Study Guide

English IV Mid-Term Tuesday January 17, 2012 8:15 A.M. Period 4 Room 211 Period 7 Room 210 Structure The Crucible o Matching 5 characters Early American o True or False o Sinners J. Edwards Revolutionary Literature o True of False o T. Paine Philosophy on separation o Franklin Autobiography; Aphorisms o P. Henry Speech Give Me Liberty or Give Me Death Antigone o True of False Great Gatsby Francis Scott Fitzgerald o Writing 6 short answers Short Stories o True or Falses o Multiple Choices o Mammon and the Archer OHenry o Hills Like White Elephants Hemingway o Love Song of J. Alfred Profrock T. S. Eliot o Journey of the Magi T. S. Eliot o Hollow Men T. S. Eliot Poetry o Imagism o Modern Poetry o Carl Sandburg Fog (pg. 1918) Grass (pg. 1918) o Wallace Stevens The Snowman (pg. 1920) The Emperor of Ice-Cream (pg. 1922) o William Carlson Williams The Young Housewife (pg. 1935) The Red Wheelbarrow (pg. 1940) This Is Just to Say (pg. 1940) o Ezra Pound In a Station of the Metro (pg. 1949) Essay o Post WWI Attitude o Purpose and function of writing in two time periods (Early American & Revolutionary Lit.) o Great Gatsby F. Scott Fitzgerald o Night Elie Wiesel g.z.g.1

Early American Literature

Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God
Jonathan Edwards Lived from 1703-1758 Died of smallpox
The Great Awakening The Christian movement that swept Europe and British America, in the 1730s and 1740s, leaving a permanent impact on American religion Resulted from powerful sermons which discussed personal guilt and of peoples need of salvation by Jesus Christ Edwards begins by outlining the wrath and vengeance God set against His chosen people the Israelites when they continued to fall away and disobey Him.

Their foot shall slide in due time (Deuteronomy 32:35) Edwards infers four things about the Israelites punishment and destruction: o They were always exposed to ruin; as one that stands or walks in slippery places is always exposed to falling o They were always exposed to sudden unexpected destruction o They are liable to fall by themselves o The reason why they have not already fallen, and dont fall now, is only that Gods appointed time has not yet come
Later he shows how the same wrath transfers to the whole world. Edwards ten considerations: 1. God may cast wicked man into hell at any given moment 2. The Wicked deserved to be cast into hell. Divine justice does not prevent God from destroying the Wicked at any moment 3. The Wicked, at this moment, suffer under Gods condemnation to Hell 4. The Wicked are now the objects of that very same anger and wrath of God, that is expressed in the torments of hell 5. At any moment God shall permit him, Satan stands ready to fall upon the Wicked and seize them as his own 6. There are in the souls of Wicked men those hellish principles reigning, that would presently ignite and burst into flames of hell-fire, if it were not for Gods restraints 7. Even though there are not visible means of death before them, the Wicked should not feel secure 8. Even though it is natural to care for oneself or to think that others may care for them, men should not think themselves safe from Gods wrath 9. All that wicked man may do to save themselves from Hells pains shall afford them nothing if they continue to reject Christ 10. God has never promised to save us from Hell, except for those contained in Christ through the covenant of Grace Application section contains many Biblical references to support Edwards subject The use of this awful subject may be for awakening unconverted persons in this congregation Compares humans to varmints and serpents; imagines sinners dangling above fire by a tine thread As a sinner, consider the following facts: Whose wrath it is: it is the wrath of the infinite God It is the fury of His wrath that you are exposed to The misery you are exposed to is that which God will inflict to that end, that He might show what the wrath of Jehovah is It is everlasting wrath. It would be dreadful to suffer this fierceness and wrath of Almighty God one second; but you must suffer it for all of eternity

g.z.g.2

The Crucible
Author: Arthur Miller Originally written as an allegory for communism

Types of Action Antecedent action action that happened before the play begin or in between acts o Found in dialogues Present action currently happening between the dialogues Exposition non-dialogue action o Not learned from dialogue

Characters
John Proctor Local farmer who lives just outside town Elizabeth Proctors husband A stern, harsh-tongued man Hates hypocrisy Will not attend church on principle Motivated by integrity and rational thinking Has a hidden his affair with Abigail Williams proves his downfall Hesitates to expose Abigail as a fraud because he worries that his secret will be revealed and his good name ruined Abigail Williams Reverend Parris niece Was once the servant for the Proctor household, but Elizabeth Proctor fired her after she discovered that Abigail was having an affair with her husband, John Proctor Smart, wily, a good liar, and vindictive when crossed Her motivation is to repossess John Proctor She also hopes to reestablish her good name Getting rid of Elizabeth Proctor is a means to both of these ends Reverend John Hale Young minister reputed to be an expert on witchcraft Is called to Salem to examine Parris daughter, Betty A committed Christian and hater of witchcraft His critical mind and intelligence save him from falling into blind fervor His arrival sets the hysteria in motion Later, he regrets his actions and attempts to save the lives of those accused Takes advantage of the opportunity to exhibit his intelligence in this special field Motivated by his capabilities to deal with the devil Elizabeth Proctor John Proctors wife Fired Abigail once she discovered that her husband was having an affair with Abigail Supremely virtuous, but often cold Reverend Parris The minister of Salems church A paranoid, power-hungry, yet oddly self-pitying figure g.z.g.3

