Environmental Engineering-I

Course Instructor
Engr. Zohaib Hassan Khan
Lecturer
Civil Engineering Department
UET Peshawar

Lecture 6 5/18/2021 1
 Water Quality
• Water constitutes one of the important components
in the life of Human being.

• Water has a direct bearing on health.

• In order to be used as healthful fluid for human

consumption, water must be free from :
 Organisms that are capable of causing disease.
 Minerals and organic substances that could
produce adverse physiological effects.

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 Water Quality
• Drinking water should be:
 Aesthetically acceptable.
 Free from apparent Turbidity, Colour, Odour & any
objectionable taste.
 Drinking water also should have a reasonable
temperature.
• Water meeting these conditions is termed as
“Potable” - may be consumed in any desired
amount without concern for adverse effect on
health.

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 Water Source Selection
The selection of a water supply source involves a
review of the alternative sources available and their
respective characteristics. Factors to consider when
selecting a water supply source
include :
• Safe Yield.
• Water Quality.
• Collection Requirements (intake structures, wells
etc.)
• Treatment Requirements.
• Transmission and Distribution Requirements.

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Water Quality Monitoring and Surveillance
• Pakistan Council of Research in Water Resources
(PCRWR) was established in 1964 and working is a
body corporate vide PCRWR Act 2007 under
Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST).

• Schools/Colleges/Medical/Technical Institutes.

• NGOs

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 Laboratory Infrastructure
• Laboratory control in water quality management is
indispensable.
• A Well Arranged and Adequately Equipped
analytical laboratory with Competent Analysts is
an important and integral part of any water quality
monitoring and surveillance program.
• Results of laboratory analysis are essential for
evaluation of efficiency of water treatment system
• The laboratory infrastructure depend on the level
of analysis desired, location and other support
available.

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 Types of Laboratory
• Level – I (Village Level)
 Bacteriological Identification, Field Test Kits.
• Level – II (District Level)
 Chemical & Bacteriological Examination
• Level – III (State Level)
 Special analysis for metals, pesticides and organics
 Analytical Quality Control.
 Data analysis and information transfer.
 Assist District Level laboratories.
 Policy formulation.

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 Objectives of Water Quality Sampling
• To obtain reliable and useful data.

• To assess the impact of human activities on Water

quality and its suitability.

• To determine the quality of water in its natural state.

• To keep under observation the sources and

pathways of pollutants/contamination.

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 Factors Influencing Source Water Quality
Natural Factors:
 Climate
 Watershed characteristics
 Geology
 Microbial growth
 Fire

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 Factors Influencing Source Water Quality
Human Factors:
 Point :
 Wastewater/Industrial discharge
 Hazardous waste facilities
 Mine drainage
 Spills and releases

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 Factors Influencing Source Water Quality
Human Factors:
 Non Point:
• Agricultural runoff
• Livestock
• Urban runoff
• Land development
• Landfills
• Erosion
• Recreation activities

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 Location of Sampling
• The sample taken be representative of the source
• Sampling point should be uniformly distributed
throughout the system.
• The sampling point should include the conditions
at most unfavorable places in the system.
• There should be at least one sampling point
directly after the clean water outlet from each
plant.
• At least one sample be taken from farthest Stand
Post.

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 Types of Samples
• Grab or Catch Samples.
• Composite Samples.
• Integrated Samples.

Generally for drinking water quality monitoring,

Grab Samples are taken.

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 Collection of Water Samples
• Meaningful and reliable sampling assures correct
laboratory results.

• Minimum time between the time of collection and

conducting water analysis.

• For Chemical examination - Adequate care is

required through proper preservation that would
be parameter specific.

• For Biological examination - Extreme care be

taken during sample collection & its preservation

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 Requirement for Biological Analysis
• Frequency to ensure seasonal variations of water
quality to be investigated.

• Samples to be collected, stored and dispatched in

suitable sterilized bottles.

• The quantity of water collected be adequate

enough for analysis.

• Utmost care be taken during sampling to avoid

contamination of sample being collected.

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 Requirement for Biological Analysis
• In order to prevent significant alteration in the
characteristics of sample prior to analysis, the
sample be dispatched to the laboratory under
iced condition as soon as possible.

• The details of the sample be clearly described and

the sample bottles properly labeled to avoid any
error.

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 Sample Containers
• Should be free from contamination.

• Should not change the water characteristics.

• Should not make any reaction with the water.

• Should contain adequate quantity for analysis.

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 Sample Containers
Chemical Analysis:
Colorless/White plastic jerricans

Bacteriological Analysis
• Sterilized glass bottles with glass stopper.
 Sterilization in autoclave at 1 kg/cm2 for 15 minutes.
• Samples with residual chlorine be dechlorinated for
Bacteriological analysis

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 Sampling Procedure
• For physical examination, water can be collected in
fully cleaned bottles or plastic cans.

• If the water is to be collected for chemicals tests,

the container, usually glass bottles of more than 2
liter capacity should be thoroughly washed and
cleaned; and then the water should be collected in
it.

• For the collection of water for bacteriological tests,

the person who collects the water must be free
from any disease.

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 Sampling Procedure
• The containers and bottles must be cleaned with
sulphuric acid, potassium dichromate and then,
they should be thoroughly rinsed with distilled water
and finally sterilization should be done.

• Immediately after collection of the samples, bottles

should be closed and covered to prevent
accumulation of dirt, etc.

• The testing of water samples should be done as

early as possible.

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 Sampling Procedure
• Sampling Bottle/Container be opened only when
it is required for filling.

• The bottle should be held from the base while

filling.

• Bottle should not be filled completely.

• Some space be left for air to facilitate shaking

before analysis.

