CP1442 PYTHON PROGRAMMING Module 1

MODULE I

SYLLABUS
Module I: Introduction to Python - Features of Python, Identifiers, Reserved Keywords, Variables,
Comments in Python, Input, Output and Import Functions, Operators; Data Types and Operations - int,
float, complex, Strings, List, Tuple, Set, Dictionary, Mutable and Immutable Objects, Data Type
Conversion; Flow control - Decision Making, Loops-for, range() while, break, continue, pass;

INTRODUCTION TO PYTHON

Python was developed by Guido van Rossum at the National Research Institute for Mathematics
and Computer Science in Netherlands during 1985-1990. Python is derived from many other languages,
including ABC, Modula-3, C, C++, Algol-68, SmallTalk, Unix shell and other scripting languages.
Rossum was inspired by Monty Python's Flying Circus, a BBC Comedy series and he wanted the name of
his new language to be short, unique and mysterious. Hence he named it Python. It is a general-purpose
interpreted, interactive, object-oriented, and high-level programming language. Python source code is
available under the GNU General Public License (GPL) and it is now maintained by a core development
team at the National Research Institute.

FEATURES OF PYTHON

a) Simple and easy-to-learn - Python is a simple language with few keywords, simple structure and
its syntax is also clearly defined. This makes Python a beginner's language.
b) Interpreted and Interactive - Python is processed at runtime by the interpreter. We need not
compile the program before executing it. The Python prompt interact with the interpreter to
interpret the programs that we have written. Python has an option namely interactive mode which
allows interactive testing and debugging of code.
c) Object-Oriented - Python supports Object Oriented Programming (OOP) concepts that
encapsulate code within objects. All concepts in OOPs like data hiding, operator overloading,
inheritance etc. can be well written in Python. It supports functional as well as structured
programming.
d) Portable - Python can run on a wide variety of hardware and software platforms, and
has the same interface on all platforms. All variants of Windows, Unix, Linux and
Macintosh are to name a few.
e) Scalable - Python provides a better structure and support for large programs than shell
scripting. It can be used as a scripting language or can be compiled to bytecode (intermediate
code that is platform independent) for building large applications.
f) Extendable - you can add low-level modules to the Python interpreter. These modules enable
programmers to add to or customize their tools to be more efficient. It can be easily integrated
with C, C++, COM, ActiveX, CORBA, and Java.
g) Dynamic - Python provides very high-level dynamic data types and supports dynamic type
checking. It also supports automatic garbage collection.
h) GUI Programming and Databases - Python supports GUI applications that can created
and ported to many libraries and windows systems, such as Windows Microsoft
Foundation Classes (MFC), Macintosh, and the X Window system of Unix. Python also
provides interfaces to all major commercial databases.

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i) Broad Standard Library - Python's library is portable and cross platform compatible, on
UNIX, Linux, Windows and Macintosh. This helps in the support and development of a wide
range of applications from simple text processing to browsers and complex games.
HOW TO RUN PYTHON
There are three different ways to start Python.

a) Using Interactive Interpreter

You can start Python from Unix, DOS, or any other system that provides you
command-line interpreter or shell window. Get into the command line of Python. For Unix
/Linux, you can get into interactive mode by typing $ python or python%.
For Windows/Dos it is c. >pyt ho n.
Invoking the interpreter without passing a script file as a parameter brings up the following
prompt.

$ p ython

Python 3.7 (default, Mar 27, 2019, 18:11:38) [GCC 5.1.1

20150422 (Red Hat 5.1.1-1)] on linux2

Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information. >>>

Type the following text at the Python prompt and press the Enter: >>>
print("Programming in Python!")

The result will be as given below

Programming in Python!

>>>
b) Script from the Command Line
This method invokes the interpreter with a script parameter which begins the execution of
the script and continues until the script is finished. When the script is finished, the interpreter is
no longer active. A Python script can be executed at command line by invoking the interpreter on
your application, as follows.
For Unix/Linux it is$pythonscript .pyor python% script . py. For Windows/ Dos it is c : >pyt ho n scr ip t .py
Let us write a simple Python program in a script. Python files have extension .py. Type the following
source code in a first . py file.
print("Programming inPython!")
Now, try to run this program as follows.

$ p yt h o n f i r s t . p y

This produces the following result:

Programming in Python!

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c) Integrated Development Environment

You can run Python from a Graphical User Interface (GUI) environment as well, if you have a GUI
application on your system that supports Python. IDLE is the Integrated Development Environment (IDE)
for UNIX and PythonWin is the first Windows interface for Python.

IDENTIFIERS

A Python identifier is a name used to identify a variable, function, class, module or any other
object. Python is case sensitive and hence uppercase and lowercase letters are considered distinct. The
following are the rules for naming an identifier in Python.

a) Identifiers can be a combination of letters in lowercase (a to z) or uppercase (A to Z) or digits

(0 to 9) or an underscore (_). For example Total and total is different.
b) Reserved keywords cannot be used as an identifier.
c) Identifiers cannot begin with a digit. For example 2more, 3times etc. are invalid
identifiers.
d) Special symbols like @, !, #, $, % etc. cannot be used in an identifier. For example sum@,
#total are invalid identifiers.
e) Identifier can be of any length.
Some examples of valid identifiers are total, max_mark, count2, Student etc. Here are some
naming conventions for Python identifiers.

 Class names start with an uppercase letter. All other identifiers start with a lowercase letter.
Eg: Person
 Starting an identifier with a single leading underscore indicates that the identifier is private.
Eg: _sum
 Starting an identifier with two leading underscores indicates a strongly private
identifier. Eg: _sum
 If the identifier also ends with two trailing underscores, the identifier is a language-defined
special name. foo

RESERVED KEYWORDS

These are keywords reserved by programming language and prevent the user or the
programmer from using it as an identifier in a program. There are 33 keywords in python.
This number can vary with different versions. To retrieve the keywords in python the
following code can be given at the prompt. All keywords except True, False and None are in
lowercase. The following list in Table 1.1 shows the python keywords.

>>> import keyword

>>> print(keyword.kwlist)

[ „False‟, „None‟, „True‟, 'and', 'as', 'assert', 'break', 'class', 'continue', 'def', 'del', 'elif',
'else', 'except', 'finally', 'for', 'from', 'global', ' if', 'import', 'in', 'is', 'lambda', ‟nonlocal‟,
'not', 'or', 'pass', 'raise', 'return', 'try', 'while', 'with', 'yield']

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Table 1.1 Python Keywords

False class Finally is return

None continue For lambda try

True def From nonlocal while

and del Global not With
as elif if or
assert else import pass
break except in raise

VARIABLES
Variables are reserved memory locations to store values. Based on the data type of a variable, the
interpreter allocates memory and decides what can be stored in the reserved memory. Therefore, by
assigning different data types to variables, you can store integers, decimals or characters in these
variables.

Python variables do not need explicit declaration to reserve memory space. The declaration happens
automatically when you assign a value to a variable. The equal sign (=) is used to assign values to
variables. The operand to the left of the = operator is the name of the variable and the operand to the
right of the = operator is the value stored in the variable.

Example Program

a = 100 # An integer assignment

b = 1000.0 # A floating point

name = "John" # A string

print(a)
print(b)
print(name)
Here, 100, 1000.0 and "John" are the values assigned to a, b, and name variable respectively.
This produces the following result.
100

1000.0

John
Python allows you to assign a single value to several variables simultaneously. For example

a=b=c=1

Here, an integer object is created with the value 1, and all three variables are assigned to the same memory
location. You can also assign multiple objects to multiple variables. For example,
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a,b,c=1,2,”Tom”

Here, two integer objects with values 1 and 2 are assigned to variables a and b respectively, and one
string object with the value "Tom" is assigned to the variable c.

COMMENTS IN PYTHON

Comments are very important while writing a program. It describes what the source code has
done. Comments are for programmers for better understanding of a program. In Python, we use the
hash (#) symbol to start writing a comment. A hash sign (#) that is not inside a string literal begins a
comment. All characters after the # and up to the end of the physical line are part of the comment. It
extends up to the newline character. Python interpreter ignores comment.

Example Program

>>>#This is demo ofcomment

>»#DisplayHello

>»print("Hello")

This produces the following result: Hello

For multiline comments one way is to use (#) symbol at the beginning of each line. The following
example shows a multiline comment. Another way of doing this is to use triple quotes, either '" or """.

Example 1

>>>#This is a verylong sentence

>»#and it ends after

>>>#Threelines

Example 2

>>>"""This isa verylong sentence

>>>and it endsafter
>>>Threelines"""
Both Example 1 and Example 2 given above produces the same result.

INDENTATION IN PYTHON

Most of the programming languages like C, C++ and Java use braces { } to define a block of code.
Python uses indentation. A code block (body of a function, loop etc.) starts with indentation and ends
with the first unindented line. The amount of indentation can be decided by the programmer, but it must
be consistent throughout the block. Generally four whitespaces are used for indentation and is preferred
over tabspace.

For example

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if True:
print("Correct”)

else:
print("Wrong”)
But the following block generates error as indentation is not properly followed.

if True:

print("Answer")

print("Correct")

else:
print("Answer")

print("Wrong")

MULTI-LINE STATEMENTS
Instructions that a Python interpreter can execute are called statements. For example a=1 is an
assignment statement. if statement, for statement, while statement etc. are other kinds of statements.
In Python, end of a statement. is marked by a newline character. But we can make a statement extend
over multiple line with the line continuation character(\). For example:

grand total= first item+ \

second item+ \

third item

Statements contained within the [],{ }or () brackets do not need to use the lin e

continuation character. For example

months = ['January', 'February', 'March', 'April',

'May', 'June', 'July', 'August', 'September',

'October', 'November', 'December']

We could also put multiple statements in a single line using semicolons, as follows a = 1 ; b
= 2; c = 3

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MULTIPLE STATEMENT GROUP (SUITE)

A group of individual statements, which make a single code block is called a suite Python.
Compound or complex statements, such as if, while, def, and class require a head line and a suite.
Header lines begin the statement (with the keyword) and terminate with colon ( : ) and are followed by
one or more lines which make up the suite. For example
if expression :
suite
elif expression:

Suite

else :

suite

QUOTES IN PYTHON

Python accepts single („), double (") and triple ("' or “””) quotes to denote string literals. The same type
of quote should be used to start and end the string. The triple quotes, are used to span the string across
multiple lines. For example, all the following are legal.

word = ‟single word '

sentence = " Thin is a short sentence."

Paragraph ="""This is a long paragraph. It consists of

several lines and sentences."""

INPUT, OUTPUTANDIMPORTFUNCTIONS

Displaying the Output

The function used to print output on a screen is the print statement where you can pass zero or
more expressions separated by commas. The print function converts the expressions you pass into a
string and writes the result to standard output.

Example 1

›››print ("Learning Python is fun and enjoy it.")

This will produce the following output on the screen.

Learning Python is fun and enjoy it.

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Example 2

›››a=2
›››print ( "The value of a is" , a)

This will produce the following output on the screen.

The value of a is 2
By default a space is added after the text and before the value of variable a. The syntax of print
function is given below.

print(*objects, sep= „ „, end='\n', file=sys.stdout, flush=False)

Here, objects are the values to be printed. Sep is the separator used between the values. Space
character is the default separator. end is printed after printing all the values. The default value for
end is the new line. file is the object where the values are printed and its default value is sys .
stdout (screen). Flush determines whether the output stream needs to be flushed for any waiting
output. A True value forcibly flushes the stream. The following shows an example for the above
syntax.

Example

>>>print(1,2,3,4)

>>>print(1,2,3,4,sep= „+')

>>> print(1,2,3,4,sep=‟+‟,end= „%')

The output will be as follows.

1234

1+2+3+4

1+2+3+4%

The output can also be formatted to make it attractive according to the wish of a user.

Reading the Input

Python provides two built-in functions to read a line of text from standard input which by default
comes from the keyboard. These functions are raw_input and input.

The raw_input function is not supported by Python 3.

raw_ input function

The raw_input([prompt]) function reads one line from standard input and returns it as string
(removing the trailing newline). This prompts you to enter any string and it would display
same string on the screen.

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Example

s t r = r a w inp u t ( " E nt e r yo ur na me : " ) ;

p r in t ( " Yo u r n a me is : " , st r )

Output
E nt e r yo ur na me : Co l l in
M a r k Yo u r na me is : Co l l in
Mark

input function
The input([prompt]) function is equivalent to raw_input, except that it assumes the input is a
valid Python expression and returns the evaluated result to you.

Example 1

n = input ( "E nt er a number : ") ;

p r int ( "T he nu mber is : ", n)

Output

E nt e r a nu mb e r : 5

T h e nu mb e r is : 5

Example 2

n = i np u t ( " E nt e r a n e xp r e s s io n: " ) ;

p r i n t ( " T h e r e s u l t i s : “, eval(n))

Output

Ent er an e xp re ssio n : 5* 2

T he r esu lt is : 10

Import function
When the program grows bigger or when there are segments of code that is frequently used, it can
be stored in different modules. A module is a file containing Python definitions and statements. Python
modules have a filename and end with the extension .py. Definitions inside a module can be imported to
another module or the interactive interpreter in Python. We use the import keyword to do this. For
example, we can import the math module by typing in import math.

