Introduction to Networking

Computer network:- A collection of computing devices that are corrected in

various ways in order to communicate and store resources.

Usually, the collections between computers in a network are made using

physical wire or cables.

However, some connections are wireless using radio, waves or infrared signals.

The generic term node or host refers to any devices on a network.

Data transfer rate

The speed with which data is moved from one place on a network to another
data transfer rate is a key issue in a computer network.

Diagram

Computer networks have opened up an entire frontier in the world of computing

called the client/server model.
File server:- A computer that stores and manages files for multiple users on a
network.

Web server:- A computer dedicated to responding to requests (from the

browser client) for web pages.
Type of networks

Local area network (LAN):- A network that connects a relatively small

number of machines in a relatively geographical area.

various configurations, called topologies have been used to administer lans.

Ring topology

A configuration that connects all notes in a closed loop on which message travel
in one direction

Star topology

A configuration that centers around one node to which all others are connected
and through which all messages are sent

Bus topology

All nodes are connected to a single communication line that carries messages in
both directions.

Ring Diagram
Star diagram

Bus diagram
Star topology

Star topology doesn't allow direct communication between devices, most have
to communicate through hubs.

If one device wants to send data to another device.

It has to first send the data to hub and then the hub
Transmit that data to be designated device

Best Topology ever for networking of multiple devices over a network.

Advantages:- less expensive because each device only needs 1/0 part and
needs to be connected with a hub with one link.

Easier to install less amount

Disadvantages:- If the hub goes down encrypting goes down, none of the
devices can work without the hub.
Bus topology

All devices connected to a single back-bone cable

one device is failure, create problem in entire network

In bus topology the main cable and all the devices are connected to this main
cable through drop lines.

There is a device called tap that connects the dropline to the main cable. since
all the data is transmitted.

Wide area network (WAN)

A network that connects two or more local area networks over a potentially
large geographic distance often one particular node on lan is set up to serve as
a gateway to handle all communication going between that land and other
networks.
Communication between networks is called internetworking the internet, as we
know it today is essentially the ultimate wide-area-networks, spanning the
entire globe.

Metropolitan-area-network(MAN)

(MAN) The communication infrastructures that have been developed in and

around large cities.

Gateway:- local area network connected across a distance to create a

wide-area-network.

Internet backbones connections

Internet backbone:- A set of high speed network that carry internet traffic.

These network are provided by companies such as AT & T, GTE and IBM.
Internet service provider (ISP)

A company that provides other companies or individuals with access to the

internet.

Note:- There are various technologies available that you can use to connect a
home computers to the internet

A phone modem:- converts a computer data into an analog audio signal for
transfer over a telephone line, and then a model at the destination converts it
back again into data.

A digital subscriber line(DSL):- uses a regular copper line to transfer digital data
to and from the phone company's central office.

A cable modem:- use the same line that your cable tv signal come in into
transfer the data back one fourth.

Broadband
A connection in which transfer speeds are faster than 128 bit per second.

The speed for downloads (getting data from the internet to your home
computer) may not be the same as uploads (sending data from your home
computer to the internet)

Network devices

Hub:- hubs correct computers together in the star topology network. due to the
design, they increase the chances for collision. hub operate in the physical layer
of the osi model and have no intelligence. hubs flood incoming packets to all
ports all the time.

Repeater:- A repeater is an electronic device that receives a signal and

retransmits it at higher level and/or higher power. or into the other side of an
abstruction. so that the signal can cover long distance without degradation.

Modem:- Modem (from modulator demodulator) is a device that runs the

digital 1s and 0s of a personal computer into sounds that can be transmitted
over the telephone lines and once received to the other side, convert those
sounds back into form used by USB, Ethernet, serial or network connection.

Modems are generally classified by the amount of data they can send in given
time, normally measured in bits per second, or "bps"

NIC:- A network interface card is a computer hardware computer design to

allow computers to communicate with other computer networks. It is both on
OSI layer 1 and layer 2 devices, as it provides physical access to networking
medium and provides a low level address system through the use of mac
address.

Switches:- Switches provide a central connection between two or more

computers on a network, but with some intelligence. They provide traffic control
for packets, rather than forwarding data to all the connected ports, and switch
forward data only to the port on which the destination system is connected.
They used a database of mac addresses to determine where computers are
located and very efficiently send packets only where they need to go.

Bridge:- Bridges can be identified by the fact that they operate at the data link
layer of OSI model. bridges have intelligence and can "bridge"
two of their port together at very high speed.

