CARBON AND

ITS COMPOUNDS
• Introduction
• Carbon
Wondering why all
other elements
disappeared and
CARBON didn’t?
Lets see why..
119 elements are
known to us, each
important in its own
way. Here are a few
of them…
 Lets distinguish them into

Things made of Things made of

Others
metal glass and clay

Can you guess the

CARBON
common element
found in all ?
The earth’s crust – 0.02% carbon in the form of minerals
(carbonates, hydrogen carbonates, coal and petroleum).
Atmosphere – 0.03% carbon dioxide.
 Carbon

ELEMENT NON-METAL

MAJOR CONSTITUENT OF COAL (CARBON)

SYMBOL – C

ATOMIC NO. – 6

ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION – (2,4)

VALENCY – 4
 Carbon

To gain stable state

But But it would

it would be difficult
require for the
a large amount
of nucleus
energy towith six protons
remove to hold
four electrons
leavingonbehind
to ten electrons, that is,
a carbon cation with
six protonsfour
in extra electrons.
its nucleus holding on
to just two electrons
Either can gain 4 electrons

or
Lose 4 electrons
CARBON AND
ITS COMPOUNDS
• Carbon shares its valence electrons
forming covalent bonds
• Formation of covalent Compounds
 Carbon shares its valence electrons forming covalent bonds

❑ Chemical bond formed by sharing of electrons between two

atoms is called covalent bonding.

Covalent bond
 ALL NON
IS CARBON THEMETALS FORM
ONLY ELEMENT
THAT COVALENT BONDS
FORMS COVALENT
BONDS???
FORMATION OF COVALENT
COMPOUNDS
 Formation of Hydrogen Molecule

1p 1p 1p 1p

H (Z=1) H (Z=1)
(1)
To become stable
(1)Since total 2
electrons (1pair)
H.. H
Electrons of atoms of
H H
Atomic
one H atom are shared we say
no.
shares 1 electron same element are
that…
A chemical with
bond formed
other H by represented by same
SHARING ofatom.
ONE PAIR of electronssymbol (either dot or
is called as SINGLE COVALENT cross)
BOND.
 Formation of Chlorine Molecule

17p 17p 17p 17p

18n 18n 18n 18n

Cl (Z=17)
(2,8,7)
Cl (Z=17)
(2,8,7)
To become stable
Since total 2
electrons (1pair)
Cl . . Cl
Electrons of atoms of

A chemical
Atomic
one Cl atom shares
no.
1 bond
electron
are
with by that…
formed
shared we say
same element are
Cl Cl
represented by same
SHARING of other
ONECl atom.
PAIR of electrons
symbol (either dot or
is called as SINGLE COVALENT cross)
BOND.
CARBON AND
ITS COMPOUNDS
• Formation of oxygen molecule
• Formation of nitrogen
molecule
 Formation of Oxygen Molecule

8p 8p 8p
8n Atomic 8p
8n 8n 8n
no.

O (Z=8) O (Z=8) ..
(2,6) (2,6) Since total 4
To become stable electrons
Electrons(2pairs)
O
of atoms of
.. O
O O
one O atom are shared we say
same element are
shares 2 electrons
A chemical bond formed by that… represented by same
with other
SHARING of TWO PAIRS ofO
symbol (either dot or
electrons isatom.
called as DOUBLE cross)
COVALENT BOND.
 Formation of Nitrogen Molecule

7p 7p 7p 7p
7n 7n 7n 7n

..
N (Z=7)
(2,5)
N (Z=7)
(2,5) N ..
.. N
To become stable Since total 6
one N atom shares electrons
electrons with
3 i.e. 3 pairs N N
A chemicalanother
bond formed byof electrons
SHARING are
N atom. shared we say that…
of THREE PAIRS of electrons is called
as TRIPLE COVALENT BOND.
CARBON AND
ITS COMPOUNDS
• Formation of water molecule
• Formation of methane molecule
• Formation of Carbon dioxide molecule
 Formation of water molecule (H2O)
ATOMIC NUMBER OF HYDROGEN IS 1.
THUS VALENCY OF HYDROGEN IS 1.
THEY WILL SHARE
ATOMIC NUMBER OF OXYGEN IS 8 (2,6).
1 ELCTRON WITH
THUS VALENCY OF OXYGEN IS OTHER.
EACH 2.
HOW MANY ELECTRONS
WILL THEY SHARE?

H + O + H

H atom O atom H atom

 Formation of methane molecule (CH4)
ATOMIC NUMBER OF HYDROGEN IS 1.
THUS VALENCY OF HYDROGEN IS 1. H
ATOMIC NUMBER OF CARBON IS 6 (2,4). H C H
H
THUS VALENCY OF CARBON IS 4.
H
H atom

H C H
H atom H atom

H
H atom
 Formation of carbon dioxide molecule (CO2)

ATOMIC NUMBER OF OXYGEN IS 8.

THUS VALENCY OF OXYGEN IS 2.
ATOMIC NUMBER OF CARBON IS 6 (2,4).
O
THUS VALENCY C
OF CARBON IS 4. O

O atom C atom O atom

O=C=O
CARBON AND
ITS COMPOUNDS
• Properties of Organic Compounds
• Allotropes of carbon
 PROPERTIES OF COVALENT COMPOUNDS

They are usually liquids or gases due to weak force of

attraction between their molecules. Only some are solids.

They have LOW MELTING AND BOILING POINTs except

diamond graphite. Due to weak molecular force of
attraction little energy is required to beak these forces.

