MATHEMATICS

Chapter 8: Introduction to Trigonometry

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Introduction to Trigonometry
1. Meaning (Definition) of Trigonometry
The word trigonometry is derived from the Greek words ‘tri’ meaning three, ‘gon’
meaning sides and ‘metron’ meaning measure.
Trigonometry is the study of relationships between the sides and the angles of the
triangle.
2. Positive and negative angles
Angle measured in anticlockwise direction is taken as positive angle whereas the angle
measured in clockwise direction is taken as negative angle.
3. Trigonometric Ratios
Ratio of the sides of a right triangle with respect to the acute angles is called the
trigonometric ratios
of the angle.
Trigonometric ratios of the acute angle A in right triangle ABC are given as follows:

side opposite toA 𝐵𝐶 𝑝

i. sin ∠𝐴 = = =
hypotenuse 𝐴𝐶 ℎ
side adjacent toA 𝐴𝐵 𝑏
ii. cos ∠𝐴 = = =
hypotenuse 𝐴𝐶 ℎ
side opposite toA 𝐵𝐶 𝑝
iii. tan ∠𝐴 = = =
side adjacent toA 𝐴𝐵 𝑏
hypotenuse 𝐴𝐶 ℎ
iv. cosec ∠𝐴 = = =
side opposite toA 𝐵𝐶 𝑝
hypotenuse 𝐴𝐶 ℎ
v. sec ∠𝐴 = = =
side adjacent toA 𝐴𝐵 𝑏
side adjacent toA 𝐴𝐵 𝑏
vi. cot ∠𝐴 = = =
side opposite toA 𝐵𝐶 𝑝

4. Important facts about Trigonometric ratios

• Trigonometric ratios of an acute angle in a right triangle represents the relation
between the angle and the sides.
• The ratios defined above can be rewritten as sin A, cos A, tan A, cosec A, sec A and
cot A.

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• Each trigonometric ratio is a real number and it has not unit.

• All the trigonometric symbols i.e., cosine, sine, tangent, cotangent, secant and cosecant,
have no literal meaning.
• ( sinθ)n is generally written as sinn θ, n being a positive integer. Similarly, other
trigonometric ratios can also be written.
• The values of the trigonometric ratios of an angle do not vary with the length of the sides
of the triangle, if the angles remain the same.
5. Pythagoras theorem:
It states that “in a right triangle, square of the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the
squar es of the other two sides”.
Pythagoras theorem can be used to obtain the length of the side of a right angled
triangle when the other two sides are already given.
6. Relation between trigonometric ratios:
The ratios cosec A, sec A and cot A are the reciprocals of the ratios sin A, cos A and tan A
respectively as given:
1
i. cos𝑒𝑐𝜃 =
sin 𝜃
1
ii. s𝑒𝑐𝜃 =
cos 𝜃
sin 𝜃
iii. tan𝜃 =
cos 𝜃
1 cos 𝜃
iv. cot𝜃 = =
tan 𝜃 sin 𝜃
7. Values of Trigonometric ratios of some specific angles:
∠A 0° 30° 45° 60° 90°
1 1 √3
sin A 0 1
2 √2 2
√3 1 1
cos A 1 0
2 √2 2
1
tan A 0 1 √3 Not defined
√3
2
cosec A Not defined 2 √2 1
√3
2
sec A 1 √2 2 Not defined
√3
1
cot A Not defined √3 1 0
√3

• The value of sin A or cos A never exceeds 1, whereas the value of sec A or cosec A is

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always greater than 1 or equal to 1.

• The value of sin θ increases from 0 to 1 when θ increases from 0o to 90o.
• The value of cosθ decreases from 1 to 0 when θ increases from 0o to 90o.
• If one of the sides and any other parts like either an acute angle or any side of a right
triangle are known, the remaining sides and angles of the triangle can be obtained
using trigonometric ratios.
8. Trigonometric ratios of complementary angles:
Two angles are said to complementary angles if their sum is equal to 90 o. Based on this
relation, the trigonometric ratios of complementary angles are given as follows:
i. sin (90o – A) = cos A
ii. cos (90o – A) = sin A
iii. tan (90o – A) = cot A
iv. cot (90o – A) = tan A
v. sec (90o – A) = cosec A
vi. cosec (90o – A) = sec A
Note: tan 0o = 0 = cot 90o, sec 0o = 1 = cosec 90o, sec 90o, cosec 0o, tan 90o and cot 0o are
not defined.
9. Definition of Trigonometric Identity
An equation involving trigonometric ratios of an angle, say θ, is termed as a
trigonometric identity if it is satisfied by all values of θ.
10. Basic trigonometric identities
• sin2 θ + co s2 θ = 1
• 1 + tan2 θ = sec2 θ; 0 ≤ θ < 90 o
• 1 + cot2 θ = cosec2 θ; 0 ≤ θ < 90 o
11. Opposite & Adjacent Sides in a Right Angled Triangle
In the ΔABC right-angled at B, BC is the side opposite to ∠A, AC is the hypotenuse and AB
is the side adjacent to ∠A.

