UNIVERSITY OF THE PUNJAB

"The Pollution Spectrum: Exploring Types and Their Detrimental Effects"

by
Fizza Riaz

A research Article about Pollution submitted to Ma’am Robia Shaheen

“In the Name of Allah, the most Merciful and the most Beneficial”
P OLLUTION
Clouds of dust continue to engulf our land. Yes, I am talking about pollution. Pollution
has become a dangerous tragedy of our society. In present era, science has developed
a lot but it has become a serious threat to human society along with benefitting human
life. So, it is one of the greatest problems confronting the modern civilized world. Pollution
induced by human has always been existed, but the reason for its significant increase is the
industrial revolution of the 18th century. Because industrial activities began releasing large
amounts of pollutants into the environment. Some years ago, scientists made the disturbing
disclosure that our air, water and earth have become dangerous enough to live on. Now
environment has gone from bad to worse. Car fumes and factory smoke has befouled our
environment. Wastes, oil and chemicals from factories and ships have added deadly filth to the
rivers and seas. Insecticides have made vegetables dangerous to eat. Environmental pollution
is a great menace, the dire consequences of which the whole world is afraid of today. The air,
atmosphere contains, is very essential for breathing (google, n.d., p. article). When we use
natural resources with our selfishness knowingly and without caring about the proportions, the
environment starts to be affected badly. However, it is true that the environment has a great
influence on human life. If a person gets a good environment, he becomes good, but bad
environment makes him bad. If the environment will be free from all kinds of pollution, people
will also be healthy in it. In fact, man is exploiting his own environment. As, man has
progressed, the human environment has become more serious. As, twentieth century has
witnessed a gigantic revolution in the field of science and technology. It has enabled man to
harness the forces of nature, conquer distances and bring about an unprecedented development
in the methods of industrial and agricultural production. But it has not helped create an
environment, which could be favorable to life’s full growth. Therefore, the worst problem
facing the whole world at this time is pollution, which is very crucial to control. Pollution is
causing a lot of bad effects on human health, causing complex diseases. In short, pollution is
escalating day by day. There is a need to take this matter seriously, otherwise our future will
be more destructive than we think. This was the introduction of pollution. Now let’s go deeper
and see what this terrible word actually means and what steps must be taken to prevent from
its devastating effects.

Pollution is the addition of various concentrations of pollutants to the environment. It is the

“It is estimated that around 7 million people die every year from exposure to fine particles
in polluted air that lead to diseases such as stroke, heart disease and respiratory infections,
including pneumonia. Pollutants, which are contaminating our environment include
particulate matter, carbon monoxide, ozone, nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide.” (AirClim,
n.d.)

Literal meaning of pollution is “fouling the natural habitat and environment”. The Air Quality
Index monitors the state of our atmosphere. It is a numerical scale used to communicate how
polluted the air currently is and what associated health effects might be of concern. It typically
ranges from 0 to 500. An air quality index of 50 represents good air quality but of 50-100 can
be satisfactory. Moreover, above 100 represents the haphazard condition of atmosphere and also
increases the devastating effects on human health. As pollution has become a global problem, so
I want to mention those countries where pollution has reached the brink of destruction.
Bangladesh ranks first among the countries most affected by pollution. After that, sadly our
beloved homeland has come second in terms of pollution. For a developing country like Pakistan,
the problem of pollution is no less than an apocalypse. Then after that, Mongolia and Afghanistan
have come in third and fourth place. Then there is India, Indonesia, Bahrain and so on. Denmark,
United Kingdom, Sweden and Finland etc. are the countries where there is no pollution due to
better economic infrastructure. If it is said that there is no name or sign of pollution then it will
not be wrong. So, now we are going to talk about the types of pollution that are all contributing
to pollute the environment.

TYPES OF POLLUTION

There are four major types of Pollution which are given below:
➢ Air Pollution
➢ Water Pollution
➢ Noise Pollution
➢ Land Pollution

A
IR POLLUTION:
According to World Health Organization,
“Air pollution occurs when the indoor or outdoor environment is contaminated
by chemical, physical, or biological substances, leading to alterations in the
natural characteristics of the atmosphere”. (Air pollution, n.d.)