They are generally Insoluble in water but soluble in organic

solvents

POOR CONDUCTORS OF HEAT AND ELECTRICITY

because they do not contain ions.
 OCCURENCE OF CARBON

FREE STATE COMBINED STATE

➢ CARBON DIOXIDE
➢ DIAMOND
➢ CARBONATES
➢ GRAPHITE
(LIMESTONE)
➢ BUCKMINSTER
➢ FOSSIL FUELS (COAL,
FULLERENE
PETROLEUM, NATURAL
GAS)
 Allotropes of carbon

The various physical forms in which an element can exist are called
allotropes of the element.
 Diamond Graphite
Colourless transparent Grayish black opaque
substance having substance.
extraordinary brilliance.
Each carbon linked to Each carbon linked to
four other neighboring three other neighboring
carbon atoms carbon atoms.
It has rigid three It has sheet like
dimensional structure. structure forming an
hexagonal array.
Does not conduct Conducts electricity
electricity because no due to presence of free
free electrons present. electrons.
Extremely hard and Soft and light as
heavy. compared to diamond.
 Uses

Diamond is used as precious stones in jewellery.

Black diamonds are used for cutting glass.

Graphite is used in making electrodes, lubricants and lead pencils.

Substances used to
Electric conductors which reduce the friction
are connected to positive or between moving
negative terminals of the parts.
battery(cathode and anode)
 Fullerene

✓ Allotrope of carbon
✓ C- 60
✓ Arranged in the shape of a football.
✓ It looked like geodesic dome designed
by US architect Buckminster Fuller.
CARBON AND
ITS COMPOUNDS
• Versatile nature of carbon
• Catenation
• Tetravalency
• Types of organic compounds
 Versatile nature of carbon

Carbon forms covalent bonds. The nature of these covalent

bonds enables carbon to form large number of compounds.

Two factors responsible for

The number of carbon
large number of carbon
What could
compounds arebe the
compoundsreason
are CATENATION
for this ? &
recently estimated to
TETRAVALENCY
be about 3 million.
 Catenation

Carbon atoms of
The property mayselfbe linked by single,
combination double
of atoms or triple
to form largebonds.
molecules is called catenation

C C C
C C C C C CC CC
C C
StraightCChain
C
Closed
C
C C
C C Chain
Branched Chain
C
Elements that show catenation

❖Carbon
❖Sulphur
❖Silicon
❖Phosphorous
 Tetravalency

Since, carbon has valency of four, it is capable of bonding with

four other atoms of carbon or atoms of some other mono-valent
element.

H C H
Cl
H
At the beginning of the 19th century – compounds
obtained directly or indirectly from

Plants Organic Animals

For organic compounds it
was postulated that a vital
force was
Compounds necessaryfrom
obtained for minerals -
their synthesis

Inorganic
 GERMAN CHEMIST - WOHLER

Germany
In 1828, he made urea from Ammonium cyanate.
An organic An inorganic
compound compound
Organic compounds
refers to all compounds
containing Carbon and
Hydrogen which are
obtained from living
system and now-a-days
which can also be
synthesized in the
laboratory.
 Types of organic compounds

Hydrocarbons

Haloalkanes

Alcohol

Aldehyde

Ketone

Vinegar
CARBON AND
ITS COMPOUNDS
• Hydrocarbons
• Alkane, Alkene, Alkyne
 Hydrocarbon

COMPOUNDS CONTAINING CARBON AND HYDROGEN

HH HH

CC CC
HH HH
 Hydrocarbons

All organic compounds contain hydrogen along with carbon.

Open
Theychain Closed-chain/ring
are the fundamental organic compounds also known as
Hydrocarbons cyclic
‘parent ’ compounds. These compounds arehydrocarbon
known as

Saturated Unsaturated

Alkane Alkene Alkyne

C C C C C C
A hydrocarbon
A hydrocarbonin in
which
whichthe Carbon
the Carbonatoms
atomsareare
linked to to
linked each
each
other by double
other orsingle
only by triplebond
bonds
isare called
called as unsaturated
saturated hydrocarbon.
hydrocarbon.
 Alkane Alkene Alkyne

C C C C C C

Single bond Double bond Triple bond

General formula :

CnH2n+2 CnH2n CnH2n-2

Alkenes contain 2 H Alkynes contain 2 H atoms less as
atoms less as compared compared to corresponding alkenes
to corresponding and 4 H atoms less as compared to
alkanes. corresponding alkanes.
In alkanes, ane indicates single bond.
In alkenes, ene indicates double bond.
Root word
And in alkynes,
Compound withyne
1 Cindicates
atom triple
Meth-bond.
Compound with 2 C atoms Eth-
But as you can see “alk” is common for all.
Compound with 3 C atoms Prop-
It represents the no. of carbon atoms and is called the root word.
Compound with 4 C atoms But-
Compound with 5 C atoms Pent-
Compound with 6 C atoms Hex-
Compound with 7 C atoms Hept-
Compound with 8 C atoms Oct-
Compound with 9 C atoms Non
Compound with 10 C atoms Dec
 Formation of Hydrocarbon

H H H H . H.
H
x x
H C C
H H H C C H H C C H
x x
. H.
H
x
.H H.x
H H
Methane
Ethane Ethene Ethyne
As the single bond has As the single bond has
As the number of carbon in
been replaced by a double
been replaced by a triple
this molecule is two meth
bond ane gets replacedbond
by ane gets replaced by
gets replaced by eth.
ene. yne.
CARBON AND
ITS COMPOUNDS
• Saturated hydrocarbons
(Alkane) CnH2n+2
 SATURATED
HYDROCARBONS(ALKANE)
CnH2n+2
ALKANE General formula : CnH2n+2

Put n=1, Always remember : Put n=2,

To draw
H the H H
C1H2(1) + 2 C2H2(2) + 2 H
structures of
C1H2+2 H
carbon C
compounds
H C2H4+2 H C C H
H atom
C1H4 always draw the C2H6
H H
carbon H
atoms first.
CH4 Same for
Methane H The C EthaneH
carbon
OutElectron atoms willthe
of 4 valence be other C
Electron cross dot structure cross dot structure
atom also.
electrons
H atom connected
carbon H H by a
H atom
H
single
has shared 1 e- So bond.