Many of the townsfolk, especially John Proctor, dislike him Believes that he is continually persecuted and that there are plots to uproot him Very concerned with building his position in the community

Rebecca Nurse Francis Nurses wife A wise, sensible, and upright woman Held in tremendous regard by most of the Salem community She falls victim to the hysteria when the Putnams accuse her of witchcraft and she refuses to confess Francis Nurse A wealthy, influential man in Salem Well respected by most people in Salem An enemy of Thomas and Ann Putnam Judge Danforth The deputy governor of Massachusetts The presiding judge at the witch trials Honest and scrupulous, at least in his own mind Convinced that he is doing right in rooting out witchcraft

Giles Corey An elderly but feisty farmer in Salem Famous for his tendency to file lawsuits Has a great knowledge of the law and contract matters Talks too much with apparently no motivation Wife Martha accused of witchcraft Eventually, he himself held in contempt of court and pressed to death with large stones Thomas Putnam A wealthy, influential citizen of Salem Holds a grudge against Francis Nurse for preventing Putnams brother-in-law from being elected to the office of minister Uses the witch trials to increase his own wealth by accusing people of witchcraft and then buying up their land Ann Putnam Thomas Putnams wife Has given birth to eight children, but only Ruth Putnam survived o The other seven died before they were a day old o Ann is convinced that they were murdered by supernatural means Ruth Putnam The Putnams lone surviving child out of eight Falls into a strange stupor after Reverend Parris catches her and the other girls dancing in the woods at night Tituba Reverend Parris black slave from Barbados Agrees to perform voodoo at Abigails request g.z.g.4

Her slave sense has taught her that trouble usually ends with her Her motivation is survival

Mary Warren The servant in the Proctor household A member of Abigails group of girls A timid girl, easily influenced by those around her, who tried unsuccessfully to expose the hoax and ultimately recanted her confession Betty Parris Reverend Parris ten-year-old daughter Falls into a strange stupor after Parris catches her and the other girls dancing in the forest with Tituba Her illness and that of Ruth Putnam fuel the first rumors of witchcraft

Martha Corey Giles Coreys third wife Her reading habits lead to her arrest and conviction for witchcraft Ezekiel Cheever A man from Salem who acts as clerk of the court during the witch trials Upright and determined to do his duty for justice Judge Hathorne A judge who presides, along with Danforth, over the witch trials Herrick The marshal of Salem Mercy Lewis One of the girls in Abigails group

Annotated Summaries
Act I Antecedent action o Girls in wood dancing (Tituba) o Putnam wants a different minister o Parris demanded the deed to the house o Background of Hale o Putnam argues about lands o Putnams = greeds o Mercy was running around naked in the woods o Tension between Abigail and Elizabeth Proctor Setting: Salem, Massachusetts in 1692 The government is a theocracy rule by God through religious officials Source of constant, bitter disagreements: matters of boundaries and deeds Betty is sickened in bed Betty daughter of Parris Ruth Putnam is also sick Putnam immediately assumed witchcraft g.z.g.5

 Act II

Parris said its just usual sickness Towns people filled Parris basement Story: girls were dancing, Parris came and scared them Tituba was intonig unintelligible words and waving her arms over a fire Tituba got punished (whipped) Mary Warren Proctors housemaid Abigail has been fired John Proctor has taken Abigails virginity Betty cries for her mother her mother is dead and buried Abigail threatens to kill the girls if they breathe a word about the other things they did in the forest John Proctor a local farmer Proctor angers Abigail by saying that he made no promises to her during their affair Abigail mocks proctor for bending to the will of his cold, sniveling wife Giles Corey muscular, wiry 83 years old farmer Rebecca assures everyone that Ruth and Betty are probably only suffering from a childish fit, derived from overstimulation Putnam retorts that Proctor should not worry about Salems government because he does not attend church regularly like a good citizen Proctor announces that he does not agree with Parris emphasis on hellfire and damnation in his sermons Salem is not a community of Quakers Mrs. Putnam reports to Hale that she has sent Ruth to conjure the spirits of her dead children Giles has a bad reputation in Salem Hale questioned Abigail about the dancing in the forest Abigail sticks to her story Parris adds that he saw a kettle in the grass with something moving in it Abigail says that a frog jumped in Abigail blames Tituba Tituba tells Parris and Hale that Abigail begged her to conjure and concoct a charm Sarah Good and Goody Osburn two local outcasts Tituba says that she saw four people with the devil Goody Osburn midwifred three of Mrs. Putnams ill-fated births Abigail adds Bridget Bishops name to the list of the accused Hale calls for the marshal to bring irons to arrest the accused witches

