FUNDAMENTALS OF SURVEYING
𝐸
𝐸𝑚 =
CHAPTER 1 √𝑛
Problem 11
An engineer used a 100 m tape which is of standard length at 3. Standard Deviation:
32oC in measuring a certain distance and found out that the
lengths of tape have different values at different tensions applied
as shown. K = 0.0000116/oC. ∑ 𝑉2
𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝐷𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = √
Length of Tape Tension Applied 𝑛−1
99.986 m 10 kg
99.992 m 14 kg 4. Standard Error:
100.003 m 20 kg
a. What tension must be applied to the tape at a temperature of 𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝐷𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
32oC so that it would be of standard length? 𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 =
b. What tension must be applied to the tape at a temperature of √𝑛
40.6oC so that it would be of standard length? Adjustments of Weighted Observations
c. What tension must be applied to the tape at a temperature of 1. The weights are inversely proportional to the square of the
30oC so that it would be of standard length? corresponding probable errors.
𝐾 𝐾 𝐾
CHAPTER 2 – Part 1 𝑊1 = 2 ; 𝑊2 = 2 ; 𝑊3 = 2
ERRORS AND MISTAKES 𝐸1 𝐸2 𝐸3
𝑊1 𝐸12 = 𝑊2 𝐸22 = 𝑊3 𝐸32
Errors – defined as the difference between the true value and 𝑊1 𝐸22 𝑊1 𝐸32
= ; =
the measured value of a quantity. 𝑊2 𝐸12 𝑊3 𝐸12
Mistakes – are inaccuracies in measurements because some
aspects of a surveying operation are performed by the Engineer 2. The weights are also proportional to the number of
with carelessness, poor judgement, and improper execution. observations.
Types of Errors: 3. Errors are directly proportional to the square roots of
1. Systematic Error distances.
2. Accidental Error
Problem 1
Sources of Errors: The following data observed are the difference in between BM 1
1. Instrumental Error and BM2 by running a line of levels over four different routes.
2. Natural Error Route Diff. in Elevations Probable Error
3. Personal Error 1 340.22 ±02
2 340.30 ±04
Probability – is defined as the number of times something will 3 340.26 ±06
probably occur over the range of possible occurrences. 4 340.32 ±08
a. What is the weight of route 2 assuming weight of route 1 is
1. Probable Error of a single observation: equal to 1?
b. Determine the most probable value of diff. in elevation.
∑ 𝑉2 c. If the elevation of BM1 is 650.42 m, what is the elevation of
𝐸 = 0.6745√ BM2 assuming it is higher than BM1?
𝑛−1
Where: Problem 2
E = probable Error The following data shows the difference in elevation between A
∑ 𝑉 2 = sum of the squares of the residuals and B,
N = number of observations No. of
Trial Diff. in Elevation
Measurements
2. Probable Error of the Mean: 1 520.14 m 1
2 520.20 m 3
∑ 𝑉2 3 520.18 m 6
𝐸𝑚 = 0.6745√ 4 520.24 m 8
𝑛(𝑛 − 1) a. Compute the probable weight of trial 3.
b. Determine the most probable diff in elevation.
FUNDAMENTALS OF SURVEYING
c. Compute the elevation of B if elevation of A is 1000, with B
higher than A. Problem 8
The following interior angles of a triangle traverse were
Problem 3 measured with the same precision.
From the measured values of distance AB, the following trials No. of
Station Value (Degrees)
were recorded: Measurements
Trials Distance A 39o 3
1 120.68 B 65o 4
2 120.84 C 75o 2
3 120.76 a. Determine the most probable value of angle A.
4 120.64 b. Determine the most probable value of angle B.
a. Find the probable error. c. Determine the most probable value of angle C.
b. Find the standard deviation.
c. Find the standard error. Problem 9
An engineer measures the distance of points A and B and the
Problem 4 following values were recorded in a series of measurements.
Three independent lines of levels were run from BM1 to BM2. Trials No. of Measurements
Route A is 6 km long, route B is 4 km long, and route C is 8km. 1 200.58
By route A, BM2 is 82.27 m above BM1, by route B, BM2 is 82.40 2 200.40
m above BM1 and by route C, BM2 is 82.10 m above BM1. The 3 200.38
elevation of BM1 is 86.42. 4 200.46
a. Using the weighted mean values, what is the weight of route a. Determine the average value (mean).
B? b. Determine the probable error of mean.
b. What is the probable value of the weighted mean? c. Determine the precision of the measurements.
Problem 5 Problem 10
The observed angles of a triangle are as follows: A = 34o20’36”, From the measured values of distance AB, the following trials
B = 49o16’34”, C = 96o22’41” were recorded.
a. Determine the most probable value of angle C. TRIALS DISTANCE
b. Determine the most probable value of angle A. 1 120.68
c. Determine the most probable value of angle B. 2 120.84
3 120.76
Problem 6 4 120.64
The weight of an angle is assumed to be proportional top the a. Find the probable error.
number of times it has been repeated. Five angles in a five-sided b. Find the standard deviation.
figure are measured with the following results. c. Find the standard error.
Angle Observed Value No. of Repetitions
A 86o15’20” 6 SEATWORK: 1 whole sheet of paper
B 134o44’35” 2 Problem 1
C 75o48’50” 2 A baseline measured with an invar tape and with a steel tape
D 167o02’05” 6 as follows:
E 76o08’50” 4 Invar tape Steel tape
a. Compute the adjusted value of angle D. 571.185 571.193
b. Compute the adjusted value of angle B. 571.186 571.190
c. Compute the adjusted value of angle E. 571.179 571.185
571.180 571.189
Problem 7 571.183 571.182
The following interior angles of a triangle traverse were a. What are the most probable value under each set?
measured with the same precision. b. What are the probable error under each set?
No. of c. What is the most probable value of the two sets?
Angle Value (Degrees)
Measurements d. What is the probable error of the general mean?
A 41o 5
B 77o 6 Problem 2
C 63o 2 Three trials of the measured angle between two points x and y
a. Determine the most probable value of angle A. were observed and the following data were recorded.
b. Determine the most probable value of angle B. Trials Measured Angle Time
c. Determine the most probable value of angle C. 1 40o31’ 9:00:00
FUNDAMENTALS OF SURVEYING
2 40o34’ 9:02:00
3 40o36’ 9:04:30
a. Find the probable error.
b. Find the standard deviation.
c. Find the standard error.
Problem 3
The distance BC was measured 3 times and recorded as
follows:
Trial Distance (meters)
1 141.60
2 141.80
3 141.70
a. Determine the probable error.
b. Determine the standard error.
c. Determine the precision of the measurements.
Prepared by:
ENGR. MITchELLE IAN c. DORIA, RcE, RMp
