Chap 5: Magnetism & Matter
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Magnets & Magnetism
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Basic Properties of Magnets
NOTE: The ends of the magnet show the greatest attraction.
These ends are called poles.
Every magnet has two poles.
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Basic Properties of Magnets
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Basic Properties of Magnets
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Basic Properties of Magnets
NOTE: Magnetic monopoles do not exist.
Every magnet exists as a dipole.
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Basic Properties of Magnets
➢ This phenomenon is called magnetic induction.
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Basic Properties of Magnets
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💪Repulsion is the surer test of magnetism.
A magnet can attract another magnet.
Also it can attract magnetic substances like iron,
nickel, cobalt, etc.
However, a magnet can repel another magnet only.
So repulsion is the surer test of magnetism.
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👉Coulomb’s Law of Magnetic Force
The pole strength qm is also called magnetic charge.
Thus we assign magnetic charge + qm to the north
pole and - qm to the south pole.
Definition of a unit magnetic pole may be defined as that pole which
when placed in vacuum at a distance of one metre from an identical
pole repels it with a force of 10−7 newton.
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🌞 Magnetic Dipole & Magnetic Dipole Moment
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Magnetic Length
Magnetic length = 0.84 x Geometrical length
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Magnetic Field Lines
Concept given by Michael Faraday, Imaginary Concept
👉A magnetic line of force may be defined as the curve
the tangent to which at any point gives the direction
of the magnetic field at that point.
👉It may also be defined
as the path along which a unit north pole would tend
to move if free to do so.
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Properties of Lines of Force
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✅Magnetic field of a bar magnet at an axial point
19 NOTE: Direction of B & m are same
👉 Magnetic field of a bar magnet at an equatorial point
NOTE: Direction of B & m are opposite.
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A bar magnet of length 10 cm has a pole
strength of 10 Am. Calculate the magnetic field
at a distance of 0.2m from its centre at a point
on its (i) axial line and (ii) equatorial line.
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Torque on a magnetic dipole in a magnetic field
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Potential energy of a magnetic dipole in a magnetic field
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Q. A short bar magnet placed with its axis at 30° to a uniform magnetic
field of 0.2 T experiences a torque of 0.06 Nm. (i) Calculate the magnetic
moment of the magnet, (ii) Find out what orientation of the magnet
corresponds to its stable equilibrium in the magnetic field.
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Bar magnet as an equivalent solenoid
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Gauss’s Law in Magnetism
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Imp. Terms used to describe Magnetic Properties of materials
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Imp. Terms used to describe Magnetic Properties of materials
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Imp. Terms used to describe Magnetic Properties of materials
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Classification of Magnetic Materials
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1. Diamagnetic Substances
Diamagnetic substances. Diamagnetic substances are
those which develop feeble magnetisation in the opposite
direction of the magnetising field. Such substances are
feebly repelled by magnets and tend to move from stronger
to weaker parts of a magnetic field.
Example: Bismuth, copper, lead, zinc, tin, gold, silicon,
nitrogen (at STP), water, sodium chloride, etc.
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2. Paramagnetic materials
Paramagnetic substances are those which develop feeble
magnetisation in the direction of the magnetising field. Such
substances are feebly attracted by magnets and tend to move from
weaker to stronger parts of a magnetic field.
Examples: Manganese, aluminium, chromium, platinum, sodium, copper
chloride, oxygen (at STP), etc.
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3. Ferromagnetic materials.
Ferromagnetic substances are those which develop strong
magnetisation in the direction of the magnetising field. They
are strongly attracted by magnets and tend to move from
weaker to stronger parts of a magnetic field.
Examples: Iron, cobalt, nickel, gadolinium and alloys like
alnico.
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Each electron pair gains a net magnetic
moment 2 ∆ 𝑚 which is proportional to the field
Origin of diamagnetism.
B but in the opposite direction of B.
A sufficient magnetic moment is induced in the
diamagnetic sample in the opposite direction of
B.
This sample moves from stronger to the
weaker parts of the field B, i.e., a diamagnetic
substance is repelled by a magnet.
NOTE: The behaviour of diamagnetic
materials is independent of temperature.
Examples: Cu, Bi, Pb etc.
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Origin of Paramagnetism
The atoms or molecules of a paramagnetic material
possess a permanent magnetic moment either due to
the presence of some unpaired electron or due to the
non-cancellation of the spins of two electrons
because of some special reason.
💥NOTE: Paramagnetism is dependent on Temperature.
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Curie's law.
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Saturation Magnetisation Value in Paramagnetism
At very high magnetic fields or at very low
temperatures, the magnetisation approaches its
maximum value when all the atomic dipole
moments get aligned.
This is called the saturation magnetisation
value Ms
💥💥💥
Beyond the saturation value Ms Curie law
is not valid.
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Origin of Ferromagnetism (Domain theory)
Origin of ferromagnetism. Weiss explained
ferromagnetism on the basis of his domain
theory. In materials like Fe, Ni, Co, the
individual atoms are associated with large
magnetic moments.
The magnetic moments of neighbouring
atoms interact with each other and align
themselves spontaneously in a common
direction over macroscopic regions called
domains.
Each domain has a typical size of about 1
mm and contains about 1011 atoms.
So each domain possesses a strong
magnetic moment.
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Origin of Ferromagnetism (Domain theory)
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Modified Curie's law for Ferromagnetic substances.
The temperature at which a ferromagnetic substance becomes
paramagnetic is called Curie temperature or Curie point 𝐓𝐜
Above the curie point i.e., in the paramagnetic phase, the susceptibility
varies with temperature as
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Properties of Substances : With comparison
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Properties of Substances : With comparison
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Properties of Substances : With comparison
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Properties of Substances : With comparison
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