Fourteen people are now in jail Accused witches do not confess they will be hanged John Proctor usually taste his wife stew and add salt Rabbit stew Elizabeth slit the rabbit and preserve the blood John Proctor wants to please Elizabeth Proctor John Proctor wants to but Elizabeth George Jacobs heifer (young female cow) Men governed the family Lechery = death Elizabeth is a little bit cold to John because of the affair Abigail is very manipulative John in an affectionate man Mary Warren was a court instrument made a doll 39 people has been accused Mary Warren: Elizabeths name comes up in court g.z.g.6

Elizabeth wants John to go to the court in Salem Elizabeth feels that Abigail is ought to get her to take her place in Johns bed John Proctor has a tender feeling for Abigail If John Proctor goes to the court and goes against Abigail, then Abigail could threaten him Irony: John Proctor forgets the adultery in the Ten Commandments Elizabeth reminds him Proctors youngest son has not been baptized Rebecca Nurse has been mentioned in the court Ezekiel Cheever click of the court o His reputation has been elevated because he gave money o He act a little bit of it Elizabeth was arrested because of a doll found with needle on the back Abigail stuck the needle on the doll (Second person to enter the house) Hale went to Proctors house to see how holy the house is and asks the Ten Commandments 3rd person to enter the house: Giles Corey and Francis Nurse o They cry that their wives have been arrested Rebecca is charged with supernatural murders of Mrs. Putnams babies Martha Corey was accused of bewitching a man so that he would be incapable of keeping any pig alive 4th person to enter the house: Ezekiel Cheever and Herrick o Arrive with a warrant for Elizabeths arrest Cheever asked if Elizabeth owns any dolls Elizabeth replies that she has not owned dolls since she was a girl Cheever spies the doll Mary Warren gave her finds needle inside it Proctor tells Mary that she has to testify in court Mary knows about Proctor and Abigails affair

Act III Mary testifies that she and the other girls were only pretending to be afflicted by witchcraft Danforth does not like when people argues with the court o You are either with us or against us When Proctor questioned the case, Danforth thinks he is questioning the court. Danforth is the leader of the court, so he took it as in insult Plowing on Sunday = a serious offense in Salem Children be seen, not heard (poorly treated) Proctor wants to save his wife Elizabeth is pregnant saved for a year Danforth arrests Giles for contempt of court The girls accused Mary of bewitching them with a cold wind Proctor calls Abigail a whore He confesses his affair with her Elizabeth lies about the truth Proctor is conflicted should he drop the case because his wife is saved or should he try to save everyone? John Proctor is accused of being a witch Hale denounces the proceedings and declares that he is quitting the court Act IV Abigail and Mercy vanished from Salem after robbing Parris Everyone lives in fear of being accused of witchcraft There are rumors of revolt in nearby Andover g.z.g.7

Danforth hopes that Elizabeth can persuade him to confess Elizabeth told Proctor that almost 100 people have been accused of witchcraft Giles was killed by being pressed to death by large stones Giles last words were more weight Proctor asks Elizabeth if she thinks that he should confess He does not hold out because of religious conviction He does so out of spite because he wants his persecutors to feel the weight of guilt for seeing him hanged when they know he is innocent Proctor agrees to confess Danforth says that Proctors confession will be hung on the church door The men bring Rebecca to witness Proctors confession The sight of Rebecca shames Proctor Proctor says he didnt see Rebecca in the devils company Proctor hesitates to sign the confession Proctor was taken with six other condemned prisoners to the gallows Hale and Parris plead with Elizabeth to remonstrate with Proctor Elizabeth refuses to sway him from doing what he believes is just

Epilogue Parris is voted out of office He leaves Salem Abigail became a prostitute in Boston Elizabeth remarries a few years after her husbands execution 1712 The excommunications of the condemned are retracted The farms of the executed go fallow and remain vacant for years Irony

They are all lies No witchcraft in Salem, Massachusetts Corey stands mute (He usually never shut up)

g.z.g.8

Antigone
Author: Sophocles

Characters
Antigone The plays tragic heroine Sallow, withdrawn, and recalcitrant Creon Antigones uncle Powerfully built, but a weary and wrinkled man suffering the burdens of rule Practical man firmly distances himself from the tragic aspirations of Oedipus and his line His only interest is in political and social order Bound to ideas of good sense, simplicity, and the banal happiness of everyday life Ismene Blonde, full-figured, and radiantly beautiful Laughing and talkative the good girl of the family Reasonable and understands her place, bowing to Creons edict and attempting to dissuade Antigone from her act of rebellion Antigones foil Recant and beg Antigone to allow her to join her in death Though Antigone refuses, Ismenes conversion indicates how her resistance is contagious Haemon Antigones young fiance Son to Creaon Appears twice in the play o 1st rejected by Antigone o 2nd begs his father for Antigones life Creons refusal ruins his exalted view of his father Refuses the happiness that Creon offers him and follows Antigone to a tragic demise Nurse A traditional figure in Greek drama An addition to the Antigone legend Introduces an everyday, maternal element into the play that heightens the strangeness of the tragic world Fussy, affectionate, and reassuring Suffers no drama or tragedy but exists in the day-to-day tasks of caring for the two sisters Her comforting presence returns Antigone to her girlhood In her arms, Antigone superstitiously invests the Nurse with the power to ward off evil and keep her safe

