The Nature of
Approaches and
Methods in
Language Teaching
Language teaching approaches and methods have evolved significantly over
time. These frameworks guide educators in their pursuit of effective language
instruction. Understanding their nature is crucial for modern language pedagogy.
Introduction to Approaches and
Methods in Language Teaching
1 Historical Context
Language teaching methods have roots in ancient civilisations. Early
approaches focused on grammar and translation.
2 20th Century Developments
The 20th century saw a shift towards more communicative approaches.
Audio-lingual and direct methods gained popularity.
3 Modern Innovations
Contemporary methods emphasise learner-centred approaches. Technology
integration has revolutionised language instruction.
The Grammatical-Trans lation
Method
Focus on Literature Grammar Rules
This method prioritises reading Explicit grammar instruction is
classical texts. Students translate central. Learners memorise and
passages from the target apply complex grammatical
language to their native tongue. structures.
Vocabulary Emphas is
Extensive vocabulary lists are common. Words are often taught in isolation,
without context.
The Direct Method
1 Target Language 2 Everyday Vocabulary
Immers ion
F ocus on practical, everyday
Instruction is conducted language. Vocabulary is taught
entirely in the target language. through demonstration,
Translation is avoided to objects, and pictures.
encourage direct associations.
3 Inductive Grammar
Grammar rules are learned through practice and inference. E xplicit
grammar instruction is minimal.
The Audio-L ingual Method
Oral Drills Habit Formation Technology Us e
Repetition and pattern practice are key. Based on behaviorist theory. Language Language labs are often utilised.
Students engage in oral drills to internalise learning is viewed as habit formation Recorded materials provide models for
language structures. through conditioning. imitation and practice.
The Communicative Approach
Authentic Communication
E mphasises real-world language use. Activities simulate genuine communicative situations.
Tas k-Bas ed Learning
Students complete meaningful tasks using the target language. F ocus is on achieving
communicative goals.
Cultural Competence
Integrates cultural understanding. Language is taught within its sociocultural context.
The Tas k-B as ed Approach
Pre-Tas k
Introduce the topic and task. Activate learners' prior knowledge
and prepare them for the main task.
Tas k Cycle
Learners perform the task in pairs or groups. They plan and
report on their task outcomes.
Language Focus
Analyse and practice language features from the task. Reflect
on the learning process.
The Natural Approach
Principle Application
Comprehensible Input Use of simplified language and
visual aids
Low Affective F ilter Create a stress-free learning
environment
Natural Order Grammar taught implicitly,
following natural acquisition order
The Total Physical Response Method
Action-Based Learning Storytelling and Drama Stress-Free Environment
Students respond physically to verbal Narrative sequences are acted out. This Initial focus on listening comprehension.
commands. This reinforces language-body approach combines language with physical Speaking emerges naturally when students
connections. movement and imagination. feel ready.
Eclecticism in Language
Teaching
1 Flexible Approach 2 Learner-Centred
Combines elements from Considers individual learning
different methods. Teachers styles and preferences. Offers
adapt techniques to suit varied activities to engage all
learner needs and contexts. types of learners.
3 Continuous Evolution
Incorporates new research findings. Adapts to changing educational
landscapes and technological advancements.