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>>> import math

>>> print(math.pi )

3.141592653589793

OPERATORS

Operators are the constructs which can manipulate the value of operands. Consider the expression a =
b + c. Here a, b and c are called the operands and +, = , are called the operators. There are different types
of operators. The following are the types of operators supported by Python.

 Arithmetic Operators
 Comparison (Relational) Operators
 Assignment Operators
 Logical Operators
 Bitwise Operators
 Membership Operators
 Identity Operators

Arithmetic Operators
Arithmetic operators are used for performing basic arithmetic operations. The following are the arithmetic operators
supported byPython. Table 1.2 showsthe arithmetic operators in Python.

Table 1.2 Arithmetic Operators in Python

Operator Operation Description

+ Addition Adds values oneither side ofthe operator.
- Subtraction Subtractsright hand operand fromleft hand operand.
* Multiplication Multiplies values on either side of the operator.
/ Division Divides left hand operand by right hand operand.
% Modulus Divides left hand operand by right hand operand and returns
remainder
** Exponent Performs exponential (power) calculation on operators.
// Floor Division The division of operands where the result is the quotient in
which the digits after the decimalpoint are removed.

Example Program

a, b, c = 10, 5, 2

print("Sum.",(a+b))

print("Difference=",(a-b))

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p r int ( " P r o d u c t =” , ( a * b) )
print ( "Quotient=”,(a/b) )
print (" Remainder=", ( b% c))
print ("Exponent=", ( b**2))
pr int ( " Flo o r D iv is io n= " , ( b/ / c) )

Output

Sum= 15

Difference= 5
pro duct = 50
Quo t ie nt = 2
Remainder= 1
E xpo nent = 25

F lo o r D iv is io n= 2

Comparison operators
These operators compare values on either sides of them and decide the relation among them. They are also
called relational operators. Python supports the following relational operators. Python supports the
following relational operators. Table 1.3 shows the comparison or relational operators in python.

Table 1.3 Comparison (Relational) operators in python

Operator Description

== If the values oftwo operands are equal, thenthe conditionbecomes true.

!= If the values of two operands are not equal, thenthe condition becomes true.
> If the value of left operand is greater than the value of right operand, then the condition
becomes true.
< If the value of left operand is less than the value of right operand, then the condition
becomes true.
>= If the value of left operand is greater than or equal to the value of right operand, thenthe
condition becomes true.
<= If the value of left operand is less than or equal to the value of right operand, then the
condition becomes true.

Example Program
a, b=10,5

print (“a==b is:”, (a==b))

print (“a!=b is:”, (a!=b))

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print (“a>b is:”, (a>b))

print (“a<b is:”, (a<b))

print (“a>=b is:”, (a>=b))

print (“a<=b is:”, (a<=b))

output
a==b is: False

a!=b is: True

a>b is: True

a<b is: False

a>=b is: True

a<=b is: False

Assignment Operators
Python provides various assignment operators. Various shorthand operators for addition,
subtraction, multiplication, division, modulus, exponent and floor division are also supported by Python.
Table 1.4 provides the various assignment operators.

Table 1.4 Assignment Operators

Operator Description

= Assigns values fromright side operands to left side operand.

+= It addsright operand to the left operand and assignthe result to left operand.
-= It subtractsright operandfromthe left operandandassigntheresult to left operand.

*= It multiplies right operand withthe left operandand assign the result to left operand.

/= It divides left operand withthe right operand and assign the result to left operand.

%= It takes modulus using two operands and assign the result to left operand.
**= Performs exponential (power) calculation on operators and assign value to the left
operand.
//= It performs floor divisiononoperators and assign value to the left operand.

The assignment operator = is used to assign values or values of expressions to a variable. Example:
a = b+ c. For example c+=a is equivalent to c=c+a. Similarly c-=a is equivalent to c=c-a, c*=a is
equivalent to c=c*a, c/=a is equivalent to c=c/a, c%=a is equivalent to c=c%a, c**=a is equivalent to
c=c**a and c//=a is equivalent to c=c//a.

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Example Program
a, b=10, 5

a+=b

print(a)

a, b =10,5

a- =b

print(a)

a, b =10,5

a*=b

print(a)

a, b =10,5

a/=b

print(a)

b, c = 5, 2

b%=c

print(b)

b, c = 5, 2

b**=c

print(b)

b, c = 5, 2

b//=c

print(b)

output

15

50

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25

Bitwise Operators
Bitwise operator works on bits and performs bit by bit operation. The following are the bit wise operators
supported by python. Table 1.5 gives a description of bitwise operators in python.

Table 1.5 bitwise operators

Operator Operation Description

& Binary AND Operatorcopies a bit to theresult if it exists in bothoperands.
| Binary OR It copies a bit if it exists in either operand.
^ BinaryXOR It copies the bit if it is set in one operand but not both.

~ BinaryOnes It is unaryand has the effect of 'flipping' bits.

Complement
« Binary Left The left operand's value is moved left by the number of bits
Shift specified by the right operand.

» Binary Right The left operand's value is moved right bythe number of bits specified by
Shift the right operand.

Let a = 60 (0011 1100 in binary) and b = 2 (0000 0010 in binary)

Example Program

a, b = 60, 2

print(a&b)

print(a|b)

print(a^b)

print(~a)

print(a>>b)

print(a<<b)

output

62

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62

-61

15

240

Consider the first print statement a & b. Here a =0011 1100

b=0000 0010

when a bitwise and is performed, the result is 0000 0000. This is 0

in decimal. Similar is the case for all the print statements given
above.

Logical Operators

Table 1.6 shows the various logical operators supported by Python language.

Table 1.6 Logical Operators

Operator Operation Description

and Logical AND If both the operands are true then condition becomes true.
or Logical OR If any of the operands are true then condition becomes true.
not Logical NOT Used to reverse the logical state of its operand.

Example Program
a, b, c, d=10, 5, 2, 1

print ( (a>b) and (c>d) )

print ( (a>b) or (d> c) )

print (not (a>b) )

Output
True
True
False

Membership operators
Python‟s membership operators test for membership in a sequence, such as strings, lists or tuples. There are
two membership operators.

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Table 1.7 shows the various membership operators supported by Python language.

Table1.7 membership operators

Operator Description

in Evaluates to true if the variables on either side of the operator

point to the same object and false otherwise.
not in Evaluates to true if it does not finds a variable in the specified
sequence and false otherwise.

Example Program

s=‟abcde‟

print(„a‟ in s)

print(„f‟ in s)

print(„f‟ not in s)

Output

True

False

True

Identity Operators

Identity operators compare the memory locations of two objects. There are two identity operators as given
below.

Operator Description
is It is evaluated to be true if the variables present on either sides of the operator point
to the same object and false otherwise.
is not It is evaluated to be false if the variables on either side of the operator point to the
same object and true otherwise.
Example Program

a,b,c=10,10,5

print(a is b)

print(a is c)

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print(a is not b)

Output

True

False

False

Operator Precedence
The following table lists all operators from highest precedence to lowest precedence. Operator
associativity determines the order of evaluation, when they are of the same precedence, and are not
grouped by parenthesis. An operator may be left-associative or right associative. In left associative, the
operator falling on the left side will be evaluated first, while in right- associative, operator falling on the
right will be evaluated first. In Python, ‘=’ and ‘**’ are right associative while all other operators are
left associative. The precedence of the operators is important to find out since it enables us to know which
operator should be evaluated first. The precedence table of the operators in python is given below.

Operator Description
** The exponent operator is given priority over all the others used in the expression.
~, +, - The negation(complement), unary plus and minus.
*, /, %, // The multiplication, divide, modules, reminder, and floor division.
+, - Binary plus and minus
>>, << Left shift and right shift
& Binary AND
^, | Binary XOR and OR
<=, < >, >= Comparison operators (less then, less then equal to, greater then, greater then
equal to).
<>, == ,!= Equality operators.
= ,%= ,/= ,//= Assignment operators
,-= ,+=
*= **=
is, is not Identity operators
in ,not in Membership operators
not , or and Logical operators

Data types and operations

The data stored in memory can be of many types . For example, a person's name is stored as alphabets,
age is stored as a numeric value and his or her address is stored as alphanumeric characters. Python has
the following standard data types.

 Numbers.
 String

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 List ·
 Tuple
 Set
 Dictionary
NUMBERS
Number data types store numeric values. Number objects are created when you assign a value to them. For
example a = 1, b = 20. You can also delete the reference to a number object by using the del statement.
The syntax of the del statement is as follows.

del variablel[,variable2[,variable3[ ,variableN]]]]

You can delete a single object or multiple objects by using the del statement. For example

del a
del a,b
Python supports four different numerical types.

1) int (signed integers)

2) long (long integers, they can also be represented in octal and hexadecimal)
3) float (floating point real values)
4) complex (complex numbers)

Integers can be of any length, it is only limited by the memory available. A floating point number is
accurate up to 15 decimal places. Integer and floating points are separated by decimal points. 1 is
integer, 1.0 is floating point number. Complex numbers are written in the form, x + yj , where x is the
real part and y is the imaginary part.

Example Program

a, b, c, d=1,1.5, 231456987, 2+9j

print("a", a)
print("b", b)
print("c=",c)
print("d=",d)

Output
a=1
b= 1.5
c= 231456987
d= (2+9j)

Mathematical Functions

Python provides various built-in mathematical functions to perform mathematical calculations. The
following Table 2.1 provides various mathematical functions and its purpose. For using the below
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functions, all functions except abs(x), max(x1,x2,... xn), min(x1,x2,...xn), round(x[n]) and pow(x,y)
need to import the math module because these functions reside in the math module. The math module
also defines two mathematical constants pi and e.

Table 2.1 Mathematical Functions

Function Description
abs(x) Returns the absolute value of x.
sqrt(x) Finds the square root of x.
ceil(x) Finds the smallest integer not less than x.
floor(x) Finds the largest integer not greater than x
pow(x,y) Finds x raised to y
exp(x) Returns ex ie exponential of x.
fabs(x) Returns the absolute value of x.
log(x) Finds the natural logarithm of x for x>0.
log10(x) Finds the logarithm to the base 10 for x0.
max(x1,x2,...xn) Returns the largest of its arguments
min(x1,x2,... xn) Returns the smallest of its arguments
round(x,[n]) In case of decimal numbers, x will be rounded to n digits.
modf(x) Returns the integer and decimal part as a tuple. The integer
part is returned as a decimal

Example Program

import math
print("Absolute value of -120:", abs (-120))
print("Square root of 25:", math.sqrt (25))
print("Ceiling of 12.2:", math.ceil(12.2))
print("Floor of 12.2:", math.floor (12.2))
print("2 raised to 3:", pow (2,3))
print("Exponential of 3:", math.exp (3))
print("Absolute value of -123:", math.fabs (-123))
print("Natural Logarithm of 2:", math.log(2))
print("Logarithm to the Base 10 of 2:", math.log10 (2))
print("Largest among 10, 4, 2:", max (10,4,2))
print("Smallest among 10,4, 2:",min(10,4,2))
print("12.6789 rounded to 2 decimal places:", round (12.6789,2))
print("Decimal part and integer part of 12.090876:", math.modt
(12.090876))

Output

Absolute value of -120: 120

Square root of 25: 5.0

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CS1543: PYTHON PROGRAMMING Module 1
Ceiling of 12.2: 13
Floor of 12.2: 12
2 raised to 3: 8
Exponential of 3: 20.085536923187668
Absolute value of -123: 123.0
Natural Logarithm of 2: 0.69314 71805599453
Logarithm to the Base 10 of 2: 0.3010299956639812
Largest among 10, 4, 2: 10
Smallest among 10,4, 2: 2
12.6789 rounded to 2 decimal places: 12.68
Decimal part and integer part of 12.090876: (0.09087599999999973,
12.0)

Trigonometric Functions

There are several built in trigonometric functions in Python. The function names and its purpose are
listed in Table 2.2

Table 2.2 Trigonometric Functions

Function Description
sin(x) Returns the sine of x radians
cos(x) Returns the cosine of x radians
tan(x) Returns the tangent of x radians
asin(x) Returns the arc sine of x, in radians.
acos(x) Returns the arc cosine of x, in radians.
atan(x) Returns the arc tangent of x, in radians.
atan2(y,x) Returns atan(y/x ), in radians
hypot(y) Returns the Euclidean form, sqrt(x*x + y*y)
degrees(x) Converts angle x from radians to degrees
radians() Converts angle x from degrees to radians

Example Program

import math
print("Sin (90):", math.sin(90))
print("Cos (90):", math.cos(90))
print("Tan (90):", math. tan(90))
print("asin(1):", math.asin(1))
print("acos (1):", math.acos (1))
print("atan(l):",math.atan(1))
print("atan2 (3,2):",math.atan2 (3,2))
print("Hypotenuse of 3 and 4:", math.hypot (3,4))
print("Degrees of 90:", math. degrees (90))

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print("Radians of 90: , math.radians (90))

Output

Sin(90): 0.893996663601
Cos (90): -0.448073616129
Tan (90): -1.99520041221
asin(l): 1.57079632679
acos (1): 0.0
atan(1): 0.785398163397
atan2 (3,2): 0.992793723247
Hypotenuse of 3 and 4: 5.0
Degrees of 90: 5156.62015618
Radians of 90: 1.57079632679

Random Number Functions

There are several random number functions supported by Python. Random numbers have applications
in research games, cryptography, simulation and other applications. Table 2.3 shows the commonly
used random number functions in Python. For using the random number functions, we need to import
the module random because all these functions reside in the random module.