Chorus Frames the play with a prologue and epilogue Introducing the action and characters under the sign of fatality Instructs the audience on proper spectatorship Reappearing at the tragedys pivotal moments to comment on the action or the nature of tragedy itself Attempts to intercede throughout the play, whether on the behalf of the Theban people or the horrified spectators Jonas The three Guardsmen The card-playing trio emerges from a long stage tradition of the dull-witted police officer Made all the more mindless and indistinguishable in being grouped in three Eternally indifferent, innocent, and ready to serve Second Guard Largely indistinguishable from his cohorts Jeeringly compares Antigone to an exhibitionist upon her arrest Third Guard The last of the indifferent Guardsmen Largely indistinguishable from his cohorts Messenger Typical figure of Greek drama g.z.g.9

A pale and solitary boy who bears the news of death Prologue: he casts a menacing shadow Remains apart from the others in his premonition of Haemons death

No help to anyone but one day become either a Creon or an Antigone in his own right

Page

Creons attendant A figure of young innocence Sees all, understands nothing

Eurydice Creons kind, knitting wife Her only function to knit in her room until it is her time to die (declared Chorus) Her suicide is Creons last punishment, leaving him entirely alone

Annotated Summary
Creon buries Etocles Creon says, Do not bury Polynices! Importance of burial: the memorial & the process Antigone spreads dirt over Polynices body Creon grows mad Antigone ran and was caught Haemen Creons son Haemen is betrothed to Antigone Community of Thebes is starting to go against Creon Antigone is sentenced to die Haemen asked his father not to kill Antigone Creon said that shell be walled up in a cave Antigone buried her brother knowing the consequences Gods laws vs. mans laws Antigone thinks Gods law over mans law and buried her brother Haemons approach: o Dad, Im here for you o Its better to catch flies with honey than vinegar Haemon is a good thinker / arguer Creon is so single-minded Haemons prophecy: My face thou never shalt behold again Haemon disowned his father Tiresias blind prophet (seer) Creon accused Tiresias that Tiresias has been paid to give the prophecy Creon left the dead and buried the life Creons family will pay Antigone is dead Haemon was very angry swing sword at Creon (missed) stab himself instead Eurydice, Creons wife, hung herself Creon leaves Thebes and went into exiles

g.z.g.10

Revolutionary Literature
Reason and Revolution American Literature 1750-1800
Leading to Revolution French and Indian War After the French and Indian War (1756-1763) the mother country expected the colonies to pay for their own protection by instituting taxes The colonists objected, feeling that Englands constant quarreling with France was not their fight The Stamp Act The Stamp Act in 1765 required that colonists buy special stamps for newspapers, licenses, pamphlets, and many other documents The Quartering Act The Quartering Act forced colonists to house and feed British soldiers in their own homes The Townsend Acts In 1767, tea, glass, lead, and paper were taxed leading some colonists to refuse to abide by the new laws. All taxes were repealed except for tea. Boston Tea Party First open revolt Boston Massacre John Adams defended the Red Coats The Old Manse Concord, Massachusetts Concord supplies, weapons Three famous people who lived in the Old Manse 1. Ralph Waldo Emersons Grandfather Lived in the Old Manse Is a Minuteman Told his wife to take the two children and go upstairs His wife is afraid 2. Henry David Thoreau o Emersons BFF 3. Nathaniel Hathworne o Author of The Scarlet Letter Behind the house is a bridge that connects to Pasteur where the supplies are Shot heard around the world o Unknown shooter Walden Pond Concord, Massachusetts Thoreau lives here Common Sense It was not until January 1776 that a voice called for complete separation from England. This voice was Thomas Paine. His heated language fed the demand for indpendence Paines Common Sense sold an astonishing 100,000 copies in three months! g.z.g.11

Key Ideas During This Time Period Representative Government Natural Rights Freedom Separation of Church and State American Identity National Literature Representative Government The idea of representative government was in keeping with long-standing English traditions of limiting royal power England House of Parliament Natural Rights The writings of British philosopher John Locke influenced Americans founding fathers Locke justified limiting royal authority and proposed that all human beings have natural rights Freedom and Emergence of Diversity The Quakers from Pennsylvania help to create an atmosphere of freedom and tolerance Pennsylvania and other colonies become populated with immigrants leaving for political and religious reasons Pennsylvania becomes a center and haven for progressive thinking Pennsylvania o Amish live in o Pennsylvanian Dutch secluded community Revolutionary Writing = Political Writing America had no professional novelists, poets, or playwrights Americans did express themselves on matters of liberty, governments, law, reason, and freedom Writing took the form of pamphlets, newspaper articles, and broadsides Writing may not sophisticated, but it was the voice of people whose lives were touched by turbulent times Who wrote? People of every social class and every degree of writing skills o As long as they can afford ink and printing Literature is always dictated by the current society Political Independence = Literary and Artistic Independence America must be as independent in literature as she is in politics, as famous for the arts as for her arms Noah Webster Americas assets include two things that no European had experienced o The natural wilderness o The Revolution If Columbus discovered America, then Patriots such as Franklin, Paine, and Jefferson invented it That invention of an American self, society, and identity was the greatest single imaginative creation of this period ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Patrick Henry
Patrick Henrys speech was spoken before the Second Virginia Convention His speech was improv (extemporaneous) Speech 7 minutes g.z.g.12