They use a database of mac addresses to determine where computers are

located and very efficiently send frames only where they need to go.

The database is created dynamically as computers communicate on the

network.

Routers:- Routers operate at the network layer of the OSI model and efficiently
route information between local area networks. Since routers operate in the
third layer, the network layer, they must understand layer 3 addressing, such as
TCP/IP.

A router will divide a broadcast domain by not forwarding broadcast on one

connected network to another connected network.

Wireless Access point:- A wireless access point (WAP or AP) is a device that
allows wireless communication devices to connect to a wireless network using
Wifi. Bluetooth or related standards. the WAP usually connects to a weird
network (such as computer or printers) and wired devices on the network.
Hardware component of a network

Router

Device that forwards data packets between computer networks. think of them
as the 'post office' of the network, directing traffic to ensure it gets where it's
supposed to go.
Switches

These are like the 'traffic cops' for your network, they connect multiple devices
on a Lan and direct the flow of data to the correct destination.

Network interface card

These are hardware components installed in computers that enable them to
connect to a computer

Software component of a network

Operating system:- systems like Windows, Macos, or Linux have built in network
capabilities.

network driver:- These are software programs that control the network
hardware and provide an interface for the operating system to interact with it.

Networking protocols:- These are set of rules that given how data is transferred
on a network.

Transmission media

Guided

1. Twisted-pair cable
2. coaxial cable
3. Fiber optic cable

Unguided

1. Radio waves
2. microwaves
3. infrared
Twisted pair cable

Pair of wires (the forward and return conductors of a single circuit) are twisted
together for the purposes of canceling out Electromagnetic interference (EMI)
from other wire pairs and from external sources.

Advantages:- cheap, easy to work with

Disadvantages:- low data rate, short range
Coaxial cable

Coaxial cable is a type of copper cable specially built with a metal shield and
other components engineered to block signal interference. it is primarily used by
cable companies to connect their satellite antenna facilities to customer homes
and business

Advantages

1. Used in high frequency applications

2. improve attenuation and shield effectiveness
3. less Susceptible to noise an interference compare to twisted pair cable
4. high bandwidth
5. cost of coaxial cable is less

Disadvantages

1. Bulky, thick, shift

2. Expensive to install
3. security issue
4. Grounding necessary
Optical Fiber cable

Optical cable are used to transfer digital data signals in the form of light up to
distances of hundreds of miles with higher throughput rates.

two common types of Fiber optics are:

Single mode Fiber(SMF)
Multi-mode Fiber(SMF)

Advantages:

Extremely high bandwidth

thinner and light weighted
Resistance to Electromagnetic interference
longer distance
lower security risk

Disadvantage

cost
very tragic
difficult to install
Attenuation & dispersion
Switching

A network consists of many switching devices. In order to connect multiple

devices, one solution could be to have a point to point connection in between a
pair of devices. but this increases the number of connections.

The other solution could be to have a central device to each other and connect
every device to each other via the central device which is generally known as
star topology.
# Types of switching
Circuit switching

Circuit switching is generally used in the public network it comes into

existence for handling voice traffic in addition to digital data

After the link has been sets in between the sender and the receiver the
information is forwarded continuously over the provided link.

A dedicated link/path is established across for the entire duration of

conversation.

Advantage
1. Guarantee data rate
2. No waiting time at each switch
3. suitable for long continuous transmission

Disadvantage
1. other nodes cannot use same channel
2. require more bandwidth
3. The time required to establish a physical link is too long.
Packet switching

To improve the efficiency of transferring information over a shared

communication line, messages are divided into fixed sized, numbered
packets.

network devices called routers are used to direct packets between networks.

1. Messages is divided into packets

2. packers are sent over the internet by the most expedient value
3. packets are reordered and the re-assembled

Advantage

1. Efficient use of network

2. high data transmission
3. no big memory required
4. no dedicated path required
5. suitable for videos/voice cables
6. less usage cost
Disadvantage
1. order mismatch
2. transmission delay
3. packet loss
4. implementation cost
5. security issues

Message switching

Here each message is treated as an independent unit and includes its can
destination source address by its own.

Each complete message is then transmitted from one device to another through
an inter-network.
Each intermediate device receives the message and stores its until the next
device is ready to receive it.

For this reason a message switching network is sometimes called store and
forward switching.
Advantages

1. More devices share the same channel

1. congestion can be reduced
1. support message length unlimited size.

Disadvantage

1. No compatible for voice and video

2. costly as store and forward device are expensive
3. can lead to security issues it hacked
4. not reliable