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Read Text A, and then answer Questions 1(a)–1(e) on the question paper.

Text A: About snakes

There are more than 3000 species of snakes on the planet. They’re found everywhere
except in Antarctica, Iceland, Ireland, Greenland, and New Zealand. About 600 species
are venomous, and only about seven per cent are able to kill or significantly wound a
human.

Most snakes live on land, but there are about 70 species that live in oceans. Sea snakes 5
and their cousins, kraits, are some of the most venomous snakes that exist, but they
pose little threat to humans because they’re shy and their fangs are too short to do
much damage.

Almost all snakes are covered in protective scales. They’re reptiles, so are cold-blooded
and must regulate their body temperature externally. Scales serve several purposes: 10
in arid climates they trap moisture and reduce friction as the snake moves.

Snakes also have forked tongues, which they flick in different directions to smell their
surroundings. That lets them know when danger—or food—is nearby.

Snakes have several other ways to detect a snack. Openings called pit holes in front
of their eyes sense the heat given off by warm-blooded prey. Bones in their lower jaws 15
pick up vibrations from rodents and other scurrying animals. When they do capture
prey, snakes can eat animals up to three times bigger than their head is wide because
their lower jaws unhinge from their upper jaws. Once in a snake’s mouth, the prey is
held in place by teeth that face inward, trapping it there.

Not quite as photogenic as pandas or polar bears, we hear much less about endangered 20
snakes than we do some other animals. But despite their remarkable evolutionary
adaptability, some snakes suffer the same fate as the more well-publicised species that
are considered endangered. Snakes aren’t hunted in great numbers and many live
without fear of predation, which generally leads conservationists to blame their decline
on environmental factors, mainly habitat destruction and climate change. Some snakes 25
are already extinct, more are critically endangered, including a number of sea snakes.
One theory claims changes in sea water temperatures may be a factor, but more
investigation is required.

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Read Text B, and then answer Question 1(f) on the question paper.

Text B: Teaching people to hate snakes is a disaster for ecology

Did you know it’s World Snake Day on 16th July? We invite you to slither on down to
join the party, meet our snake experts and enjoy lots of fun snake-themed activities.

Humans often fear what they don’t understand. To most, snakes are a mystery. Snakes
rely on their ability to avoid detection, so we rarely see them. This leads to a void of
direct knowledge that’s filled by myth and media – portraying snakes as cold-blooded 5
killers and focusing on how dangerous some can be. Our aim is to tip the scales (excuse
the pun), educate and encourage guests to confront their fears.

During the event, there’ll be Zoo Chats – guests can get up close to, even touch, several
snake species. At 10:30 am, guests can watch the zoo’s largest snake resident – a
reticulated python – being weighed and measured. At midday, guests can venture over 10
to The Swamp to see and learn about recently hatched Grey-banded Kingsnake and
Jamaican Boa babies.

Though threatened by many of the same issues affecting other wildlife, including habitat
loss, climate change and disease, negative attitudes impeding efforts to address other
threats may be the biggest barrier to snake conservation. 15

In the United States, for example, public outcry based on fear and misinformation
recently halted a scientifically sound conservation plan for timber rattlesnakes. Another
project at the same location that involved releasing eagles was embraced by the
community. Rattlesnakes are no less important than eagles. In fact, they may help
reduce the incidence of Lyme disease, which affects thousands of people each year, 20
by reducing the number of rodents that harbour this disease. But emotions override
facts, it seems, where snakes are concerned.

Snakes play an integral role in maintaining balance in the ecosystem – in most

ecosystems on earth, snakes can be both predator and prey. When a large
prey-population attracts and sustains a large snake population, those snakes become 25
prey for birds, mammals and even other snakes! As predators, snakes keep
prey-populations in balance. Snakes provide an easy, environmentally friendly, free
and natural pest-control service.

But snakes are worth saving not because of what they can do for us, but because of
who they are. Snakes share many behaviours with us, behaviours we value. They have 30
friends. They take care of their kids and even their friends’ kids too.

Want to help us change how people view and treat snakes? Visit the World Snake Day
website.

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Read Text C, and then answer Questions 2(a)–(d) and Question 3 on the question paper.