Very persuasive Everything change after his speech Was recorded in written, not auditory

Give Me Liberty or Give Me Death

Clanking chain slavery Audience: community in Virginia (all politician) Start: o Hear me out o Let me give you a background of myself Patrick Henry came into a room where everyone gave a speech opposite of him (England allies) He came with respectful manner Mr. President = President of the Virginia House Images: o Slavery chains, bondage, forging vs. Freedom o God Majesty of Heaven King of England at the time: George My word is lamp to the foot (Bible allusion) o God will walk you side by side Man plans and God laughs Paragraph 3 I have but one lampexperience look at what we have done Petition (lamp) that has been rejected by Parliament Rhetorical question meant for emphasize Petition answer: We love you and wants you to be our colonies o War instead o War Love Things that we have done: o Petition o Argument o Remonstrate o Supplicate o Prostrate o Implore Reasons why we should fight o Were not weak, were already strong o God is on our side o No choice fight already begun (Boston Massacre happened, Lexington happened) Start and end speech with slavery Our brother are already out in the field fighting Climax: solution why we should fight Ending part of the speech is a call to urgency! We need to fight NOW!

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Benjamin Franklin
He believes that religion (church) was built in tyranny The only way to free yourself from that tyranny is education Franklin wants to educate everyone Founder of the University of Pennsylvania Penn is a secular school for men who do not want to be priests (unlike Harvard or Yale) Died in 1790 20,000 people attended his funeral g.z.g.13

The Autobiography
Over 19 years, Franklin sat down 4 times to compile The Autobiography Written in a form of letter to his son, William, who is the governor of New Jersey William Franklin was a loyalist Ben Franklin has became an influence person He thought that people may want to mimic him Hes the tenth child His father wants him to become a priest 10th child = tithe Ben wants to be a navigator in the sea He worked as an apprentice to his brother, James, in the printing press business Ben likes printing because he could read books He didnt get paid for being apprentice He worked as an apprentice from 12 years old to 21 years old He stayed at a boarding house with others apprentices His friend said that females are stupid He argued this opinion Ben Franklin became a vegetarian after reading a book about it He told his brother to give him half of the money James paid for his board Ben used his extra money to buy books benefit of He gets to eat in peace and drinks water being vegetarian Ben wants to be eloquent in speech he studied it James was arrested James had a newspaper Ben ran it for James while hes in prison After James sentence, the newspaper was put under Bens name Ben left the harbor in Boston when he was 17 years old In Day 3, he found himself in NYC, 300 miles away from Boston He brought little money with him Money from selling his books Boston New York City Philadelphia In Philly, Bens starving He bought 3 breads Hes thirsty (no money) drinks from the river water He saw a mother and a child starving, he gave them his bread He walked into the Quaker Meeting House, where he first slept in Philly Ben would go to a meeting of ideas They would talk about books and lend them to each other This is how library started

Ben Franklins Virtues

1. Temperance a. Control what to eat b. Control not to drink (alcohol) 2. Silence a. Think before you say b. Dont trifle (gossip) c. If you dont have any important/good thing to say, dont say it 3. Order a. Ordering life with regards to time b. Organize in your home and hour of the day 4. Resolution a. Finish what you start 5. Frugality a. Do not waste money g.z.g.14

6. Industry a. Do something productive b. Stop playing video games 7. Sincerity a. Dont think ill of people b. Get the negative thoughts out of your head c. Not just avoid stereotype 8. Justice a. Help others 9. Moderation a. Everything in moderation 10. Cleanliness

a. Be clean b. Take shower c. Clean your room 11. Tranquility a. Dont let common mistake bring you down b. Dont cry over spilt milk c. Dont be easily disturbed 12. Chastity a. Dont do Free Sex 13. Humility a. Dont have pride b. Pride = sin

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Thomas Paine
Curious like Ben Franklin Born in England 8 years old rebelling against Christianity (thought its evil) Thought outside of box Goes to Philadelphia and becomes journalist Wrote Common Sense If he hadnt, we wouldnt be here today Be our own country Served as an aid in Army Not everyone believed there should be Revolution writes the Crisis #1 Washington read Crisis #1, troops splints were aroused o Hot tempered o Bad hygiene Goes back to England writes the Right of Man Right of Man passion plea against monarchy England is monarchy NOT HAPPY o England charges Paine with treason o Protests execution of King He moves to New York and writes The Age of Reason The Age of Reason direct attack on Christianity therefore, direct attack on conventional society Thomas Paine believes in God, just not the religious organization He was buried on his own farm Good people dig him up later and re-bury him in England But, the guy lost his bones and now we dont know where it is

g.z.g.15

Francis Scott Fitzgerald

Working novels Money Booze Sex Zelda Filling the void If bills get too much or needs fund to go to Europe, he would write short stories The curious case of Benjamins Button (movie) written by Fitzgerald Hard working comes from his dads family His relax characteristics come from his moms family Francis Scott Key Fitzgerald Born in St. Paul, Minnesota on September 24, 1896

