★ Transformational Grammar 예문

Compiled by 최진호
Updated on 2020-03-04
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목차
[1] Chapter 1 1
[2] Chapter 2 Structure 1
[3] Chapter 3 Phrase-markers 8
[4] Chapter 4 Noun Phrases 9
[5] Chapter 5 Other Phrases 14
[6] Chapter 6 Clauses 18
[7] Chapter 7 The Lexicon 21
[8] Chapter 8 Transformations 24
[9] Chapter 9 WH movement 32
[10] Chapter 10 ALPHA movement 35

[1] Chapter 1

[2] Chapter 2 Structure

2.3 Word-level categories

(11) Mistrust wounds → ambiguous

2.4 Phrasal categories: nonsyntactic evidence

(38) This crown is the king’s

(39) (a) This crown is [NP the [N king] of England]’s

(b) *This crown is [NP the [N king]’s of England]

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(40) *This crown is [AP very handsome]’s

(41) Mary looked very hard → ambiguous

(42) The President could not ratify the treaty

(43) (i) It would not be possible for the President to ratify the treaty
(ii) It would be possible for the President not to ratify the treaty

(44) (a) Even if he wanted to. the President could not ratify the treaty, because he doesn’t have the
authority to do so (= (43) (i))
(b) If he really wanted to make it clear that he isn’t interested in disarmament, the President
could not ratify the treaty. By not ratifying it, he would make his Opposition to arms
reduction patently obvious (= (43) (ii))

(46) (i) The President could not simply ratify the treaty (= (43) (i))
(ii) The President could simply not ratify the treaty (= (43) (ii))

(47) (i) What the President could not do is ratify the treaty (= (43) (i))
(ii) What the President could do is not ratify the treaty (= (43) (ii))

ㆍ NEGATIVE CONTRACTION

(49) NEGATIVE CONTRACTION is usually only possible where the negative modifies the Modal,
and not where it modifies the following Verb Phrase

(50) The President couldn’t ratify the treaty

2.5 Phrasal categories: distributional evidence

ㆍ Preposing
(51) I can’t stand [your elder sister]

(52) [Your elder sister], I can’t stand (though your brother’s OK)

(53) (a) [That kind of behaviour], I simply will not tolerate (Noun Phrase)
(b) I went to see the new James Bond film yesterday, and [very exciting] it was, too (AP)
(c) [Very shortly], he’s going to be leaving for Paris (Adverbial Phrase)
(d) [Down the hill] John ran, as fast as he could (Prepositional Phrase)
(e) [Give in to blackmail], I never will! (Verb Phrase)

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(54) a. Your elder sister, I can’t stand.
b. *Your elder, I can’t stand sister.
c. *Elder sister, I can’t stand your.
d. *Sister, I can’t stand your elder.
e. *Your, I can’t stand elder sister.

(55) (a) John rang up his mother

(b) John stood up his date
(c) John looked up her phone number

(56) a. *Up his mother, John rang.

b. *Up his date, John stood.
c. *Up her phone number, John looked.

ㆍ Postposing
(58) (a) He explained [all the terrible problems that he had encountered] to her
(b) He explained to her [all the terrible problems that he had encountered]

(59) *He explained all the to her terrible problems that he had encountered

ㆍ Sentence-fragments
(62) A: Where did he go?
B: Up the hill.

(63) A: Who were you ringing up?

B: *Up my elder sister.

(65) A: Where are you going to?

B: To the cinema/The cinema.

ㆍ(Adverb) Insertion
(67) The team can rely on my support

(68) a. Certainly/*completely, the team can rely on my support.

b. The *certainly/*completely team can rely on my support.
c. The team certainly/*completely can rely on my support.
d. The team can certainly/completely rely on my support.
e. The team can rely *certainly/completely on my support.
f. The team can rely on *certainly/*completely my support.
g. The team can rely on my *certainly/*completely support.
h. The team can rely on my support certainly/completely.

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(71) Possible positions for S-adverbs like certainly
[S ★ The team ★ can ★ [VP rely on my support VP] ★ S]

(72) Possible positions for VP-adverbs like completely

[S The team can [VP ★ rely ★ [PP on my support] ★ VP] S]

2.6 Phrasal categories: other syntactic evidence

ㆍ Coordination
(73) a. He has a cat and a dog.
b. I met your mother and father.
c. Is she in the kitchen or in the bathroom?
d. He speaks very slowly but very articulately.

(75) *John rang up his mother and up his sister.

(77) a. John wrote to Mary and to Fred (=PP and PP)

b. John wrote a letter and a postcard (=NP and NP)
c. *John wrote a letter and to Fred (=NP and PP)
d. *John wrote to Fred and a letter (=PP and NP)

(81) a. John walked (and Mary ran) [up the hill]

b. John denied—but Fred admitted—[complicity in the crime]
c. John will, and Mary may, [go to the party]

(82) *John rang (and Harry picked) up Mary’s sister.

(83) John walked up the hill and Mary ran up the hill

(84) John rang up Mary’s sister and Harry picked up Mary’s sister

ㆍ Substitution

(86) A: What do you think of the guy who wrote that unbelievably boring book on Transformational
Grammar?
B: I can’t stand him

(87) *What do you think of the him who wrote that unbelievably boring it on Transformational it?

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(88) What do you think of him?

(89) A: Have you ever been to Paris?

B: No, I have never been there.

(90) a. John might [VP go home], and so might Bill

b. John might [VP resign his post], as might Bill
c. If John can [VP speak French fluently] ― which we all know he can ― why is he shy with
French girls?

(91) Many people consider John [AP extremely rude], but I’ve never found him so.

(95) (a) I hope [you will come] (= hope S)

(b) *I hope [the pen on the table] (= hope NP)

(96) *I hope it

ㆍ VP Ellipsis
(97) A: John won’t wash the dishes.
B: I bet he will wash the dishes if you’re nice to him.

(98) a. John won’t help me with the dishes, but his brother will help me with the dishes.

(101) a. John won’t put the vodka into the drink, but his brother will put the vodka in the drink.

(104) a. He may come home early, but then again he may not come home early.
b. Mary wants to close the shop, but I don’t want to close the shop.
c. Fetch me an apple, if you can fetch me an apple.
d. A: Could you have a look at the car?
B: OK, I will have a look at the car.

2.7 Words used as Phrases

생략

2.8 Testing the Structure

(124) (a) Drunks would get off the bus.

(b) Drunks would put off the customers.

