ASSIGNMENT
ON
“ Refugee Influx and National Security: Managing Rohingya Crisis in
Bangladesh”
Couse Title: Business Research
Course Code: BBA-411
Submitted To
Md. Saidur Rahaman
Associate Professor
Department of Business Administration
Metropolitan University, Sylhet
Submitted By
Tamanna Khanom Shova
ID No: 213-116-005
Batch: BBA- 55th
Department of Business Administration
Metropolitan University, Sylhet
Date of Submission: 23rd May, 2024
Abstract:
Purpose: While much of the research on refugees examines how insecurity drives
displacement, this study investigates the opposite: how refugees can trigger conflict and
instability in Bangladesh. Focusing on the Rohingya crisis, it argues that what began as a
humanitarian issue has escalated into a significant threat to Bangladesh's internal stability. This
research highlights the urgent need for effective management of the socio-economic and
security challenges posed by the influx of refugees to maintain regional peace and stability.
The goal is to provide policymakers, humanitarian organizations, and scholars with a nuanced
understanding of effective strategies for addressing these challenges.
Approach/Methodology: This study utilizes a qualitative bibliographical review of 60 articles
published between 2004 and 2022, sourced from databases such as Scopus, Google Scholar,
JSTOR, and Semantic Scholar. To ensure relevance, biomedical and epidemiological studies
were excluded. The analysis focuses on identifying common themes and critical factors that
influence the management of refugee crises and their implications for national security.
Findings: The research highlights the complex nature of managing the Rohingya crisis and
underscores several key factors essential for safeguarding national security. These include
effective coordination between local and national authorities, community engagement and
empowerment, strategic resource allocation and utilization, and robust diplomatic efforts to
address the root causes of the crisis.
Practical Implication: This study provides a detailed framework for policymakers and
stakeholders involved in managing the Rohingya crisis, offering practical insights to improve
decision-making and resource allocation. By recognizing the multifaceted aspects of the crisis,
stakeholders can develop targeted interventions to address security concerns and promote
sustainable solutions.
Originality and Value: This article focuses on the national and international dimensions of
the security threats created by the Rohingya crisis. By synthesizing insights from a diverse
range of studies, this research adds to the existing knowledge on refugee crises and national
security. It provides a focused analysis of the Rohingya crisis in Bangladesh, making it
particularly relevant and useful for policymakers and practitioners dealing with similar
challenges around the world.
Keywords: Refugee crisis, National security, Rohingya crisis, Bangladesh, Crisis management,
Humanitarian response, Conflict resolution.
Introduction
The Rohingya refugee crisis, a dire humanitarian catastrophe, stands out as one of the most
significant man-made disasters of the 21st century. The Rohingyas, a Muslim ethnic minority
group from Myanmar, have endured relentless persecution over several decades. Deprived of
citizenship and basic rights in their homeland, they have been repeatedly forced to flee,
primarily to neighboring Bangladesh. Significant waves of displacement occurred during the
1980s and 1990s, with the most recent and severe exodus in 2017 when the Myanmar military,
known as the Tatmadaw, launched a brutal campaign in Rakhine State (BBC, 2017). This
systematic persecution is arguably one of the most egregious human rights violations in recent
history. The lack of citizenship and ongoing violence forced thousands of Rohingyas to cross
into Bangladesh, placing enormous strain on its limited resources. The influx that began in
2017 alone saw approximately 1.6 million Rohingyas seeking refuge in Bangladesh, drastically
exacerbating the pressure on the host country's resources.
The United Nations has labeled the 2017 military actions by Myanmar's armed forces as 'ethnic
cleansing', underscoring the severity and deliberate nature of the violence (Bakali & Wasty,
2020; Alam, 2019). This protracted refugee crisis has created multifaceted national security
challenges for Bangladesh, impacting its environment, economy, society, law and order, and
political landscape (Alam, 2018). With scarce resources and high unemployment rates,
Bangladesh faces a complex and precarious situation in accommodating the displaced
Rohingya population (Chowdhury, 2019; Bhattacharya & Biswas, 2020).
The majority of these refugees reside in temporary relocation facilities in the Cox's Bazar
region, with additional relocation efforts underway on Bhasan Char Island near the Bay of
Bengal (Islam et al., 2021). These camps are far from static; the high birth rates and prolonged
stays have resulted in entire generations growing up in these refugee settlements (Milton et al.,
2017). Within these camps, informal economies have emerged, some of which involve illegal
activities such as drug trafficking, posing significant threats to regional stability (Banerjee,
2019). Additionally, Rohingya women are often victims of large-scale human trafficking
networks, deceived by promises of better lives in countries such as Thailand, India, and
Malaysia, or even back in Myanmar, where they still lack basic human rights guarantees
(Routray, 2019).