• Data sheet be filled and accompanied with

sample for analysis

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 Sampling Procedure & Water Sources
Sampling of Hand Pump Water:
• Water should be pumped for about 5 minutes
before filling the sample bottle.

Sampling of Water from a Tap:

• Water should be allowed to run for 3 – 4 minutes or
more before filling the sample bottle.
• For estimation of Total Residual Chlorine, farthest
stand post be considered for sampling.

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 Sampling Procedure & Water Sources
Sampling of Surface water or stream:
• it should be collected about 40-50 cm below the
surface to avoid the collection of surface impurities
oils, tree leaves, etc. which should also removed by
strainers while collecting the water through intakes.

Sampling of ground sources ; well or tube well:

• Sufficient quantity of water should be pumped out
before collecting the samples.

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 Preservation and Storage of Samples
• The sample should be examine preferably within
one hour after collection.

• This period, in on case should exceed 24 hours.

• Efforts be made to keep the temperature of the

sample as close as possible to that of source.

• Sample to be preserved in ice until analysis

(if sample can not be analyzed within 24 hours).

• For Bacteriological analysis, sample be analyzed

within 72 hours.

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 Preservation of Samples
Temperature:
• Should be measured in - situ
Turbidity:
• Best to measured in the field.
• Sample can be stored in dark for 24 hours.
• Settling during storage & change in pH lead to
precipitation, can affect the result during storage.
pH
• Should be measured in - situ
• pH is temperature dependent

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 Preservation of Samples
Hardness:
• Sample be filtered.
• If during storage, CaCO3 sediment appears, it must be
dissolved with small HCl after decanting the clear liquid
above the sediment.
Nitrate & Nitrite:
• 2 – 4 ml of chloroform be added to retard bacterial
decomposition.
• Sample can be cooled and then stored at 3 – 4 ºC.
Ammonia:
• Sample be deep frozen with 0.8 ml of H2SO4 per liter
and then stored at 4 ºC.
• Prior to analysis, acid used be neutralized.

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 Preservation of Samples
Sodium & Potassium:
• Stored in plastic bottles
Calcium:
• Stored in plastic bottles
• If any CaCO3 precipitate form during storage, it
must be redissolved with HCl or HNO3 and then
neutralized before analysis.
Sulphate:
•  Can be stored in the refrigeration for up to 7 days
•  Prolonged storage be avoided for polluted water

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 Preservation of Samples
Magnesium, Chloride & Fluoride:
• No specific preservation required.
Sulphide:
• Sample be fixed with cadmium acetate or Zinc acetate,
after which it can be stored up to 3 days in the dark.
Cyanide:
• Highly active and unstable.
• Preserved with sufficient NaOH to raise pH to 11 or more
and then stored at about 4 ºC.
Arsenic:
• Preserved by adding Conc. HCl (12 N) @ 1 ml/L of
sample.

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 Preservation of Samples
Metals:
• Pretreated by acidification prior to transportation to
suppress hydrolysis, sorption etc.
• A very high degree of cleanliness in sampling
handling at all stages of collection and analysis is
necessary to avoid contamination and incorrect
results.

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 Preservation of Samples

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 Frequency of Sampling
• Frequency of sampling is generally determined by
population served, size and type of system.
• Properly developed source require less sample
frequency.
• In summer, there is a greater risk of contamination,
due to low flow. After monsoon, there is likelihood of
greater pollution due to surface run off.
• Ideally sampling be carried out in streams during
summers and again during the onset of monsoon.

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 Suggested Frequency of Sampling & Analysis
•

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 Suggested Frequency of Sampling & Analysis

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 Ground Water Monitoring
The frequency of sampling in respect of ground
water shall be as follows :
• All stations shall be classified as Baseline stations.

• 20 – 25% of Baseline stations shall be classified as

Trend stations where there is a perceived problem.

• All agencies shall follow the sampling frequency

and parameters for analysis of ground water as
mentioned in the table :

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 Analysis of Ground Water samples
Type of Station : Baseline
Frequency : Twice a year (Pre & Post monsoon season)
Parameters :
• General : Colour, Odour, Temp., pH, EC, TDS
• Nutrients : Nitrate, Nitrite, Phosphate
• Demand Parameter : COD
• Major Ions : Sodium, Potassium, calcium, Magnesium,
• Carbonate, Bi-carbonate, Chloride, Sulphate, Sodium &
SAR.
• Other Inorganics : Fluoride, Boron and other location
specific parameters, if any.

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 Analysis of Ground Water samples
Type of Station : Trend
Frequency : Twice a year (Pre & Post monsoon season).
Parameters :
• April – May : Analyze parameters as listed for Baseline
monitoring.
• Other times : Analyze 14 parameters as listed below :
• General : Colour, Odour, Temp, EC, pH, TDS, % Na, SAR
• Nutrient : Nitrite, Nitrate, Phosphate
• Demand Parameters : COD
• Major Ions : Chloride
• Other inorganics : Fluoride, Boron
• Microbiological : TC & FC

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 Analysis of Ground Water samples
Type of Station : Trend
Parameters :
• Micro - pollutants (parameters may be selected based
on local need) :
• Pesticides : Alpha BHC, Beta BHC, Gamma BHC
(Lindane),
• OP – DDT, PP – DDT, Alpha Endosulphan, Beta
Endosulphan, Aldrin, Diedrin, 2, 4 – D, carbaryl
(carbmte), malathion, Methyl parathion, Anilphos,
Chloropyriphos.
• Toxic Metals : As, Cd, Hg, Zn, Cr, Pb, Ni, Fe
• Pesticides and Toxic metals may be analysed once in a
year in pre – monsoon on selected locations)
• If COD value exceed 20 mg/L, the sample shall be
analysed for BOD also.

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 ANY QUESTION?

Engr. Zohaib Hassan Khan 5/18/2021 38

 THANK YOU

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