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12. Trigonometric Ratios

For the right ΔABC, right-angled at ∠B, the trigonometric ratios of the ∠A are as follows:
sin A = opposite side/hypotenuse = BC/AC
cos A = adjacent side/hypotenuse = AB/AC
tan A = opposite side/adjacent side = BC/AB
cosec A = hypotenuse/opposite side = AC/BC
sec A = hypotenuse/adjacent side = AC/AB
cot A = adjacent side/opposite side = AB/BC
13. Visualization of Trigonometric Ratios Using a Unit Circle
Draw a circle of the unit radius with the origin as the centre. Consider a line segment OP
joining a point P on the circle to the centre which makes an angle θ with the x-axis. Draw
a perpendicular from P to the x-axis to cut it at Q.
Sinθ = PQ/OP=PQ/1=PQ
cosθ = OQ/OP=OQ/1=OQ
tanθ = PQ/OQ=sinθ/cosθ
cosecθ = OP/PQ=1/PQ
secθ = OP/OQ=1/OQ
cotθ = OQ/PQ=cosθ/sinθ

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14. Relation between Trigonometric Ratios

cosec θ = 1/sin θ
sec θ = 1/cos θ
tan θ = sin θ/cos θ
cot θ = cos θ/sin θ = 1/tan θ
15. Range of Trigonometric Ratios from 0 to 90 degrees

tanθ and secθ are not defined at 90∘.

cotθ and cosecθ are not defined at 0∘.

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16. Variation of trigonometric ratios from 0 to 90 degrees

As θ increases from 0∘ to 90∘
sin θ increases from 0 to 1
cos θ decreases from 1 to 0
tan θ increases from 0 to ∞
cosec θ decreases from ∞ to 1
sec θ increases from 1 to ∞
cot θ decreases from ∞ to 0
17. Standard values of Trigonometric ratios

18. Complementary Trigonometric ratios

In Mathematics, the complementary angles are the set of two angles such that their sum
is equal to 90°. For example, 30° and 60° are complementary to each other as their sum
is equal to 90°. In this article, let us discuss in detail about the complementary angles and
the trigonometric ratios of complementary angles with examples in a detailed way.
If θ is an acute angle, its complementary angle is 90∘ − θ. The following relations hold
true for trigonometric ratios of complementary angles.
sin (90∘ − θ) = cos θ
cos (90∘ − θ) = sin θ
tan (90∘ − θ) = cot θ
cot (90∘ − θ) = tan θ
cosec (90∘ − θ) = sec θ
sec (90∘ − θ) = cosec θ
Finding Trigonometric Ratios of Complementary Angles

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∠A and ∠C form a complementary pair.

⇒ ∠A + ∠C = 90°
The relationship between the acute angle and the lengths of sides of a right-angle
triangle is expressed by trigonometric ratios. For the given right angle triangle, the
trigonometric ratios of ∠A is given as follows:
sin A = BC/AC
cos A = AB/AC
tan A =BC/AB
csc A = 1/sin A = AC/BC
sec A =1/cos A = AC/AB
cot A = 1/tan A = AB/BC
The trigonometric ratio of the complement of ∠A. It means that the ∠C can be given as
90° – ∠A

As ∠C = 90°- A (A is used for convenience instead of ∠A ), and the side opposite to 90° –
A is AB and the side adjacent to the angle 90°- A is BC as shown in the figure given above.