Despite international humanitarian efforts and donations, the Rohingyas who arrived in 2017
remain in refugee camps in Cox’s Bazar and show little inclination to return to Myanmar. This
situation has exacerbated border, public, and social security challenges in Bangladesh. Many
Rohingyas have become involved in criminal activities, including forging documents, which
further complicates the host country's efforts to maintain law and order (Molla, 2019). National
and international organizations have highlighted the security issues posed by the Rohingya
presence in Bangladesh (The Daily Star, 2018).
In response to the crisis, the international community has exerted pressure on Myanmar,
leading to the signing of a repatriation agreement with Bangladesh, initially scheduled to
commence on August 23, 2019. However, the repatriation process has stalled, with no
Rohingyas returning to Myanmar due to the lack of guarantees for their safety and basic rights
(Finnegan, 2018; The Rohingya Crisis, 2020). This failure to repatriate has further complicated
Bangladesh's security landscape. The continuous influx of Rohingya refugees presents
significant challenges for law enforcement and national peace, with fears that international
extremist groups might exploit the vulnerable refugee population for recruitment.
Given these complexities, the long-term implications of hosting a growing stateless population
are profound for Bangladesh. The continued presence of Rohingyas affects not only aid
delivery and healthcare for the refugees but also poses significant challenges for Bangladesh's
broader socio-economic stability. While providing adequate aid to the Rohingya population is
crucial for both Bangladesh and the international community until successful repatriation
occurs, it is not the only issue that demands attention. The potential for conflict and further
destabilization from hosting this large stateless community poses a significant threat to
Bangladesh’s security and stability. The high levels of criminal activity among the Rohingya
population highlight the urgent need for comprehensive strategies to address these multifaceted
challenges (Uddin, 2015).
The Rohingya refugee crisis is a complex and multifaceted issue with far-reaching implications
for Bangladesh. The influx of refugees has created significant socio-economic and security
challenges that require coordinated and sustained efforts from both national and international
stakeholders. Addressing these challenges involves not only providing humanitarian aid and
ensuring the basic rights of the Rohingya population but also developing long-term strategies
to integrate and manage the refugee population in a way that promotes stability and security
for both the refugees and the host community. This article brings a fresh perspective on the
existing knowledge on refugee crises and national security for Bangladesh and the international
level caused by Rohingyas and their overstay in the country which contributes to developing a
more comprehensive understanding of this.
Literature Review:
Conceptual Framework
The conceptual framework of this study integrates two primary theoretical perspectives:
Regional Security Complex Theory (RSCT) and the Three Levels of Security Concept. These
theories provide a structured approach to understanding the multifaceted security challenges
posed by the Rohingya refugee crisis in Bangladesh.
1. Regional Security Complex Theory (RSCT)
RSCT posits that security dynamics are best understood within specific geographic regions
where states are interconnected by shared security concerns (Buzan & Wæver, 2003).
According to RSCT, the security of one state in a region is often tied to the security of others
within the same region, creating a 'security complex.' This framework helps in analyzing how
the influx of Rohingya refugees into Bangladesh has broader implications for regional
security.
Key Concepts of RSCT:
Security Interdependence: The security of Bangladesh is linked to the security
dynamics of its neighboring states, such as Myanmar and India. The Rohingya crisis
exacerbates tensions within this security complex by straining resources and fostering
potential conflicts (Buzan & Wæver, 2003).
Securitization: The process through which an issue is framed as an existential threat
necessitating extraordinary measures (Buzan & Wæver, 2003). The Rohingya influx has
been securitized in Bangladesh, impacting its national policies and international relations.
2. Three Levels of Security Concept
Buzan's (1991) Three Levels of Security provides a holistic approach, examining security at
the individual, state, and international levels. This multi-tiered perspective is crucial for
understanding the comprehensive impact of the Rohingya crisis.
Key Levels of Security:
• Individual Security: The personal safety and well-being of both Rohingya refugees
and Bangladeshi citizens are compromised. Refugees face threats from inadequate
living conditions, while local communities deal with increased competition for
resources and services (Milton et al., 2017).
• State Security: Bangladesh's national security is threatened by the socio-economic
burden of hosting refugees, increased crime rates, and potential political instability
(Chowdhury, 2019).
• International Security: The crisis has regional implications, affecting diplomatic
relations and potentially leading to broader geopolitical tensions. International
responses, including humanitarian aid and diplomatic pressure on Myanmar, are
crucial components (Routray, 2019).