Table 2.3 Random Number Functions

Function Description
choice (sequence) Returns a random value from a sequence like list, tuple, string etc
shuttle(list) Shuttles the items randomly in a list. Returns none.
random() Returns a random floating point number which lies between 0 and i
randrange([start,] Returns a randomly selected number from a range where start shows the
stop[,step]) starting of the range, stop shows the end of the range and step decides the
number to be added to decide a random number
seed([x]) Gives the starting value for generating a random number. Returns none.
This function is called before calling any other random module function.
uniform(xy) Generates a random floating point number n such that n>x and n<y

Example Program

import random
S=‟abcde'
print("choice (abcde):", random.choice(s))
list = [10,2,3,1, 8, 19]
print("shuffle (list):", random.shuffle(list))
print ("random.seed(20):", random.seed(20))
print("random():", random.random())

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print("uniform (2,3):", random.uniform(2,3))
print("randrange (2,10,1):", random.randrange (2,10,1))

Output
choice(abcde): b
shuffle (list): None
random.seed (20): None
random(): 0.905639676175
uniform (2,3): 2.68625415703
randrange (2,10,1): 8

STRINGS

Strings in Python are identified as a contiguous set of characters represented in the quotation marks.
Python allows for either pairs of single or double quotes. Subsets of strings can be taken using the slice
operator ([ ] and [:]) with indexes starting at 0 in the beginning of the string and ending at -1. The plus
(+) sign is the string concatenation operator and the asterisk (*) is the repetition operator. The %
operator is used for string formatting.

Example Program

str = “Welcome to Python Programming”

print(str) # Prints complete string
print(str[0]) # Prints first character of the string
print(str[11:17]) # Prints characters starting from 11th to 17th
print(str[11:]) # Prints string starting from 11th character
print(str * 2) # Prints string two times
print(str + "Session") # Prints concatenated string
Output
Welcome to Python Programming
W
Python
Python Programming
Welcome to Python Programming Welcome to Python Programming
Welcome to Python Programming Session

Escape Characters

An escape character is a character that gets interpreted when placed in single or double quotes. They
are represented using backslash notation. These characters are non printable. The following Table 2.4
shows the most commonly used escape characters and their description.

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Table 2.4 Escape Characters

Escape Characters Description

\a Bell or alert
\b Backspace
\f Formfeed
\n Newline
\r Carriage Return
\s Space
\t Tab
\v Vertical Tab

String Formatting Operator

This operator is unique to strings and is similar to the formatting operations of the printf() function of the
C programming language. The following Table 2.5 shows various format symbols and their conversion.

Table 2.5 Format Symbols and their Conversion

Format Symbols Conversion

%c Character
%s String
%i Signed Decimal Integer
%d Signed Decimal Integer
%u Unsigned Decimal Integer
%o Octal Integer
%x Hexadecimal Integer (lowercase letters)
%X Hexadecimal Integer(uppercase letters)
%e Exponential notation with lowercase letter 'e'
%E Exponential notation with uppercase letter 'E'
%f Floating-point real number
The following example shows the usage of various string formatting functions.
Example Program
#Demo of String Formatting Operators
print("The first letter of %s is %c" %('apple', 'a')) #usage of %s and
%c
print("The sum=%d" %(-12)) #usage of td
print("The sum=%i" %(-12)) #usage of %i
print("The sum=%u" %(12)) #usage of %u
print("%o is the octal octal equivalent of %d" %(8,8)) #usage of %o
print("%x is the hexadecimal equivalent of %d" %(10,10)) #usage of %x

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print("%x is the hexadecimal equivalent of %d" %(10,10)) #usage of %X
print("%e is the exponential equivalent of %f"
(10.98765432,10.98765432)) #usage of %e and %f
print("%E is the exponential equivalent of %f"
(10.98765432,10.98765432)) #usage of %E and %f
print ( “%.2f”, %(32.1274)) #usage of %f for printing upto two decimal
places
Output
The first letter of apple is a
The sum=-12
The sum=-12
The sum-12
10 is the octal octal equivalent of 8
a is the hexadecimal equivalent of 10

A is the hexadecimal equivalent of 10

1.098765e+01 is the exponential equivalent of 10.987654
1.098765E+01 is the exponential equivalent of 10.987654
32.13

String Formatting Functions

Python includes a large number of built-in functions to manipulate strings.

1. len(string)- Returns the length of the string

Example Program
#Demo of len(string)
S='Learning Python is fun!'
print("Length of", S, "is", len(s))
Output
Length of Learning Python is fun! is 23

2. lower() - Returns a copy of the string in which all uppercase alphabets in a string are converted to
lowercase alphabets.
Example Program
#Demo of lower()
S='Learning Python is fun!‟
print(s.lower())
Output
learning python is fun!

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3.upper() - Returns a copy of the string in which all lowercase alphabets in a string are converted to
uppercase alphabets.

Example Program
#Demo of upper()
S='Learning Python is fun!‟
print(s.upper())
Output
LEARNING PYTHON IS PUN !

4. Swapcase() - Returns a copy of the string in which the case of all the alphabets are swapped. ie. all the
lowercase alphabets are converted to uppercase and vice versa.
Example Program
#Demo of swapcase ()
S="LEARNing PYTHON is fun!”
print(s.swapcase())
Output
learnING Python IS FUN!

5. capitalize() - Returns a copy of the string with only its first character capitalized.
Example Program
#Demo of capitalize()
s=' learning Python is fun!‟
print(s.capitalize())
Output
Learning python is fun!

6.title()- Returns a copy of the string in which first character of all the words are capitalized
Example Program
#Demo of title()
s=‟ learning Python is fun!‟
print(s.title())
Output
Learning Python Is Fun!

7.Istrip() - Returns a copy of the string in which all the characters have been stripped(removed) from the
beginning. The default character is whitespaces.
Example Program
#Demo of lstrip()

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s=‟ learning Python is fun!'
print(s.lstrip())
s=‟*********learning Python is fun!'
print(s.lstrip (**))
Output
learning Python is fun!
learning Python is fun!

8. rstrip()- Returns a copy of the string in which all the characters have been stripped(removed) from the
right end. The default character is whitespaces.
Example Program
#Demo of rstrip
S='learning Python is fun! ‟
print(s.rstrip())
S='learning Python is fun! ******‟
print(s.rstrip('*'))
Output
learning Python is fun!
learning Python is fun!

9. strip()- Returns a copy of the string in which all the characters have been stripped(removed) from the
beginning and end. It performs both lstrip() and rstrip (). The default character is whitespaces.
Example Program
#Demo of strip()
s=' learning Python is fun!‟
print(s.strip())
s='******learning Python is fun! ******‟
print(s.strip ('*'))
Output
learning Python is fun!
learning Python is fun!

10. max(str) - Returns the maximum alphabetical character from string

Example Program
#Demo of max(str)
s=‟learning Python is fun!‟
print("Maximum character is , max(s))
Output
Maximum character is : y

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11. min(str) - Returns the minimum alphabetical character from string str

Example Program
#Demo of min(str)
s=' learning-Python-is-fun‟
print("Minimum character is :', min(s))
Output
Minimum character is : -

12. replace(old, new [,max] )- Returns a copy of the string with all the occurrences of substring old is
replaced by new. The max is optional and if it is specified, the first occurrences specified in max are
replaced.
Example Program
# Demo of replace (old, new [,max])
s="This is very new. This is good”
print(s.replace('is', 'was'))
print(s.replace('is', 'was', 2))
Output
Thwas was very new. Thwas was good
Thwas was very new. This is good

13. center(width, fillchar) - Returns a string centered in a length specified in the width variable. Padding
is done using the character specified in the fillchar. Default padding is space.
Example Program
# Demo of center (width, fillchar)
s="This is Python Programming"
print(s.center (30, '*'))
print(s.center (30)
Output
**This is Python Programming**
This is Python Programming

14. ljust(width[,fillchar]) - Returns a string left-justified in a length specified in the width variable.
Padding is done using the character specified in the fillchar. Default padding is space.
Example Program
# Demo of ljust (width[, fillchar))
s="This is Python Programming"
print(s. ljust (30,'*'))
print(s.ljust (30))
Output
This is Python Programming ****
This is Python Programming

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15. rjust(width[,fillchar]) - Returns a string right-justified in a length specified in the width variable.
Padding is done using the character specified in the fillchar. Default padding is space.
Example Program
# Demo of rjust (width[, fillchar])
s="This is Python Programming"
print(s.rjust (30, *'))
print(s.rjust (30))
Output
****This is Python Programming
This is Python Programming

16. zfill(width) - The method zfill() pads string on the left with zeros to fill width.

Example Program
# Demo of zfill(width)
S="This is Python Programming"
print(s.zfill(30))
Output
0000 This is Python Programming

17. count(str,beg=0,end=len(string)) - Returns the number of occurrences of str in the range beg and end.
Example Program
# Demo of count (str, beg=0, end=len(string))
S="This is Python Programming"
print(s.count('i', 0,10))
print(s.count('i', 0,25))
Output

18. find(str, beg=0,end=len(string)) - Returns the index of str if str occurs in the range beg and end and
returns -1 if it is not found.
Example Program
# Demo of find (str, beg=0, end=len(string) )
S="This is Python Programming"

print(s.find('thon', 0,25))
print(s.find('thy))
Output

10

-1

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19. rfind(str, beg=0,end=len(string)) - Same as find, but searches backward in a string

Example Program
# Demo of rfind (str, beg=0, end=len(string))
S="This is Python Programming"
print(s.rfind('thon',0,25))
print(s.rfind('thy'))
Output
10

-1

20. index(str, beg=0,end=len(string)) - Same as that of find but raises an exception if the item is not
found
Example Program
# Demo of index (str, beg=0, end=len (string))
S="This is Python Programming"
print(s.index ('thon', 0,25))
print(s.index ('thy'))
Output
10
Traceback (most zecent call last):
File "main.py", line 4, in <module>
print s. index ('thy')
ValueError: substring not found

21. rindex(str, beg=0,end=len(string)) - Same as index but searches backward in a string

Example Program
# Demo of rindex (str, beg=0, end=len (string))
S="This is Python Programming"
print(s.rindex ('thon', 0,25))
print(s.rindex ('thy'))
Output
10
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "main.py", line 4, in <module>
print s.index ('thy')
ValueError: substring not found

22. startswith(suffix, beg=0,end=len(string))- It returns True if the string begins with the specified
suffix, otherwise return false.

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Example Program
# Demo of start with(suffix, beg=0, end=len (string))
s=”Python programming is fun”
print(s.startswith('is', 10, 21))
s="Python programming is fun"
print(s.startswith('is',19,25))
Output
False
True

23. endswith(suffix, beg=0,end=len(string))- It returns True if the string ends with the specified suffix,
otherwise return false.
Example Program
# Demo of endswith(suffix, beg=0, end=len(string)
S="Python programming is fun"
print(s.endswith('is',10,21))
S="Python programming is fun"
print(s.endswith('is', 0,25))
Output
True
False

24. isdecimal() - Returns True if a unicode string contains only decimal characters and False otherwise.
To define a string as unicode string, prefix 'u' to the front of the quotation marks.
Example Program
# Demo of isdecimal()
S="This is Python 1234"
print(s.isdecimal())
s=u"123456"
print(s.isdecimal())
Output
False
True

25. Isalpha() - Returns True if string has at least 1 character and all characters are alphabetic and False
otherwise.
Example Program
# Demo of isalpha()
s="This is Python1234"
print(s.isalpha())
S="Python"
print(s.isalpha())

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CS1543: PYTHON PROGRAMMING Module 1
Output
False
True

26. isalnum()- Returns True if string has at least 1 character and all characters are alphanumeric and False
otherwise.
Example Program
# Demo of isalnum ()
S=”**** Python1234"
print(s.isalnum())
S=”Python1234"
print(s.isalnum())
Output
False
True

27.isdigit()- Returns True if string contains only digits and False otherwise
Example Program
# Demo of isdigit()
S*****Python1234"
print(s.isdigit())
S="123456"
print(s. isdigit())
Output
False
True

28. islower() - Returns True if string has at least 1 cased character and all cased characters are in
lowercase and False otherwise.
Example Program
# Demo of islower)
S="Python Programming"
print(s.islower())
s="python programming"
print(s.islower())
Output
False
True

29.isupper() - Returns True if string has at least one cased character and all cased characters are in
uppercase and False otherwise.
Example Program
# Demo of isupper()