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Therefore,
sin (90°- A) = AB/AC
cos (90°- A) = BC/AC
tan (90°- A) = AB/BC
csc (90°- A) =1/sin (90°- A) = AC/AB
sec (90°- A) = 1/cos (90°- A) = AC/BC
cot (90°- A) = 1/tan (90°- A) = BC/AB
Comparing the above set of ratios with the ratios mentioned earlier, it can be seen that;
sin (90°- A) = cos A ; cos (90°- A) = sin A
tan (90°- A) = cot A; cot (90°- A) = tan A
sec (90°- A) = csc A; csc (90°- A) = sec A
These relations are valid for all the values of A that lies between 0° and 90°.
19. Trigonometric Identities
Trigonometric Identities are useful whenever trigonometric functions are involved in an
expression or an equation. Trigonometric Identities are true for every value of variables
occurring on both sides of an equation. Geometrically, these identities involve certain
trigonometric functions (such as sine, cosine, tangent) of one or more angles.
Sine, cosine and tangent are the primary trigonometry functions whereas cotangent,
secant and cosecant are the other three functions. The trigonometric identities are based
on all the six trig functions. Check Trigonometry Formulas to get formulas related to
trigonometry.
Trigonometric Identities are useful whenever trigonometric functions are involved in an
expression or an equation. Trigonometric Identities are true for every value of variables
occurring on both sides of an equation. Geometrically, these identities involve certain
trigonometric functions (such as sine, cosine, tangent) of one or more angles.
Sine, cosine and tangent are the primary trigonometry functions whereas cotangent,
secant and cosecant are the other three functions. The trigonometric identities are based
on all the six trig functions. Check Trigonometry Formulas to get formulas related to
trigonometry.

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Important Questions
Multiple Choice questions-
1. If cos (α + β) = 0, then sin (α – β) can be reduced to

(a) cos β

(b) cos 2β

(c) sin α

(d) sin 2α

2. If cos (40° + A) = sin 30°, the value of A is:?

(a) 60°

(b) 20°

(c) 40°

(d) 30°

3. If sin x + cosec x = 2, then sin19x + cosec20x =

(a) 219

(b) 220

(c) 2

(d) 239

4. If cos 9a = sin a and 9a < 90°, then the value of tan 5a is

1
(a)
√3

(b) √3

(c) 1

(d) 0

5. (1 + tanθ + secθ) (1 + cotθ – cosecθ) is equal to

(a) 0

(b) 1

(c) 2

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(d) -1

6. Ratios of sides of a right triangle with respect to its acute angles are known as

(a) trigonometric identities

(b) trigonometry

(c) trigonometric ratios of the angles

(d) none of these

7. The value of cos θ cos(90° – θ) – sin θ sin (90° – θ) is:

(a) 1

(b) 0

(c) -1

(d) 2

8. If x = a cos θ and y = b sin θ, then b2x2 + a2y2 =

(a) ab

(b) b2 + a2

(c) a2b2

(d) a4b4

9. If x and y are complementary angles, then

(a) sin x = sin y

(b) tan x = tan y

(c) cos x = cos y

(d) sec x = cosec y

10. sin (45° + θ) – cos (45° – θ) is equal to

(a) 2 cos θ

(b) 0

(c) 2 sin θ

(d) 1

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Very Short Questions:

1
1. Find maximum value of , 0°≤ θ ≤ 90°.
secθ
𝑎
2. Given that sin θ = , find the value of tan θ.
𝑏

3. If sin θ = cos θ, then find the value of 2 tan θ + cos 2 θ.

4. If sin (x – 20)° = cos (3x – 10)°, then find the value of x.

1
5. If sin2 A = tan2 45°, where A is an acute angle, then find the value of A.
2

6. If x = a cos θ, y = b sin θ, then find the value of b 2x2 + a2y2 – a2b2.

7. If tan A = cot B, prove that A + B = 90°.

1
8. If sec A = 2x and tan A = 2x, find the value of 2(x 2− 2) .
𝑥

9. In a ∆ABC, if ∠C = 90°, prove that sin2 A + sin2 B = 1.

10. If sec 4A = cosec (A – 20°) where 4 A is an acute angle, find the value of A.

Short Questions :
3
1. If sin A = , calculate cos A and tan A.
4

2. Given 15 cot A = 8, find sin A and sec A.

3. In Fig. 10.5, find tan P – cot R.

4. If sin θ + cos θ = √3 , then prove that tan θ + cot θ = 1.

1−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
5. Prove that = (sec θ – tan θ)2
1+𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃

6.

7.

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8.
9. Evaluate: sin 25° cos 65° + cos 25° sin 65°.