Integration and Application
This conceptual framework facilitates a comprehensive analysis of the Rohingya crisis by
combining the RSCT and the Three Levels of Security. It enables an examination of how
local, national, and international security concerns are interconnected and influenced by the
refugee influx.
Key Themes and Factors:
• Resource Allocation and Utilization: Effective management of resources is critical
to mitigate the socio-economic impact of the refugee crisis. This includes
international aid and domestic resource distribution (Alam, 2018).
• Community Engagement and Empowerment: Involving local communities in
decision-making processes helps to address tensions and promote social cohesion
(Banerjee, 2019).
• Diplomatic Efforts: Robust diplomatic initiatives are necessary to address the root
causes of the crisis and negotiate long-term solutions, including repatriation and
international support (Finnegan, 2018).
By applying this integrated theoretical framework, this study aims to provide a nuanced
understanding of the Rohingya crisis's impact on Bangladesh and to suggest effective
strategies for managing these complex security challenges.
Research Objectives
The primary objective of this research is to investigate how the influx of Rohingya refugees
has impacted the socio-economic stability and national security of Bangladesh. Specifically,
the research aims to achieve the following objectives:
1. To Analyze the Socio-Economic Impacts of the Rohingya Crisis on Bangladesh:
• Examine the effects of the refugee influx on Bangladesh’s economic
resources, employment rates, public health, and education systems.
• Identify the challenges faced by local communities in Cox’s Bazar and other
affected areas due to the increased competition for resources and services.
• Assess the emergence of informal economies within refugee camps and their
implications for the local economy.
2. To Evaluate the National Security Implications of Hosting Rohingya Refugees:
• Investigate the rise in criminal activities, including drug trafficking and human
trafficking, within and around the refugee camps.
• Assess the impact of the refugee crisis on law and order in Bangladesh,
particularly in terms of document forgery and illegal activities.
• Explore the potential threats posed by extremist groups exploiting the
vulnerable refugee population for recruitment purposes.
3. To Examine the Regional Security Dynamics and Diplomatic Efforts Related to
the Rohingya Crisis:
• Analyze the regional security implications of the Rohingya crisis, particularly
the tensions between Bangladesh and its neighboring countries, such as
Myanmar and India.
• Assess the effectiveness of diplomatic efforts and international pressure on
Myanmar to address the root causes of the crisis and facilitate repatriation.
• Investigate the role of international organizations and humanitarian aid in
managing the crisis and supporting Bangladesh.
4. To Develop Practical Recommendations for Managing the Socio-Economic and
Security Challenges:
• Propose strategies for improving the coordination between local and national
authorities in managing the refugee crisis.
• Suggest practical measures for community engagement and empowerment to
promote social cohesion and reduce tensions between refugees and host
communities.
• Recommend approaches for strategic resource allocation and utilization to
mitigate the socio-economic impact and enhance national security.
• Provide a detailed framework for policymakers and stakeholders to develop
targeted interventions addressing the multifaceted aspects of the crisis.
5. To Contribute to Theoretical and Practical Knowledge on Refugee Crises and
National Security:
• Enhance the understanding of how refugee crises can influence national and
regional security dynamics.
• Apply theoretical perspectives such as the Regional Security Complex Theory
(RSCT) and the Three Levels of Security Concept to the Rohingya crisis.
• Synthesize insights from diverse studies to add to the existing body of
knowledge on managing refugee crises and their implications for national
security.
By achieving these objectives, this research aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the
Rohingya refugee crisis's impact on Bangladesh, offering valuable insights and practical
recommendations for policymakers, humanitarian organizations, and scholars.
Methodology:
Research Design
The study adopts a qualitative research design to explore the complex and multifaceted nature
of the Rohingya refugee crisis and its implications for Bangladesh. A qualitative approach is
particularly suitable for this research because it allows for an in-depth understanding of the
socio-economic and security challenges faced by Bangladesh, and provides a nuanced analysis
of the various factors influencing the crisis. The research utilizes a bibliographic review of
existing literature, complemented by thematic analysis to identify key patterns and insights.
Data Collection
The data for this study was collected through a comprehensive review of academic articles,
reports, and policy documents published between 2004 and 2022. The sources were obtained
from reputable databases, including Scopus, Google Scholar, JSTOR, and Semantic Scholar.
The selection criteria for the literature included relevance to the Rohingya crisis, national
security issues, and socio-economic impacts on Bangladesh. Studies focusing on biomedical
and epidemiological aspects were excluded to maintain focus on socio-economic and security
dimensions.