.
.
.

H .3 e-x x C x . H
x x
.x
H xCx .H the remaining xH C
x
x s will be shared x

.
.
with 3H atoms .H
H atom
.

H H

Methane Ethane
ALKANE General formula : CnH2n+2

Put n=3, Put n=4,

H H H H H H H
C3H2(3) + 2 C4H2(4) + 2
C3H6+2 H C C C H C4H8+2 H C C C C H
C3H8 C4H10
H H H H H H H
Propane Butane

Electron cross dot structure Electron cross dot structure

H H H H H H H

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
x x x x
H . x x x
x Cx x Cx x C x .H H . x C x x C x x Cx x Cx .H
x x x x x x x

.
.
.

.
.
.
.

H H H H H H H
Propane Butane
CARBON AND
ITS COMPOUNDS
• Unsaturated hydrocarbons
(Alkene) CnH2n
 UNSATURATED
HYDROCARBONS(ALKENE)
CnH2n
ALKENE General formula : CnH2n

We cannot substitute n=1 for Put n=2, H H

alkenes, as alkenes contain C2H2(2)
Put n=1…
double bond. Double bond can C C
Possible
exist only between ???
carbon C2H4
atoms & hence,Lets see…
minimum 2 H
of 4 H
First
the draw
Out Since valence
carbon atoms are needed for Ethene 2 C atoms.
compound is an 2
electrons of carbon,
the same. alkene, there
e-s are shared. Soisthe
a
Electron cross dot2bond.
double
remaining structure
e-s are
sharedHwithH2 H atoms

.
.
Methene does not exist in each. x x x
xC
Cx x
nature. x x

.
.
H H
Ethene
ALKENE General formula : CnH2n

Put n=3, H H H H H H H
Put n=4,
C3H2(3) H C C C H C4H2(4) H C C C C H
C3H6 Single bond C4H8
There exists
Attachonly H C bond
1 double
H atoms to atoms only H H
between anychecking
after of the 2carbons.
the valency of C
Propene Butene
Electron cross dot structure Electron cross dot structure
H H H H H H H

.
.
.
.

.
.

H . x
xCx
x x
x xC x x C x H
x . . x xxx
x
x
x
x
H xC x x Cx Cx C x H .
x x x

.
.
.

H H H
Propene Butene
CARBON AND
ITS COMPOUNDS
• Unsaturated hydrocarbons
(Alkyne) CnH2n-2
 UNSATURATED
HYDROCARBONS(ALKYNE)
CnH2n-2
ALKYNE General formula : CnH2n - 2

Like alkenes, we cannot Put n=2, H C C H

substitute n=1 for alkynes, as C2H2(2) -2
they contain triple bond. for
a triple bond to exist, 2 C2H4 - 2
Since the
carbon atoms are needed. C2H2 Aftercompound
sharing 3 is an
Hence substitution starts valence electrons
with n=2. alkyne, we draw
Ethyne
eachtriple
carbon shares
bond
Electron 1cross
e- withdot
onestructure
H
atom
Methyne does not exist in
H .x x x
C x x Cx H.
nature. x x

Ethyne
 ALKYNE General formula : CnH2n - 2

Put n=3, H Put n=4, H H

C3H2(3) - 2 C4H2(4) -2 H C C C C H
H C C C H
C3H6 - 2 C4H8 – 2
H H
C3H4 Nothing
Only is attached
one tripleH to this
bond can C4H6
come between any of the 2 C are
carbon as all 4 valence e-s
Propyne
shared Butyne
atoms, wealready.
put it in here..
Electron cross dot structure Electron cross dot structure
H
H H
.

x .

.
xx

.
Hx x C xx x
x C x x C
x
x H . xx x x
x x C xx C xx C x
H xC x x
.H
x x
.

.
.
H H
Propyne Butyne
CARBON AND
ITS COMPOUNDS
• Exercise
 GOLDEN RULES

If hydrogen atoms is “2 MORE” than double

the number of carbon atoms  ALKANES

If hydrogen atoms is “EXACTLY EQUAL” to

double the number of carbon atoms  ALKENES

If hydrogen atoms is “2 LESS” than double the

number of carbon atoms  ALKYNES
Q. 1 Give the formula for ethane and write the number
of covalent bonds present in it.
Solution: Ethane is an alkane with general formula CnH2n+2
it contains 2 carbon atoms.
CnH2n+2 Structure of ethane is
Put n=2, H
H
C2H2(2) + 2
H C C H
C2H4+2
C2H6 H H

∴ Formula of ethane is (C2H6) Ethane

The carbon atoms
will electrons
Out of 4 valence
∴ Number of covalent bonds present be connected
carbon has
in ethane are 7 bythe
shared 1 e- So a single bond.3 e-s will
remaining
be shared with 3H atoms .
Q. 2 Give the general formula for alkynes and identify
which of the following is an alkyne.
CH4, C2H6, C2H2, C3H4, C2H4
Solution:
General formula of alkynes is (CnH2n-2)
∴ C2H2, C3H4 are alkynes.
C H2, C3H4 corresponds to general
CH4, C2H6 are 2alkanes with general
C H is an alkene with general
formula (CnH2n-2) with2 n4= 2 & n = 3
formula CnH2n + 2 (n = 1 & n = 2) formula CnH2n (n = 2)
respectively.
Q. 3 Give the general formula for alkenes and identify
which of the following is an alkene.
C2H6, C2H4, C2H2, C3H4, C3H6
Solution:
General formula of alkenes is (CnH2n)
∴ C2H4, C3H6 are alkenes.