The Great Gatsby

Main Themes Corruption of the American Dream o Money o Education o Opportunity Moral Geography 1. East Egg old money a. Power b. Status c. Name 2. West Egg new money a. People on their way up 3. Valley of Ashes poor 4. New York City corruption; anything goes

Characters
Nick Carraway The novels narrator Came from Minnesota Educated at Yale Fought in World War I Went to New York City to learn the bond business Honest, tolerant, and inclined to reserve judgment Often serves as a confidant for those with troubling secret Jay Gatsby Title character and protagonist of the novel Fabulously wealthy, living in a Gothic mansion in West Egg Famous for the lavish parties he throws every Saturday night Where he comes from, what he does, or how he made his fortune are unknown Was born James Gatz on a farm in North Dakota Met Daisy while he was training to be an officer in Louisville Fell in love with Daisy Made his fortune through criminal activity g.z.g.16

Willing to do anything to gain the social position he thought necessary to win Daisy Deeply flawed man, dishonest and vulgar, whose extraordinary optimism and power to transform his dreams into reality make him great nonetheless (from Nicks point of view)

Daisy Buchanan Nicks cousin The woman Gatsby loves Sardonic and somewhat cynical Behaves superficially to mask her pain at her husbands constant infidelity Tom Buchanan Daisys immensely wealthy husband Went to Yale Arrogant and hypocritical Social attitudes are laced with racism and sexism Never considers trying to live up to the moral standard he demands from those around him Has no moral qualms about his own extramarital affair with Myrtle, but begins to suspect Daisy and Gatsby of having an affair Becomes outraged and forces a confrontation Jordan Myrtle George Baker Daisys friend A woman with whom Nick becomes romantically involved A competitive golfer Represents one of the new women of the 1920s Cynical, boyish, and self-centered Beautiful Dishonest Cheated in order to win her first golf tournament Continually bends the truth Wilson Toms lover George Wilsons wife Possesses a fierce vitality Desperately looks for a way to improve her situation Tom treats her as a mere object of his desire Wilson Myrtles husband Lifeless, exhausted owner of a run-down auto shop at the edge of the Valley of Ashes Loves and idealized Myrtle Devastated by her affair with Tom Consumed with grief when Myrtle is killed Comparable with Gatsby in that both are dreamers and both are ruined by their unrequited love for women who love Tom

Owl Eyes The eccentric, bespectacled drunk whom Nick meets at the first party he attends at Gatsbys mansion Astonished that the books in Gatsbys library are real g.z.g.17

Klipspringer The shallow freeloader Seems almost to live at Gatsbys mansion Taking advantage of his hosts money As soon as Gatsby dies, he disappears Does not attend Gatsbys funeral But he does call Nick about a pair of tennis shoes that he left at Gatsbys mansion Meyer Wolfsheim Gatsbys friend A prominent figure in organized crime Helped Gatsby to make his fortune bootlegging illegal liquor (before the events of the novel take place) His continued acquaintance with Gatsby suggests that Gatsby is still involved in illegal business

Annotated Summaries Chapter 1

Nick Carraway o Narrator o From the mid-west o Live in Long Island (West Egg) o Related to Daisy Buchanan (cousin) whose husband is Tom Buchanan Nick and Tom are friends from college (Yale) Nick is neutral in narrating Hes a modest man The Buchanans live in East Egg East Egg o Old money (from generations) o Heirloom o Status/name West Egg o New money (money that recently attained) o No status o No lineage People with new money dont know how to handle their money Theyre ostentatious (showy) People with old money are more subtle Jordan is a professional golfer Shes lean and muscular Jordan is a traditionally masculine name Tom is quite ignorant He reads a book that implies racism Tom is cheating on Daisy He has a woman in NYC Tom and Daisy have a baby girl Ignorance is a bliss Jordan said that she hope the girl is a fool Fool = ignorance doesnt know that Tom is cheating

g.z.g.18

Chapter 2
Valley of Ashes o Farm o Ashes grow like wheat o Garbage is brought and dumped here Ash Grey Men o Swarm o Cloud of smoke comes Doctor TJ Eckleburg has blue eyes TJ Eckleburg is a billboard outside Wilson gas station Wilson owner of Wilsons Car Repairs Mr. Wilson o Weak o Dead character o Pushover Mrs. Wilson o Opposite of her husband o Sensual o Sexual On the way to NYC, Nick is in an awkward situation Myrtle acts like shes better than anybody Myrtle came from low class Myrtles sister = Catherine Tom hasnt left Daisy for Myrtle because Daisy is Catholic and Catholics dont divorce Mrs. Wilson mentioned Daisys name Tom slapped her Tom is violent (brutal tendency), a hypocrite, and protecting his status Myrtle will never be the same (equal as) to Daisy Nick feels like hes an outcast at party He doesnt feel like he belongs there