Search Strategy
The search strategy involved using a combination of keywords such as "Rohingya refugee
crisis," "Bangladesh national security," "socio-economic impact," "conflict resolution,"
"humanitarian response," and "regional security dynamics." Boolean operators (AND, OR)
were used to refine the search results and ensure comprehensiveness.
Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria
• Inclusion Criteria:
• Articles and reports published between 2004 and 2022.
• Studies focusing on the socio-economic and security aspects of the Rohingya crisis.
• Peer-reviewed journal articles, government reports, and publications from
international organizations.
• Exclusion Criteria:
• Studies focusing solely on biomedical and epidemiological aspects.
• Articles not available in English.
• Non-peer-reviewed sources unless they provide significant policy insights.
Data Analysis
The data analysis focused on identifying key factors and themes related to the socio-economic
and security impacts of the Rohingya refugee crisis on Bangladesh. The analysis aimed to
answer the research questions and test the hypotheses formulated. Key themes included the
socio-economic burden on Bangladesh, security challenges, regional security dynamics, and
the role of international organizations.
Socio-Economic Impact
The analysis examined how the influx of Rohingya refugees has strained Bangladesh’s
resources, affected employment, and led to the emergence of informal economies within
refugee camps. The socio-economic impacts were assessed by reviewing studies on resource
allocation, public health, education, and employment challenges.
Security Challenges
The security dimension of the analysis focused on how the presence of Rohingya refugees has
influenced crime rates, social unrest, and border security. The review included studies on
human trafficking, drug trafficking, and the involvement of refugees in illegal activities.
Regional Security Dynamics
The regional security analysis explored how the Rohingya crisis has affected relationships
between Bangladesh and its neighboring countries, particularly Myanmar and India. It included
an examination of regional political responses and security policies.
Role of International Organizations
The role of international organizations and diplomatic efforts was analyzed to understand their
effectiveness in addressing the crisis. This included reviewing reports and policy documents
from the United Nations, international NGOs, and other stakeholders involved in humanitarian
response and conflict resolution.
Implications of the Study
Social Implications
1. Community Tensions and Social Integration:
The presence of a large number of Rohingya refugees in Bangladesh has intensified social
tensions, particularly in the Cox’s Bazar region. Local communities face increased
competition for limited resources such as water, food, and employment, which can lead to
resentment and conflict. Understanding these dynamics is crucial for developing policies
that promote social harmony and effective integration of refugees into local communities.
2. Public Health and Education:
The influx of refugees has strained public health and education systems in Bangladesh.
Overcrowded living conditions in refugee camps increase the risk of disease outbreaks,
while local schools struggle to accommodate the growing number of children. This study
highlights the need for targeted interventions to improve healthcare and educational
services for both refugees and host communities, ensuring sustainable development and
wellbeing for all .
3. Human Trafficking and Crime:
The study underscores the rise in human trafficking and other criminal activities within
refugee camps. This has significant social implications, particularly for vulnerable groups
such as women and children. By identifying the root causes and mechanisms of these
crimes, the research informs strategies to combat trafficking, protect victims, and
strengthen law enforcement in affected areas .
Practical Implications
1. Policy Development and Implementation:
Policymakers can utilize the findings to design more effective refugee management and
security strategies. This includes better coordination between local and national
authorities, efficient resource allocation, and enhanced security measures to address the
socio-economic challenges posed by the refugee influx. Practical recommendations
derived from this study can aid in creating comprehensive policies that mitigate the
adverse effects of the crisis .
2. Humanitarian Aid and Resource Allocation:
The study’s insights into the resource strains caused by the Rohingya influx highlight the
need for more strategic humanitarian aid distribution. This involves not only increasing
the amount of aid but also ensuring it is effectively utilized to meet the specific needs of
both refugees and host communities. Humanitarian organizations can use these findings
to optimize their operations and improve the impact of their assistance programs .
3. Security Enhancements:
The identification of security threats linked to the Rohingya crisis, such as illegal drug
trafficking and document forgery, calls for enhanced security protocols. Law enforcement
agencies can develop targeted interventions to curb these activities, thereby improving
overall security and stability in affected regions. This study provides a foundation for
crafting robust security frameworks tailored to the unique challenges of refugee crises .
Theoretical Implications
1. Expansion of Regional Security Complex Theory (RSCT):
The study contributes to the RSCT by demonstrating how refugee crises can influence
regional security dynamics. It illustrates that the security concerns of one state
(Bangladesh) are closely tied to the actions and stability of its neighbors (Myanmar and
India), validating RSCT’s emphasis on interdependence and regional security
interconnections .
2. Integration of Multi-Level Security Perspectives:
By employing the three levels of security concept (individual, national, and international),
this study enriches theoretical understanding of how refugee crises impact various
security dimensions. It provides empirical evidence supporting the idea that threats at the
individual level (e.g., personal safety of refugees) can escalate to national and
international levels, affecting broader security landscapes.