C2H64,isC3an
H6alkane
are alkenes with general
with Cgeneral formula
2H2, C3Hformula
4 are alkynes with general formula
CnH2n +(n2 (n
= 2=&2)n = 3) CnH2n - 2 (n = 2 & n = 3)
Q. 4 Give the general formula for alkanes and identify
which of the following is an alkane.
CH4, C3H8, C2H2, C3H6, C2H6
Solution:
General formula of alkanes is (CnH2n+2)
∴ CH4, C2H6 & C3H8 are alkanes.
CH4, C2H6, C3H8 are alkanes
C2H2 iswith
an alkyne Cwith
3H6 is an alkene with general
general
general formula CnH2n + 2 (n = C
formula 1, H
n = 2(n
&formula
= 2) CnH2n (n = 3)
n 2n-2
n = 3)
Q. 5 Which of the following compounds is saturated?
CH4, C2H4

Solution: H
Structure of methane (CH4) is H C H Connected by only single
A hydrocarbon in which the carbon bonds.
atoms are connected by onlyHsingle
bonds are called a saturated
hydrocarbons. H H Carbon atoms are
connected by double
Structure of ethene (C2H4) is C C bonds. Therefore it is a
unsaturated hydrocarbon.
H H

∴ CH4 is a saturated hydrocarbon.

Q. 6 Which of the following compounds can have a
double bond?
C3H8, C3H6
Solution:

alkane with general formula CnH2n

C3H68 is an alkene . 2.
2n+
Alkanes
Alkenes are unsaturated
saturated hydrocarbons
hydrocarbons
only single
(connected by double bonds).
bonds).

H
H H
H H
H

HH C
C C
C C
C H
H

H H H
H
∴ C3H6 has a double bond.
Q. 7 A hydrocarbon molecule has 3 carbon atoms. Write
down its molecular formula, structural formula if it
is an: ALKANE, ALKENE, ALKYNE.
Solution:

Alkene
Alkyne
Alkane (C H468)) Prop ane
(C3H yne
ene

H H H

H C C C H

H H H
CARBON AND
ITS COMPOUNDS
• Closed chain hydrocarbons
• Alkyl group
 Hydrocarbons

Open chain Closed-chain/ring

Hydrocarbons cyclic hydrocarbon
Example
1. Cyclohexane (C6H12) 2. Benzene (C6H6)
H
H H
Cx
H C Since H
every carbon has
H Cx xC H
H C only
C three
H
bonds hence
every carbon has one x
H C H
C valence H Cx C H
free H
electron x
H C
C
H H H
Let us study the 1st ten members of the alkane family

C6H14 Hexane
CH4 Methane

C7H16 Heptane
C2H6 Ethane

C3H8 Propane C8H18 Octane

C4H10 Butane C9H20 Nonane

C5H12 Pentane C10H22 Decane

 Alkanes Alkyl group - R
General Name of General Name of When 1 H atom is
H Alkyl
formula the formula the alkyl On removalwe
General
Let usformula
removed, of 1H
consider ofgroup
are atom
alkane is is
left from
C??? alkane, we represented
get alkyl group.with
nH2n+1
CnH2n+2 compound group C H
with .Since
- CH . alkyl group has
H C H So the
n 2n+2 1st four
3
it means the if CHletter
4 is
R
1HLetatom lessthe
us see
members as
ofcompared to
methane then,
for - CH 3 is
CH4 Methane - CH3 Methyl H the corresponding
structure
the alkane alkane,
Similarly Cmethyl
the structure for
nH2n+2-1
group.
ethane
.So
methane
family (C2H6) is
the general
C2H6 Ethane - C2H 5 Ethyl
formula for alkyl group is
C3H8 Propane - C3H7 Propyl CnH2n+1
C4H10 Butane - C4H9 Butyl H H On removal of 1H
atom from C2H6 i.e.
H C C H
ethane, we get -
H H C2H5 i.e. ethyl group.
Alcohol
ALKYL GROUP - R
R OH On removal of 1H
In organic
The H atomchemistry,
removed General Name of
atom from methane
H OHbe
can groupLetrepresents
replaced by OH
us consider formula the alkyl
Carbon becomes
a group methyl
group. of ompounds
group CnH2n+1 group
C unstable.
H OH called ALCOHOLS

H - CH3 Methyl
- C2H5 Ethyl
Methyl alcohol
CH3OH Similarly - C3H7 Propyl
- C4H9 Butyl
C2H5OH Ethyl alcohol
C3H7OH Propyl alcohol
C4H9OH Butyl alcohol
Chloride
R Cl ALKYL GROUP - R
On removal of 1H
The H atom removed
H atom from methane General Name of
can be replaced by Cl
Let us consider
Carbon becomes formula the alkyl
H C group. methyl group
Cl unstable. CnH2n+1 group

H
- CH3 Methyl
Methyl chloride - C2H5 Ethyl
CH3Cl Similarly - C3H7 Propyl

C2H5Cl Ethyl chloride - C4H9 Butyl

C3H7Cl Propyl chloride

C4H9Cl Butyl chloride
CARBON AND
ITS COMPOUNDS
• Functional group
 Functional group