Chapter 3
Gatsbys party is wild, enormous Serve best foods Once every two weeks People usually just show up People likes to go to Gatsbys party legal to do wild things Nick ran to Jordan They both went to the library Owl Eyes man with thick glasses Having a pedigree from Ivy League doesnt mean intellectual People with big house filled room with library Gatsby graduated from Oxford Cardboard fake books Blasco theatrical producer known for realistic set Nick and Jordan had a nice conversation Jordan is a big fat liar Her lies is her basic characters

Chapter 4
Springer = boarder g.z.g.19

o Stays at Gatsbys after party Nick and Gatsby went to NYC for lunch Gatsby called Nick old sport Meyer Wolfsheim Gatsbys friend (based on Rodstein) o A gambler o Fixed the Worlds Series back in 1919 Gatsby doesnt want to talk business in front of Nick Wolfsheim praised Gatsby Wolfsheims cuff links are human molars Tom Buchanan showed up at the restaurant Gatsbys gone Daisy drove a white car White = pureness Daisy wears white Gatsby loves Daisy and vice versa He has to leave for war Daisy doesnt drink She got drunk unusual Gatsby couldnt get back as soon as the war ends Daisy drink on the night before her wedding She got letter from Gatsby He still loves her Daisy threw the pearl necklace worth of $350,000 from Tom

Chapter 5
Gatsby showing off his fortune to Daisy He wore a silver shirt and gold tie Nick arranged reunion for Gatsby and Daisy Gatsby offers Nick a job Nick declined the offer Nick is content with what he has Nick cant be bought, he wants to work on his own Gatsby tried to look bored cool Nick goes outside Gatsbys house is enormous with cottages around The previous owner wants his house to be castle with peasants around o He pays the peasants taxes for 5 years o Superiority It took 3 years for Gatsby to earn the money to buy the mansion He has planned meeting with Daisy for 5 years Klipspringer was also in the house The song is ironic

Chapter 6
James Gatz Gatsbys real name He started using Gatsby when he was 17 years old He helped Dan Cody He introduced himself as Jay Gatsby Cody is a big drinker o Wealthy man g.z.g.20

o Many women tried to take his money o 50 years old o Gatsby becomes his BFF & bodyguard o Gatsby was young Dan Codys money supposed to go to Gatsby Gatsby only get part of it Ella took the rest of the money Gatsby and Daisy have been having an affair Tom and his two friends was riding Gatsby seems to want to know Tom more Gatsby offered the trio dinner They declined, but to be polite they invite Gatsby for dinner To Gatsby, the last 5 years was as if hes in a comma He thinks he could turn the clock back To Gatsby, the line in sidewalk is a ladder If he could climb the ladder to the old money, he could get Daisy His new religion is materialistic with Daisy as the idol (goddess)

Chapter 7
The weather was excessively warm Tension is rising (heat is so intense) The child is the proof that the last 5 years existed Tom noticed Daisy and Gatsbys affair by the way they look at each other Gatsby has a yellow, convertible Roll Royce Gatsby and Tom switch car First car: Gatsby and Daisy Second car: Tom, Jordan and Nick Toms completely inaccurate about the sun o Shows hes ignorant o He thinks hes brighter than he is Daisys life is meaningless Wilson finds out that his wife is having an affair Wilson reacts crazily Tom reacts angrily but hes confident that Daisy wont leave him Wilson becomes ill Tom is upset because Daisy is having an affair with someone below their social class Blocks Biloxi wedding crasher He crashed Tom and Daisys wedding Gatsby was in military and he could go to any school in Europe He went to Oxford for 5 months He didnt graduate because he wants to go back to USA to be with Daisy Tom used a term intermarriage married into a different race Five years of reality (Gatsbys look) Nick realized that today is his birthday Nick is 30 Daisy and Gatsby are in Gatsbys car on the way back Myrtle got run over Shes dead Tom was very upset Daisy was driving g.z.g.21

She killed her husbands lover Tom didnt know that Daisy was driving Nick feels pity for Gatsby He was furious, but he stays at Gatsbys side forever

Chapter 8
Gatsby told Nick about his past Gatsby was in the war and a captain Gatsby was a penniless man Daisys parents/social circle would not approve Gatsby Nick complimented Gatsby Nick disapproves of Gatsbys way of getting money Nick would rather be with Gatsby than be with Tom or Daisy o Gatsby man of substance o Tom/Daisy one dimensional Gatsby waited for Daisys phone call Red circle blood Wilson shoot Gatsby then he commit suicide

Chapter 9
Tom and Daisy leave o No trace left They took no responsibility Gatsbys father shows up in Gatsbys funeral Gatsbys father was astonished and proud of Gatsbys accomplishment

g.z.g.22

Short Stories
O Henry
Left the country to Honduras Was arrested for embezzling money Got inspiration wherever he looked His story always end with a bang, not a whimper