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CS1543: PYTHON PROGRAMMING Module 1
S="Python Programming
print(s.isupper())

S="PYTHON PROGRAMMING
print(s.isupper())
Output
False
True

30. isnumeric()- Returns True if a unicode string contains only numeric characters and False otherwise.
Example Program
# Demo of isnumeric()
s="Python Programming1234"
print(s.isnumeric())
s="12345"
print(s.isnumeric())
Output
False
True

31. isspace() - Returns True if string contains only whitespace characters and False otherwise.
Example Program
# Demo of isspace()
s="Python Programming"
print(s.isspace())

s=“ “
print (s.isspace())
Output
False
True

32. istitle() - Returns True if string is properly "titlecased" and False otherwise. Title case means each
word in a sentence begins with uppercase letter.
Example Program
#Demo of istitle()
$="Python programming is fun"
print(s.istitle())
S="Python Programming Is Fun"
print(s.istitle())
Output
False
True

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CS1543: PYTHON PROGRAMMING Module 1
33. expandtabs(tabsize=8) - It returns a copy of the string in which tab characters ie.'\t are expanded
using spaces using the given tabsize. The default tabsize is 8.
Example Program

#Demo of expandtabs (tabsize)

S="Python\tprogramming\tis\tfun"
print(s.expandtabs())
su "Python\tprogramming\tis\tfun"
print(s.expandtabs(10))
Output
Python programming is fun
Python programming is fun

34.join(seq) - Returns a string in which the string elements of sequence have been joined by a separator.
Example Program
# Demo of join(seg)
s=”-“
seq= ("Python", "Programming")
print(s.join(seq))
s="*”
seq= ("Python", "Programming")
print(s.join(seq))
Output
Python-Programming
Python*Programming

35. split(str="", num=string.count(str)) - Returns a list of all the words in the string, using str as the
separator (splits on all whitespace if left unspecified), optionally limiting the number of splits to num.
Example Program
#Demo of split(str="", num=string.count (str))
S="Python programming is fun"
print(s.split(„ „))
s="Python*programming*is*fun"
print(s.split('*'))
s=”Python*programming*is*fun"
print(s.split('*‟,2))
Output
[„Python', 'programming', 'is', 'fun‟ ]
[„Python', 'programming', 'is', 'fun']
['Python', 'programming', 'is*fun']

36. Splitlines(num=string.count('\n') - Splits string at all (or num) NEWLINEs and returns a list of each
line with NEWLINEs removed. If num is specified, it is assumed that line breaks need to be included in
the lines.

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CS1543: PYTHON PROGRAMMING Module 1
Example Program
#Demo of splitlines (num=string.count('\n')
S="Python\nprogramming\nis\nfun“

print(s.splitlines())
print(s.splitlines (0))
print(s.splitlines (1) )
Output

[„Python', 'programming', 'is', 'fun']

["Python', 'programming', 'is', 'fun']
["Python\n', 'programming\n', 'is\n', 'fun']

LIST

List is an ordered sequence of items. It is one of the most used data type in Python and is very flexible. All
the items in a list do not need to be of the same type. Items separated by commas are enclosed within
brackets [ ]. To some extent, lists are similar to arrays in C. One difference between them is that all the
items belonging to a list can be of different data type. The values stored in a list can be accessed using the
slice operator ([ ] and [ : ]) with indices starting at 0 in the beginning of the list and ending with -1. The
plus (+) sign is the list concatenation operator and the asterisk (*) is the repetition operator.

Example Program
first_list = ['abcd', 147, 2.43, 'Tom', 74.9]
small_list = [111,'Tom']

print(first_list)# Prints complete list

print(first_list[o]) # Prints first element of the list
print(first_list [1:3]) # Prints elements starting from 2nd till 3rd
print(first_list [2:]) # Prints elements starting from 3rd element
print(small_list *2) # Prints list two times
print(first_list + small_list) # Prints concatenated lists
Output
['abcd', 147, 2.43, Tom', 74.9 ]
abcd
[147, 2.43]
[2.43, 'Tom', 74.9]
[111, 'Tom', 111, 'Tom']
['abcd', 147, 2.43, 'Tom', 74.9, 111, 'Tom']

We can update lists by using the slice on the left hand side of the assignment operator.
Updates can be done on single or multiple elements in a list.

Example Program
#Demo of List Update
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CS1543: PYTHON PROGRAMMING Module 1
list = ['abcd', 147, 2.43,'Tom', 74.9]
print("Item at position 2", list[2] )
list[2]=500
print("Item at position 2", list[2])
print("Item at Position 0 and 1 is", list [0],list[1])
list[0]=20; list[1] ='apple'

print("Item at Position 0 and 1 is", list[0],list[1])

Output
Item at position 2= 2.43
Item at position 2=500
Item at Position 0 and 1 is abcd 147
Item at Position 0 and 1 is 20 apple

To remove an item from a list, there are two methods. We can use del statement or remove() method.
Example Program
*Demo of List Deletion
list = ['abcd', 147, 2.43, 'Tom', 74.9]
print (list)
del list [2]
print("List after deletion:", list)
Output
['abcd', 147, 2.43. Tom]
List after deletion: ['abcd', 147, 'Tom', 74.9]

Built-in List Functions

1. len(list) - Gives the total length of the list.

Example Program
#Demo of len(list)
list1=['abcd', 147, 2.43, 'Tom']
print(len(list1))
Output

2. max(list) - Returns item from the list with maximum value.

Example Program
#Demo of max (list)
list1= [1200, 147, 2.43, 1.12]
list2 = [213, 100, 289]
print("Maximum value in: ", list1, "is", max(list1))
print("Maximum value in: , list2, "is", max(list2))
Output
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CS1543: PYTHON PROGRAMMING Module 1
Maximum value in: [1200, 147, 2.43, 1.12] is 1200
Maximum value in: [213, 100, 289] is 289

3. min(list) - Returns item from the list with minimum value.

Example Program
#Demo of min(list)
list1=[1200, 147, 2.43, 1.12]
list2 = [213, 100, 289]

print("Minimum value in: , list1, "is", min(list1))

print("Minimum value in: ", list2, "is", min (list2))
Output
Minimum value in: [1200, 147, 2.43, 1.12] is 1.12
Minimum value in: [213, 100, 289] is 100

4.list(seq) - Returns a tuple into a list.

Example Program
#Demo of list (seq)
tuple=(„abcd', 147, 2.43, 'Tom')
print("List:", list(tuple))
Output

List: ['abcd', 147, 2.43, 'Tom']

5. map(aFunctionaSequence)-One of the common things we do with list and other sequences is applying
an operation to each item and collect the result. The map(aFunction, aSequence) function applies a passed-
in function to each item in an iterable object and returns a list containing all the function call results.
Example Program
str=input("Enter a list (space separated) :")
lis=list (map (int, str.split()))
print(lis)
Output
Enter a list (space separated) : 1 2 3 4
[1, 2, 3, 4]
In the above example, a string is read from the keyboard and each item is converted into int using
map(aFunction, aSequence) function.

Built-in List Methods

1. list.append(obj) - This method appends an object obj passed to the existing list.

Example Program
#Demo of list.append(obj)
list = ['abcd', 147, 2.43, 'Tom']
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CS1543: PYTHON PROGRAMMING Module 1
print("old List before Append:", list)
list.append(100)
print("New List after Append :", list)
Output
old List before Append: ['abcd', 147, 2.43, 'Tom']
New List after Append: ["abcd', 147, 2.43, 'Tom', 100]

2. list.count(obj) - Returns how many times the object obj appears in a list:

Example Program
#Demo of list.count (obj)
List = ['abcd', 147, 2.43, 'Tom', 147,200, 147]

print("The number of times", 147,'appears in', list, "=", list.count

(147))
Output
The number of times 147 appears in ['abcd', 147, 2.43, 'Tom', 147, 200,
147] = 3

3. list.remove(obj) - Removes object obj from the list.

Example Program
#Demo of list.remove(obj)
list1 = ['abcd', 147, 2.43, 'Tom']
list1.remove( 'Tom')
print (list1)
Output
['abcd', 147, 2.43]

4. list.index(obj) - Returns index of the object obj if found, otherwise raise an exception indicating that
value does not exist.
Example Program
#Demo of list.index (obj)
list1 = ['abcd', 147, 2.43, 'Tom']
print (list1.index (2.43))
Output

5. list.extend(seq) - Appends the contents in a sequence seq passed to a list.

Example Program
#Demo of list.extend(seg)
list1 = ['abcd', 147, 2.43,‟Tom']
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CS1543: PYTHON PROGRAMMING Module 1
list2 = ['def', 100]
list1.extend(list2)
print(list1)
Output

['abcd', 147, 2.43, „Tom', 'def', 100]

6. list.reverse() - Reverses objects in a list.

Example Program
#Demo of list.reverse()
listl = ['abcd', 147, 2.43, 'Tom']
list1.reverse()
print(list1)
Output

['Tom', 2.43, 147, "abcd']

7. list.insert(index,obj) - Returns a list with object obj inserted at the given index

Example Program
#Demo of list.insert lindex, obj)

list1=['abcd', 147, 2.43, Tom]

print("List before insertion:", list1)
list1.insert (2,222)
print("List after insertion: ,list1)
Output
List before insertion: ['abed', 147, 2.43, 'Tom']
List after insertion: ['abed', 147, 222, 2.43, 'Tom']

8. list.sort([Key=None, Reverse=False]) - Sorts the items in a list and returns the list. If a function is
provided, it will compare using the function provided.
Example Program
#Demo of list.sort ( [Key=None, Reverse=Falsel)
list1=[890, 147, 2.43, 100]
print("List before sorting:", list1)
listl.sort()
print("List after sorting in ascending order:", list1)
Output
List before sorting: [840, 147, 2.43, 100]
List after sorting in ascending order: [2.43, 100, 147,840]
The following example illustrates how to sort the list in descending order.

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Example Program

#Demo of list. sort ( [Key=None, Reverse=False])

list1 = [890, 147, 2.43, 100]
print("List before sorting:"list1)
list1.sort (reverse=True)
print("List after sorting in descending order:", list1)
Output
List before sorting: [840, 147, 2.43, 100]
List after sorting in descending order: [840, 147, 100, 2.43]

9. list.pop([index]) - Removes or returns the last object obj from a list. We can even pop out any item in a
list with the index specified.
Example Program
#Demo of list.pop([index])
list1= ['abcd', 147, 2.43, 'Tom']
print("List before poping", list1)
list1.pop(-1)
print("List after poping :", list1)
item=list1.pop(-3)
print("Popped item: ", item)
print("List after poping:", list1)

Output
List before poping ['abcd', 147, 2.43, 'Tom']
List after poping: ['abcd', 147, 2.43]

10. list.clear() - Removes all items from a list.

Example Program
#Demo of list.clear()
list1 = ['abcd', 147, 2.43, 'Tom']
print("List before clearing:", list1)
list1.clear()
print("List after clearing:", list1)
Output
List before clearing: ['abcd', 147, 2.43, 'Tom']

List after clearing: [ ]

11. list.copy() - Returns a copy of the list

Example Program
#Demo of list.copy ()
list1 = ['abcd', 147, 2.43, Tom']
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print("List before clearing:", list1)
list2=list1.copy ()
list1.clear()
print("List after clearing:", list1)
print("Copy of the list:", list2)
Output
List before clearing: ['abcd', 147, 2.43, 'Tom']
List after clearing: [ ]
Copy of the list: ['abcd', 147, 2.43, 'Tom']

Using List as Stacks

The list can be used as a stack (Last IN First Out). Stack is a data structure where the last element added is
the first element retrieved. The list methods make it very easy to use a list as a stack. To add an item to the
top of the stack, use append( ). To retrieve an item from the top of the stack, use pop( ) without an explicit
index.

Example Program
#Demo of List as Stack
stack=[10,20,30,40,50]
stack.append(60)
print ("Stack after appending:", stack)
stack.pop()
print("Stack after poping:" , stack)
Output
Stack after appending: [10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60]
Stack after poping: [10, 20, 30, 40, 50 ]

Using List as Queues

It is also possible to use a list as a queue, where the first element added is the first element retrieved.
Queues are First In First Out (FIFO) data structure. But lists are not efficient for this purpose. While
appends and pops from the end of list are fast, doing inserts or pops from the beginning of a list is slow
since all of the other elements have to be shifted by one.

To implement a queue, Python provides a module called collections in which a method called deque is
designed to have fast appends and pops from both ends.

Example Program
#Demo of List as Queue
from collections import deque
queue = deque (["apple", "orange", "pear"])
queue. append("cherry") # cherry arrives
queue.append( "grapes") # grapes arrives
queue.popleft() # The first to arrive now leaves
queue.popleft() # The second to arrive now leaves
print (queue) # Remaining queue in order of arrival
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Output
deque (['pear', 'cherry', 'grapes'])

TUPLE

A tuple is another sequence data type that is similar to the list. A tuple consists of a number of values
separated by commas. The main differences between lists and tuples are lists are enclosed in square
brackets ( [ ] ) and their elements and size can be changed, while tuples are enclosed in parentheses ( ( ) )
and cannot be updated. Tuples can be considered as read-only lists.