Let us stud y
Methane Methyl Alcohol Since OH is
methane and determining
Whereas
Methane H methyl alcohol H the properties
methyl
is of methyl
H C H alcohol is
H C OH H alcohol, it is
called as the…
H H
Definitely
From the structure of
AreCH
the4two CH3not…lets
-OH see
why methane, if 1 H atom is
compounds removed and substituted
A gas A liquid
same? by OH.. the compound
now becomes…
 Functional group in organic compounds

The atom or group of atoms present

in the molecule which determines
characteristic property of organic
compounds is called the
FUNCTIONAL GROUP.
 Functional group
COMPOUND GEN FORMULA FUNCTIONAL EXAMPLES
R = CnH2n+1 GROUP
CH3OH Methyl Alcohol
ALCOHOLS R - OH -OH
C2H5OH Ethyl Alcohol
O
CARBOXYLIC CH3COOH
R-COOH
ACID – C – OH Acetic acid
H CH3CHO
ALDEHYDES R –CHO
Acetaldehyde
–C=O
R and R’ both can be same or different alkyl group
O CH3COCH3
O
KETONES Acetone/
R – C – R’ –C– Dimethyl Ketone
CARBON AND
ITS COMPOUNDS
• Introduction to IUPAC & rules
 Nomenclature of organic compounds

The latest and widely accepted system for giving systematic

names to organic compounds is – IUPAC system.

International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry System

All organic compounds are considered as derivatives of

saturated hydrocarbons – ALKANES.
Derived
TERMINOLOGY USED IN NOMENCLATURE -
(obtained)
ROOT – NATURE OF BASIC CARBON SKELETON.
from
PREFIX – PHRASE BEFORE.
SUFFIX – PHRASE AFTER.
 Terminology used in nomenclature

ROOT – indicates the nature and no. of carbon atoms in

the basic carbon skeleton.
Chain length Root word
Bond with 1 C atom Meth –
Bond with 2 C atoms Eth –
Bond with 3 C atoms Prop –
Bond with 4 C atoms But –
Bond with 5 C atoms Pent –
Bond with 6 C atoms Hex –
Bond with 7 C atoms Hept –
Bond with 8 C atoms Oct –
Functional IUPAC
group Prefix/suffix Name Example

H H Alk will be replaced

1. Halogen Prefix-chloro, Haloalkane H C C Cl
C = 1 Meth C = 2 Eth
bromo, etc. H H C = 3 Prop C = 4 But
Chloroethane C = 5 Pent C = 6 Hex
H H H C = 7 Hept C = 8 Oct
H C C C Br C = 9 Non C = 10 Dec
H H H
Bromopropane
H H H H
2. Alcohol Suffix-ol Alkanol H C C C C OH
H H H H
Butanol
H H H
3. Aldehyde Suffix-al Alkanal H C C C O
H H
Propanal
Functional IUPAC
group Prefix/suffix Name Example
H H H Alk will be replaced
4. Ketone Suffix-one Alkanone H C C C C H C = 1 Meth C = 2 Eth
H O H H C = 3 Prop C = 4 But
Butanone C = 5 Pent C = 6 Hex
H H O
C = 7 Hept C = 8 Oct
5. Carboxylic Suffix- Alkanoic H C C C OH
C = 9 Non C = 10 Dec
acid oic acid acid H H
Propanoic
acid
H H H H H
6. Double Suffix- ene Alkene H C C C C C
bond H H H H
Pentene
H H
7. Triple Suffix- yne Alkyne H C C C C H
bond H H
Butyne
CARBON AND
ITS COMPOUNDS
• Some examples of IUPAC
• Isomerism
 Spot the O or the halo

Give the IUPAC name

H H H
Parent hydrocarbon ethane
H C C O H C OH
FunctionalO group aldehyde
H SuffixHal
methane
Parent hydrocarbon propane
IUPAC name ethanal
Ethanal alcohol
Methanol Functional group alkyne
ol
Suffix yne
methanol
IUPAC name propyne
H H H H H H H
H C C C C C C H Parent H hydrocarbon
C C C H hexane
Functional group halo
H H H Cl H H H
Prefix chloro
IUPAC name Chlorohexane
Chlorohexane Propyne
 Amazing property of hydrocarbons
Isomerism

H H H H H H H H H

H C C C C C H H C C C C H

H H H H H H H H And the property is

So molecular
H H CNO..NO..NO..
HAre called…
formula
What allis the
NO..NO..NO..
Carbon =5
H C H Cstructures
5H12
compound
HCount
Hydrogenthe number
= 12
H H s same??
are
of carbon &
Compoundsthese? with identical
H C C C H So these hydrogen
compounds
molecular are in
atoms
formula but different
all the
called ISOMERS OFstructures.
structures are called as
H H
PENTANE since theISOMERS.
formula
H C H
is C5H12
H
How to identify straight
Branches are never
and branched chains
On the first and last
carbon
 Identify which structure is a branched chain

H H H H
Straight chain The branch is seen
H C C C C H H on the first and last carbon
of straight chain.
H C H
H H H H The branch is seen STRAIGHT CHAIN
onHthe last carbon
H of straight chain.
H C C H
H C H STRAIGHT CHAIN
H H H
C
H H
H C C C H
H
H H H
 Identify which structure is a branched chain

H H H The branch is seen

H H H
The branch is seen on the second carbon
H
C C C
H
H onCthe first
C carbon
C H of straight chain.
of straight chain. BRANCHED CHAIN
H H
H
STRAIGHT CHAIN
H
C
H H
C
H H
H H H
H C H
H H
The branch is seen
on the second carbon
C C C
H H
of straight chain.
H H H BRANCHED CHAIN
 Structure isomers of propane

H H H H H
(i) H C C C H H C C H

H H H H H C H
H
Same structure No Isomers
CARBON AND
ITS COMPOUNDS
• Isomerism
Q.1 Draw all the possible
isomers of pentane and write
their IUPAC and general names.
1.
H H H H H
H C C C C C H
H H H H H
General name: n-pentane
IUPAC name: Pentane
2.
H H H H
H C C C C H
C Name the branched
Select
as a alkyl according
chain
straight chain
to the
having maximum
H H H number of carbons.
carbon in it.