Mammon and the Archer mammon great wealth the Archer = Cupid Great wealth and great love Anthony Rockwall o New money o Soap business o Son = Richard o Never cared for bell to call a servant Richard doesnt have the time to tell the girl how he feels about her Money cant buy love or time Aunt Ellen Anthonys sister Miss Lantry the girl whom Richard fell in love with Anthony paid Kelly to cause the traffic jam Richard told Anthony which route hes taking Richard was able to be with Miss Lantry for two hours and proposed his love The ring belongs to Richards mother The ring was plain they didnt have money before Cupid a kind of fat boy without any clothes on shooting arrows around with a bow When you come from new money, money solved everything Anthony is not arrogant because he let Ellen & Richard think that it wasnt money who got love Anthony is sort of making fun at the old money people Theres no pretense with Anthony Hes the same as his old self Takes three generations to be a gentlemen Takes one generation of money --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Hills Like White Elephants Author: Ernest Hemingway The girl has problem: pregnant and going for abortion Just let air in abortion operation He only wants her meaning: just her, not the baby o He wouldnt stay with her if she kept the baby and she would have nowhere to go o Not referring to cheating Her mood changes: start OK come to realization They are going to Madrid for operation Make decision: it isnt ours anymore Hes in the bar and shes outside White elephant = burden -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- g.z.g.23

T. S. Eliot
Founder of modern poetry (began in Europe immigrated to America) Born as American Went to England and became citizen Modern movement o Fragment o Imagism Disallusions after WWI art and writing

The Love Song of J. Alred Prufrock J. Alfred Prufrock 40 years old accountant Evening is so beautiful patient passed out Saw dust on the floor to absorb all the liquid (alcohol) The streets is a maze o Theyre drunk o They dont know where they are They pretend to be high-class (talking of Michelangelo) Yellow fog contained, dirty, not-pure (like urine, industrial gas) The fog goes into the house in the fog usually hangover, or drunk Anaphora of there will be time dont get things done (procrastinator) J. Alfred Prufrock is not capable to love and does not exist The relationship of men and women after WWI The Journey of the Magi Magi three wise men who brought the gifts Harsh traveling conditions (winter) They traveled by means of camels They regretted their journey Theyre kings from warm weather The camel man o Grumbling and cursing o Bought alcohol and prostitute when he got paid Towns people are mean Charged high prices for kings They realized that theyre crazy They finally came to the cave where Jesus was born Three trees crosses o Biblical allusion Six hands at an open door dicing for pieces of silver o Guards ripping Jesus robes o Jesus robe quality, no seams o Three people = guards o They gamble for the robe (money) Empty wine-skins o Jesus public miracle o Wedding at Cana o Water wine It was a dirty cave They would do the journey again g.z.g.24

No doubt it was a birth The kings death (physically) o Experienced their past death (spiritual death) They went back to their kingdoms Alien people no one believes about Jesus

The Hollow Men No spirituality Part of the post WWI disallusions They dont have a voice They have no value Imagery of broken glass in basement no one cares about it Eliot is trying to expressed who we are To deaths other Kingdom theyre meaningless Violent souls they just fought in the war Section V Nursery rhymes: Mulberry bush o Tree = looks like blackberry o Maypole Prickly pear cactus Theyre acting like children Childish I want it now The needs are painful o Everything except thinking Smoke, drug, sex 5 A.M. sleeping o Nothing good happened Idea dreams Shadow falls before reality no reality For Thine is the Kingdom The Lords Prayer Conception conceiving a child Desire for women Eliot was a heterosexual man Shadow a fog that is an obstacle Sex o Desire, spasm, potency, existence, essence o Negative connotation

g.z.g.25

Poetry
Carl Sandburg Fog Fog is not extreme, just a low cloud Comparing it to domestic animal: cat Grass

Grass decomposing bodies Several battles mentioned Mocking tone: how quickly people forget Grass will cover bodies

Wallace Stevens Raised in Reading, Pennsylvania Went to Harvard for 3 years before pursuing career in literature The Snow Man Cold for a long time dont appreciate the beauty of winter No leaves Nothing to obstruct noise of wind Difference in being alone, and being lonely The Emperor of Ice-Cream Poor Plain unfinished wood o Missing knobs Muscular guy need help during this hard time Sheet has fantails on it Spread on her face dead o Dumb = cant hear, dead o No shoes on o Gross feet Lamp = autopsy Last months newspaper: doesnt need to look nice Disillusionment of Ten Oclock Everyone wears white night gowns Everyone seemed to blend together Even their dreams are blending (same) o Except the drunk sailor William Carlos Williams Went to the University of Pennsylvania Majored in medicine MD The Young Housewife First published in 1916 The housewife wasnt ready and it was already 10 A.M. o Hair is undone g.z.g.26

o Corset is unworn Grocer would go door to door Her husband might be in war or die Shes alone There seemed to be separation between her and her husband Fallen leaf shes fragile

The Red Wheelbarrow First published in 1923 Hasnt been used Chickens are wandering around This poem scene that he saw when he got a house call to treat a child This will be the image the mother will see when the child dies This Is Just to Say First published in 1934 A note Williams left for his wife He ate a plum and hes sorry Ezra Pound *Poetry changes after Victorian times because of him In a Station of the Metro metro Paris subway Wrote to give an image Wet petals o Flat o More fragile

g.z.g.27