Example Program
first_tuple = ('abcd', 147, 2.43, 'Tom', 74.9)
small_tuple = (111, 'Tom')
print(first_tuple) # Prints complete tuple
print(first_tuple[0]) # Prints first element of the tuple
print(first tuple[1:3]) # Prints elements starting from 2nd till 3rd
print(first_tuple[2:]) # Prints elements starting from 3rd element
print(small_tuple * 2) # Prints tuple two times
print(first_tuple + small tuple) # Prints concatenated tuples
Output
('abcd', 147, 2.43, Tom', 74.9)
abcd
(147, 2.43)
(2.43, 'Tom', 74.9)
(111, Tom', 111, 'Tom')
('abcd', 147, 2.43, Tom'. 74.9, 111, 'Tom')

The following code is invalid with tuple whereas this is possible with lists
first_list =['abcd', 147, 2.43,'Tom', 74.9]
first_tuple = ('abcd', 147, 2.43, 'Tom', 74.9)
first_tuple [2] = 100 # Invalid syntax with tuple
first_list [2] = 100 # Valid syntax with list

To delete an entire tuple we can use the del statement. Example del tuple. It is not possible to remove
individual items from a tuple. However it is possible to create tuples which contain mutable objects, such
as lists.

Example Program
#Demo of Tuple containing Lists
t=([1,2,3],['apple', 'pear', 'orange'])
print(t)
Output
([1, 2, 3], ['apple', 'pear', 'orange'])

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It is possible to pack values to a tuple and unpack values from a tuple. We can create tuples even without
parenthesis. The reverse operation is called sequence unpacking and works for any sequence on the right-
hand side. Sequence unpacking requires that there are as many variables on the left side of the equals sign
as there are elements in the sequence.

Example Program
#Demo of Tuple packing and unpacking
t="apple",1, 100
print (t)
x, y, z= t
print(x)
print(y)
print(2)
Output
('apple', 1, 100)
apple

1
100

Built-In Tuple Functions

1. len(tuple) - Gives the total length of the tuple.

Example Program
#Demo of len (tuple)
tuplel = ('abcd', 147, 2.43, 'Tom')
print(len(tuplel))

Output
4

2.max(tuple) - Returns item from the tuple with maximum value.

Example Program
#Demo of max (tuple)
tuplel= (1200, 147, 2.43, 1.12)
tuple2= (213, 100, 289)
print("Maximum value in: ",tuplel, "is", max (tuplel))
print("Maximum value in: ", tuple2, "is", max (tuple2))
Output
Maximum value in: (1200, 147, 2.43, 1.12) is 1200
Maximum value in: (213, 100, 289) is 289

3. min(tuple) - Returns item from the tuple with minimum value.

Example Program
#Demo of min (tuple)
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tuplel = (1200, 147, 2.43, 1.12)
tuple2 = (213, 100, 289)
print("Minimum value in: ", tuplel, "is", min(tuple1))
print("Minimum value in: ", tuple2, "is", min(tuple2))
Output
Minimum value in: (1200, 147, 2.43, 1.12) is 1.12
Minimum value in: (213, 100, 289) is 100

4. tuple(seq) - Returns a list into a tuple.

Example Program
#Demo of tuple (seg)
list = ['abcd', 147, 2.43, Tom']
print("Tuple:", tuple(list))
Output

Tuple: („abcd', 147, 2.43, Tom')

SET

Set is an unordered collection of unique items. Set is defined by values separated by comma inside braces
{ }. It can have any number of items and they may be of different types (integer, float, tuple, string etc.).
Items in a set are not ordered. Since they are unordered we cannot access or change an element of set
using indexing or slicing. We can perform set operations like union, intersection, difference on two sets.
Set have unique values. They eliminate duplicates. The slicing operator [ ] does not work with sets. An
empty set is created by the function set( ).

Example Program
# Demo of Set Creation
sl={1,2,3} #set of integer numbers
print (s1)

s2= {1,2,3,2,1,2} #output contains only unique values

print (s2)
s3={2, 2.4, 'apple', 'Tom', 3}#set of mixed data types
print (s3)
#s4={1,2, [3, 4] } #sets cannot have mutable items
#print s4 # Hence not permitted
s5=set ([1,2,3,4]) #using set function to create set from a li
print (s5)
Output
{1, 2, 3}

{ 1, 2, 3}
{1, 3, 2.4, "apple', 'Tom' }
{1, 2, 3, 4}
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CS1543: PYTHON PROGRAMMING Module 1
Built-in Set Functions
1. len(set) - Returns the length or total number of items in a set.

Example Program
#Demo of len(set)
set1= {'abcd', 147, 2.43, 'Tom'}
print(len (set1))
Output

2. max(set) - Returns item from the set with maximum value.

Example Program
#Demo of max (set)
set1 ={1200, 147, 2.43, 1.12} .
set2 = {213, 100, 289}
print ("Maximum value in: ", set1, "is", max (set1))
print("Maximum value in: ", set2, "is", max(set 2))
Output
Maximum value in: {1200, 1.12, 2.43, 147} is 1200
Maximum value in: {289, 100, 213} is 289

3. min(set) - Returns item from the set with minimum value.

Example Program
#Demo of min(set)
set1 = {1200, 147, 2.43,1.12}
set2 = {213, 100, 289}
print("Minimum value in: ", set1, "is", min(set1))
print ("Minimum value in: ", set2, "is", min(set2))
Output
Minimum value in: {1200, 1.12, 2.43, 147} is 1.12
Minimum value in: {289, 100, 213} is 100

4. sum(set) - Returns the sum of all items in the set.

Example Program
#Demo of sum(set)
set1={147, 2.43}
set2 = {213, 100, 289}
print("Sum of elements in", set1, "is", sum(set1))
print("Sum of elements in", set2,"is", sum(set2))

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Output
Sum of elements in {147, 2.43} is 149.43
Sum of elements in {289, 100, 213) is 602

5.sorted(set)- Returns a new sorted list. The set does not sort itself.
Example Program
#Demo of sorted (set)
set1= {213, 100, 289, 40, 23,1, 1000}
set2 = sorted (set1)
print("Sum of elements before sorting:”,set1)
print("Sum of elements after sorting:", set 2)
Output
Sum of elements before sorting:{1, 100, 289, 1000, 40, 213, 23}
Sum of elements after sorting: [1, 23, 40, 100, 213, 289, 1000]

6.enumerate(set) - Returns an enumerate object. It contains the index and value of all the items of set as a
pair.
Example Program
#Demo of enumerate (set)
set1 = {213, 100, 289, 40, 23, 1, 1000}
print ("enumerate (set):” enumerate (set1))
Output
enumerate (set): <enumerate object at 0x7f0a73573690>

7. any(set) - Returns True, if the set contains at least one item, False otherwise.

Example Program
#Demo of any (set)
set1 = set( )
set2={1,2,3,4}
print("any (set):", any (set 1))
print("any (set):", any (set 2))
Output
any (set): False
any (set) : True

8. all(set) - Returns True, if all the elements are true or the set is empty.

Example Program
#Demo of all(set)

setl =set()
set 2={1,2,3,4}
print("all(set):", all(set1))
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print("all(set):", all (set1))

Output
all (set) : True
all (set) : True

Built-in Set Methods

1. set.add(obj) - Adds an element obj to a set

Example Program
#Demo of set.add(obj)
set1={3, 8, 2, 6}
print("Set before addition:", set 1)
set1.add (9)
print("Set after addition:", set1)
Output
Set before addition:{8, 2, 3, 6}
Set after addition:{8, 9, 2, 3, 6}

2. set.remove(obj) - Removes an element obj from the set. Raises KeyError if the set is empty
Example Program
#Demo of set.remove(obj)
set1={3,8,2,6}
print("Set before deletion:", set1)
set1.remove(8)
print("Set after deletion:", set1)
Output
Set before deletion:{8, 2, 3, 6}
Set after deletion:{2, 3, 6}

3. set discard(obj) - Removes an element obj from the set. Nothing happens if the element to be deleted is
not in the set.
Example Program
#Demo of set. discard (obj)
setl={3, 8, 2, 6}
print("Set before discard:, set1)
setl.discard(8)
print("Set after discard:",setl) # Element is present
set1.discard(9)
print("Set after discard:", setl) #element is not present

Output
Set before discard: {8, 2, 3, 6}
Set after discard: {2, 3, 6}
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CS1543: PYTHON PROGRAMMING Module 1

Set after discard: {2, 3, 6}

4 set.pop() - Removes and returns an arbitrary set element. Raises KeyError if the set is empty.
Example Program
#Demo of set.pop()
set1={3, 8, 2, 6}
print("Set before pop:", set1)
set1.pop()
print("Set after poping:", set1)
Output
Set before pop:{8, 2, 3, 6}
Set after poping: {2, 3, 6}

5. set1.union(set2) - Returns the union of two sets as a new set.

Example Program
#Demo of seti.union(set2)
setl={3, 8, 2,6}
print("Set 1:", set1)
set2={4,2,1,9}
print("Set 2:", set2)
set3=set1.union(set 2) #unique values will be taken
print("Union:", set3)
Output
Set1:{8, 2, 3, 6}
Set 2:{9, 2, 4, 1}
Union:{1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 9}

6. set1.update(set2) - Update a set with the union of itself and others. The result will be stored in set1.
Example Program
#Demo of set1.update (set2)
setl={3,8,2,6}
print("Set 1:", set 1)
set2={4,2,1,9}
print("Set 2:", set2)
setl.update(set 2) #Unique values will be taken
print("Update Method.", set1)
Output
Set1:{8, 2, 3, 6}
Set 2:{9, 2, 4, 1}
Update Method:{1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 9}

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CS1543: PYTHON PROGRAMMING Module 1
7. set1.intersection(set2) - Returns the intersection of two sets as a new set

Example Program
#Demo of set1.intersection(set 2)
set1={3, 8, 2,6}
print("Set1:".set1}
set2= {4,2,1,9}
print("Set 2:", set 2)
set3 = set1.intersection (set 2)
print("Intersection:", set3)
Output
Set1: (8, 2, 3, 6}
Set 2:{9, 2, 4, 1}
Intersection:{2}

8. set1.intersection_update() - Update the set with the intersection of itself and another. The result will be
stored in setl.
Example Program
#Demo of set1.intersection_update (set 2)
set1={3, 8, 2,6}
print("Set 1:", set1)
set2={4,2,1,9}
print("Set 2:", set 2)
set1.intersection_update(set 2)
print("Intersection:", set1)
Output
Set1:{8, 2, 3, 6}
Set 2: {9, 2, 4, 1}
Intersection_update:{8, 2, 3, 6}

9. set1.difference(set2) - Returns the difference of two or more sets into a new set

Example Program
#Demo of set1.difference (set 2)
set1={3, 8, 2,6}
print("Set1: , set1)
set 2= {4,2,1,9}
print("Set 2:", set2)
set3 = set1.difference (set2)
print("Difference:", set 3)
Output
Set1:{8, 2, 3, 6}
Set 2:{9, 2, 4, 1}
Difference: {8, 3, 6}

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10.set1.difference_update(set2) - Remove all elements of another set set2 from set1 and the result is
stored in set1.
Example Program
#Demo of set1.difference_update (set 2)
set1={3, 8, 2,6}
print("Set 1:",set1}
set 2={4,2,1,9}
print("Set 2:", set 2)
set1.difference_update (set 2)
print("Difference Update:", set1)
Output
Set 1:{8, 2, 3, 6}
Set 2:{9, 2, 4, 1}
Difference Update: {8, 3, 6)

11.set1.symmetric_difference(set2)- Return the symmetric difference of two sets as a new set

Example Program
#Demo of seti.Symmetric difference (set 2)
set1={3, 8, 2,6}
print("Set1:", set1)
set2={4,2,1,9}
print("Set 2:", set2)
set3=set1.symmetric_difference(set2)
print("Symmetric Difference :", set3).
Output
Set 1:{8, 2, 3, 6}
Set 2:{9, 2, 4, 1)
Symmetric Difference: {1, 3, 4, 6, 8, 9}

12.set1.symmetric_difference_update(set2) - Update a set with the symmetric difference of itself and

another.
Example Program
#Demo of set 1. symmetric difference_update (set 2)
setl={3,8,2,6}
print("Set1:", set1)
set2= {4,2,1,9}
print("Set 2:", set2)
set1.symmetric_difference_update(set 2)
print("Symmetric Difference Update:", set1)
Output
Set1: {8, 2, 3, 6}
Set 2: {9, 2, 4, 1}
Symmetric Difference Update:{1, 3, 4, 6, 8, 9}

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CP 1442: PYTHON PROGRAMMING Module 1
13.set1.isdisjoint(set2) :Returns True if two sets have a null intersection
Example Program

#Demo of set1.isdisjoint (set 2)

set1={3,8,2,6}
print("Set1:”, Set1)
set2= {4,7,1,9}
print("Set 2:",set2)
print("Result of set1.isdisjoint(set2):", set1.isdisjoint(Set2))
Output
Set1:{8, 2, 3, 6}
Result of set1.isdisjoint(set2): True

14. set1.issubset(set2) - Returns True if set1 is a subset of set2.

