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Using The Lab Instruments

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Truong Phong Tuyen
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8 views

Using The Lab Instruments

Uploaded by

Truong Phong Tuyen
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Using the lab instruments

Nicole Hamilton
http://faculty.washington.edu/kd1uj/
Our lab instruments
Not all of our labs have the same instruments. Depending on
whether you’re working in Beardslee or Discovery, these are
the instruments you may encounter.
1. Tektronix DMM4020 multimeter
2. Keithley 2110 multimeter
3. Tektronix PWS 4205 programmable power supply
4. Keithley 2230-30-1 power supply
5. RSR HY3002-3 triple output power supply
6. Tektronix AFG3022B arbitrary function generator
7. Tektronix MSO3012 dual channel oscilloscope
Tektronix DMM4020 multimeter
DMM4020 multimeter features:

• Measures AC or DC voltage and current, frequency,


period, continuity and diode test
• 5-1/2 digit resolution, autoranging
• Basic VDC accuracy 0.015%
• 200 mV to 1000 V with up to 10 μV resolution
• 200 μA to 10 A with up to 1 nA resolution
• 200 Ω to 100 MΩ with up to 1 mΩ resolution
• Capable of remote operation via USB or RS-232

List price: $849

In this lab, we’ll use the multimeter only for DC voltage,


DC current and resistance measurements.
DC voltage or resistance

+
Continuity or diode test

Toggles between continuity and diode test. In diode


test mode, it measures the voltage across the diode.
DC current

+
If the buttons don’t work
The usual problem is that it’s set for remote operation.
Press the shift key to exit remote mode
Keithley 2110 multimeter
Keithley 2110 multimeter features:

• Measures AC or DC voltage and current, frequency,


period, capacitance, continuity and diode test
• 5-1/2 digit resolution, autoranging
• Basic VDC accuracy 0.012%
• 100 mV to 1000 V with up to 1 μV resolution
• 10 mA to 10 A with up to 0.1 μA resolution
• 100 Ω to 100 MΩ with up to 1 mΩ resolution
• 1 nF to 100 μF with up to 1.5% accuracy
• Capable of remote operation via USB or GPIB

List price: $620

In this lab, we’ll use the multimeter only for DC voltage,


DC current and resistance measurements.
DC voltage or resistance
Continuity
Diode test

Press Shift, then Continuity.


DC current

Press Shift, then DCV.


Tektronix PWS 4205 power supply
PWS 4205 power supply features:

• Very high accuracy


• Keypad programmable
• Linear regulation
• One output
• Maximum 20 V at 5 A = 100 W
• Accuracy: 0.03% voltage, 0.05% current
• Less than 5 mVpp ripple and noise
• Capable of remote operation via USB

List price: $904


If the buttons don’t work
The usual problem is that it’s set for remote operation.
Press Shift-Local.
Keithley 2230-30-1 power supply
2230-30-1 power supply features:

• Very high accuracy


• Keypad programmable
• Linear regulation
• Two 0 to 30 V @ 1.5 A channels
• One 0 to 6 V @ 5 A channel
• Accuracy: 0.03% voltage, 0.1% current
• Less than 3 mVpp ripple and noise
• Capable of remote operation via USB and GPIB

List price: $1190


RSR HY3002-3 power supply
HY3002-3 power supply features:

• Two adjustable + one fixed 5 V output


• Fixed: 5 V at 3 A maximum
• Each adjustable: 0 to 30 V at 2 A maximum
• Ripple and noise 0.5 mVrms
• Meters can display current or voltage
• Independent, series and parallel modes

Typical price: $160


Voltage knobs set maximum voltage.
Current knobs set maximum current.
If you short the supply or you have the maximum
current set too low, the voltage drops.
Independent
Each supply can be adjusted independently.
Series
Both supplies controlled by the master.
Red on the slave connected to black on the master.
Parallel
Both supplies controlled by the master.
Red connected to red and black to black.
Independent Series Parallel

Master Master Master

Slave
Slave Slave
Tektronix AFG3022B arbitrary function generator
AFG3022B function generator features:

• Sine, square, triangle, pulse, ramp, DC, noise and


arbitrary functions
• Maximum frequency 25 MHz
• Two channels
• Synthesized at 250 M samples/s, 14-bit resolution
• Output impedance 50 Ω
• LAN, USB and GPIB connection
• Screen and waveform capture to USB thumb drive

Typical price: $2400


Each output channel is to be used with straight coax,
not a scope probe and it has to be turned on.
This button selects which channel you’re
programming.
Sine, square, ramp and pulse functions.

