝑚𝐸)2
1
1 2𝑚 2
(d) ( ) 24. A photoelectric surface is illuminated
𝑐 𝐸
successively by monochromatic light of
21. Photons with energy 5 eV are incident on a wavelength 𝜆 and 𝜆/2. If the maximum
cathode C in a photoelectric cell. The kinetic energy of the emitted photoelectrons
maximum energy of emitted photoelectrons in the second case is 3 times that in the first
is 2 eV. When photons of energy 6 eV are case, the work function of the surface of the
incident on C, no photoelectrons will reach material is: (2015 Re)
the anode A, if the stopping potential of A (h = Plank’s constant, c = speed of light)
relative to C is: (2016-II) (a) ℎ𝑐/3𝜆
(a) –1 V (b) ℎ𝑐/2𝜆
(b) –3 V (c) ℎ𝑐/𝜆
(c) +3 V (d) 2ℎ𝑐/𝜆
(d) +4 V
25. Light of wavelength 500 nm is incident on a
22. A certain metallic surface is illuminated metal with work function 2.28 eV. The de
with monochromatic light of wavelength 𝜆. Broglie wavelength of the emitted electron
The stopping potential for photo-electric is: (2015 Re)
current for this light is 3𝑉0. If the same (a) ≤ 2.8 × 10 𝑚
−12
surface is illuminated with light of
(b) < 2.8 × 10−10 𝑚
wavelength 2𝜆, the stopping potential is 𝑉0 .
(c) < 2.8 × 10−9 𝑚
The threshold wavelength for this surface
(d) ≥ 2.8 × 10−9 𝑚
for photoelectric effect is: (2015)
(a) 4𝜆 26. If the kinetic energy of the particle is
(b) 𝜆/4 increased to 16 times its previous value, the
(c) 𝜆/6 percentage change in the de Broglie
(d) 6𝜆 wavelength of the particle is (2014)
(a) 25
23. Which of the following figures represent the
(b) 75
variation of particle momentum and the
(c) 60
associated de Broglie wavelength? (2015)
(d) 50
27. When the energy of the incident radiation is
increased by 20%, the kinetic energy of the
(a) photoelectrons emitted from a metal surface
increased from 0.5 eV to 0.8 eV. The work
function of the metal is: (2014)
(a) 0.65 eV
(b) 1.0 eV
(c) 1.3 eV
(b) (d) 1.5 eV
28. For photoelectric emission from certain
metal the cutoff frequency is ν. If radiation
of frequency 2ν impinges on the metal plate,
179
the maximum possible velocity of the 29. The wavelength 𝜆𝑒 of an electron and 𝜆𝑝 of a
emitted electron will be: (m is the electron photon of same energy E are related by:
mass) (2013) (2013)
1
ℎv
(a) 2√ 𝑚 (a) 𝜆𝑝 ∝
√𝜆𝑒

ℎv
(b) 𝜆𝑝 ∝ 𝜆2𝑒
(b) √(2𝑚) (c) 𝜆𝑝 ∝ 𝜆𝑒
ℎv (d) 𝜆𝑝 ∝ √𝜆𝑒
(c) √ 𝑚
2ℎv
(d) √ 𝑚

180
 Answer Key
S1. Ans. (c) S16. Ans. (a)

S2. Ans. (b) S17. Ans. (c)

S3. Ans. (d) S18. Ans. (d)

S4. Ans. (c) S19. Ans. (a)

S5. Ans. (b) S20. Ans. (a)

S6. Ans. (c) S21. Ans. (b)

S7. Ans. (c) S22. Ans. (a)

S8. Ans. (b) S23. Ans. (a)

S9. Ans. (d) S24. Ans. (b)

S10. Ans. (c) S25. Ans. (d)

S11. Ans. (b) S26. Ans. (b)

S12. Ans. (c) S27. Ans. (b)

S13. Ans. (c) S28. Ans. (d)

S14. Ans. (a) S29. Ans. (b)

S15. Ans. (d)