(134) (a) Drunks certainly would get off the bus

(b) Drunks would certainly get off the bus

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 (c) *Drunks would get certainly off the bus
(d) *Drunks would get off certainly the bus
(e) *Drunks would get off the certainly bus

(135) (a) Drunks certainly would put off the customers

(b) Drunks would certainly put off the customers
(c) *Drunks would put certainly off the customers
(d) *Drunks would put off certainly the customers
(e) *Drunks would put off the certainly customers

ㆍ replacement
(136) Drunks would get off the bus
get on the bus

(137) Drunks would put off the customers

*put on the customers

ㆍ Selection Restriction
(139) (a) Drunks would get off the bus/the train/the table/!the sea/!the wind/!kindness
(b) Drunks would get on the bus/the train/the table/!the sea/!the wind/!kindness

(140) (a) Drunks would put off the customers/the waiters/!dirty clothes/!tattered trousers
(b) Drunks would put on dirty clothes/tattered trousers/!the customers/!the waiters

ㆍ Movement
(141) Every afternoon, the big red bus would stop in front of the village clock, and [off the bus]
would get a dear old lady carrying a shopping bag

(142) *The manager suspects that drunks would put off the customers, and off the customers they
certainly would put

(143) SPEAKER A: Did he get off the train?

SPEAKER B: No, off the bus

(144) SPEAKER A: Would drunks put off the waitresses?

SPEAKER B: *No, off the customers

ㆍ VP-adverb insertion
(145) Drunks would get slowly off the bus
(146) *Drunks would put completely off the customers

ㆍ Coordination

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(148) Drunks would get [off the bus] and [on the train]
(149) *Drunks would put off the customers and off the waitresses
(150) Drunks would get ― and junkies would fall ― off the bus
(151) *Drunks would put ― and junkies would also put ― off the customers

ㆍ Gapping
(152) John bought an apple, and Mary bought a pear
(153) Could John close the window, and could Mary close the door?
(154) Drunks would get off the bus. and junkies would get off the train
(155) *Drunks would put off the customers, and junkies would put off the waitresses
(156) Drunks would put off the customers, and junkies would put off the waitresses

(158) The trouble with the bus was that drunks would want to get off it every few miles, to exercise
their natural bodily functions
(159) *What worries me about the customers is whether drunks would put off them

ㆍ Word Order
(160) (a) *Drunks would put off them
(b) Drunks would put them off

(161) Drunks would put [the customers] off

(162) *Drunks would get the bus off

(167) John will finish the assignment

(168) (a) John promised that he will finish the assignment, and [finish the assignment] he will
(b) John will [finish the assignment], and so will Mary
(c) John will [finish the assignment] and [hand it in]
(d) Paul won’t [finish the assignment], but John will finish the assignment

(169) (a) John will [VP completely finish the assignment]

(b) John will [VP finish the assignment completely]
(c) *John will [VP finish completely the assignment]

(171) (a) John argued [about every point] with the tax-man
(b) John argued with the tax-man [about every point]

(172) (a) John argued [every point] with the tax-man

(b) *John argued with the tax-man [every point]

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(173) (a) They loaded [hay] on the cart
(b) *They loaded on the cart [hay]

(174) (a) They loaded [the cart] with hay

(b) *They loaded with hay [the cart]

[3] Chapter 3 Phrase-markers

3.3 C-command

ㆍ Anaphors
(13) a. John and Mary think everyone despises them.
b. John and Mary despise themselves.
c. John and Mary despise each other.

(14) a. *John despises each other.

b. *I despise himself.
c. *Each other are always arguing.
d. *Themselves are very happy.

(15) (a) They believe [each other/themselves to be innocent]

(b) I want [John and Mary to help each other/themselves]
(c) I consider [John and Mary to be too preoccupied with each other/themselves]

(17) (a) The soldiers might disgrace themselves.

(b) *The soldiers’ behavior might disgrace themselves.

(19) The men will shoot the arrows at each other → ambiguous

(20) (i) The meni will shoot the arrowsj at each otherj
(ii) The meni will shoot the arrowsj at each otheri

(22) *Drunks would put completely off the customers

(104) (a) It was a car that she bought (NP)

(b) It was in the shop that I met her (PP)
(c) *It is very pretty that she is (AP)
(d) *It is very quickly that she writes (ADVP)
(e) *It is go home that I will (VP)

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[4] Chapter 4 Noun Phrases

4.2 Small nominal phrases

(2) the king of England
(3) the king of England’s crown
(4) the king of England and of the Empire
(5) He is the king, and she is the queen, of England
(6) A: Was he the king of France?
B: No, of England.
(7) Of which country was he the king?

(11) (a) The king of England opened Parliament.

*King of England opened Parliament.
(b) They crowned the king of England yesterday.
*They crowned king of England yesterday.
(c) Parliament grants little power to the king of England.
*Parliament grants little power to king of England.

4.3 Evidence for N-bar

(26) (a) the [English king]
(b) the [king of England]
(27) Who would have dared defy the [king of England] and [ruler of the Empire]?
(28) He was the last and some people say [the best king of England].
(29) (a) The present king of England is more popular than the last one.
(b) The king of England defeated the one of Spain.

4.4 Complements and Adjuncts in NPs

ㆍ Word order
(36) (a) the student of Physics with long hair
(b) *the student with long hair of Physics

4.5 Optional constituents of the NP

(45) A: What kind of students do you hate teaching?
B: [Students of Physics with long hair]

(46) (a) Students of Physics with long hair and their professors often don’t see eye to eye.
(b) Students of Physics with long hair sometimes think the world owes them a living.

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(67) (a) Which student were you referring to? *The one of Physics with long hair?
(b) *The student of chemistry was older than the one of Physics.

(68) (a) Which [student of Physics]? The one with long hair?
(b) Which [student of Physics with long hair]? This one?
(c) Which [student of Physics]? That one?
(d) Which [student with long hair]? This one?

4.4 More differences Complements and Adjuncts in NPs

ㆍ Stackability
(76) (a) the student [with long hair] [with short arms]
(b) *the student [of Physics] [of Chemistry]

(77) (a) the [N’ [N’ [N’ student] with long hair] in the corner]
(b) the [N’ [N’ [N’ student] in the corner] with long hair]

ㆍ One-substitution
(78) (a) Which [student]? The one with long hair in the corner?
(b) Which [student with long hair]? The one in the corner?
(c) Which [student with long hair in the corner]? That one?

ㆍ Ordinary Coordination
(79) a student [of Physics] and [of Chemistry]
(80) a student [with long hair] and [with short arms]
(81) (a) *a student [of Physics] and [with long hair]
(b) *a student [with long hair] and [of Physics]

ㆍ Extraposition [Postposing]
(83) (a) a student came to see me yesterday [with long hair]
(b) *a student came to see me yesterday [of Physics]

ㆍ Preposing
(85) (a) [What branch of Physics] are you a student of?
(b) *[What kind of hair] are you a student with?

