SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY - CHAPTER 1 • Objective reality Social Psychology’s Principles Are
- Beliefs about others Applicable in Everyday Life
- Beliefs about ourselves
• How to know ourselves better
Social Psychology - scientific study of how
Our Social Intuitions Are Often Powerful
people think about, influence, and relate to one • Implications for human health
but Sometimes Perilous
another.
• Conscious and deliberate • Implications for judicial procedures
1. Social Thinking
• Unconscious and automatic • Influencing behaviors
- How we perceive ourselves and
others. Social Influences Shape Our Behavior Research Methods: How We Do Social
- What we believe.
1. Locality Psychology
- Judgements we make.
- Our attitudes 2. Educational level 1. Forming and Testing
2. Social Influence 3. Subscribed Media - Theory- integrated set of principles
- Culture 4. Culture that explain and predict observed
- Pressures to conform events
Personal Attitudes and Dispositions
- Persuasion 2. Hypotheses
- Groups of people • Internal forces - Testable proposition that describes
3. Social Relations a relationship that may exist
- Prejudice (preconceived opinions - inner attitudes about specific between events.
abt a person that’s not based on situations
reason) Correlation Research: Detecting Natural
• Personality dispositions
- Aggression
1. Location
- Attraction and Intimacy - Different people may react • Laboratory- controlled situation
- Helping differently while facing the same 2. Field
situation
Social Psychology’s Big Ideas • Everyday situations
Social Behavior Is Biologically Rooted
• We Construct Our Social Reality- we Correlation Research: Detecting Natural
react differently because we think • Evolutionary psychology Associations
differently
- Natural selection predisposes our 1. Method
• Princeton-Dartmouth football game actions and reactions - Correlational
demonstration (1951) – sa paningin - Naturally occurring relationships
ng taga Princeton panalo sila, sa • Social neuroscience among variables
paningin ng taga darthmouth sila - Experimental - seeks clues to
- Social neuroscience is a branch of
panalo. In short, kung saan sila cause-effect relationships
science that explore the activities
support doon sila suma-side.) manipulating one or more
in our brain in relation to social
behaviors. variables while controlling others.
-
ias
Correlation and causation Self-schema - beliefs about self that organize
CHAPTER 2: THE SELF IN A SOCIAL and guide the processing of self-relevant
- Allows us to predict but not tell WORLD information.
whether changing one variable will
cause changes in another 1. Spotlights effect Possible Selves- Images of what we dream of
o Belief that others are or dread becoming in the future. (Ideal self)
Survey research
paying more attention to SELF AND CULTURE
1. Random sample one’s appearance and
2. Unrepresentative samples behavior than they really • Individualism (Western)
3. Order of questions are. - Concept of giving priority to one’s
4. Response options 2. Illusions of Transparency own goals over group goals and
5. Wording of questions o Illusion that our concealed defining one’s identity in terms of
emotions leak out and can personal attributes rather than group
be easily read by others. identifications.
Experimental Research: Searching for
- Independency. ‘Pag may gusto,
Cause and Effect
RESEARCH CLOSE-UP: ON BEING gagawin agad even without the
1. Control: Manipulating variables NERVOUS ABOUT LOOKING NERVOUS validation/permission of others.
- Independent variable- Examples of interplay between our sense of • Individualist Culture (Western)
experimental factor that a self and our social world.