H C H
H
General name: Iso-pentane
IUPAC name: methylbutane
 H
3.
H C H
H H Name the branched
Select
as a alkyl
having
chain
straight chain
according
maximum to the
number of carbons.
carbon in it.
H C C C C
H C
H H There are
Because twoare
there methyl
three
H C H branches
carbons in the so
dimethyl
we put
straight
asbecomes
the name
chain,
the name
H dimethypropane

General name: Neo-pentane

IUPAC name: dimethyl propane
 IUPAC rules for nomenclature of carbon compounds

1. The IUPAC name of compound is obtained by writing the

name of alkyl group just before the name of the parent
hydrocarbon.

CH3 – CH2 – CH3

CH3
methylpropane
CARBON AND
ITS COMPOUNDS
• Some more examples
 Example :

H LONGEST CARBON CHAIN - 3

PARENT ALKANE - Propane
CH3 C CH3 FUNCTIONAL GROUP - Halo
Let us now solve a
PREFIX - bromo
few examples for
Br IUPAC nomenclature bromopropane
using the rules
LONGEST
discussed earlier CARBON CHAIN - 4
H H H H
PARENT ALKANE - Butane
FUNCTIONAL GROUP - Alcohol
H C C C C H
SUFFIX - ol
H H OH H
ol
butane
 Example :

CH3 CH2 CH = CH2 LONGEST CARBON CHAIN - 4

PARENT ALKANE - Butane
FUNCTIONAL GROUP - alkene (=)
SUFFIX - ene
ene
butane

LONGEST CARBON CHAIN - 6

H H H H H H
PARENT ALKANE - hexane
FUNCTIONAL GROUP - Halo
H C C C C C C H
PREFIX - chloro

H H Cl H H H
chloro hexane
 Example :

H H H H H LONGEST CARBON CHAIN - 5

PARENT ALKANE - pentane
H C C C C C H FUNCTIONAL GROUP - alkyl
SUFFIX - ethyl
H H H H ethyl pentane
H C2H5 H

HCOOH H C H LONGEST CARBON CHAIN - 1

PARENT ALKANE - methane
Since there is only
H 1 FUNCTIONAL GROUP - Carboxylic
carbon atom in the
acid
structure, we don’t SUFFIX - oic acid
mention the position. methane
oic acid
CARBON AND
ITS COMPOUNDS
• Homologous series
 CnH2n+2 Alkane

Values of Molecular Name Molecular Difference in

‘n’ formula Mass mass

n=1 CH4 Methane ?

Sum of the atomic masses

 CnH2n+2 Alkane

Values of Molecular Name Molecular Difference

‘n’ formula Weight in weight
n=1 CH4 Methane 16
? 30 – 16
– CH
Calculate the2 –
n=2 C2H6 Ethane 30 =14
difference in
n=3 C3H8 Propane 44 58 – 44 weight– between
CH2 –
2 consecutive
n=4 C4H10 Butane 58 =14
(i.e. one after
Consecutive members even another)
Molecular The molecular weight of
differ by (– CH2 –) group i.e. mass of CHC2H46
= (12 x 1) 6) C2H6 consecutivemembers.
members
methylene group. Lets take an+ (1 x 4)
2)
= 12
24 +and
4
6 - C H4 always differs by 14
the example of methane
= 16
30 CH2 units
ethane
 Alcohols
Let us study one
A group of organic compounds having functional group –OH
more example
General representation of Alcohol is R-OH
General formula is CnH2n+1OH
Molecular
Name
formula
Methyl alcohol CH3OH
These differ by
Ethyl alcohol C2H5OH – CH2 units

Propyl alcohol C3H7OH

These differ by
Butyl alcohol C4H9OH – CH2 units
 Homologous series
Yes
Functional
What is the group – OH
NAME MOLECULAR General formula is CnH2n+1OH
functional
FORMULA group?
What is the
Methyl alcohol CH3OH general formula?
Ethyl alcohol C2H5OH The physical &
Propyl alcohol C3H7OH chemical properties of
the compounds show
Butyl alcohol C4H9OH a gradual change.
ACangroup of organic compounds containing same functional group,
we call
which
this as acan be represented by the same general formula
group
and of
which more or less show similar trends in their properties
iscompounds?
known as
Characteristics of
homologous series
5) Consecutive members of
1) All the members have
the series differ by – CH2 –
same general formula.
group (methylene group)
2) They have same functional and their molecular weight
group. differs by 14 units.
3) They have similar chemical
properties
4) Physical properties like
melting point, boiling
point, density, show a
gradual change with
increase in the molecular
formula.
Write the molecular formulae of the third and fifth
members of homologous series of carbon compounds
represented by the general formula CnH2n – 2.