ㆍ Examples of Complements
(90) a. your reply [to my letter]
b. the attack [on the Prime Minister]
c. the loss [of the ship]
d. her disgust [at his behavior]
e. his disillusionment [with Linguistics]

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ㆍ Examples of Adjuncts
(91) a. the book [on the table]
b. the advertisement [on the television]
c. the fight [after the match]
d. his resignation [because of the scandal]
e. a cup [with a broken handle]

ㆍ Clausal Complements
(92) a. the suggestion [that we should abandon cruise missiles]
b. the demand [for him to resign]
c. the question [whether euthanasia is ethical]

(93) a. the [N’ [N’ ABOLITION OF TAXES] [NP next year]]

b. the [N’ [N’ STUDENTS OF PHYSICS] [AP absent from class]]
c. the [N’ [N’ KING OF ENGLAND] [S’ who abdicated]]

ㆍ Complex NPs
(94) a. an advocate of the abolition of indirect taxation
b. a woman with an umbrella with a red handle
c. her dislike of men with big egos
d. a girl with a dislike of macho men

ㆍ structural ambiguity
(99) a woman with three children with ginger hair

4.7 Nominal premodifiers

(101) a [Cambridge] [Physics] student

(104) (a) Which [student of Physics]? The one at Cambridge?

(b) Which [student of Physics at Cambridge]? This one?
(c) Which [student]? *The one of Physics at Cambridge?

(107) (a) a [Cambridge] [Physics] student

(b) *a [Physics] [Cambridge] student

(109) (a) Which [Physics student]? The Cambridge one?

(b) Which [Cambridge Physics student]? This one?
(c) Which [student]? *The Cambridge Physics one?

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(110) (a) a Cambridge [hockey player and Physics student]
(b) a [hockey player and Cambridge Physics student]

(111) (a) several [Physics] and [Chemistry] students

(b) several [Oxford] and [Cambridge] students
(c) *several [Physics] and [Cambridge] students
(d) *several [Cambridge] and [Physics] students

(118) (a) a [Cambridge] [high quality] [middle class] student

(b) a [Cambridge] [middle class] [high quality] student
(c) a [high quality] [Cambridge] [middle class] student
(d) a [high quality] [middle class] [Cambridge] student
(e) a [middle class] [high quality] [Cambridge] student
(f) a [middle class] [Cambridge] [high quality] student

(120) *a [Physics] [Economics] [Agriculture] student

(128) (a) the ban [on pornography] (136) (a) the shop [on the corner]
(b) the [pornography] ban (b) the [corner] shop

(129) (a) recruitment [of personnel] (137) (a) the strike [in the shipyard]
(b) [personnel] recruitment (b) the [shipyard] strike

(130) (a) the appeal [for charity] (138) (a) the lady [of iron]
(b) the [charity] appeal (b) the [iron] lady

(131) (a) relief [from famine] (139) (a) the bridge [over the river]
(b) [famine] relief (b) the [river] bridge

(132) (a) damage [to the brain] (140) (a) a keyboard [for a typewriter]
(b) [brain] damage (b) a [typewriter] keyboard

(133) (a) the investigations [into fraud] (141) (a) a sauce [with cream]
(b) the [fraud] investigations (b) a [cream] sauce

(134) (a) a fan [of Debbie Harry] (142) (a) tea [from China]
(b) a [Debbie Harry] fan (b) [China] tea

(135) (a) the allegations [of treachery] (143) (a) the weather [in winter]
(b) the [treachery] allegations (b) the [winter] weather

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(144) the [proportional representation] campaign

(145) (a) the campaign [for proportional representation]

(b) the campaign [against proportional representation]

(146) (a) Nancy Reagan’s [drugs] campaign

(b) Ronald Reagan’s [re-election] campaign

4.8 Adjectival predmodifiers

◆ Compound NP and Noncompound NP

(183) an English teacher

(184) (i) someone who teaches English

(ii) someone who teaches, and who is English

(185) a. an [NP Old English] teacher

b. a [NP Middle English] teacher
c. a [NP New English] teacher

(186) a. a [AP typically English] teacher

b. a [AP very English] teacher
c. a [AP disappointingly English] teacher

(187) a. an [NP English] teacher (= _______________________________)

b. an [AP English] teacher (=_______________________________)

(189) I think it would be crazy to employ [a French English teacher]

(190) (i) I think it would be crazy to employ a French person to teach English
(ii) I think it would be crazy to employ an English person to teach French

♣ Stress patterns
(192) (i) an English teacher (Compound)
(ii) an English teacher (Noncompound)

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ㆍ Exercise I (p. 217) ➔ (비문 표시 일부러 생략함)

(3) (a) The discussion of the match was more animated than the one of the riots
(b) The discussion at the match was more animated than the one in the bar.

(4) (a) The discussion of the riots and of their implications was full and frank.
(b) The discussion at the match and in the bar was full and frank.
(c) The discussion of the riots and in the bar was full and frank.

(5) (a) The discussion of the riots in the bar was full and frank.
(b) The discussion in the bar of the riots was full and frank.

(6) (a) The discussion was rather misleading in the document.

(b) The discussion was rather misleading of the document.

(7) (a) Which document did they ban the discussion of?
(b) Which document did they ban the discussion in?

ㆍ Exercise V (p. 219) ➔ (비문 표시 일부러 생략함)

(2) (a) [No king of any country] abdicated

(b) [No king of any importance] abdicated
(c) [No king of any country of any importance] abdicated

(3) (a) The lack of any discipline in some schools] worried them
(b) The lack of discipline in any schools] worried them
(c) The lack of teachers with any qualifications] worried them

[5] Chapter 5 Other Phrases

(12) (a) He will work [at the job] (= internal)

(b) He will work [at the office] (= external)

(13) (a) He laughed [at the clown] (= internal)

(b) He laughed [at ten o’clock] (= external)

◆ Differences between Complements and Adjuncts in VPs

① Structural Ambiguity

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(16) a. He may decide on the boat.
b. He couldn’t explain last night.

② Passivization

(18) a. [This job] needs to be worked at by an expert.

b. *[This office] is worked at by a lot of people.

(19) a. [The clown] was laughed at by everyone.

b. *[Ten o’clock] was laughed at by everyone.

(20) a. [The boat] was decided on after lengthy deliberation.

b. [Last night] couldn’t be explained by anyone.

③ Do so-substitution

(21) a. John will buy [NP the book] [PP on Tuesday]

b. John will put [NP the book] [PP on the table]

(23) a. John will buy the book on Tuesday, and Paul will do so as well.
b. John will buy the book on Tuesday, and Paul will do so one Thursday.