10. Without using tables, evaluate the following:

1
3 cos 68°. cosec 22° – tan 43°. tan 47°. tan 12°. tan 60°. tan 78°
2

Long Questions :
1. In ∆PQR, right-angled at Q, PR + QR = 25 cm and PQ = 5 cm. Determine the
values of sin P, cos P and tan P.
1
2. In triangle ABC right-angled at B, if tan A = find the value of:
√3

(i) sin A cos C + cos A sin C (ii) cos A cos C – sin A sin C.
7
3. If cot θ = , evaluate:
8

(i)

(ii) cot2 θ
1−tan2 𝐴
4. If 3 cot A = 4, check whether = cos2 A – sin2 A or not.
1+tan2 𝐴

5. Write all the other trigonometric ratios of ∠A in terms of sec A.

6. Prove that

7. Prove that:

8. Prove that:

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9. Prove that: (sin θ + sec θ)2 + (cos θ + cosec θ)2 = (1 + sec θ cosec θ)2.

10. Prove that:

Assertion Reason Questions-

1. Two aeroplanes leave an airport, one after the other. After moving on runway, one flies
due North and other flies due South. The speed of two aeroplanes is 400km/ hr and
500km/ hr respectively. Considering PQ as runway and A and B are any two points in the
path followed by two planes, then answer the following questions.

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2. Three friends - Anshu, Vijay and Vishal are playing hide and seek in a park. Anshu and Vijay
hide in the shrubs and Vishal have to find both of them. If the positions of three friends are
at A, B and C respectively as shown in the figure and forms a right angled triangle such that
AB = 9 m, BC = √3 M and then answer the following questions.

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Assertion Reason Questions-

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1. Directions: Each of these questions contains two statements: Assertion [A] and Reason [R].
Each of these questions also has four alternative choices, any one of which is the correct
answer. You have to select one of the codes [a], [b], [c] and [d] given below.

a. A is true, R is true; R is a correct explanation for A.

b. A is true, R is true; R is not a correct explanation for A.

c. A is true; R is false.

d. A is false; R is true.

Assertion: The value of each of the trigonometric ratios of an angle does not depend on the
size of the triangle. It only depends on the angle.

Reason: In right as
hypotenuse is the longest side.

2. Directions: Each of these questions contains two statements: Assertion [A] and Reason [R].
Each of these questions also has four alternative choices, any one of which is the correct
answer. You have to select one of the codes [a], [b], [c] and [d] given below.

a. A is true, R is true; R is a correct explanation for A.

b. A is true, R is true; R is not a correct explanation for A.

c. A is true; R is false.

d. A is false; R is true.

Assertion: Sin 60o = Cos 30o

Reason: Sin 2θ = Sin θ where θ is an acute angle.

Answer Key-
Multiple Choice questions-
1. (b) cos 2β

2. (b) 20°

3. (c) 2

4. (c) 1

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5. (c) 2

6. (c) trigonometric ratios of the angles

7. (b) 0

8. (c) a2b2

9. (d) sec x = cosec y

10. (b) 0

Very Short Answer :

1
1. , (0° ≤ θ ≤ 90°) (Given)
𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃

∵ sec θ is in the denominator

1
∴ The min. value of sec θ will return max. value for .
𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃

But the min. value of sec θ is sec 0° = 1.

1 1
Hence, the max. value of = =1
𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 ∘ 1
a
2. sin θ =
b

3. sin θ = cos θ (Given)

It means value of θ = 45°

Now, 2 tan θ + cos2 θ = 2 tan 45° + cos2 45°

4. sin (x – 20)° = cos (3x – 10)°

⇒ cos [90° – (x – 20)°] = cos (3x – 10)°

By comparing the coefficient

90° – x° + 20° = 3x° – 10° = 110° + 10° = 3x° + x°

120° = 4x°

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120∘
⇒ = 30°
4

5. sin2A = 12tan2 45°

1
⇒ sin2A = (1)2 [∵ tan 45° = 1]
2
1
= sin2 A =
2

1
⇒ sin A =
√2

Hence, ∠A = 45°

6. Given x = acos θ, y = b sin θ

b2x2 + a2y2 – a2b2 = b2(acos θ)2 + a2(b sin θ)2 – a2b2

= a2b2 cos2θ + a2b2 sin2 θ – a2b2 = a2b2 (sin2 θ + cos2 θ) – a2b2

= a2b2 – a2b2 = θ (∵ sin2 θ + cos2 θ = 1)

7. We have

tan A = cot B

⇒ tan A = tan (90° – B)

A = 90° – B

[∵ Both A and B are acute angles]

⇒ A + B = 90°

8.