This is the
Since methyne general
does not exist formula of
alkyne
Solution:
The third member will have four carbons similarly fifth member
will have six carbons.
∴ Substituting the values in CnH2n – 2 the third member will be
butyne C4H6 and fifth member will be hexyne C6H10.
Which of the following belong to the same homologous
series ?
C3H8 C3H6 C4H8 C4H6
The members of the
Solution:
same homologous series
will have a difference of
C4HC84Hto
∴C3H6 & CC43HH86,belong 6 is ansame
the alkyne with
homologous series and they
C3H8 is an alkane general
with general CH2.
have difference of CH
are alkenes with
2
formula
general CnH2n – 2
formula CnH2n + 2 (n(n== 3).4)
formula CnH2n (n = 3 & n = 4)
CARBON AND
ITS COMPOUNDS
• Combustion reaction
 Chemical properties of carbon compounds

Combustion
➢ Most carbon compounds also release a large amount of
heat and light on burning.
CH4 + 2 O2 CO2 + 2 H2O + Heat & light

CH3CH2OH + 3 O2 2 CO2 + 3 H2O + Heat & light

Oxidising Reducing
flame flame
(Saturated (Unsaturated
Hydrocarbon) Hydrocarbon)
 Combustion

Yellow flame
Blue flame

Unsaturated hydrocarbon
Saturated hydrocarbon
 Differences between saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons
➢ COMPLETE ➢ INCOMPLETE
❑BLUE FLAME ❑ YELLOW FLAME

❑CLEAN FLAME ❑ BLACK SMOKE

❑NO SOOTY DEPOSIT ❑ SOOTY DEPOSIT

Reason for incomplete combustion

As we go on reducing the
We will find that with fully
amount of air going into
open air hole, the gas in the
burner, the gas in burner
burner burns with the blue
starts burning with a sooty
flame or non – sooty flame
flame.
 Reason for incomplete combustion

The bottom of cooking vessels

gets blackened. Why?

The unburnt carbon particles get stuck to the bottom of cooking

vessels resulting in the blackening of bottom of vessels.
CARBON AND
ITS COMPOUNDS
• Reasons for flame
• Formation of coal
 Why do substances burn with or without a flame?

Wood
When and or
wood coal just
coal is glows
ignitedred
, the
Because
Have youaever
flame
observed
is only produce
either a and gives out heatpresent
without a
volatile substances
coal orgaseous
when a woodsubstances
fire ? burn. flame. and burn with flame in
vapourise
the beginning.

Evaporating
rapidly
 Formation of coal

Gradually
In
Coal wasmore
low-oxygen and more
conditions,
formed from sediments
the got of plants
the remains Trees and other
that grewplants
in that grew
Over time, these remains were
deposited
buried over peat. Peat wasa to 400 million Their remains got300
buried in
coveredplant
warm, withmaterial
humid layers offormed300
swamps years
in swampy ago
areas to 400
compressed
dark brownlikebetweencalled
material layers of sediments and the swampy
million yearssoil.
ago died
sediments mud and sand.
formed lignite.
peat.

Even further
Further compression resulted
compression
in resulted
the formation in
of bituminous
the formation of
coal.
anthracite.
CARBON AND
ITS COMPOUNDS
• Addition reaction
• substitution reaction
 Reason for addition and substitution reaction

SATURATED UNSATURATED
HYDROCARBON HYDROCARBON

H H H H

H C C. .H + Cl. .Cl
HCl H C
x Cx . .
H + Cl Cl

H H
.Cl . Ethene
Cl Dichloroethane
Ethane
Monochloroethane
Unsaturated hydrocarbons undergo addition
H C
x Cx . .Cl
H + Cl
Saturated hydrocarbons undergo
reactions. They
substitution containThey
reactions. double & triple
contain .
Cl
. Ethyne
Cl Dichloroethene
bondsbonds
single (C H &C(C- H)H)which
whichare
arestable.
weaker and
easier to break.
 Addition Reaction

The
Unsaturated of hydrogen to anCatalyst
addition hydrocarbons unsaturated hydrocarbon
Saturated to
hydrocarbons
obtain a saturated hydrocarbon isHcalled
2
hydrogenation.

H H H H
Nickel catalyst
C C H C C H
H2
(Ethyne) (Ethene)

H H H H
Nickel catalyst
H C C H H C C H
H2
H H
(Ethene) (Ethane)
 Addition Reaction

The process of hydrogenation has an important industrial

application: it is used to prepare vegetable ghee from a vegetable
oils

R R H H
Nickel catalyst
R C C R R C C R
H2
R R
Vegetable oil
Vegetable ghee
Unsaturated fat
Saturated fat
Liquid state
Solid state
 Substitution Reaction

Saturated hydrocarbons undergo substitution reaction in

presence of sunlight.

CH4 + Cl2 Sunlight

CH3Cl + HCl
(Methane) (Methyl chloride)

The replacement of hydrogen atom

with a halogen in an organic compound
is called halogenation.
 Reaction with halogens

H Cl
H C H + Cl – Cl H C H + HCl
Cl substitutes
H one H atom H
Methane chlorine Methylchloride
from CH 3Cl
Hydrochloric
acid
Cl substitutes
Cl one H atom Cl
from
+ CHCl4 – Cl Cl H + HCl
H C H C
H H
Methylchloride chlorine dichloromethane Hydrochloric
acid
 Reaction with halogens

Cl Cl
Cl C H + Cl – Cl Cl C Cl + HCl
Cl substitutes
H one H atom H
dichloromethane chlorine trichloromethane
from CHCl Hydrochloric
3
acid
Cl substitutes
Cl one more H atom Cl
Cl C Clfrom + CH
Cl2Cl
– Cl
2 Cl C Cl + HCl
H Cl
trichloromethane chlorine tetrachloromethane Hydrochloric
carbontetrachloride acid
CARBON AND
ITS COMPOUNDS
• Importance of carbon compounds
• Ethanol, Ethanoic Acid
 Some Important Carbon Compounds

Ethanol
➢Liquid at room temperature.
➢Commonly called alcohol.
➢Active ingredient of all alcoholic
drinks.
➢Because it is good solvent, it is
also used in medicines such as
tincture iodine, cough syrups, and
many tonics.
➢Soluble in water in all proportions.
 Reactions of Ethanol

i) Reaction with sodium

2 Na + 2 CH3CH2OH 2 CH CH O-Na+ + H 2↑
3 2
(Sodium) (Ethanol) (Sodium ethoxide)

ii) Reaction to give unsaturated hydrocarbon :

(Dehydration of ethanol)

Hot conc.
CH3CH2OH CH2 CH2 + H2O
(Ethanol) H2SO4 (Ethene)
 Oxidation

Carbon compounds can be easily oxidised on combustion. In

addition to this complete oxidation, we have reactions in which
alchohols are converted to carboxylic acids.