(24) a. John will put the book on the table, and Paul will do so as well.
b. *John will put the book on the table, and Paul will do so on the chair.

④ Word order

(25) a. He will work [at the job] [at the office]

b. *He will work [at the office] [at the job]

(26) a. He laughed [at the clown] [at ten o’clock]

b. *He laughed [at ten o’clock] [at the clown]

⑤ Obligatoriness

(29) a. John treated [Mary] [badly] [LAST NIGHT]

b. John treated [Mary] [badly]
c. *John treated [badly] [LAST NIGHT]
d. *John treated [Mary] [LAST NIGHT]
e. *John treated [LAST NIGHT]

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(30) *John treated [Mary] [LAST NIGHT] [badly]

⑥ Ellipsis

(31) A: Who might be going to the cinema on Tuesday?

B (i): John might [VP be going to the cinema on Tuesday]
B (ii): John might be [V’ going to the cinema on Tuesday]

(32) A: Who might be going to the cinema when?

B: John might be [V’ going to the cinema] on Tuesday

(34) a. Who will put the book where?

b. *John will [put the book] on the table

⑦ Gapping

(36) (a) John sells trucks on Thursdays, and Mary [sells cars] on Fridays
(b) *John put Fido in the doghouse, and Sam [put Spot in the yard]

(38) (a) John will bake [the cake] himself [for the party]
(b) *John will put [the candles] himself [on the cake]

(46) (a) George will have read the book completely

(b) *George will have read completely the book

◆ Complements and Adjuncts in APs

(48) John isn’t [that fond of Mary]

(54) *John isn’t [AP that fond]

(55) John is [AP very [A’ fond of Mary] and [A’ proud of her]]

(56) John used to be very [A’ fond of Mary], but now he is much less so

(57) fond [PP of Mary] [PP in some ways]

(59) [Fond of Mary in some ways] though he is, he doesn’t really love her.

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(60) a. *John isn’t that fond [in some ways]
b. John isn’t that fond [of Mary]

The of-phrase has the typical Complement property of being obligatory, whereas the in-phrase has the
typical Adjunct proper of being optional:

(61) a. fond [of Mary] [in some ways]

b. *fond [in some ways] [of Mary]

(62) a. John is [AP very [A’ [A’ fond of Mary] in some ways]], but is [AP less [A’ [A’ so] in other ways]]
b. John is [AP very [A’ [A’ fond of Mary] in some ways]], but is [AP less [A’ so]] than he used to be

◆ AdvP

(67) He made up his mind [quite independently of me]

(69) (a) Her work is very/quite/so/too/rather careless
(b) She works very/quite/so/too/rather carelessly

◆ PP

(70) Put it [right on the top shelf]

(72) Put it [right there]

(73) The vase fell [P’ right [P’ off the table] and [P’ onto the floor]]

(75) He was [partly in the wrong], and perhaps completely so

(76) (a) He was [so completely in the wrong]

(b) *He was [completely so in the wrong]

(78) He is [less at odds with his friends] now

(80) (a) I know that he’s [at odds] with his colleagues, but he’s less so with his friends
(b) I know that he always used to be [at odds with his friends], but he’s less so these days

(81) He is [completely at odds with his friends]

(83) (a) He’s slightly [at odds] with his colleagues, but completely so with his friends
(b) He used to be only slightly [at odds with his friends], but now he’s completely so

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(84) (a) He is [at odds] completely with his friends
(b) He is [at odds with his friends] completely

(85) (a) He stayed at home because [of the strike]

(b) He fell out [of the window]
(c) Few people outside [of the immediate family] know

(86) He is [so out of touch IN SOME WAYS]

(88) *He is [so out IN SOME WAYS of touch]

[6] Chapter 6 Clauses

ㆍ S’ analysis

(25) (a) I wonder whether John like fish and Mary meat.
(b) I wonder whether John likes fish and whether Mary met.
→ Which one is ungrammatical?

(26) We know for certain the president will approve the project.

(27) (a) [S the President will approve the project]

(b) [S’ [C e][S the President will approve the project]]
(28) We know the President will approve the project, and that Congress will ratify his decision.

(29) (a) *That the government may change its decision.

(b) *Whether the Prime Minister will resign?

ㆍ inverted auxiliary
(36) (a) Your sister could go to College
(b) Could your sister go to College?

(37) (a) ‘Will I get a degree?’ John wondered

(b) John wondered whether he would get a degree
(c) John wondered would he get a degree.

(38) *John wondered whether would he get a degree.

(39) (a) One must be vigilant, [whether it be at home or abroad]

(b) One must be vigilant, [be it at home or abroad]
(c) One must be vigilant, [whether be it at home or abroad]

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→ Which one is ungrammatical?

(43) [Your sister could go to College], but [would she get a degree?]

(46) Mary might think [that he will resign] → TWO S’ (CPs)

ㆍ Complementizers that, for, whether, if

(48) a. I am anxious [that you should arrive on time]
b. *I am anxious [that you to arrive on time]
(49) a. I am anxious [for you to arrive on time]
b. *I am anxious [for you should arrive on time]

(50) a. I don’t know [whether/if I should agree]

b. I don’t know [whether/*if to agree]

6.5 Internal structure of S

S → NP I VP (M 대신 I 도입)

6.6 Clauses with empty Subjects

(82) (a) The President isn’t sure whether he should approve the project.
(b) The President isn’t sure whether to approve the project.

(84) (a) They are not sure whether he should be a candidate.

(b) They are not sure whether he should be *candidates.

(85) (a) The President is not sure whether to be a candidate.

(b) The President is not sure whether to be *candidates.

(87) Bill thinks that John might kill himself.

(88) The President is not sure whether to vote for himself.

6.7 Exceptional Clauses

(96) (a) I believe the President to be right.

(b) I’ve never known the Prime Minister to lie.
(c) They reported the patient to be in great pain.
(d) I consider my students to be conscientious.

(97) (a) *I believe for the President to be right.

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 (b) *I’ve never known for the Prime Minister to lie.
(c) *They reported for the patient to be in great pain.
(d) *I consider for my students to be conscientious.

(101) (a) We never intended that to happen.

(b) That was never intended to happen.
(102) (a) We never intended for that to happen.
(b) *That was never intended for to happen.

(105) (a) I believe the chips to be down.

(b) I’ve never known the fur to fly so quickly.
(c) They reported the cat to be out of the bag.
(d) I consider the shit to have hit the fan.

(106) (a) I believe it to be unlikely that he’ll come.

(b) I’ve never known it to snow in summer.
(c) They reported it to be likely that he’d resign.
(d) I consider it to be time to leave.

(107) (a) I believe there to be no alternative.