Example Program
#Demo of set1.issubset(set 2)
setl={3,8}
print("Set 1:",set1)
set2={3,8,4,7,1,9}
print("Set 2:", set2)
print("Result of seti.issubset(set2):", set1.issubset(set 2))
Output
Set 1:{8, 3}
Set 2:{1, 3, 4, 7, 8, 9}
Result of seti.issubset(set2): True

15. set1.issuperset(set2) - Returns True, if set1 is a super set of set2.

Example Program
#Demo of set1.issuperset (set 2)
set1={3,8, 4,6}
print("Set 1:",set1)
set2={3,8}
print("Set 2:",set2)
print("Result of set1.issuperset(set2):" seti.issuperset(set2)
Output
Set 1:{8, 3, 4, 6)
Set 2:{8, 3}
Result of set1.issuperset (set2): True

FROZENSET
Frozenset is a new class that has the characteristics of a set, but its elements cannot be changed once
assigned. While tuples are immutable lists, frozensets are immutable sets. Sets being mutable are
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CP 1442: PYTHON PROGRAMMING Module 1
unhashable, so they can‟t be used as dictionary keys. On the other hand, frozensets are hashable and can
be used as keys to a dictionary

Frozensets can be created using the function frozenset(). This datatype supports methods like difference(),
intersection(), isdisjoint() issubset(), issuperset(), symmetric_difference() and union(). Being immutable it
does not have methods like add(), remove(), update(),difference_update(), intersection_update(),
symmetric_difference_update() etc.

Example Program
#Demo of frozenset()
set1= frozenset({3, 8, 4,6})
print ("Set 1:", set1)
set 2=frozenset({3,8})
print("Set 2:", set2)
print("Result of set1.intersection (set2):", set1.intersection (set 2))
Output
Set1: frozenset({8, 3, 4, 6})
Set 2: frozenset({8, 3})
Result of set1.intersection (set2): frozenset((8, 3})

DICTIONARY

Dictionary is an unordered collection of key-value pairs. It is generally used when we have a huge amount
of data. We must know the key to retrieve the value. In Python, dictionaries are defined within braces { }
with each item being a pair in the form key:value. Key and value can be of any type. Keys are usually
numbers or strings. Values, on the other hand, can be any arbitrary Python object. Dictionaries are
sometimes found in other languages as "associative memories" or "associative arrays".

Dictionaries are enclosed by curly braces ({}) and values can be assigned and accessed using square
braces ([ ]).

Example Program
dict={}
dict['one']= "This is one"
dict [2] ="This is two"
tinydict={'name': 'john', 'code': 6734, „dept':‟ sales‟}
studentdict={'name': 'john', 'marks': [35,80,90]}
print (dict['one')) # Prints value for 'one' key
print (dict [2]) # Prints value for 2 key
print (tinydict) # Prints complete dictionary
print (tinydict. keys ()) # Prints all the keys
print (tinydict.values()) # Prints all the values
print (studentdict) #Prints studentdict

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Output
This is one
This is two

{'dept': „sales', 'name': „john', „code': 6734}

dict_keys (['dept', 'name', "code'])
dict_values (['sales', 'John', 67341)
{'marks': [35, 80, 90], 'name': 'john'}
We can update a dictionary by adding a new key-value pair or modifying an existing entry

Example Program
#Demo of updating and adding new values to dictionary
dict1= { 'Name': 'Tom', 'Age':20, 'Height' :160}
print (dict1)
dict1['age'] =25 #updating existing value in Key-Value pair
print("Dictionary after update:", dict1)
dict1[ 'Weight']=60 #Adding new Key-value pair
print("Dictionary after adding new Key-value pair:", dict1)
Output
{'Age': 20, 'Name': Tom', 'Height': 160}
Dictionary after update: {'age': 25, 'Age': 20, 'Name': „Tom',
'Height': 160}
Dictionary after adding new Key-value pair: {'age': 25, 'Age': 20,
'Name': 'Tom', „Weight‟: 60, 'Height': 160}

We can delete the entire dictionary elements or individual elements in a dictionary. We can use del
statement to delete the dictionary completely. To remove entire elements of a dictionary, we can use the
clear() method.

Example Program
#Demo of Deleting Dictionary
dict1= {'Name':'Tom', 'Age' :20, 'Height': 160}
print(dict1)
del dict1['Age'] #deleting Key-value pair 'Age':20
print("Dictionary after deletion:", dict1)
dict1.clear() #Clearing entire dictionary
print(dict1)
Output
{'Age' : 20, 'Name': 'Tom', 'Height': 160}
Dictionary after deletion: { 'Name': 'Tom', 'Height: 160}
{}

Properties of Dictionary Keys

1. More than one entry per key is not allowed. ie, no duplicate key is allowed. When duplicate keys are
encountered during assignment, the last assignment is taken
2. Keys are immutable. This means keys can be numbers, strings or tuple. But it does not permit mutable
objects like lists.
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CP 1442: PYTHON PROGRAMMING Module 1
Built-in Dictionary Functions

1. Len(dict) - Gives the length of the dictionary

Example Program
#Demo of len (dict)
dict1={ 'Name': „Tom', 'Age‟:20, 'Height':160}
print(dict1)
print("Length of Dictionary.", len (dict1))
Output

{Age: 20. 'Name': Tom', 'Height': 160}

Length of Dictionary: 3

2. str(dict) - Produces a printable string representation of the dictionary

Example Program
#Demo of str (dict)
dictl= {'Name': Tom', 'Age‟:20, 'Height‟:160}
print(dictl)
print("Representation of Dictionary.", str(dict1))
Output
{'Age': 20, 'Name': Tom', 'Height‟: 160}
Representation of Dictionary ('Age': 20, 'Name': Tom', 'Height‟:160}

3. type(variable) - The method type() returns the type of the passed variable. If passed variable is
dictionary then it would return a dictionary type. This function can be applied to any variable type like
number, string, list, tuple etc.
Example Program
#Demo of type (variable)
dict1= { 'Name': 'Tom', 'Age' :20, 'Height‟:160}
print(dict1)
print("Type (variable).", type (diet))
s="abcde"
print("Type (variable)-", type(s))
list1= [1, 'a', 23,' Tom']
print("Type (variable) -", type(list1))
Output
{'Age': 20, 'Name': Tom', 'Height: 160}
Type (variable) = <class 'dict'>
Type (variable) <class 'str'>
Type (variable)- <class 'list'>

Built-in Dictionary Methods

1. dict.clear() - Removes all elements of dictionary dict.
Example Program
#Demo of dict.clear()
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dictl={'Name': 'Tom', 'Age:20, 'Height‟ : 160}
print(dict1)
dict1.clear()
print(dict1)
Output
{'Age': 20, 'Name': Tom', 'Height': 160}

2. dict.copy0 - Returns a copy of the dictionary dict.

Example Program
#Demo of dict.copy ()
dictl= { 'Name': 'Tom', 'Age' :20, 'Height' :160}
print(dict1)
dict2=dict1.copy()
print(dict2)
Output
{'Age': 20, 'Name': Tom', 'Height': 160}
{'Age': 20, 'Name': Tom', 'Height': 160}

3. dict.keys0 - Returns a list of keys in dictionary dict.

Example Program
#Demo of dict.keys ()
dict1= { 'Name': Tom', 'Age :20, 'Height':160}
print(dict1)
print("Keys in Dictionary:", dict1.keys())
Output
{„Age': 20, 'Name': 'Tom', 'Height‟: 160}
Keys in Dictionary: ['Age'. 'Name', 'Height‟]

The values of the keys will be displayed in a random order. In order to retrieve the keys in sorted order, we
can use the sorted() function, all the keys should of the same type. But for using the sorted() function, all
keys should of same type.
Example Program
#Demo of dict.keys() in sorted order
dictl= { 'Name': Tom', 'Age' : 20, 'Height':160}
print(dict1)
print("Keys in sorted order:", sorted(dict1.keys()))
Output
{Age : 20, 'Name': "Tom', 'Height‟: 160}

4.dict. values0 - This method returns list of all values available in a dictionary
Example Program

#Demo of dict.values()
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dict1={„Name': Tom', 'Age‟: 20, „Height‟:160}
print(dict1)
print("Values in Dictionary:",dict1.values())
Output

{„Age‟: 20, 'Name': 'Tom', 'Height': 160}

Values in Dictionary: [20, Tom', 160]

The values will be displayed in a random order. In order to retrieve the values in sorted order, we can use
the sorted function. But for using the sorted() function, all the values should of the same type.
Example Program
#Demo of dict.values()in sorted order
dict1= { 'Height' :160, 'Age':20, 'weight':60}
print(dict1)
print("Values in sorted order:",sorted (dict1.values()))
Output
{'Age': 20, 'Height': 160, 'Weight': 60}
Values in sorted order: [20, 60, 160]

5. dict.items0 - Returns a list of dictionary dict's(key,value) tuple pairs.

Example Program
#Demo of dict.items()
dict1={'Name' :' Tom', 'Age':20, 'Height' :160}
print(dict1)
print("Items in Dictionary:", dict1.items()) . .
Output
{age': 20, 'Name': 'Tom', 'Height': 160}
Items in Dictionary: [('Age', 20), ('Name', 'Tom'), ('Height', 160)]

6.dict1.update(dict2) - The dictionary dict's key-value pair will be updated in dictionary dictl.
Example Program
#Demo of dict1.update (dict2)
dict1= { 'Name': 'Tom', 'Age' :20, 'Height' :160)
print(dict1)
dict2={'Weight': 60}
print (dict2)
dict1.update (dict2)
print("Dict1 updated Dict2 :",dict1)
Output
{'Age': 20, 'Name': "Tom', 'Height': 160}
{'Weight': 60}
Dict1 updated Dict2: {'Age': 20, 'Name': 'Tom', 'Weight‟:60,"Height':
160}

7.dict.get(key, default=None) - Returns the value corresponding to the key specified and if the key
specified is not in the dictionary, it returns the default value.
Example Program
#Demo of dict1.get (key, default='Name')
dict1= { 'Name': 'Tom', 'Age‟:20, 'Height' :160}
print (dict1)
print("Dict1.get('Age') :", dict1.get('Age'))
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print ("Dict1.get('Phone') :", dict1.get('Phone', 0)) #' Phone not a
key, hence 0 #is given as default
Output
{'Age': 20, 'Name': 'Tom', 'Height': 160)
Dict1.get(key) : 20
Dict1.get(key) : 0

8. dict.setdefault(key, default=None) - Similar to dict.get(key,default=None) but will set the key with the
value passed and if key is not in the dictionary, it will set with the default value
Example Program
#Demo of dict1.set (key, default='Name')
dict1= { 'Name': 'Tom', 'Age':20, 'Height' :160}
print (dict1)
print("Dict1.setdefault ('Age') :",dict1.setdefault ('Age'))
print("Dictl.setdefault („Phone'):", dict1.setdefault ('Phone',0))
#'Phone not a #key, hence 0 is give as default value.
Output
{'Age' : 20, 'Name': "Tom', 'Height': 160}
Dictl.setdefault('Age') : 20
Dict1.setdefault('Phone') : 0

9. dict.fromkeys(seq,[val)) - Creates a new dictionary from sequence seq and values from val.
Example Program
#Demo of dict.fromkeys (seg, (val])
list=['Name', 'Age', 'Height']
dict=dict.fromkeys (list)
print("New Dictionary:", dict)
Output
New Dictionary: { „Age': None, 'Name': None, "Height': None }

MUTABLE AND IMMUTABLE OBJECTS

Objects whose value can change are said to be mutable and objects whose value is unchangeable once they
are created are called immutable. An object's mutability is determined by its type. For instance, numbers,
strings and tuples are immutable, while lists, sets and dictionaries are mutable. The following example
illustrates the mutability of objects.

Example Program
#Mutability illustration
#Numbers
a=10
print(a) #Value of a before subtraction
print(a-2) #value of a - 2
print(a) #Value of a after subtraction
#Strings
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str="abcde"
print(str) #Before applying upper() function
print(str.upper()) #result of upper()
print(str) #After applying upper() function
#Lists
list=[1,2,3,4,5]
print(list) #Before applying remove () method
list.remove(3)
print(list)#After applying remove() method
Output
10
8
10
abcde
ABCDE
abcde
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
[1, 2, 4, 5]

From the above example, it is clear that the values of numbers and strings are not even after applying a
function or operation. But in the case of list, the value is changed or the changes are reflected in the
original variable and hence called mutable.

DATA TYPE CONVERSION

We may need to perform conversions between the built-in types. To convert between different data types,
use the type name as a function. There are several built-in functions to perform conversion from one data
type to another. These functions return a new representing the converted value. Table 2.6 shows various
functions and their descriptions used for data type conversion.

