SARDAR PATEL COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, BAKROL , ANAND

LAB MANUAL
Subject Name : Operating System Semester: 4th
Subject Code: 3140702 Branch: Computer

INDEX

Sr.
Title
No.
1 Study of Basic commands of Linux/UNIX.

2 Study of Advance commands and filters of Linux/UNIX.

Write a shell script to generate marksheet of a student. Take 3 subjects, calculate and
3 display total marks, percentage and Class obtained by the student.

4 Write a shell script to display multiplication table of given number .

5 Write a shell script to find factorial of given number n.

Write a shell script which will accept a number b and display first n prime numbers as
6 output.

Write a shell script which will generate first n fibonnacci numbers like: 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 13,
7 …

Write a menu driven shell script which will print the following menu and execute the
given task.

a. Display calendar of current month

8 b. Display today’s date and time
c. Display usernames those are currently logged in the system
d. Display your name at given x, y position
e. Display your terminal number

Write a shell script to read n numbers as command arguments and sort them in
9 descending order.

Write a shell script to display all executable files, directories and zero sized files from
10 current directory.

11 Write a shell script to check entered string is palindrome or not.

12 Study of Unix Shell and Environment Variables.

13 Write a shell script to validate the entered date. (eg. Date format is : dd-mm-yyyy).

14 Write a program for process creation using C. (Use of gcc compiler).

Operating System (3140702) 201240107009
Operating System (3140702) 201240107009

Practical 1
Aim: Study of Basic commands of Linux/UNIX.
Files and Directories:
These commands allow you to create directories and handle files.
Command Description
cat Display File Contents
cd Changes Directory to dirname
chgrp change file group
chmod Changing Permissions
cp Copy source file into destination
file Determine file type
find Find files
grep Search files for regular expressions.
head Display first few lines of a file
ln Create softlink on oldname
ls Display information about file type.
mkdir Create a new directory dirname
more Display data in paginated form.
mv Move (Rename) a oldname to newname.
pwd Print current working directory.
rm Remove (Delete) filename
rmdir Delete an existing directory provided it is empty.
tail Prints last few lines in a file.
touch Update access and modification time of a file.

Manipulating data:
The contents of files can be compared and altered with the following commands.
Command Description
awk Pattern scanning and processing language
cmp Compare the contents of two files
comm Compare sorted data
cut Cut out selected fields of each line of a file
diff Differential file comparator
expand Expand tabs to spaces
join Join files on some common field
perl Data manipulation language
sed Stream text edito
sort Sort file data
split Split file into smaller files
tr Translate characters
uniq Report repeated lines in a file
wc Count words, lines, and characters
vi Opens vi text editor
vim Opens vim text editor
Operating System (3140702) 201240107009

fmt Simple text formatter

spell Check text for spelling error
ispell Check text for spelling error
ispell Check text for spelling error
emacs GNU project Emacs
ex, edit Line editor
emacs GNU project Emacs
emacs GNU project Emacs

Compressed Files:
Files may be compressed to save space. Compressed files can be created and examined:
Command Description
compress Compress files
gunzip Uncompress gzipped files
gzip GNU alternative compression method
uncompress Uncompress files
unzip List, test and extract compressed files in a ZIP archive
zcat Cat a compressed file
zcmp Compare compressed files
zdiff Compare compressed files
zmore File perusal filter for crt viewing of compressed text

Getting Information:
Various Unix manuals and documentation are available on-line. The following Shell commands
give information:
Command Description
apropos Locate commands by keyword lookup
info Displays command information pages online
man Displays manual pages online
whatis Search the whatis database for complete words.
yelp GNOME help viewer

Network Communication:
These following commands are used to send and receive files from a local UNIX hosts to the
remote host around the world.
Command Description
ftp File transfer program
rcp Remote file copy
rlogin Remote login to a UNIX host
rsh Remote shell
tftp Trivial file transfer program
telnet Make terminal connection to another host
ssh Secure shell terminal or command connection
scp Secure shell remote file copy
sftp secure shell file transfer program
Operating System (3140702) 201240107009

Some of these commands may be restricted at your computer for security reasons.