(b) I’ve never known there to be such poverty.
(c) They reported there to be considerable dissent among the peasants.
(d) I consider there to be no good reason not to.

(110) (a) *We persuaded [the shit to hit the fan]

(b) *We persuaded [the far to fly]
(c) *We persuaded [there to be a strike]
(d) *We persuaded [it to rain]

(112) (a) *The President believes to be right.

(b) *I’ve never known to lie.
(c) *They reported to be in great pain.
(d) *I consider to be conscientious.

ㆍ Syntactic differences
(116) (a) John persuaded Mary firmly to resign.
(b) John believed Mary firmly to be innocent.
→ Which one is ungrammatical?

(117) (a) John persuaded Mary himself to resign.

(b) John believed Mary himself to be innocent.

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→ Which one is ungrammatical?

(118) (a) Though I may persuade her to resign, I can’t imagine I’ll persuade her to leave town.
(b) Persuade her though I may to resign, I can’t imagine I’ll persuade her to leave town.
(119) (a) Though I believe her to be innocent, I can’t prove it.
(b) Believe her though I may to be innocent, I can’t prove it.
→ Which one is ungrammatical?

ㆍ Semantic differences

(120) (a) John persuaded Mary to resign.

(b) John believed Mary to be innocent.
(121) (a) John persuaded Mary that she should resign.
(b) John believed that Mary was innocent.

(122) (a) I believed a specialist to have examined John.

(b) = I believe John to have been examined by a specialist.
(123) (a) I persuaded a specialist to examine John.
(b) ≠ I persuaded John to be examined by a specialist.

(124) John promised Mary to resign.

(126) John promised Mary that he would resign.

6.8 Small Clauses

생략.

[7] Chapter 7 The Lexicon

7.6 Clausal Complements

(46) a. I knew [that you’d turn up] (declarative)
b. The judge ordered [that the sentence be carried out] (imperative)
c. He asked me [whether I was leaving] (interrogative)
d. I noticed [what a pretty dress she was wearing] (exclamative)

(47) a. I insist [that the Council’s decision be reconsidered]

b. The committee proposed [that Mr. Day be elected]
c. They recommend [that this tax be abolished]
d. The employees have demanded [that the manager resign]

(48) a. I’ll ask [whether Linda is coming]

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 b. She inquired [who was coming]
c. They wondered [when they’ll be allowed to leave]
d. We doubt [whether you’re capable]
e. They debated [whether conclusive evidence had been presented]

(49) (a) I’d prefer [for you not to be there]

(b) I’m aiming [for my team to win]
(c) I’m dying [for you to tell me]
(d) It would astound me [for a man to act that way]

(50) (a) I know [that I am right]

(b) You must realize [that you are mistaken]
(c) I imagine [that you must be tired]
(d) He claimed [that he was innocent]

7.9 Selectional Restrictions

(89) (a) You have convinced my mother.
(b) You have convinced my cat.
(c) !You have convinced my goldfish.
(d) !You have convinced my computer.
(e) !You have convinced my frying-pan.
(f) !You have convinced my theory.
(g) !You have convinced my birth.

(90) (a) My mother fainted.

(b) My giraffe fainted.
(c) !My frying-pan fainted.
(d) !My theory fainted.

(91) (a) John persuaded Mary to tell the truth.

(b) John considers Mary to dislike him

(92) (a) *John persuaded his frying-pan [to burn the chops]
(b) John considers [his frying-pan to be indispensable]

(93) (a) *John persuaded his birth to startle the world.

(b) John considers his birth to have been a momentous event in the history of civilization.

7.10 Thematic Relations

Thematic roles (also known as theta roles or θ-roles)

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(97) (a) Theme (or Patient) = Entity undergoing the effect of some action
(Mary fell over)
(b) Agent (or Actor) = Instigator of some action
(John killed Harry)
(c) Experiencer = Entity experiencing some psychological state
(John was happy)
(d) Benefactive = Entity benefitting from some action
(John bought some flowers for Mary)
(e) Instrument = Means by which something comes about
(John wounded Harry with a knife)
(f) Locative = Place in which something is situated or takes place
(John hid the letter under the bed)
(g) Goal = Entity towards which something moves
(John passed the book to Mary)
(h) Source = Entity from which something moves
(John returned from Paris)

(99) (a) John rolled the ball down the hill (transitive structure)
(b) The ball rolled down the hill (ergative structure)

(101) (a) The vase shattered the glass

(b) The vase shattered

◆ Four thematic constraints

(103) (a) John deliberately rolled the ball down the hill.
(b) *The ball deliberately rolled down the hill.

(104) (a) Personally, I don’t like roses

(b) Personally, your proposal doesn’t interest me.
(c) *Personally, I hit you.
(d) *Personally, you hit me.

(105) (a) The mayor protested

(b) the protest by the mayor

(106) (a) The mayor died

(b) *the death by the mayor

(108) ?? John and a hammer broke the window

7.11 Correlating Thematic and Syntactic structure

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◆ Prepositions and their θ-function

(117) (a) Harry sprayed paint [on the wall]

(b) Harry sprayed [the wall] with paint

(118) (a) John planted peas and corn [in the garden]
(b) John planted [his garden] with peas and corn

(119) (a) I loaded hay [onto the truck]

(b) I loaded [the truck] with hay

(120) (a) I smeared mud [on the wall]

(b) I smeared [the wall] with mud

7.13 Selectional Restrictions and Thematic Structure

(133) (a) Mary/?my goldfish/!my birth thinks that John is very clever.
(b) Mary/?my goldfish/!my birth knows that John is very clever

(134) (a) It strikes Mary/?my goldfish/!my birth that John is very clever.
(b) John impressed Mary/?my goldfish/!my birth as being very clever.

(135) (a) John seems to Mary/?my goldfish/!my birth to be very clever.

(b) John appears to Mary/?my goldfish/!my birth to be very clever.

(137) *Deranged people[AGENT, THEME] can kill.

(138) Deranged people can kill themselves.

(139) *John[AGENT] killed Harry[AGENT].

[8] Chapter 8 Transformations

8.2 V movement
(10) (a) He may not have finished.
(b) He may not be working.
(11) (a) He has not finished.
(b) He is not working.

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(13) (a) George will probably have been working
(b) George will have probably been working
(c) George will have been probably working
→ Which sentences are ungrammatical?

(15) (a) George has probably been working

(b) George has been probably working
→ Which one is ungrammatical?

(20) (a) I could have been playing tennis, and you could have been playing football.
(b) = I could have been playing tennis, and you have been playing football.
(c) ≠I could have been playing tennis, and you’ve been playing football.

(21) They’ve completed the project.

8.3 I movement

(26) (a) He will tell the truth.

(b) Will he tell the truth?