181
 Solutions
S1. Ans.(c) 3
v = 2 v0 frequency is halved
eV = Energy of electron v 3
∴ v ′ = 2 = 4 v0
for minimum wavelength, maximum
loss of energy Hence v ′ < v0
ℎ𝑐 v0 is threshold frequency
𝑒𝑉 = ( 𝜆 )
So, no photelectric emission will take
1
𝜆 ∝ (𝑉) place Hence photelectric current = zero
S2. Ans.(b) S7. Ans.(c)
Incident energy = 2.20 eV De-broglie wavelength of the electron
12.27
If 𝜙 < 2.20 eV electron will emit. 𝜆= Å where, v is potential difference
√v
𝜙 > 2.20 eV no electron emission 12.27×10−10
√v = 1.227×10−11
= 102
Only caesium will emit electron
S8. Ans.(b)
S3. Ans.(d)
As we know one electron volt 1eV is
Let the threshold frequency is 𝜐0 .
1.6 × 10–19 𝐽
By using the equation of photo electric
10−20
effect, 𝐸 = ℎ𝜐0 + 𝑒𝑉0 1020 𝐽 = 1.6×10−19 𝑒𝑉 = 0.06 𝑒𝑉
𝑒𝑉𝑠
Case I : h 𝜐 = ℎ𝜐0 + S9. Ans.(d)
2
12.27 12.27
Case II:
ℎ𝜐
= ℎ𝜐0 + 𝑒𝑉𝑠 𝜆= v
Å = 144 Å = 1.02 × 10−10 𝑚 =
√ √
2
−3
ℎ𝜐 −𝑒𝑉𝑠
102 × 10 𝑛𝑚
=
2 2 S10. Ans.(c)
−ℎ𝜐 = 𝑒𝑉𝑠 (put in (i)) Wave nature of electrons was
ℎ𝜐 3
ℎ𝜐 = ℎ𝜐0 − , so, 𝜐0 = 𝜐 experimentally verified by Davisson and
2 2
Germer.
S4. Ans.(c)
S11. Ans.(b)
ℎ
𝜆=𝑝
For an electron accelerated through a
Graph will be hyperbolic potential V DeBroglie wavelength
12.27 12.27×10−10
(𝜆) = Å =
√𝑉 √10000

= 12.27 × 10−12 𝑚
S12. Ans.(c)
→ v0 𝑖̂
←
−𝐸0 𝑖̂
S5. Ans.(b) 𝑒𝐸0
ℎ𝑐
⇒ v = v0 + 𝑚
𝑡
= 𝐾𝑚𝑎𝑥 + 𝜙 [give 𝜙 is negligible]
𝜆 ℎ ℎ 𝜆0
ℎ𝑐
⇒𝜆= 𝑒𝐸0 = (𝑚v = 𝑒𝐸0
0 +𝑒𝐸0 𝑡)
So, 𝜆
= 𝐾𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑚(v0 +
𝑚
𝑡) (1+
𝑚v0
𝑡)

ℎ ℎ2 S13. Ans.(c)
𝜆𝑑 = 2𝑚𝑘 ⇒ 𝐾𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 2𝑚𝜆2
𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑑
From Einstein equation
ℎ𝑐 ℎ2 2𝑚𝑐
(𝜆) = 2𝑚𝜆2𝑑
⇒𝜆= ( ℎ ) 𝜆2𝑑 2ℎv0 = ℎv0 + 𝑚v12
1
2
S6. Ans.(c) 2ℎv0 = 𝑚v12 …(1)
If frequency is increased to 6 v0 then
182
 5ℎv0 = hv0 + 2 𝑚v22
1 S18. Ans.(d)
ℎ𝑐 ℎ𝑐
1
4ℎv0 = 𝑚v22 ⇒ 8ℎv0 = 𝑚v22 …(2) 𝑒𝑉 = 𝜆
−𝜆 …(1)
0
2
𝑒𝑉 ℎ𝑐 ℎ𝑐
From Eqs. (1) and (2) = − …(2)
4 2𝜆 𝜆0
2ℎv0 𝑚v2 v 1
= 𝑚v12 ⇒ v1 = 2 From equation (1) and (2) on solving
8ℎv0 2 2
𝜆0 = 3𝜆
S14. Ans.(a)
S19. Ans.(a)
At equilibrium thermal energy possessed
by neutron When an α particle of mass m moving
3 with velocity v bombards on a heavy
𝑘𝑇
2 nucleus of charge ‘Ze’, its distance of
𝜆=𝑝=
ℎ ℎ
⇒
ℎ closest approach from the nucleus
√2𝑚𝐸 3 1
√2𝑚 𝑘𝑇
2 depends on mass .
𝑚
ℎ
𝜆= S20. Ans.(a)
√3𝑚𝑘𝑇
ℎ
S15. Ans.(d) De-Broglie wavelength = 𝑚v
ℎ𝑐 ℎ𝑐 1
= 𝜆 + 2 𝑚v 2 𝑚 = Mass of particle
𝜆 0
v = Velocity of particle
2ℎ𝑐 1 1
v=√ [ − ] if 𝜆(Å) (given)
𝑚 𝜆 𝜆0 ℎ = Planks constant
ℎ𝑐 12400 𝑒𝑉 1
𝐸= = Å 𝐸 = 2 𝑚v 2 ; (Mass of electron = m)
𝜆 𝜆(Å)

2×12400×1.6×10−19 714 2𝐸
v=√ [2536×3250] √ =v
9.1×10−31 𝑚
ℎ ℎ
v = 6 × 105 𝑚/𝑠 or 0.6 × 106 𝑚/𝑠 𝜆𝐸 = =
2𝐸 √2𝑚𝐸
𝑚√
S16. Ans.(a) 𝑚