Air Pollution and dust are the problems we are all living with. The major cause of
pollution is the noxious smoke emitted from the chimneys of factories and vehicles. This smoke
is composed of nitrogen oxide, carbon dioxide, water vapors and oxygen in which when NO
oxidizes rapidly in the air and react with NO2, a highly poisonous cough inducing gas N2O4 is
produced. If we remain in the open air for fifteen minutes and then wipe our face with a tissue
paper or a clean cloth, then the cloth will have become polluted beyond our thinking. Indeed,
this will be the gift of the same pollution that has enveloped our atmosphere from all around.
What will happen when we breathe in such a polluted atmosphere? The major contributing
resources for air pollution are the fireplaces, emission of smoke, cutting down of trees, fumes
from factories, brick kilns and vehicular emissions. Excessive use of artificial lights is also
contributing in this, which can be referred as Light pollution. They are causing nose, ear and
throat diseases besides skin, respiratory and hair diseases are also becoming common. Air
pollution has created havoc in Bangladesh and now Pakistan is also going to be engulfed in the
same disaster. According to World Bank, air pollution in Bangladesh led to approximately
78,145-88,229 deaths in 2019 due to various health conditions. In Bangladesh, air pollution
has become a death sentence for people. (The World bank, 2022) That striking number of
deaths was alarming due to air pollution.
PM2.5 is an air pollutant and can have devastating effects on health if present in high
concentrations. In recent years, wildfires have triggered an increasing number of PM2.5
warnings in many other regions as well, including portions of Europe, Australia, Africa and
the Western United States. The worsening situation of pollution in the city of Lahore in
Pakistan has also sounded an alarm. Air pollution has shown us its scary face in the form of
smog. Yes, I am referring to the same smog that is so common nowadays. Smog is basically
referred to as intense air pollution. So, the burning of coal, increasing number of cars and
exhaust gases have contributed to smog formation. In the recent days, the air quality index of
Lahore has deteriorated to an alarming extent. It has surpassed Karachi, Islamabad and so on.
(AQI) The smoke of cars, chemical emissions from factories and water and gas rich in chemical
compounds, the weapons and ammunition used in the continuous wars, all of them are
becoming rich in the atmosphere to further destroy the ozone hole. So, it is basically
Radioactive pollution. Like in Israel-Palestine conflict, military vehicles of Israel in Gaza are
contributing to devastation of climate due to fuel emission. Every aspect of Gaza now has filled
with pollution due to polluted water supplies and smoke-filled air from burning buildings and
bodies. According to experts, there is a fear of storm of diseases due to pollution (Aljazeera,
n.d.). People suffer from respiratory and lung problems for a long time. The highest share of
air pollution is from industrial countries. 38% of hazardous gases come from US chimneys. So,
these are hazardous effects of air pollution that we are going to face very soon unfortunately.

Preventions: In order to reduce air pollution, first of all, it is very important to implement
this global principle that factories should be located away from cities. Industries are established
at such distances from the cities that the smoke and environmental effects cannot reach the
cities. An action plan should be prepared for vehicle fumes in cities. Two-stroke engine
vehicles should be banned because it burns an oil-gasoline mixture. In fact, more smoke is
produced. Vehicles should be shifted to gas. The oil that causes excessive smoke should be
turned off. Paris-style exhaust fans were installed to blow the smoke out of the city. Wood
burning should be stopped and energy should be obtained from gas. Cleaning of roads should
be arranged on a daily basis. Dust absorption machines should be procured to eliminate dust
instead of collecting it on the roadside.