(36) (a) Should I have / I’ve called the Police?

(b) Will we have / we’ve finished by 4 o’clock?
(c) Would you have / you’ve wanted to come with me?
(d) Could they have / they’ve done something to help?
→ Are the have-contractions possible?

(40) She wondered [would be come back again]

(41) (a) She wondered [whether/if would he come back again]

(b) She wondered [whether/if he would come back again]

8.4 NP MOVEMENT in passive structures

(53) John will put the car ― in the garage.

(54) [S [NP e] will be [V’ put [NP the car] in the garage]]

(55) (a) John will put the car in the garage.

(b) John will put the car.

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 (c) John will put in the garage.
(d) John will put.
→ Which sentences are ungrammatical?

(56) *The car will be put the bike in the garage.

(58) (a) The government keep tabs on his operations.

(b) I want you to pay heed to what I say.
(c) The Chief of Staff pays lip service to the President.
(d) The Prime Minister paid homage to the dead.
(e) You’ll have to grasp the nettle and bite the bullet.
(f) She took note of what I said.
(g) Let’s take advantage of the warm weather.

(60) (a) You can’t expect to have my attention/heed all the time.
(b) He’s always trying to attract my attention/heed.
(c) He’s a child who needs a lot of attention/heed.
(d) I try to give him all the attention/heed he wants.

(62) (a) Little heed was paid ― to her proposal.

(b) Close tabs were kept ― on all Thatcherites.
(c) Little note was taken ― of what I said.
(d) Due homage was paid ― to the dead.
(e) Little advantage was taken ― of the situation.

(63) (a) They rolled [the ball] down the hill

(b) [The ball] was rolled down the hill

(64) (a) They will give Mary nothing.

(b) Mary will be given nothing.

(65) [NP e] will be [V’ given Mary nothing]

(69) (a) They consider John to be incompetent

(b) John is considered to be incompetent

(70) [NP e] is considered [S John to be incompetent]

(71) (a) They found the prisoner guilty of the charges.

(b) The prisoner was found guilty of the charges.

(72) (a) It was alleged that Burgess was a spy.

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 (b) Burgess was alleged that was spy.

(73) (a) It is forbidden for you to smoke in here.

(b) You are forbidden for to smoke in here.

(77) (a) Nothing was agreed ON ― by the committee.

(b) The information was asked FOR ― by the Dean.
(c) He can be depended ON ― for sound advice.
(d) John was shouted AT ― by his mother.
(c) He must be talked TO ― by someone.

(78) (a) There was nothing on which the committee could agree.
(b) The information for which you are asking is classified.

(79) (a) The committee agreed unanimously on the resolution.

(b) *The resolution was agreed unanimously on by the committee.
(80) (a) The Dean asked the committee for the information.
(b) *The information was asked the committee for.
(81) (a) You can depend entirely on his integrity.
(b) *His integrity can be depended entirely on.
(82) (a) Mary shouted angrily at John.
(b) *John was shouted angrily at by Mary.
(83) (a) He talked about disarmament to the President.
(b) *The President was talked about disarmament to.

(84) (a) Many people turned (right) against her.

(b) She was turned (*right) against by many people.
(85) (a) Everybody stared (straight) at her.
(b) She was stared (*straight) at by everybody.

(89) (a) *The third round was lost in ― by Rocky (Van Riemsdijk (1978), p. 220)
(b) *His mother is travelled with ― by John (ibid.)
(c) *Many hours were argued for ― (Van Riemsdijk and Williams (1986), p. 147)

(90) (a) England was lived in by many people.

(b) *England was died in by many people.

(100) (a) We were unimpressed by his efforts.

(b) John is a frightened man.
(c) He had sunken cheek bones.
(d) He is depraved and uncouth.
(e) I am very interested in what you say.

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 (f) John seemed annoyed.

(101) (a) His efforts were impressive/unimpressive.

(b) His efforts impressed/unimpressed us.

(102) An Argentian destroyer has just been sunk/sunken by a British submarine.

(103) (a) What you say is very relevant.

(b) *What you say very interests me.

(104) (a) John seems very angry/very cross.

(b) *John seems given a nasty shock.

(105) (a) There is known to be opposition in Congress to the arms deal.

(b) *There is unknown to be opposition in Congress to the arms deal.
(106) (a) There was expected to be a strike.
(b) *There was unexpected to be a strike.

8.5 NP MOVEMENT in Raising structures

(109) John seems to me to be unhappy.

(110) It seems to me that John is unhappy.

(111) (a) It seems to me for John to be unhappy.

(b) John seems to me for to be unhappy.

(112) [NP e] seems to me [S John to be unhappy]

(113) John considers Fred to be too sure of himself.

(114) John seems me to have perjured himself.

(117) John seems to himself to be invincible.

(119) They consider John to be a fool / fools.

(120) They seem to be to be fools / a fool.

(121) I am anxious to finish the assignment.

(123) I am anxious that I should finish the assignment.

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(124) John seems to me to be a traitor to himself.

(125) John seems to me [C PRO to be a traitor to himself]

(127) A: There’s someone at the door

B: Where’s someone at the door.

(128) (a) You can’t be kind without being cruel first.

(b) There can’t be peace without being war first.

(129) There was/arose/occurred an unfortunate incident.

(131) (a) There seems to have been an accident.

(b) There seems to have seen an accident.

(132) There seems [PRO to have been/*seen an accident]

(134) There is anxious to be an accident.

(135) (a) The cat is out of the bag.

(b) The cat has got his tongue.
(c) The fur will fly.

(136) The cat seems to be out of the bag.

(138) #The cat is anxious to be out of the bag.

(140) (a) The doctor seems to have examined John.

(b) John seems to have been examined by the doctor.

(141) (a) The doctor is anxious to examine John.

(b) John is anxious to be examined by the doctor.

(142) John/the weather is anxious to change.

(143) John/the weather seems to have changed.

(144) (a) There is about to be a fight in the kitchen.

(b) There is apt to be cholera in Turkey.
(c) There is bound to be a riot in Dacca.
(d) There is liable to be some trouble.
(e) There is going to be trouble in Indiana.

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 (f) There is (all) set to be meeting at Bob’s house.
(g) There chanced to be a deathray in his pocket.
(h) There grew to be opposition to the foam programme.
(i) There proved to be toxins in the soap.
(j) There threatens to be a famine in Bulgaria.
(k) There had better not be any flaws in your argument.

(146) (a) There seems likely to be a strike.

(b) The fur seems likely to fly.

(147) (a) It is impossible for John to have done that.

(b) John is impossible for to have done that.

8.6 NP MOVEMENT in ergative and middle structures

(155) (a) John broke the door.