Messages between Users:

The UNIX systems support on-screen messages to other users and world-wide electronic mail:
Command Description
evolution GUI mail handling tool on Linux
mail Simple send or read mail program
mesg Permit or deny messages
parcel Send files to another user
pine Vdu-based mail utility
talk Talk to another user
write Write message to another user

Programming Utilities:
The following programming tools and languages are available based on what you have installed on
your Unix.
Command Description
dbx Sun debugger
gdb GNU debugger
make Maintain program groups and compile programs.
nm Print program's name list
size Print program's sizes
strip Remove symbol table and relocation bits
cb C program beautifier
cc ANSI C compiler for Suns SPARC systems
Operating System (3140702) 201240107009

Practical 2
Aim: Study of Advance commands and filters of Linux/UNIX.
The grep Command:
The grep program searches a file or files for lines that have a certain pattern. The syntax is:
$grep pattern file(s)

The name "grep" derives from the ed (a UNIX line editor) command g/re/p which means "globally
search for a regular expression and print all lines containing it."
A regular expression is either some plain text (a word, for example) and/or special characters used
for pattern matching.
The simplest use of grep is to look for a pattern consisting of a single word. It can be used in a pipe
so that only those lines of the input files containing a given string are sent to the standard output. If
you don't give grep a filename to read, it reads its standard input; that's the way all filter programs
work:
$ls -l | grep "Aug"
-rw-rw-rw- 1 john doc 11008 Aug 6 14:10 ch02
-rw-rw-rw- 1 john doc 8515 Aug 6 15:30 ch07
-rw-rw-r-- 1 john doc 2488 Aug 15 10:51 intro
-rw-rw-r-- 1 carol doc 1605 Aug 23 07:35 macros
$
There are various options which you can use along with grep command:
Option -v
-n
-l
Description
Print all lines that do not match pattern. Print the matched line and its line number.
Print only the names of files with matching lines (letter "l")
-c Print only the count of matching lines. -i
Match either upper- or lowercase.
Next, let's use a regular expression that tells grep to find lines with "carol", followed by zero
or more other characters abbreviated in a regular expression as ".*"), then followed by "Aug".
Here we are using -i option to have case insensitive search:
$ls -l | grep -i "carol.*aug"
-rw-rw-r-- 1 carol doc 1605 Aug 23 07:35 macros
$
The sort Command:
The sort command arranges lines of text alphabetically or numerically. The example below sorts
the lines in the food file:
$sort food
Afghani Cuisine
Bangkok Wok
Big Apple Deli
Isle of Java
Mandalay
Sushi and Sashimi
Sweet Tooth
Tio Pepe's Peppers
Operating System (3140702) 201240107009

The sort command arranges lines of text alphabetically by default. There are many options
that control the sorting:
Option Description
Sort numerically (example: 10 will sort after 2), ignore blanks and
-n
tabs.
-r Reverse the order of sort.
-f Sort upper- and lowercase together. +x
Ignore first x fields when sorting.
More than two commands may be linked up into a pipe. Taking a previous pipe example
using grep, we can further sort the files modified in August by order of size.
The following pipe consists of the commands ls, grep, and sort:
$ls -l | grep "Aug" | sort +4n
-rw-rw-r-- 1 carol doc 1605 Aug 23 07:35 macros
-rw-rw-r-- 1 John doc 2488 Aug 15 10:51 intro
-rw-rw-rw- 1 John doc 8515 Aug 6 15:30 ch07
-rw-rw-rw- 1 John doc 11008 Aug 6 14:10 ch02
$

This pipe sorts all files in your directory modified in August by order of size, and prints them to
the terminal screen. The sort option +4n skips four fields (fields are separated by blanks) then sorts
the lines in numeric order.
The pg and more Commands:
A long output would normally zip by you on the screen, but if you run text through more or pg as
a filter, the display stops after each screenful of text.
Let's assume that you have a long directory listing. To make it easier to read the sorted listing,
pipe the output through more as follows:
$ls -l | grep "Aug" | sort +4n | more
-rw-rw-r-- 1 carol doc 1605 Aug 23 07:35 macros
-rw-rw-r-- 1 John doc 2488 Aug 15 10:51 intro
-rw-rw-rw- 1 John doc 8515 Aug 6 15:30 ch07
-rw-rw-r-- 1 John doc 14827 Aug 9 12:40 ch03
.
.
.
-rw-rw-rw- 1 John doc 16867 Aug 6 15:56 ch05
--More--(74%)
The screen will fill up with one screenful of text consisting of lines sorted by order of file size. At
the bottom of the screen is the more prompt where you can type a command to move through the
sorted text
Operating System (3140702) 201240107009

Practical 3
Aim: Write a shell script to generate mark sheet of a student. Take 3 subjects, calculate and
display total marks, percentage and Class obtained by the student.
echo "Enter marks subject1:"
read s1
echo "Enter marks subject2:"
read s2
echo "Enter marks subject3:"
read s3
sum=`expr $s1 + $s2 + $s3`
echo "sum is:" $sum
avg=`expr $sum / 3`
echo "Avgrage is:" $avg
per=`expr $sum / 3`
echo "Percantage is:" $per
if [ $per -ge 70 ]
then
echo "...DISCTIONTION..."
elif [ $per -ge 60 ]
then
echo "... First CLASS..."
elif [ $per -ge 50 ]
then
echo "... Second CLASS..."
elif [ $per -ge 40 ]
then
echo "... PASS CLASS..."
else [ $per -ge 30 ]
echo "...You are FAIL..."
fi