Table 2.6 Functions for Data Type Conversions

Function Description
int(x [,base]) Converts x to an integer, base specifies the base if x is a string.
long(x [,base]) Converts x to a long integer. base specifies the base if x is a string
float(x) Converts x to a floating-point number.
complex(real [imag]) Creates a complex number.
str(x) Converts object x to a string representation.
repr(x) Converts object x to an expression string.
eval(str) Evaluates a string and returns an object.
tuple(s) Converts s to a tuple.
list(s) Converts s to a list.
set(s) Converts s to a set.
dict(d) Creates a dictionary. d must be a sequence of (key,value) tuples
frozenset(s) Converts s to a frozen set.
chr(x) Converts an integer to a character.

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unichr(x) Converts an integer to a Unicode character.
ord(x) Converts a single character to its integer value.
hex(x) Converts an integer to a hexadecimal string.
oct(x) Converts an integer to an octal string.

Example Program 1

# Demo of Data Type Conversions

X= 12.8
print("Integer x=",int(x))
x=12000
print("Long X=", long(x))

print("Long x=", long(x))

x=12
print("Floating Point x=", float(x))
real, img=5,2
print("Complex number =" , complex(real,img))
x=12
print("String conversion of", X,"is", str(x))
x=12
print("Expression String of", X,"is", repr(x))
Output 1

Integer x= 12
Long x= 12000
Floating Point x= 12.0
Complex number = (5+2j)
String conversion of 12 is 12
Expression String of 12 is 12

Example Program 2

# Demo of Data Type Conversions

s='abcde'
s1={1:'a', 2:'b', 3:'c'}
print("Conversion of", s,"to tuple is ", tuple(s))
print("Conversion of", s,"to list is ", list(s))
print("Conversion of", s,"to set is ",set(s))
print("Conversion of", s,"to frozenset is ", frozenset(s))
print("Conversion of", sl,"to dictionary is ", dict(s1))

Output 2
Conversion of abcde to tuple is ('a', 'b', 'c', d', 'e')
Conversion of abcde to list is ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e']
Conversion of abcde to set is set(['a', 'c', 'b', 'e', 'd'])
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Conversion of abcde to frozenset is frozenset(['a', 'c', 'b', 'e',
d'])
Conversion of {1: 'a', 2: 'b', 3: 'c'} to dictionary is {1: 'a', 2:
'b',3: 'c'}

Example Program 3

# Demo of Data Type Conversions

a=120
S='a'
print("Conversion of", a "to character is", chr(a))
print("Conversion of", a, "to unicode character is", unichr(a))
print("Conversion of", S, to integer is", ord(s))
print("Conversion of", a ,"to hexadecimal string is", hex(a))
print ("Conversion of”, a, “to octal string is", oct(a))

Output 3

Conversion of 120 to character is x

Conversion of 120 to unicode character x
Conversion of a to integer is 97
conversion of 120 to hexadecimal string is 0x78
Conversion of 120 to octal string is 0170

SOLVED EXERCISES
1. Write a Python program which accept the radius of a circle from the user and compute the area.
Program
import math
r = float (input("Input the radius of the circle:")
print("The area of the circle with radius",r,"is" , math.pi * r**2))
Output
Input the radius of the circle:3.5 .
The area of the circle with radius 3.5 is: 38.48451000647496

2. Program to find the biggest of three numbers.

Program
# Biggest of three numbers
a = int(input("Enter first number:")) #Reads First Number
b = int(input("Enter second number:")) #Reads Second Number
c = int(input("Enter third number:")) #Reads Third Number
big = max(a,b,c) #Finds the biggest
print("Biggest of", a,b,c, "is", big)#prints the biggest number

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Output
Enter first number:3
Enter second number: 4
Enter third number: 5
Biggest of 3 4 5 is 5

3. Write a Python program which accepts a sequence of comma-separated number from user and generate
a list and a tuple with those numbers.
Program
values = input ("Input some comma separated numbers:”)
list = values.split(",”)
tuple = tuple(list)
print('List : ',list)
print("Tuple : ", tuple)
Output

Input some comma separated numbers: 1,8,3,4,5

List : ('1', '8', '3', '4', '5'1
Tuple : ('1', '3', '3', '4', '5')

4.Write a Python program to accept a filename from the user print the extension of that.
Program
filename = input ("Input the Filename: ")
f_extns = filename.split(".")
print("The extension of the file is ",f_extns [-1])
Output
Input the Filename: ABC.doc
The extension of the file is : doc

5.Write a Python program to display the first and last colors from the following list.
Program
color=input("Enter colors (space between colors) :")
color_list = color.split(" ")
print(color_list)
print("The first color in the list is:", color_list[0],"and last
color is:",color_list[-1])
Output
Enter colors (space between colors) : red green blue white yellow
['red', 'green', 'blue', 'white', 'yellow']
The first color in the list is: red and last color is: yellow

6. Write a Python program that accept an integer (n) and computes the value of n+nn+nnn.
Program
a =int (input ("Input an integer:" ))
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n1 = int("%s" %a)
n2 = int("%s%s" %(a, a))
n3 = int("%s%s%s" %(a, a, a))
print(n1," ", n2, " ",n3)
print("sum=",(n1+n2+n3))
Output

Input an integer: 2
2 22 222
sum= 246

DECISION MAKING

Decision making is required when we want to execute a code only if a certain condition is satisfied.
The if...elif...else statement is used in Python for decision making.
if statement
Syntax

if test expression:

statement (s)

The following Fig. 3.1 shows the flow chart of the if statement.

test false
expression

true

body of if

Here, the program evaluates the test expression and will execute statement(s) only if the test
expression is True. If the test expression is False, the statement{s) is not executed. In Python, the
body of the if statement is indicated by the indentation. Body starts with an indentation and ends
with the first unintended line. Python interprets non-zero values as True. None and 0 are interpreted
as False.

Example Program

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num =int (input (Enter a number:"))

if num == 0:
print ("Zero" )
print ("This is always printed")

Output 1
Enter a number: 0 Zero
This is always printed

Output 2
Enter a number: 2 This is always printed

In the above example, num == 0 is the test expression. The body of if is executed only if this
evaluates to True. When user enters O, test expression is True and body inside if is executed. When
user enters 2, test expression is False and body inside if is skipped. The Statement This is always
printed because the print statement falls outside the if block. The statement outside the if block is
shown by unindentation. Hence, it is executed regardless of the test expression or it is always
executed.

if...else statement Syntax

if test expression:
Body of if
else: :
Body of else

The following Fig. 3.2 shows the flow chart of if else. The if. .else statement evaluates test
expression and will execute body of if only when test condition is true. if the condition is false, body
of else is executed. Indentation is used to separate the blocks.

test false
expression

body of else
true

body of if

Fig. 3.2 Flow chart of if else

Example Program

num =int (input ("Enter a number:")) if num >= 0:

print "Positive Number or Zero") else:

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print ( "Negative Number")

Output 1

Enter a number: 5 Positive Number or Zero

Output 2

Enter a number:-2 Negative Number

In the above example, when user enters 5, the test expression is True. Hence the body of if is
executed and body of else is skipped. When user enters -2, the test expression is False and body of
else is executed and body of if is skipped.

if.elif..else statement Syntax

if test expression:
Body of if
elif test expression:
Body of elif
else:

Body of else

The elif is short for else if. It allows us to check for multiple expressions. If the condition for if is
false, it checks the condition of the next elif block and so on. If all the conditions are false, body of
else is executed. Only one block among the several if... elif... else blocks is executed according to
the condition. An if block can have only one else block. But it can have multiple elif blocks. The
following Fig. 3.3 shows the flow chart for if.elif. .else statement

test false
expression
of if

test false
expression
of elif
true

body of if
body of else
body of elif

Fig. 3.3 Flow chart for if...elif...else

Example Program
num=int (input ("Enter a number: "))
if num> 0:
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print ("Positive number" )

elif num == 0:
print ("Zero")
else:
print ("Negative number")

Output 1
Enter a number: 5 Positive Number

Output 2
Enter a number: 0 Zero

Output 3
Enter a number:-2 Negative Number

Nested if statement

We have a if...elif...else statement inside another if...elif...else statement. this is called nesting in
computer programming. indentation is the only way to identify the level of nesting.

Example Program

num=int (input ("Enter a number: "))

if num >= 0:
if num == 0:
print (“Zero")

else:

print(“ Positive number")

else:

print "Negative number")

Output 1

Enter a number: 5
Positive Number
Output 2
Enter a number: 0
Zero
Output 3

Enter a number: -2
Negative Number
LOOPS
Generally, statements are executed sequentially. The first statement in a function is executed first,
followed by the second, and so on. There will be situations when we need to execute a block of code
several number of times. Python provides various control structures that allows for repeated

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execution. A loop statement allows us to execute a statement or group statements multiple times.
for loop
The for loop in Python is used to iterate over a sequence (list, tuple, string) or other objects that can
be iterated. Iterating over a sequence is called traversal.
Syntax

for item in sequence:

Body of for

Here, item is the variable that takes the value of the item inside the sequence of each iteration. The
sequence can be list, tuple, string, set etc. Loop continues until we reach the last item in the
sequence. the body of for loop is separated from the rest of the code using indentation.

for each
item in
sequence

test No
expression

Yes
body of for

Fig. 3.4 Fow chart of for loop

exit loop

Example Program 1
#Program to find the sum of all numbers stored in a list
numbers = [2,4,6,8,10] #List of numbers
sum = 0 # variable to store the sum
for item in numbers: # iterate over the list
sum = sum + item
print(" The sum is", sum) #print the sum

Output 1
The sum is 30

Example Program 2
flowers =[rose', lotus', jasmine']
for flower in flowers:
print (Current flower :', flower)

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Output 2
Current flower: rose
Current flower: lotus
Current flower: jasmine

Example Program 3
for letter in 'program':
print ( 'Current letter:', letter)

Output 3
Current letter:p
Current letter: r
Current letter: o
Current letter:g
Current letter: r
Current letter:a
Current letter: m

range() function

We can use the range () function in for loops to iterate through a sequence of numbers. It can be
combined with the len () function to iterate though a sequence using indexing.len () function is used
to find the length of a string or number of elements in a list, tuple,set etc.

Example Program
flowers =['rose', lotus', „jasmine']
for i in range (len (flowers)):
print (“Current flower:” flowers [i])

Output
Current flower rose
Current flower: lotus
Current flower :jasmine

We can generate a sequence of numbers using range () function. range (10) will generate numbers
from 0 to 9 (10 numbers). We can also define the start, stop and step_size as range (start, stop,
step_size). The default value of step_size is 1, if not provided. This function does not store all the
values in memory. It keeps track of the start, stop, step_size and generates the next number. To
make this function to output all the items, we can use the function list ().

Example Program
for num in range ( 2,10,2) : print ("Number =",num)

Output
Number = 2
Number = 4
Number = 6
Number = 8

enumerate(iterable, start=0)function

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This is one of the built-in Python functions. Returns an enumerate object. The parameter iterable
must be a sequence, an iterator, or some other object like list which supports iteration.
Example Program

#Demo of enumerate function using 1ist

flowers=['rose', lotus', 'jasmine', 'sunflower']
print (list (enumerate (flowers) ) )
for index, item in enumerate (flowers):
print (index, item)

Output

[(0, 'rose '), (1,' lotus'), (2, 'jasmine'), (3, 'sunflower‟)]

0 rose
1 lotus
2 jasmine
3 sunflower

for loop with else statement

Python supports to have an else statement associated with a loop statement. If the else statement is
used with a for loop, the else statement is executed when the loop has finished iterating the list. A
break statement can be used to stop a for loop. In this case, the else part is ignored. Hence, a for
loop's else part runs if no break occurs.
Example Program
#Program to find whether an item is present in the list
list= [10,12, 13 , 34,27,98]
num = int (input (“Enter the number to be searched in the list: "))
for item in range (len (list) ):
if list [item] == num:
print ("Item found at: ", (item+1))
break
else:
print("Item not found in the list")

Output 1
Enter the number to be searched in the list:34
Item found at:4

Output 2
Enter the number to be searched in the list:99
Item not found in the 1ist

while loop

The while loop in Python is used to iterate over a block of code as long as the test expression
(condition) is True. We generally use this loop when we don't know the number of times to iterate in
advance. Fig. 3.5 shows the flow chart of a while loop.
Syntax

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CP 1442: PYTHON PROGRAMMING Module 1

while test_expression:

Body of while

In while loop, test expression is checked first. The body of the loop is entered only if the test
expression evaluates to True. After one iteration, the test expression is checked again. This process
is continued until the test_expression evaluates to False. In Python, the body of the
while loop is determined through indentation. Body starts with indentation and the first unintended
line shows the end. When the condition is tested and the result is False, the loop body will be
skipped and the first statement after the while loop will be executed.