Text C: Rainforest tales

The writer of this online article is reviewing his guided visit around the Kalinga Centre for Rainforest
Ecology (KCRE). Located near Agumbe, the five-acre site is nestled in the heart of the rainforest,
in the Western Ghats mountain range.

The weather had been pleasant when we’d started off, but Agumbe, true to reputation,
welcomed us with a sudden downpour from nowhere. Visibility was low.

Though the camp site is equipped with solar power, we’d been told to carry fully charged
batteries for our cameras and torches. Telephone and internet connectivity is intermittent.
The closest hospital and pharmacy are 24km away. Huffing and puffing with our bags 5
and gear, we scrambled gratefully down the three flights of rocky steps added recently
to cater for less-experienced trekkers. At the bottom, we were greeted by a snoozing
Common Vine Snake, so inconspicuous that it took me quite some time of bobbing my
head to spot it. I still cherish that precise moment when I saw my first snake in the wild,
perfectly poised on its luxurious bed of green. I knew I would never behold snakes the 10
same way again.

After a sumptuous breakfast from our local host-family, we were keen and ready for
our first official rainforest walk. In the dining hall (also used for discussions and briefings)
our local guide handed me ugly brown socks that would be my saviours (though not a
100 per cent guarantee) from the leeches, reminding everyone this was not a tourist 15
resort. We needed to take care of our own belongings and ensure we kept electronic
equipment dry.

Three hours later, returning from the trek, I felt bubbles of amazement and wonder
rising. I’d seen gliding lizards fly effortlessly between trees, intricate dragonflies of infinite
varieties and delicately etched, golden frogs. The overcast sky, saturated to the brim, 20
had poured down heavily, drenching the forest, its native creatures, and the handful of
humans who happened to be there. Thereafter began the frenzy of activities and sounds
that engulfs the woods after a good rain – rhythmic sounds, musical, coordinated and
orchestrated, and pleasantly deafening.

Ah! My brimming heart and soothed soul enjoyed restful sleep in the tent that first night. 25
Bonfires and loud music are prohibited to avoid any disturbance to animals and hygienic
common bathrooms (with hot-water facilities) were appreciated. Everyone was expected
to wash their own plates and glasses after every meal. We were encouraged to separate
organic waste into the respective dustbins before retiring each night. All inorganic waste
went back with you. 30

Next morning revealed a forest blooming with fungi – a fairy-tale landscape of frilled
coral cups, delicate saucers and robust yellow umbrellas. And if that brightly coloured
confectionery wasn’t enough, a magnificent azure-coloured sphere, hard as shell, caught
our eye. No amount of speculation could have made me imagine that the little blue ball
was a millipede! We observed at a respectful distance, reminded that handling, agitating, 35
or disturbing any wildlife is not permitted and will warrant strict action. Collection of any
kind of flora or fauna is forbidden.

With no rains, the forest lay quieter that night, though croaking bush-frogs put their
vocal sacs to good use for our entertainment and a metre-long green Pit Viper hung
from a branch, as if casually posing for our photographs. My first ever ‘wildlife 40

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photography’ attempt was fun. And I could start off with a Viper! I remembered advice
to exercise caution, control and care during observation and photography in the forest
to avoid stressing species or exposing them to danger.

The last walk on the final day through the rainforest, through leech territory, through
the sights and smells of moist earth and greens evoked an undefinable love in me. I’d 45
experienced the wonders of a rainforest, in a spell-binding weekend that drew to a close
with inspiring presentations about the place, its conservationist founder and his
tremendous work studying and saving magnificent King Cobras.

Ignorance had metamorphosed into sheer passion for creatures I’d been prejudiced
about. Curious to learn more about the life of such serpents and eager to accompany 50
experts on live snake-rescue calls, I’ve already signed up for the next workshop.

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Read Text A, About snakes, in the insert and then answer Questions 1(a)–(e) on this question
paper.

Question 1
(a) How many species of snakes are venomous, according to the text?

• .........................................................................................................................................