3. Framework for Analyzing Humanitarian Crises:
The research offers a robust framework for analyzing complex humanitarian crises
through a multi-faceted lens, incorporating socio-economic, security, and regional
perspectives. This theoretical approach can be applied to other refugee situations
worldwide, providing a comprehensive model for studying and addressing similar crises
in different contexts.
Conclusion
This study has explored the profound implications of the Rohingya refugee crisis on
Bangladesh’s internal stability, transforming what initially appeared as a humanitarian
emergency into a significant national security concern. By examining the socio-economic and
security challenges posed by the influx of refugees, this research highlights the critical need
for effective management strategies to maintain regional peace and stability.
The qualitative bibliographical review of 60 articles spanning from 2004 to 2022 has
illuminated several recurring themes and critical factors in managing refugee crises. These
include the importance of coordinated efforts between local and national authorities, the need
for community engagement and empowerment, the strategic allocation and utilization of
resources, and robust diplomatic initiatives aimed at addressing the root causes of the crisis.
The findings emphasize that the Rohingya crisis is a complex issue requiring a multifaceted
approach. Effective crisis management must involve not only immediate humanitarian aid but
also long-term strategies that address both the socio-economic integration of refugees and the
broader security implications. Policymakers and stakeholders must leverage the detailed
framework provided by this study to enhance decision-making and resource allocation. This
approach will enable targeted interventions that mitigate security concerns and promote
sustainable solutions for both refugees and host communities.
The originality and value of this research lie in its dual focus on national and international
security threats posed by the Rohingya crisis. By synthesizing insights from diverse studies,
this work adds to the existing body of knowledge on refugee crises and national security,
offering a comprehensive analysis specific to the Rohingya situation in Bangladesh. This
makes it particularly relevant for policymakers and practitioners dealing with similar
challenges globally.
In conclusion, addressing the Rohingya crisis requires a nuanced understanding of its
multifaceted nature. This study provides critical insights and practical recommendations that
can guide effective management and policy responses, ensuring that the socio-economic and
security challenges posed by refugee influxes are adequately addressed to maintain regional
stability and peace.
Timeline and Budget for the Research Paper on the Rohingya Crisis in
Bangladesh
Budget
The budget for the research project is estimated to be BDT 800,000 (approximately), covering
various expenses necessary for the successful completion of the study. The budget breakdown
is as follows:
1. Personnel Costs: BDT 320,000
Research Assistant: BDT 200,000 (10 hours/week for 10 months at BDT 500/hour)
Consultant/Expert Reviewer: BDT 120,000
2. Data Collection and Access: BDT 160,000
Database subscriptions and access fees: BDT 80,000
Purchase of relevant articles and reports: BDT 80,000
3. Software and Tools: BDT 80,000
Qualitative data analysis software (e.g., NVivo): BDT 60,000
Miscellaneous software tools: BDT 20,000
4. Travel and Fieldwork: BDT 120,000
Travel expenses for field visits and interviews: BDT 80,000
Accommodation and per diem: BDT 40,000
5. Miscellaneous Expenses: BDT 120,000
Printing and stationery: BDT 40,000
Communication (phone, internet): BDT 20,000
Contingency fund for unforeseen expenses: BDT 60,000
Justification of Budget
1. Personnel Costs
Hiring a research assistant will ensure systematic data collection and analysis. An expert
reviewer will provide critical feedback and enhance the quality of the research paper.
2. Data Collection and Access
Access to comprehensive and high-quality databases is essential for obtaining relevant
literature. Purchasing specific articles and reports ensures the inclusion of up-to-date and
pertinent data.
3. Software and Tools
Qualitative data analysis software will facilitate the thematic analysis of the collected
literature, ensuring accurate and efficient data processing.
4. Travel and Fieldwork
Field visits and interviews with stakeholders in Bangladesh will provide additional
insights and validate the findings from the literature review.
5. Miscellaneous Expenses
Printing and communication costs are necessary for the dissemination of the research
findings. A contingency fund will cover any unexpected expenses that may arise during
the research process.
Ethical Considerations
Ethical considerations were taken into account by ensuring that all sources were properly cited
and credited. The study also adhered to the principles of academic integrity and avoided any
form of plagiarism. Confidentiality was maintained by not disclosing any sensitive information
obtained from non-public sources.
Limitations
The study acknowledges several limitations, including potential biases in the selected literature,
the exclusion of non-English sources, and the reliance on secondary data. These limitations
may affect the generalizability of the findings.
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