Enter while loop

test No
expression

Yes
body of while

Fig. 3.5 Flow chart for while loop

exit loop

Example Program

# Program to find the sum of first N natural numbers

n =int (input ("Enter the limit: "))
sum=0 i=1
while i<=n:
sum=sum+1 i-i+1
print (Sum of first" n “natural numbers is", sum)

Output
Enter the 1imit: 5

Sum of first 5 natural numbers is 15

Illustration

In the above program, when the text Enter the 1imit appears, 5 is given as input. ie.n=5. Initially, a
counter i is set to 1 and sum is set to 0. When the condition is checked for the first time i<=n, it is
True. Hence the execution enters the body of while loop.sum is added with i and i is incremented.
Since the next statement is unindented, it assumes the end of while block. This process is repeated
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CP 1442: PYTHON PROGRAMMING Module 1

when the condition given in the while loop is False and the control goes to the next
print statement to print the sum.
while loop with else statement
If the else statement is used with a while loop, the else statement is executed when the condition
becomes False. while loop can be terminated with a break statement. In such case, the else part is
ignored. Hence, a while loop's else part runs if no break occurs and the condition is False.
Example Program 1

#Demo of While with else count=l

while count<=3 :
print ("Python Programming")
count=count +1
else:
print ("Exit")
print ("End of Program")

Output 1
Python Programming
Python Programming
Python Programming
Exit
End of Program

Illustration
In this example, initially the count is 1. The condition in the while loop is checked and since it is
True, the body of the while loop is executed. The loop is terminated when the condition is False and
it goes to the else statement. After executing the else block it will move on to the rest of the program
statements. In this example the print statement after the else block is executed.
Example Program 2
#Demo of While with else
Count=l
while count <=3:
print ("Python Programming")
count=count +1
if count = =2 :
break
else:
print (" Exit")
print ("End of Program")

Output 2
Python Programming End of Program

Illustration
In this example, initially of the count is 1. The condition in the while loop is checked and since it is
true, the body of the while loop is executed. When the if condition inside the while loop is true, ie.
when count becomes 2, the control is exited from the while loop. it will not execute the else part of
the loop. the control will moves on to the next statement after the else. Hence, the print statement
End of Program is executed.

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NESTED LOOPS
Sometimes we need to place a loop inside another loop. This is called nested loop. We can have
nested loops for both while and for.
Syntax for nested for loop
for iterating_variable in sequence :
for iterating_ variable in sequence:
statements (s)
statements (s)

Syntax for nested while loop

while expression:
while expression:
Statement (s)
statement (s)

Q: Write a program to print the prime numbers starting from 1 upto a limit entered by the user.

Program using nested for

#Program to generate prime numbers between 2 Limits

import math
n =int (input ("Enter a Limit: "))
for i in range (1,n):
k=int (math.sqrt (i))
for j in range (2, k+1) :
if i % j == 0:
break
else:
Print (i)

Output
Enter a Limit:12
1
2
3
5
7
11
The limit entered by the user is stored in n. To find whether a number is prime, the logic used is to
divide that number from 2 to square root of that number (Since all numbers are completely divisible
by 1, we started from 2). If the remainder of this division is zero at any time, that number is Skipped
and moved to next number. A complete division shows that the number is not prime. If the
remainder is not zero at any time, it shows that it is a prime number.

The outer for loop starts from 1 to the input entered by the user. Initially i=1. A variable k is used to
store the square root of the number. The inner for loop is used to find whether the number is
completely divisible by any number between 2 and square root of that number(k). If it is completely
divisible by any number between 2 and k, the number 1s not prime, else the number is considered
prime. The same steps are repeated until the limit entered by the user is reached.
The above program is rewritten using nested while and is given below.
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CP 1442: PYTHON PROGRAMMING Module 1

Program using nested while

#Program to generate prime numbers between 2 Limits
import math
n=int (input ("Enter a Limit: "))
i=l
while i<=n:
k=int (math.sqrt (i))
j=2
while j<=k:
if i % j==0 :
break
j+=1
else:
print (i)
i+=l

Output
Enter a Limit:12
1
2
3
5
7
11

CONTROL STATEMENTS

Control statements change the execution from normal sequence. Loops iterate over a block of code
until test expression is False, but sometimes we wish to terminate the current iteration or even the
whole loop without checking test expression. The break and continue Statements are used in these
cases. Python supports the following three control statements.

1. break
2. continue
3. pass

break statement

The break statement terminates the loop containing it. Control of the program flows to the statement
immediately after the body of the loop. It is inside a nested loop( loop inside another loop), break
will terminate the innermost loop. It can be used with both for and while loops. Fig. 3.6 shows the
flow chart of break statement.

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CP 1442: PYTHON PROGRAMMING Module 1
Enter loop

False
condition

True

Yes
break?

No
exit loop
body of loop

Fig 3.6 Flow chart of break statement

Example Program1
#Demo of break statement in Python
for i in range (2, 10,2) :
if i==6:
break
print (i)
print (" End of Program")
Output 1
2
4
End of Program

Illustration

In this the for loop is intended to print the even numbers from 2 to 10. The if condition checks
whether i=6. If it is 6, the control goes to the next statement after the for loop. Hence it goes to the
print statement End of Program.

Example Program 2
#Demo of break statement in Python
i=5
while i>0 :
if i==3:
break
print (i)
i=i-1
print ("End of Program")

Output 2

5
4
End of Program

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continue statement

The continue statement is used to skip the rest of the code inside a loop for the current iteration only.
Loop does not terminate but continues on with the next iteration. Continue returns the control to the
beginning of the loop. The continue statement rejects all the remaining statements in the current
iteration of the loop and moves the control back to the top of the loop. The continue statement can
be used in both while and for loops. Fig. 3.7 shows the flow chart of continue statement.

Enter loop

False
condition

True

Yes
continue?

No
exit loop
body of loop

Fig. 3.7 Flow chart of continue

Example Program
# Demo of continue in Python
for letter in 'abcd':
if letter = ='c':
continue
print (letter)

Output

abd
Illustration

When the letter=c, the continue statement is executed and the control goes to the beginning of the
loop, bypasses the rest of the statements in the body of the loop. In the output the letters from "a" to
"d" except "c" gets printed.

pass statement
In Python programming, pass is a null statement. The difference between a comment and pass
statement in Python is that, while the interpreter ignores a comment entirely, pass is not ignored. But
nothing happens when it is executed. It results in no operation.

It is used as a placeholder. Suppose we have a loop or a function that is not implemented yet, but we
want to implement it in the future. The function or loop cannot have an empty body. The interpreter
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will not allow this. So, we use the pass statement to construct a body that does nothing.
Example

for val in sequence: pass

TYPES OF LOOPS

There are different types of loops depending on the position at which condition is checked.

Infinite Loop

A loop becomes infinite loop if a condition never becomes false. This results in a loop, that never
ends. Such a loop is called an infinite loop. We can create an infinite loop using while statement. If
the condition of while loop is always True, we get an infinite loop. We must use while loops with
caution because of the possibility that the condition may never resolves to a false value.

Example Program
count=l
while count==l:
n=input ("Enter a Number : ") print "Number=", n)

This will continue running unless you give CTRL+C to exit from the loop.

Loops with condition at the top

This is a normal while loop without break statements. The condition of the while loop is at the top
and the loop terminates when this condition is False.
Loop with condition in the middle

This kind of loop can be implemented using an infinite loop along with a conditional break in
between the body of the loop. Fig. 3.8 shows the flow chart of a loop with condition in the middle.

Enter loop

body of loop

True

Yes
break?

No

body of loop
exit loop

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Fig 3.8 Loop with condition in the middle

Example Program
vowels ='aeiou' # Infinite Loop
while True:
v=input ("Enter a letter: ")
if v in vowels:
print (v, "is a vowel")
break
print ("This is not a vowel, Enter another letter")
print ("End of Program")

Output
Enter a letter: t
This is not a vowel, Enter another letter Enter a letter: o
o is a vowel End of Program

Loop with condition at the bottom

This kind of loop ensures that the body of the loop is executed at least once. It can be implemented
using an infinite loop along with a conditional break at the end. This is similar to the do ... while
loop in C.

Enter loop

body of loop

No
break?

Yes

exit loop

Fig. 3.9 loop with condition at the bottom.

Example Program
# Demo of loop with condition at the bottom Choice=0
a, b=6, 3
while choice !=5:
print ( "Menu" ) print (1. Addition")
print ("2. Subtraction")
print ("3. Multiplication")
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print (4. Division")

print("5. Exit")
choice =int (input("Enter your choice: "))
if choice==l: print ("Sum", (a+b) )
if choice==2 : print ("Difference="(a-b))
if choice==3: print ("Product=", (a*b))
if choice=-4 : print ("Quotient ", (a/b))
if choice==5 : break
print ("End of Program")

Output

Menu
1. Addition
2. Subtraction
3. Multiplication
4. Division
5. Exit
Enter your choice: 2
Difference= 3
Menu
1. Addition
2. Subtraction
3. Multiplication
4. Division
5. Exit
Enter your choice:5
End of Program

LIST COMPREHENSIONS

List comprehensions provide a concise way to create lists. Common applications are to make new
lists where each element is the result of some operations applied to each member of another
sequence or iterable, or to create a subsequence of those elements that satisfy a certain condition.

Example Program 1
#Generation of squares using list comprehension
squares= [x**2 for x in range (10)]
print (squares)

Output 1

[0, 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81]

Example Program 2

#Generation of pythagorean triplets using list comprehension

pythotriad= [ (x, y, z) for x in range (1,20) for y in range (x, 20) for z in range (y, 20)
if z**2=x**2+y**2]
print (Pythotriad)
Output 2
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[(3, 4, 5), (5, 12, 13), (6, 8, 10), (8, 15, 17), (9, 12, 15)]

Nested List

In Python, we can implement a matrix as nested list (list inside a list). We can treat each element as
a row of the matrix. For example X = [[1, 2], [4, 5], [3, 6]] would represent a 3x2 matrix. First row
can be selected as X[0] and the element in first row, first column can be selected as X[0][0]
Example Program #Demo of Nested List
matrix= [ [1,2,3],
[4,5,6],
[7,8,9]]

for i in range (len (matrix) ) :

for j in range (len (matrix [0])):
print (matrix [i] [j], end=" ")
Print( )

Output

123
456
789

Nested List Comprehensions

The initial expression in a list comprehension can be any arbitrary expression, including another list
comprehension. The following nested list comprehension transposes rows and Columns.

Example Program

#Demo of nested 1ist comprehension

matrix= [ [1,2,3],
[4,5,6],
[7,8,9]]
transpose=[ [row [i] for row in matrix] for i in range (3)]
for i in range (len (matrix)):
for j in range (len (matrix [0])) :
print (transpose [i] [j],end=" ")
print ( )
Output

147
258
369

SET COMPREHENSIONS

Sets support comprehensions in a similar way to lists. The following program illustrates this.
Example Program
#Generation of consonants using set comprehensio1 s={x for * in 'abhtdefkijlyqacdvedou' if x not in
'aeiou' } print (s)
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Output
{'h', 'l', 'd', v', 'f',' b', 'y', t', 'q', 'k', 'c', 'j'}

DICTIONARY COMPREHENSIONS
Dictionaries also support comprehension like lists and sets. The following program generates a
dictionary with key as a number and value will be its square.

Example Program

'' '' ''Generation of numbers and its

Squares using dictionary comprehension" " "

s={x:x**2, for x in range (1,11)} print (s)

Output

{1: 1, 2: 4, 3: 9, 4: 16, 5: 25, 6: 36, 7: 49, 8: 64, 9: 81, 10: 100}

NESTED DICTIONARIES

Python support dictionaries nested one inside the other. Nesting involves putting a list or dictionary
inside another list or dictionary. We will look at two examples here, lists inside a dictionary and
dictionaries inside a dictionary.

Example Program 1
#This program stores people's favorite numbers as lists and display them.
favorite_numbers = {'Tom': [3, 11, 19, 23, 42], 'Jim':[2, 4, 5],'Jack' : 5, 35, 120]}
# Display each person' s favorite numbers.
for name in favorite _numbers:
print (" \n%s's favorite numbers are:" name) #Each value is itselt a list, so we need another for
loop #to work with the list.
for favorite_number in favorite_numbers (name):
print (favorite_number)

Output 1
Jack' s favorite numbers are: 5
35
120

Tom's favorite numbers are: 3

11
19
23
42

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Jim's favorite numbers are:

2
4
5

Example Program 2

#This program stores information about books. For each book, #we store the name of author,
the publisher's name, and
#the year of publication.
books = {'Python':{'name': 'Jeeva', 'publisher': 'Khanna', 'year': 2015},
'C':{'name': 'Strousp', 'publisher': Mc GrawHill', 'year': 2000},
'Java': {'name':' Patrick ','publisher': 'Pearson','year': 2005}}

# Let's show all the information for each book.

for book _name, book_information in books.items ():
print (" \nHere is what I know about s:" book_name) #Each book's dictionary is in
'book_information'
for key in book_information:
print (key +":" +str (book_information [key]))

Output 2

Here is what I know about Java:

year: 2005 publisher: Pearson name: Patrick

Here is what I know about Python:

year: 2015 publisher: Khanna name: Jeeva

Here is what I know about C:

year: 2000
publisher: Mc GrawHill name: Strousp

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