CH3-CH2OH Alkaline KMnO4 + Heat CH3COOH

(Ethanol) Or acidified K2Cr2O7 + Heat Ethanoic acid

Oxidising agent
 Properties of Ethanoic Acid

❖ Commonly called acetic acid

❖ Belongs to a group of acids called carboxylic acids.

❖ 5 – 8% solution of acetic acid in water is called vinegar.

❖ Used widely as a preservative in pickles.

❖ Its melting point is 290 K

❖ Frozen acetic acid is called glacial

acetic acid.
 Reactions of ethanoic acid :

i) Esterification reaction : Acid + Alcohol Ester

(Acid)
CH3 COOH + CH3 CH2OH CH3 C – O – CH2 CH3
(Ethanoic acid) (Ethanol)
O (Ester)

Formation of Ester :
Test tube
containing
Beaker
reaction mixture

Water Wire gauze

Tripod stand
Burner
CARBON AND
ITS COMPOUNDS
• Saponification
 Saponification (Preparation of soap) :

Reaction with carbonates & hydrogen carbonates:

NaOH
2 CH3COOH + Na2CO3 2 CH3COONa + H2O + CO2
(Ethanoic (Sodium (Sodium ethanoate)
acid) carbonate)

NaOH
CH3COOH + NaHCO3 CH3COONa + H2O + CO2
(Ethanoic (Sodium hydrogen (Sodium ethanoate)
acid) carbonate)
 Saponification (Preparation of soap) :

Ester + Alkali Alcohol + Sodium salt of carboxylic acid

i) Hydrolysis of ester
NaOH
The reaction takes places in two steps.
i)CHHydrolysis
3 COOC2of H5ester C2H5OH + CH3COOH
(Ethyl acetate)
ii) Reaction of acid with alkali (Ethanol) (Sodium acetate)
(Ester)
The water present in NaOH is used for the
ii)hydrolysis
Reaction with a alkali :
of ester.
The H+ ion and OH- ion is added to the ester.
NaOH + CH3COOH CH3COONa + H 2O
(Sodium (Ethanol) (Sodium ethanoate)
hydroxide)
 Saponification (Preparation of soap) :

SAPONIFICATION

CH3 COOC2H5 + NaOH CH3COONa + CH3CH2OH

(Ethyl acetate) (Sodium acetate) (Ethanol)
(Ester)

SAPONIFICATION

Vegetable oil + NaOH soaps + glycerol

(C17H35COONa)
OR
(C15H31COONa)
CARBON AND
ITS COMPOUNDS
• Soaps and detergents
 Soaps and Detergents

A soap is the sodium salt or potassium salt of a long chain

carboxylic acid.
-
Na+

Hydrocarbon chain C17H35 Ionic end(COO-Na+)

A detergent is the sodium salt of a long chain benzene

sulphonic acid.
-
Na+

Hydrocarbon chain C12H25 C6H4 (SO4-Na+)

 Action of detergents in hard water and soft water

Soaps Detergents

Soft water Hard Water Hard Water

Soft water
(Ca2+ or Mg2+) (Ca2+ or Mg2+)

Lathers easily Does not lather Lathers easily Lathers easily

easily
No scum formed No scum formed
No scum formed Reacts with Ca
2+

and Mg2+ions to
form insoluble
precipitate called
scum.
 Observation • Lather forms in ‘Y’ but not in ‘X’.
Sample of Same procedure is
temporary
Conclusion • Detergents form lather even with hard water ,
carried out for
hard water while ordinary soap is wasted due to formation
sample Lather
of permanent
forms in
of scum.
Scum forms Two
in samples of hard water
Detergent
hardsample
water… ‘Y’…
sample ‘X’… are taken…
Funnel
Residue
Soap is the sodium or potassium
Beaker
salt of an organic fatty acid.
They are the sodium It reacts with hard water forming
salts
scum, hence ordinary soap
of alkyl sulphonic acid group
(SO3H) instead of a carboxylic is wasted
Soap
Group(-COOH)
SOAP Beaker
Filtrate
Sample ‘X’ Sample ‘Y’
 Differences between soaps and Detergents

SOAPS DETERGENTS

1. Biodegradable 1. Non-biodegradable

2. Not suitable for washing in 2. Suitable for washing

hard water in hard water

3. Relatively weak cleansing 3. Strong cleansing action

action
 Soaps and Detergents :

Micelles :
Hydrophilic end Hydrophobic end
Soap molecule
Formation of micelles :
Na+

Na+ Oil
droplet

Na+

Na+
 Effect of soap in cleaning
Hydrophilic end
Grease or dirt Hydrophobic end

(1)
(2) (3)
Thecleansing,
Thus,
In
This solution
gives annow
the oilythe contains tosmall
dirthydrocarbon
is removed
opportunity tailglobules
from
other to of
the object
attaches
tails oil
stick
surrounded
itself
to by detergent
oil.to oily dirt molecules,
tend to lift off from thethedirty
negatively
surface and charged heads
dissociates present
into in water
fragments.
(4) prevent the small globules from coming
together and form aggregates

(5)
Thank You