(b) The door broke.
(156) (a) John might drown the kittens.
(b) The kittens might drown.
(157) (a) The artillery will sink the ship.
(b) The ship will sink.
(158) (a) John rolled the ball down the hill.
(b) The ball rolled down the hill.

(160) (a) John might drown the kittens / his wife / his goldfish / his frying-pan / his birth.
(b) The kittens / his wife / his goldfish / his frying-pan / his birth might drown.

(161) (a) Greek translates easily.

(b) The baggage transfers efficiently.
(c) Messages transmit rapidly by satellite.
(d) The letters transpose easily.
(e) The boxes will not transport easily.

8.7 Extraposition from NP

(163) (a) A review of my latest book has just appeared.

(b) A review has just appeared of my latest book.

(164) (a) A gruesome figure with jowelled cheeks answered the door.
(b) A gruesome figure answered the door with jowelled cheeks.

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(165) (a) A rumor that he is ill has been circulating.
(b) A rumor has been circulating that he is ill.

(166) (a) A snag that I hadn’t foreseen emerged later.

(b) A snag emerged later that I hadn’t foreseen.

(168) (a) The Press reported several attacks on the besieged city to have been mounted, in a recent
dispatch.
(b) The Press reported several attacks to have been mounted on the besieged city, in a recent
dispatch.

(169) (a) A mass ESCAPE from / by / with Alcatraz has taken place.
(b) An unprecedented ATTACK on / against / at / to the Press was launched by the President.
(c) A BAN on / at / to foreign imports has just been announced.
(d) Numerous CHANCES to / by the fuselage will be required.

(170) (a) A mass ESCAPE has taken place from / by / with Alcatraz.
(b) An unprecedented ATTACK was launched by the President on / against / at / to the Press.
(c) A BAN has just been announced on / at / to foreign imports.
(d) Numerous CHANCES will be required to / by the fuselage.

(171) (a) A review of my latest book has just appeared of a new manual on Practical
Pornolexicography
(b) An unprecedented attack on the Press was launched by the President on the civil rights
campaign
(c) A ban on foreign imports has just been announced on Japanese cars.
(d) Numerous changes to the plane will be required to our marketing policy

(173) (a) A review will appear in the TLS shortly of my latest book.
(b) A review will appear in the TLS of my latest book shortly.
(c) A review will appear in the TLS of my latest book shortly.

(178) (a) John said that he would call people up who are from Boston, and call people up who are
from Boston he will.
(b) Call people up who are from Boston though he may, he’s generally pretty cheap about
long-distance calls.

(179) (a) Nobody who knew him would ride with Fred.
(b) Nobody would ride with Fred who knew him.

(181) (a) Ride with Fred nobody would who knew him.
(b) Ride with Fred who knew him nobody would.

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(182) Although lots of people want to ride with Fred, nobody would who knew him.

(183) (a) Nobody who had any sense would call a girl from Boston up.
(b) Nobody would call a girl up from Boston who had any sense.
(c) Nobody would call a girl up who had any sense from Boston.

[9] Chapter 9 WH movement

9.2 Question Types

(13) Which car will your father put in garage?
(15) Your father will put which car in the garage

9.3 Syntactic arguments

(22) Which car will your father put in garage?

(27) (a) How much heed do you think the committee will pay ― to my proposals?
(b) How much note did you say you think she will take ― of what I said?
(c) How close tabs do you think the FBI will keep ― on the CIA?
(d) How much advantage does the President think he can take ― of his opponents’ misfortunes?

(31) (a) They all were Socialists.

(b) They were all Socialists.

(32) (a) I don’t know if they ever were happy.

(b) I don’t know if they were happy ever.

(33) (a) Most of them were Socialists, perhaps they all were.
(b) Most of them were Socialists, perhaps they were all.

(34) (a) They may have been happy, though I doubt if they ever were.
(b) They may have been happy, though I doubt if they were ever.

(35) (a) I’m not sure how happy they all are ―
(b) I’m not sure how happy they are all ―

(36) (a) I’m not sure how happy they ever were ―
(b) I’m not sure how happy they were ever ―

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9.4 Morphological arguments

(41) SPEAKER A: I’m sure [Nim Chimpsky would admire Noam Chomsky]
SPEAKER B: You’re sure [who/*whom would admire Noam Chomsky]?

(42) SPEAKER A: I’m sure Nim Chimpsky would admire Noam Chomsky
SPEAKER B: You’re sure Nim Chimpsky would admire who/whom?
(43) (a) Who/*Whom are you sure would admire Noam Chomsky?
(b) Who/Whom are you sure Nim Chimpsky would admire?

(44) (a) You are sure who/*whom would admire Noam Chomsky?
(b) You are sure Nim Chimpsky would admire who/whom?

(45) An NP which is the sister of a finite I must agree with I in Person and Number.

(46) (a) He might say [S THIS BOY [I doesn’t/don’t] like Mary]

(b) He might say [S THOSE BOYS [I don’t/doesn’t] like Mary]

(47) (a) He might say [S WHICH BOY [I doesn’t/don’t] like Mary]?

(b) He might say [S WHICH BOYS [I don’t/doesn’t] like Mary]? (echo question)

(48) (a) WHICH BOY might he say [I doesn’t/don’t] like Mary?

(b) WHICH BOYS might he say [I don’t/doesn’t] like Mary?

9.5 Phonological arguments

(50) (a) Mary is good at hockey, and Jean is good at volleyball.

(b) Mary is good at hockey, and Jean’s good at volleyball.

(51) (a) Mary is good at hockey, and Jean is at volleyball.

(b) Mary is good at hockey, and Jean’s at volleyball.

(53) (a) How good do you think Mary is at Linguistics?

(b) How good do you think Mary’s at Linguistics?

(54) I want to win.

I wanna win.

(55) (a) Who do you want to beat?

(b) Who do you wanna beat?

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(56) (a) Who do you want to win?
(b) Who do you wanna win?

9.6 Semantic arguments

(57) WHICH WITNESS did you say you thought [― perjured himself]?
(58) To whom did you say that Mary was talking?

(59) (a) You said [to whom] that Mary was talking?
(b) You said that Mary was talking [to whom]?

(60) You did say to whom [that Mary was talking]?

You did say [that Mary was talking to whom]?

(63) Which dress do you think Mary will wear?

Theme Agent

(64) You do think Mary will wear which dress?

(67) Which dress/Which theory might he think she was wearing?

9.7 WH movement in Relative Clauses

(95) (a) Who did he engineer the downfall of?

(b) Who did the downfall of cause consternation?
(c) Who did the government collapse after the downfall of?

(96) ISLAND CONDITION (on Movement Rules)

Subjects and Adjuncts are islands; Complements are not.