9. Since ∠C = 90°

∴ ∠A + ∠B = 180° – ∠C = 90°

Now, sin2 A + sin2 B = sin2 A + sin2 (90° – A) = sin2 A + cos2 A = 1

10. We have

sec 4 A = cosec (A – 20°)

⇒ cosec (90° – 4 A) = cosec (A – 20°)

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∴ 90° – 4 A = A – 20°

⇒ 90° + 20° = A + 4 A

⇒ 110° = 5 A
110
∴A= = 22°
5

Short Answer :
1. Let us first draw a right ∆ABC in which ∠C = 90°.

Now, we know that

2. Let us first draw a right ∆ABC in which ∠B = 90°.

Now, we have, 15 cot A = 8

3. Using Pythagoras Theorem, we have

PR2 = PO2 + QR2

⇒ (13)2 = (12)2 + QR2

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⇒ 169 = 144 + QR2

⇒ QR2 = 169 – 144 = 25

⇒ QR = 5 cm
𝑄𝑅 5 QR 5
Now, tan P = = and cot R = =
𝑃𝑄 12 PQ 12

5 5
tan P – cot R = – =0
12 12

4. sin θ + cos θ = √3

⇒ (sin θ + cos θ)2 = 3

⇒ sin2 θ + cos2 θ + 2 sin θ cos θ = 3

⇒ 2 sin cos θ = 2 (∵ sin2 θ + cos2 θ = 1)

⇒ sin θ. cos θ = 1 = sin2 θ + cos2 θ

⇒ 1 = tan θ + cot θ = 1

Therefore tan θ + cot θ = 1

5.

6.

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7.

8.

9. sin 25°. cos 65° + cos 25° . sin 65°

= sin (90° – 65°). cos 65° + cos (90° – 65°). sin 65°

= cos 65° . cos 65° + sin 65°. sin 65°

= cos2 65° + sin2 65° = 1.

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10. We have,
1
3 cos 68°. cosec 22° – tan 43°. tan 47°. tan 12°. tan 60°. tan 78°.
2
1
= 3 cos (90° – 22°). cosec 22° – . {tan 43° . tan (90° – 43°)}. {tan 12°. tan (90° –
2
12°). tan 60°}
1
= 3 sin 22°. cosec 22° – (tan 43° . cot 43°). (tan 12°. cot 12°). tan 60°
2

3 6−√3
= 3 × 1 – × 1 × 1 × √3 = 3 – = .
√2 √2

Long Answer :
1.

We have a right-angled ∆PQR in which ∠Q = 90°.

Let QR = x cm

Therefore, PR = (25 – x) cm

By Pythagoras Theorem, we have

PR2 = PQ2 + QR2

(25 – x)2 = 52 + x2

= (25 – x)2 – x2 = 25

(25 – x – x) (25 – x + x) = 25

(25 – 2x) 25 = 25

25 – 2x = 1

25 – 1 = 2x

= 24 = 2x

∴ x = 12 cm

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Hence, QR = 12 cm

PR = (25 – x) cm = 25 – 12 = 13 cm

PQ = 5 cm

2.

We have a right-angled ∆ABC in which ∠B = 90°.

1
and, 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝐴 =
√3

1
Now, tan A = = BCAB
√3

Let BC = k and AB = √3k

∴ By Pythagoras Theorem, we have

⇒ AC2 = AB2 + BC2

⇒ AC2 = (√3k)2 + (k)2 = 3k2 + k2

⇒ AC2 = 4k2

3. Let us draw a right triangle ABC in which ∠B = 90° and ∠C = θ.

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4.

Let us consider a right triangle ABC in which ∠B = 90°

Let AB = 4k and BC = 3k

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∴ By Pythagoras Theorem

AC2 = AB2 + BC2

AC = (4k)2 + (3k)2 = 16k2 + 9k2

AC2 = 25k2

∴ AC = 5k

5.

Let us consider a right-angled ∆ABC in which ∠B = 90°.

For ∠A we have

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6.

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7.

8.

= 2 cosec2 A tan2 A = 2(1 + cot2 A). tan2 A

= 2 tan2 A + 2 tan2 A. cot2 A (∵ tan A cot A = 1)

= 2 + 2 tan2 A = 2(1 + tan2 A) = 2 sec2 A = RHS.

9.

LHS = (sin θ + sec θ)2 + (cos θ + cosec θ)2

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= (1 + sec θ cosec θ)2 = RHS.

10. In order to show that,

Case Study Answers:

1. Answer :

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2. Answer :

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Assertion Reason Answer-

1. (b) A is true, R is true; R is not a correct explanation for A.
2. (c) A is true; R is false.

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