• ......................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) (i) Using your own words, explain what the text means by

‘significantly wound’ (line 3):

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................................................................................................................................ [2]

(ii) ‘pose little threat’ (line 7):

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(c) Re-read paragraph 3 (‘Almost all . . . moves.’).

Apart from trapping moisture, give two other functions of a snake’s scales.

• .........................................................................................................................................

• ......................................................................................................................................... [2]

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(d) Re-read paragraphs 4 and 5 (‘Snakes also … it there.’).

(i) Identify two features of a snake’s anatomy that make eating their prey easier once they
have caught it.

• ..............................................................................................................................

• .............................................................................................................................. [2]

(ii) Explain the different ways snakes are able to locate food, according to the text.

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(e) Re-read paragraph 6 (‘Not quite … is required.’).

Using your own words, explain why some people might not know or be surprised to discover
that some snakes are critically endangered.

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Read Text B, Teaching people to hate snakes is a disaster for ecology, in the insert and then
answer Question 1(f) on this question paper.

(f) According to Text B, why do people have negative attitudes to snakes and why are these
attitudes unfair and unjustified?

You must use continuous writing (not note form) and use your own words as far as possible.

Your summary should not be more than 120 words.

Up to 10 marks are available for the content of your answer and up to 5 marks for the
quality of your writing.

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[Total: 30]

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Read Text C, Rainforest tales, in the insert and then answer Questions 2(a)–(d) on this question
paper.

Question 2
(a) Identify a word or phrase from the text which suggests the same idea as the words
underlined:

(i) As the writer arrived in the forest, there was unexpected, heavy rainfall.

................................................................................................................................ [1]

(ii) Access to both online services and mobile signals was sporadic and unreliable.

................................................................................................................................ [1]

(iii) There were steps down to the camp site to provide an easier path down for visitors not
used to walking in the rainforest.

................................................................................................................................ [1]

(iv) The campers enjoyed eating a large, delicious meal on the morning of their first day.

................................................................................................................................ [1]

(b) Using your own words, explain what the writer means by each of the words underlined:

Ah! My brimming heart and soothed soul enjoyed restful sleep in the tent that first night. Bonfires
and loud music are prohibited to avoid any disturbance to animals and hygienic common
bathrooms (with hot-water facilities) were appreciated.

(i) prohibited ............................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) disturbance ............................................................................................................ [1]

(iii) appreciated ............................................................................................................ [1]

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(c) Use one example from the text below to explain how the writer suggests his feelings the first
time he saw a snake in the wild.

Use your own words in your explanation.

At the bottom, we were greeted by a snoozing Common Vine Snake, so inconspicuous that it
took me quite some time of bobbing my head to spot it. I still cherish that precise moment
when I saw my first snake in the wild, perfectly poised on its luxurious bed of green. I knew I
would never behold snakes the same way again.

...........................................................................................................................................

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........................................................................................................................................... [3]

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(d) Re-read paragraphs 4 and 6.

• Paragraph 4 begins ‘Three hours later … ’ and is about the writer’s reactions to the
creatures in the rainforest.
• Paragraph 6 begins ‘Next morning … ’ and gives a description of the rainforest as the
writer wakes up after his first night camping there.

Explain how the writer uses language to convey meaning and to create effect in these
paragraphs. Choose three examples of words or phrases from each paragraph to support
your answer. Your choices should include the use of imagery.

Write about 200 to 300 words.

Up to 15 marks are available for the content of your answer.

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[Total: 25]

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Re-read Text C, Rainforest tales, in the insert and then answer Question 3 on this question paper.

Question 3

You are a guide at Kalinga Centre for Rainforest Ecology KCRE and have been invited to speak to
students in a city school to persuade them of the importance of the work KCRE does.

In your talk you should explain:

• what the area has to offer to visitors and why people might enjoy visiting
• what facilities KCRE provides for its visitors and how you ensure that visitors remain safe
• what the aims of KCRE and its founder are, what you hope to achieve by welcoming visitors and
why that’s important for the future.

Write the words of the talk.

Base your talk on what you have read in Text C, but be careful to use your own words. Address each
of the three bullets.

Write about 250 to 350 words.

Up to 15 marks are available for the content of your answer, and up to 10 marks for the quality
of your writing.

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