(97) (a) someone who he engineered the downfall of

(b) someone who the downfall of caused consternation
(c) someone who the government collapsed after the downfall of

(98) (a) someone that he engineered the downfall of

(b) someone that the downfall of caused consternation
(c) someone that the government collapsed after the downfall of

9.10 The landing-site for moved Wh-phrases

(140) What will he do next?

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[10] Chapter 10 ALPHA movement

10.2 Other movement rules

① Negative Preposing

(2) (a) [NP Few people] WOULD [IP I trust ― with such a mission]
(b) [PP Under no circumstances] MAY [IP candidates leave the room ―]
(c) [AdvP Very rarely] DO [IP you find the ideal partner ―]

② VP Preposing
(4) (a) John hoped that Mary would find his hat, but [VP find it] she could not ―
(b) John intends to make a table, and [VP make one] he will ―

(5) [VP Working late] DO [IP you really think he was ―]?

③ ‘Resultative’ or ‘Consecutive’ Clauses

(6) (a) [AP So grave] [C WOULD] the consequences have been ―, that he would have had to resign.
(b) [NP Such gallantry] [C DID] he show ―, that he was awarded the Victoria Cross.

(7) (a) *[AdvP Never ever] [NP who] [C WOULD] he trust with such a mission?
(b) *[NP How many people] [VP work late] [C DO] you really think would?
(c) *[PP In which battle] [NP such gallantry] [C DID] the soldiers show that they were all awarded
medals?
(d) *[VP Surrender] [NP so many soldiers] [C DID] the enemy persuade to that our army was
routed.

④ Topicalization
(8) (a) [NP These steps] I used to sweep ― with a broom.
(b) [NP Each part] John examined ― carefully.
(c) [NP Our daughters] we are proud of ―.
(d) [NP Poetry] we try not to memorize ―.

(9) [NP That kind of antisocial behaviour] [C can] [IP we really tolerate ― in a civilized society]?

(10) (a) [That kind of pen] you can use for what? (echo question)
(b) [What] can you use that kind of pen for?
(c) *[What] [that kind of pen] can you use for?
(d) *[That kind of pen] [what] can you use for?
(e) *[For what] [that kind of pen] can you use?

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 (f) *[That kind of pen] [for what] can you use?

ㆍ Dislocation
(11) (a) [NP John], I think he’s the pits.
(b) I think he’s the pits, [NP John].

(12) [NP John], I can’t stand the arrogant bastard / the creep / the jerk.

(13) (a) Who/*Whom are you sure ― would admire Noam Chomsky?
(b) Who/Whom are you sure Nim Chimpsky would admire ―?

(14) (a) [NP Me/*I], everyone knows I can’t stand weirdos.

(b) Everyone knows I can’t stand weirdos, [NP me/*I].

(15) [NP That kind of pen] [C can] [IP you use it for anything special]?
(16) [NP That kind of pen] [CP [NP what] [C can] [IP you use it for]]?

(18) I don’t like insolence, and [that kind of insolent behaviour, I simply won’t stand for it].
(19) ?[NP That kind of car], [PP in this kind of parking lot], you’d be crazy to want to leave it there.

(21) (a) Bill, man, I really hate him. (Bill = dislocated NP)
(b) *Bill, man, I really hate. (Bill = tropicalized NP)

(22) (a) Man, Bill, I really hate him. (Bill = dislocated NP)
(b) Man, Bill, I really hate. (Bill = tropicalized NP)

10.3 Alpha Movement

① XP Movement (including NP movement)

(23) (a) [AP Rather plump] seems ― to be how he likes his girlfriends.
(b) [PP In Paris] seems ― to be where they first met.
(c) [AdvP A little too casually] seems ― to have been how he addressed the judge.
(d) [CP For the Prime Minister to resign] would seem ― to be unthinkable.

(24) (a) [AP Rather plump] is said ― to be how he likes his girlfriends.
(b) [PP In Paris] is said ― to be where they first met.
(c) [AdvP A little too casually] is said ― to have been how he addressed the judge.
(d) [CP For the Prime Minister to resign] is said ― to be unthinkable.

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10.4 Structure-preserving Principle

(30) John is considered to be influential.

(31) [NP e] is considered [IP John to be influential] NP MOVEMENT

(36) I know that [a review will appear soon of his latest book]

10.5 Explaining the Structure-preserving Principle

(44) (a) John will [VP call [NP people from Boston] up]
(b) John will [VP call [NP people] up] from Boston

(54) (a) They reported [CP that the enemy had destroyed the city]
(b) They reported [NP the destruction of the city by the enemy]

10.6 Traces

(62) (a) Should we have called the Police?

(b) *Should we’ve called the Police?

(65) (a) Who might you want to win?

(b) *Who might you wanna win?

(67) Which one do you think seems to be the best candidate?

(70) Which one do you think [CP C t seems [IP t to be the best candidate]]?
(74) [NPi which one] do you think [CP C [NPi e] seems [IP [NPi e] to be the best candidate]]?

10.7 C-command condition on Traces

(86) (a) John will [VP call people up] who are from Boston.
(b) [IP Nobody would ride with Fred] who knew him.

10.8 Bounding

(91) John was said to believe Mary to be wrong.

(93) *Mary was said John to believe to be wrong.
(95) (a) John is likely to believe Mary to be wrong.

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 (b) *Mary is likely John to believe to be wrong.

(97) Might John suspect that he will resign?

(99) *Will John might suspect that he resign?

(100) The fur seems to be certain to fly.

(101) [NP e] seems [IP [NP e] to be certain [IP the fur to fly]]

(103) What did [IP you say that [IP you would do ―]]?

(104) (a) What did [IP you say that [IP you thought that [IP you would do ―] ] ]?
(b) What did [IP you say that [IP you thought that [IP it was likely that [IP you would do ―] ] ] ]?

① Relative Clause

(112) ‘Emmanuelle 69’ was the kind of film which the censor wasn’t sure which parts of to cut.

(113) [CP C [IP the censor wasn’t sure [CP C [IP PRO to cut which parts of WHICH]]]]

(114) [CP C [IP the censor wasn’t sure [CP which parts of WHICH C [IP PRO to cut ―]]]]

(115) [CP WHICH C [IP the censor wasn’t sure [CP which parts of t C [IP PRO to cut ―]]]]

② Multiple Wh-questions

(116) They might wonder [CP what he said to who].

(117) (a) *Who might they wonder [CP what he said to]?
(b) *To Whom might they wonder [CP what he said]?

(118) [CP [NP e] might [IP they wonder [CP what [IP he said to who]]]]

③ Case-marking

(119) He is someone [who I think it is obvious will be a problem]

(122) He is someone [whom I think it is obvious will be a problem]

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