As square wave is exactly square. If it’s not exactly


square, it’s a pulse.
Buttons for the on-screen menus
Keypad for direct entry of frequency or voltage.
Wheel for dialing a frequency or voltage up/down.
Arrow keys to move the cursor.
To capture a screenshot, insert a USB thumb
drive and press (and hold) both cursor keys.
Top level menu for a sine wave.
Amplitude and offset menus for a sine wave.
Top level menu for a pulse output.
Never trust the function generator

• The display shows how the function generator


was set.

• There’s no feedback circuitry in there to ensure


that what you asked for is what you got.

• It doesn’t measure the output.


Example
XSC1

Ext Trig
+
XFG1 _
A B
+ _ + _

27kΩ
Here’s what I set.

400 mVpp at 100 Hz


But here’s what I got.

856 mVpp at 100 Hz


The reason it’s wrong

• The function generator displays what it expects


will be the output voltage assuming a 50 Ω load.

• If the load isn’t 50 Ω, the display will be wrong.

• In most of our experiments, the load will have a


fairly high impedance and the actual output will
be roughly twice what’s displayed.
The function generator has an internal 50 Ω resistance
It acts like a voltage divider.

RInternal

VS

RLoad Vout
The reason it’s 50 Ω

Because the function generator can produce RF signals, it was


designed to drive 50 Ω coax, commonly used in RF for antennas
and transmitters.
A little diversion on coax
Coax has the interesting characteristic that it can be modeled
like this.

...

The signal propagates as power is passed from one stage to the next.
Think of a ripple on a pond.

As you’ll learn in 233, a circuit composed of purely reactive elements will


be lossless. Power is dissipated only resistors.

This makes high quality coax a very low loss delay line, with some
characteristic impedance Z0.
For maximum power transfer, the impedances should be
matched: ZS = Z0 = ZL

ZS

Source ... ZL

Because it’s a delay line, if there’s an impedance mismatch between the coax and
the load, you get reflections.
The signal literally bounces back, the same way a ripple on a pond would if it hit a
rock.
This creates standing waves and higher peak voltages at the source than expected.
Power that was intended to be transferred to the load is instead dissipated as heat
in the transmitter, possibly damaging the transmitter.
To avoid reflections, both ends of the coax must be
terminated by 50 Ω loads.

Since one of those ends is the function generator,


it also has to have an internal 50 Ω resistance.
You can tell the function generator you have a
“High Z” load through the output menu.

But that only changes the estimate it displays. It


doesn’t actually change the output.
Here it is in High Z mode and reset for
400 mVpp output.
And now it’s closer.
We asked for 400 mVpp and got 432 mVpp.
To get an exact value, e.g., 1 Vpp @ 1 KHz, you’ll
usually need to use the wheel to tweak the output
while you watch the oscilloscope.
Only trust the oscilloscope.

It actually measures.
Tektronix MSO3012 oscilloscope

This photo is of the 4 channel version. Ours is the 2 channel version.


MSO3012 oscilloscope features:

• 100 MHz bandwidth


• Two digitized analog channels
• 16 digital channels
• 2.5 G samples/s
• 5 M sample recording
• On-screen measurements of Vpp, freq, min, max, etc.
• Screen capture to USB thumb drive or via Firefox

Typical price: $4950


Please use only the boxy Tektronix oscilloscope probes with these scopes.
They’re keyed with a pin that tells the scope what kind of probe it is.
When it wakes up, it displays its IP address,
which you can open with FireFox.
Save a screenshot under Firefox by right-clicking.
To find the IP address if you don’t know it, press the Utility button,
scroll with the A knob to I/O, then press Ethernet Network Settings.
That brings up the Ethernet settings.
You can also save to a USB thumb drive by pressing
Menu, then Save Screen Image.
This brings up a save menu.
To display a signal on channel 1, press Autoset, then Menu Off.
The arrow on the left is 0 V for channel 1.
To change the coupling, press the channel menu button.
AC coupling filters out the DC component

DC coupling

1.5 Vpp 400 Hz +6.0 V offset

AC coupling
Adjustments for horizontal and vertical scales and vertical position.
Adjustments to set the trigger level for recognizing the start of the cycle.
To add an on-screen measurement, press Measure, select Add
Measurement, then scroll through the choices with the B knob.
To get good measurements, wait until the mean values settle down.
To add cursors, press Cursors, then use the A and B knobs to adjust
their positions.
The desired result: A good screenshot with big, clear waveforms,
helpful on-screen measurements and cursors and no menus.

2.00 Vpp 80% duty cycle square wave at 100 KHz.


To get that, here’s how the function generator was set.
In most of your labs, you’ll be comparing Vin on channel 1
with Vout on channel 2.

Here I’ve stacked the signals.


Here I’ve pushed them together for closer comparison.
The color of the cursor lines and info box tells you which
signal is being measured.
Here’s channel 1.
To switch the cursors between channels, press the channel menu
buttons.

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