Output:
Enter marks subject1:
55
Enter marks subject1:
60
Enter marks subject1:
65
Sum is: 180
Average is: 60
Percentage is: 60
... First CLASS...
Operating System (3140702) 201240107009

Practical 4
Aim: Write a shell script to display multiplication table of given number.

echo "Enter a Number"

read n
i=0
while [ $i -le 10 ]
do
echo " $n x $i = `expr $n \* $i`"
i=`expr $i + 1`
done

Output

Enter a Number : 2

2*1=2
2*2=4
2*3=6
2*4=8
2 * 5 = 10
2 * 6 = 12
2 * 7 = 14
2 * 8 = 16
2 * 9 = 18
2 * 10 = 20
Operating System (3140702) 201240107009

Practical 5

Aim: Write a shell script to find factorial of given number n.

clear
i=1
fact=1
echo "enter the n value:"
read n
while [ $i -ne $n ]
do
i=`expr $i + 1`
fact=`expr $fact \* $i`
done
echo "The factorial of $n is:"$fact

Output:
enter the n value:
4
The factorial of 4 is: 24
Operating System (3140702) 201240107009

Practical 6
Aim: Write a shell script which will accept a number b and display first n prime numbers as
output.

#!/bin/bash
prime_1=0
echo "enter the range"
read n
echo " Primenumber between 1 to $n is:"
echo "1"
echo "2"
for((i=3;i<=n;))
do
for((j=i-1;j>=2;))
do
if [ `expr $i % $j` -ne 0 ] ; then
prime_1=1
else
prime_1=0
break
fi
j=`expr $j - 1`
done
if [ $prime_1 -eq 1 ] ; then
echo $i
fi
i=`expr $i + 1`
done

Output :

Enter the range 10

Primenumber between 1 to 10 is :

2
3
5
Operating System (3140702) 201240107009

Practical 7
Aim: Write a shell script which will generate first n Fibonacci numbers like: 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 13
echo "Enter limit";
read n;
a=0;
b=1;
echo "Fibonacci Series upto $n:";
echo "$a";
echo "$b";
for((i=2;i<$n;i++))
do
c=`expr $a + $b`;
echo "$c";
a=$b;
b=$c;
done
Output:
Enter Limit:
6
Fibonacci Series upto 6:
0
1
1
2
3
5
 Operating System (3140702) 201240107009

Practical 8
Aim: Write a menu driven shell script which will print the following menu and execute the given
task.

a. Display calendar of current month

b. Display today’s date and time
c. Display usernames those are currently logged in the system
d. Display your name at given x, y position
e. Display your terminal number

Echo “ MENU

a. . Display calendar of current month

b. . Display today’s date and time
c. . Display usernames those are currently logged in the system
d. . Display your name at given x, y position
e. . Display your terminal number
f. . Exit
“
Read i
Case “$i” in
1) Cal ;;
2) ;;
3) ;;
4) Tput cup 10 10
Echo Jalpa ;;
5) Pwd ;;
6) Exit ;;
*) echo “enter valid in put” ;;
esac
Operating System (3140702) 201240107009

Practical 9
Aim: Write a shell script to read n numbers as command arguments and sort them in descending
order.

#!/bin/bash

echo "enter maximum number"

read n

# taking input from user

echo "enter Numbers in array:"

for (( i = 0; i < $n; i++ ))

do

read nos[$i]

done

#printing the number before sorting

echo " Numbers in an array are:"

for (( i = 0; i < $n; i++ ))

do

echo ${nos[$i]}

done

# Now do the Sorting of numbers

for (( i = 0; i < $n ; i++ ))

do

for (( j = $i; j < $n; j++ ))

do

if [ ${nos[$i]} -lt ${nos[$j]} ]; then

t=${nos[$i]}

nos[$i]=${nos[$j]}

nos[$j]=$t

fi

done
Operating System (3140702) 201240107009

done

# Printing the sorted number in descending order

echo -e "\nSorted Numbers "

for (( i=0; i < $n; i++ ))

do

echo ${nos[$i]}

done

Output :

Enter maximum number 5

Enter Numbers in array :

10 3 2 45 8

Numbers in array are :

10

45

Sorted Numbers

45

10

2
Operating System (3140702) 201240107009

Practical 10
Aim: Write a shell script to display all executable files, directories and zero sized files from
current directory.

find $dir -size 0

DU ---- for dir
Operating System (3140702) 201240107009

Practical 11

Aim: Write a shell script to check entered string is palindrome or not.

clear
echo "Enter a string to be entered:"
read str
echo
len=`echo $str | wc -c`
len=`expr $len - 1`
i=1
j=`expr $len / 2`
while test $i -le $j
do
k=`echo $str | cut -c $i`
l=`echo $str | cut -c $len`
if test $k != $l
then
echo "String is not palindrome"
exit
fi
i=`expr $i + 1`
len=`expr $len - 1`
done
echo "String is palindrome"

Output:
Enter a string to be entered:
San
String is not palindrome
Operating System (3140702) 201240107009

Practical 12

Aim : Study of Unix Shell and Environment Variables.