- Self-esteem is more personal and
researcher manipulates
- Social surroundings affect our self- less relational. (Ma-pride, ikinababa
awareness. (Ina-align natin yung nila ‘pag hindi nagawa ang gustong
2. Dependent variable reactions natin depende sa nasa gawin)
- Variable being measured; depends surroundings) - Conflict takes place between
on manipulations of the - Self-interest colors our social individuals (Ex: Crime, Divorce)
independent variable judgment (Ex: ‘pag may na-meet na
sumusupport sa opposing candidate,
Ethics of Experimentation • Collectivism (Asian, African, and
negative agad ang judgement)
Central and South American)
1. Mundane realism - Self-concern motivates our social
- Giving priority to the goals of one’s
2. Experimental realism behavior (Ex: kandidatong mabait
group and defining one’s identity
3. Deception lang sa campaign)
- Social relationships help define accordingly (dependent)
4. Demand characteristics - Interdependent self
5. Informed consent our self. (Hindi kailangang malaki ang
circle, pero kailangang meron)
6. Debriefing • Collectivist Culture
AT THE CENTER OF OUR WORLDS: OUR - Self-concept is context-specific
Generalizing from Laboratory to Life SENSE OF SELF rather than stable. (Depende sa
We can distinguish between the content of kasama ang self-concept)
people’s thinking and acting and the process Schema - mental templates by which we
by which they think and act. organize our worlds.
ias
- Conflict takes place between Self-Esteem
groups. - Our overall self-evaluation or The Costs of Excess Choice
sense of self-worth • Excess Freedom
SELF-KNOWLEDGE - Specific self-perceptions have - Too many choices can lead to
• Explaining Our Behavior some influence. dissatisfaction with our final
• Predicting Our Behavior - Feedback is best when it is true choice.
• (u explain your behavior based on and specific. - People tend to be generally
what u know abt yourself.) happier with decisions when they
Self-Esteem Motivation can’t undo them.
• Planning fallacy - Self-esteem maintenance
- Tendency to underestimate how - Self-esteem threats occur among
Self-Serving Bias
long it will take to complete a task. friends whose successes can be
- Tendency to perceive oneself
(Ex: 2wks from now pa ang more threatening than that of
strangers favorably
deadline, kaya gagala muna dahil
- Terror Management Theory - Explaining positive and negative
you think na kaya mo namang
states humans must find ways to events. (Mas magaling sa average
tapusin in 2 days)
manage their fear of death. person)
- Self-serving attributions
• Predicting Our Feelings The “Dark Side” Of Self-Esteem - Tendency to attribute positive
- Studies of “affective forecasting”
reveal people have the greatest outcomes to oneself and negative
• Narcissism outcomes to other factors.
difficulty predicting the intensity
- Delroy and Williams (2002) - Contribute to marital discord, and
and the duration of their future
- “The Dark Triad” of negative worker dissatisfaction.
emotions.
traits: - (Ex: Boss na kaniya ang credit kapag
- Affective forecasting: prediction
- Narcissism successful ang task, pero sa
ng mararamdaman natin in the
- Machiavellianism (associated with subordinates ang sisi kapag palpak.)
future (ex: “magiging gaano politics, manipulative to people,
katagal kaya ang pain ‘pag cinutt -
exploitative. They do this with no
off ko sila”) Can We All Be Better than Average?
regrets)(Ex: Pangako ni Digong na 0
crimes para makuha ang loob ng tao)
- Most people see themselves as
• Immune neglect - Antisocial psychopathology (ex:
better than the average person on
- Tendency to neglect the speed close to people para pag-awayin sila)
the following dimensions.
and strength of the
Self-Efficacy - Subjective
“psychological immune
- How competent we feel on a task. - Socially desirable
system” which enables emotional
- Leads us to set challenging goals - Common dimensions
recovery and resilience after bad
and to persist.
things happen.
- (Ex: binigyan ng task, and you believe
- PIS: Resiliency and Coping na matatapos mo yun nang quality
and on time)
ias
Areas in which we believe we are above average
• Ethics
• Professional competence
• Virtues
• Intelligence
• Parental support
• Health
• Attractiveness.
Unrealistic Optimism
- Is on the rise
- Illusory optimism increases our
vulnerability
Defensive Pessimism
- Adaptive value of anticipating
problems and harnessing one’s
anxiety to motivate effective
action
Explaining Self-Serving Bias
- Self-serving bias is a by-product of
how we process and remember
information about ourselves
Self-Serving Bias may be:
- Adaptive - protects people from
depression
- Maladaptive – abnormal
ias