𝐸
Work function is same as the Now for photon 𝐸 = 𝑃𝑐 → 𝑝 =
𝑐
experimental conditions similar apply ℎ ℎ ℎ𝑐
𝜆𝑝 = = =
photoelectric equation 𝑚v 𝑃 𝐸

𝜆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 𝜆 𝜆𝐸 ℎ 𝐸 1 𝐸
= = √
𝜆𝑃 √2𝑚𝐸 ℎ𝑐 𝑐 2𝑚
ℎ𝑐
= 𝜙 + 𝑒𝑉1 ….(1)
𝜆 S21. Ans.(b)
𝜆 1
𝜆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 2
2
𝑒𝑉3 = 2 𝑚v𝑚𝑎𝑥 = ℎv − ϕ0
ℎ𝑐
𝜆/2
= 𝜙 + 𝑒𝑉2 In second case
ℎ𝑐 𝑒𝑉𝑠 = 6 − 3 = 3𝑒𝑉 ⇒ 𝑉𝑠 = 3𝑉
2 𝜆
= 𝜙 + 𝑒𝑉2 …(2)
∴ 𝑉𝐴𝐶 = −3𝑉
Eq. (2) ÷ Eq. (1)
S22. Ans.(a)
2 𝜙+𝑒𝑉
1
= 𝜙+𝑒𝑉2 Using photoelectric effect equation
1

2𝜙 + 2𝑒𝑉1 = 𝜙 + 𝑒𝑉2 ℎ𝑓 = 𝑊0 + 𝑒(3𝑉0 )

𝜙 = 𝑒𝑉2 − 2𝑒𝑉1 ℎ𝑐
𝜆
= 𝑊0 + 3𝑒𝑉0 …(1)
𝜙
𝑉2 = 𝑒
+ 2𝑉1 Similarly, 𝜆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑖 = 2𝜆 𝑉𝑠 = 𝑉0
𝑉2 > 2𝑉1 ℎ𝑐
2𝜆
= 𝑊0 + 𝑒𝑉0 …(2)
S17. Ans.(c)
Eq. (1) – Eq. (2) × 3
0.286 0.286 −11
𝜆= Å= Å = 1.65 × 10 𝑚
√𝐸(𝑖𝑛 𝑒𝑉) √3
183
 ℎ𝑐 ℎ𝑐 2 ℎ𝑐 ℎ
− 2𝜆 = −2𝑊0 + 0 ⇒ 2𝜆 = 𝜆0
For electron 𝜆𝑚𝑖𝑛 = ⇒ 𝜆𝑚𝑖𝑛 ≈ 28 Å
√2𝑚𝐸

𝜆0 = 4𝜆 So 𝜆 ≥ 2.8 × 10−9 𝑚
S23. Ans.(a) S26. Ans.(b)
ℎ 1 ℎ
𝑃 = 𝜆 ⇒ 𝑃 ∝ 𝜆 (Rectangular hyperbola) 𝜆=
√2𝑚𝐾

S24. Ans.(b) 𝜆1 𝐾 16𝐾 4

𝜆2
= √𝐾2 = √ 𝐾
=1
ℎ𝑐 1
𝐾𝐸1 = 𝜆
−𝜙
4−1
ℎ𝑐 2ℎ𝑐 Percentage change = × 100 = 75%
4
𝐾𝐸2 = −𝜙 = −𝜙
𝜆/2 𝜆
S27. Ans.(b)
𝐾𝐸2 = 3𝐾𝐸1
By using ℎv = 𝜙0 + 𝐾𝑚𝑎𝑥
2ℎ𝑐 ℎ𝑐
⇒ 𝜆
−𝜙 = 3(𝜆 − 𝜙) We have
ℎ𝑐 ℎv = 𝜙0 + 0.5
⇒ 2𝜙 =
𝜆
ℎ𝑐 And 1.2ℎv = 𝜙0 + 0.8
⇒ 𝜙 = 2𝜆
Therefore 𝜙0 = 1.0 𝑒𝑉
S25. Ans.(d)
S28. Ans.(d)
12400
Energy of photon (𝐸) = = 2.48 𝑒𝑉
5000 2 1 2ℎv
ℎ(2v) = ℎv + 2 𝑚v𝑚𝑎𝑥 ⇒ v𝑚𝑎𝑥 = √ 𝑚
Work function (𝜙0 ) = 2.28 𝑒𝑉
According to Einstein equation S29. Ans.(b)
ℎ ℎ𝑐 ℎ ℎ
𝐸 = 𝜙0 + (𝐾. 𝐸. )𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝜆𝑝 = 𝑝 = 𝐸
and 𝜆𝑒 = 𝑝 =
√2𝑚𝐸
⇒ 2.48 = 2.28 + (𝐾. 𝐸. )𝑚𝑎𝑥 ⇒ 𝜆𝑝 ∝ 𝜆2𝑒

184