An environment variable is a setting normally inherited or declared when a shell is

started. You can use shells to set variables; the syntax varies but Bourne shells use:
$ VARNAME="new value"
$ export
VARNAME or
$ export VARNAME="new value"

Each program started from that shell will have VARNAME set to new value. The
names of environment variables are case-sensitive; by convention they are
uppercase.
A shell variable is like an environment variable, except that it is not exported to new
programs started from that shell. (You could export it, but normally you just write a
shell initialisation script to set it in each shell.)
The shell sets up some default shell variables; PS2 is one of them. Other useful shell
variables that are set or used in the Korn shell are:
 _ (underscore) -- When an external command is executed by the shell, this is set in
the environment of the new process to the path of the executed command. In
interactive use, this parameter is also set in the parent shell to the last word of the
previous command.
 COLUMNS -- The number of columns on the terminal or window.
 ENV -- If this parameter is found to be set after any profile files are executed, the
expanded value is used as a shell startup file. It typically contains function and alias
definitions.
 ERRNO -- Integer value of the shell's errno variable -- this indicates the reason the
last system call failed.
 HISTFILE -- The name of the file used to store history. When assigned, history is
loaded from the specified file. Multiple invocations of a shell running on the same
machine will share history if their HISTFILE parameters all point to the same file.
If HISTFILE isn't set, the default history file is $HOME/.sh_history.
 HISTSIZE -- The number of commands normally stored in the history file. Default
value is 128.
 IFS -- Internal field separator, used during substitution and by the read command to
split values into distinct arguments; normally set to space, tab, and newline.
 LINENO -- The line number of the function or shell script that is being executed.
This variable is useful for debugging shell scripts. Just add an echo $LINENO at
various points and you should be able to determine your location within a script.
 LINES -- Set to the number of lines on the terminal or window.
 PPID -- The process ID of the shell's parent. A read-only variable.
Operating System (3140702) 201240107009

 PATH -- A colon-separated list of directories that are searched when

seeking commands.
 PS1 -- The primary prompt for interactive shells.
 PS2 -- Secondary prompt string; default value is >. Used when more input is needed
to complete a command.
 PWD -- The current working directory. This may be unset or null if shell does
not know where it is.
 RANDOM -- A simple random number generator. Every time RANDOM is
referenced, it is assigned the next number in a random number series. The point in
the series can be set by assigning a number to RANDOM.
 REPLY -- Default parameter for the read command if no names are given.
 SECONDS -- The number of seconds since the shell started or, if the parameter has
been assigned an integer value, the number of seconds since the assignment plus the
value that was assigned.
 TMOUT -- If set to a positive integer in an interactive shell, it specifies the
maximum number of seconds the shell will wait for input after printing the primary
prompt (PS1). If this time is exceeded, the shell exits.

 TMPDIR -- Where the directory shell temporary files are created. If this parameter
is not set, or does not contain the absolute path of a directory, temporary files are
created in /tmp.
Operating System (3140702) 201240107009

Practical -13

Aim : Write a shell script to validate the entered date. (eg. Date format is : dd-mm-yyyy).

DATETIME=$1

#validate datetime..
tmp=`date -d "$DATETIME" 2>&1` ; #return is: "date: invalid date
`something'"
if [ "${tmp:6:7}" == "invalid" ]; then echo
"Invalid datetime: $DATETIME" ;
else
... valid datetime, do something with it ...
fi
Operating System (3140702) 201240107009

Practical -14

Aim : Write a program for process creation using C. (Use of gcc compiler).

#include<sys/types.h>
#include<stdio.h>
#include<process.h>
int main()
{
int pid_t,pid,pid1,p,p1;
pid =fork();
if (pid ==-1)
{
printf("enter in connection");
}
else
if(pid==0)

{
printf("\n child process1 :\n\n");
p=getppid();
printf("parent process id of child1: %d\n",p);
p1=getpid();
printf("parent process id of child1: %d\n",p1);
}
else
{
pid1=fork();
if(pid==0)
{
printf("\nchild process 2:\n\n");
p=getppid();
printf("parent process id of child2: %d\n",p);
p1=grtpid();
printf("parent process id of child2: %d\n",p1);
}

else
{
printf("this is parent process \n");
p=getppid();
printf("grant parent: %d \n",p);
p1=getpid();
printf("process id of parent: %d \n",p1);
}
}
return 0;
}