W
ater Pollution:
Water pollution is a very serious threat to human life. Water is life and it is
the basic need of life. The human body consists of 55 to 78 percent water by
volume. Drinking adequate water is essential for our health. But the dirty
water is causing the lack of clean water in this world. According to an
estimate there will be very reserves of clean water by 2035.
“Water pollution is the contamination of waterbodies like lakes, oceans, aquifers and
underground water. It occurs when pollutants are discharged directly or indirectly into
water bodies without adequate treatment to remove harmful substances”. (Environment
Protection departement, n.d.)
Polluted water and toxic materials of factories are polluting our water. Domestic wastes like
organic waste (flowers, vegetables, kitchen waste) chemicals like soap, recyclable waste
(plastics, papers, glass), garbage thrown into water, dirty water from sewers are the main causes
of water pollution. The key cause is oil leakage from containers and fertilizers like insecticides,
pesticides which are sprayed on crops. This happens due to improper drainage system, waste
disposal, lack of proper water treatments and measures. But the question is that why are we
ruining this blessing of Allah Almighty by ourselves. Earlier research has been done about
water quality by Action Research Collective (ARC)-who works for urban service delivery
issues. They had raised a complex case about water quality and contamination in Lahore. Little
by little water was taken from four hundred different locations and shockingly six major
hotspots of E. coli bacteria have been found in it. Fecal contamination was found in samples
accumulated from Chungi Amar Sidhu, Charar, Kirianwala, Kharas Mohalla, Kot Khawaja
Saeed and Mustafabad. Some of residential neighbors have also complained about gastro-
intestinal problems and skin ailments. And in Chungi alone 45 samples were found to contain
bacteria. (javed, 2023, p. Dawn paper) Lahore tap water is also not suitable for drinking without
boil it. There are many terrible diseases such as diarrhea, cholera, typhoid and polio which are
transmitted by microbiologically contaminated water. And approximately 505,000 deaths are
caused every year from diarrhea. (WHO, n.d.). Marla Cone, an environmental journalist, argues
pollution in her famous book “Silent Snow: The slow poisoning of the Arctic origins”, the
greatest environmental injustice on earth. (cone, 2005, p. Silent Snow). According to Pub Med
Central, Ethiopia, the developing country has also become a victim of polluted water. Water
quality and the risk of water-related diseases are serious public health
concerns here. (United States Of Government, 2023). Pakistan,
Bangladesh, Cambodia, Afghanistan and Chad etc. are among 10 most
water polluted countries. It is very obvious that in the country where
the atmosphere is polluted, everything from water to eatables will be
contaminated.
Water Quality Index is an effective way to measure water quality. The
water quality index should be ranging between 0 to 100. The following
is the chart of water quality. (Google, n.d.) Figure 1 Water Quality Index

How water pollution can affect us can be gaged from one of the vast
incidents in history, “THE FLINT WATER CRISIS”. The flint water crisis was a biggest
disaster for public health which happened in April 2014 by drinking Legionella bacteria and
lead contaminated water. In April 2014, due to financial crisis, an emergency manager
appointed by state Darnell Early changed the source of Flint river’s water. After this, the
residents of area felt the stingy smell, color and taste of water (Wikipedia The Free
Encyclopedia, n.d.).It is one of the most criticized human-made events in the United States.
This was happened due to negligence of government and Michigan Department of
Environmental Quality and local authorities. Between 6,000 and 12,000, children were used to
drinking water with high levels of lead. 12 Deaths were caused by this. Officials failed to apply
corrosion inhibitors to the water, which resulted in lead from pipes leaching into water supply.
Many diseases broke out. In short, in 2021 Politico announced that water is just as good as in
any city in Michigan, but still people refused to drink tap water due to lack of trust. There are
many incidents in the history in which industries released lead waste into the rivers. Rivers of
Pakistan (Indus, Sutlej, Chenab, Ravi) has also become victim of pollution due to industrial
waste, agricultural runoff, domestic waste etc.

PREVENTIONS:
Proper waste disposal is the only method to reduce contaminated water of industries from
entering into rivers. There should be proper collections sites for collecting run-off agricultural
fertilizers, hazardous materials like oils, house hold chemicals. So, they could not be released
into rivers and water bodies. Proper sewerage system should be developed. Plastics should not
be thrown into rivers. Because, according to UN Environment Program, it is estimated that
around 19-23m tons of plastic are leaked into rivers, lakes and oceans annually, and that by
2040, “there will be more plastic in the oceans than fish” if it is not treated. So, we have to
adopt these measures to prevent our waterbodies from pollution.

N
OISE POLLUTION:
Any unwanted or unpleasant sound that has devastating impacts on us is referred
to as noise pollution. It is the part of our lives so we cannot chuck out of it, but
too much noise is a disaster for us. It also impacts human well-being
psychologically and pathologically. Noise pollution has been elevated due to
rapid urbanization in the past years. According to WHO, a sound level that is more than 55dB
can be measured as noise (ENVPK, n.d.). Sound level is measured in decibels. The range of
human hearing spans 0dB to130dB. Similarly in hertz, it is between 20Hz to 20,000Hz.
Usually, a whispering is of about 30 dB but normal conversation takes 60dB. Our hearing can
be damaged or lost, if this level crossed 80dB. But above 120dB, it will harm us immediately
(CDC, n.d.). Noise pollution has ruined the tranquility of cities. The incessant noise of vehicles
and traffic continues day and night. People living near the factories live uncomfortable life
(Sound Proof Cow, n.d., p. SPC). In Pakistan, Karachi, traffic noise regularly produces noise
of 80dB affecting 17 million residents. Then in China, Shanghai has exposed to 85dB due to
affinity for firecrackers and traffic. But shockingly India has become a great prey of noise
pollution with 100dB or above level. Noise pollution has become a worldwide issue. The
common health issue caused by noise pollution is noise induced hearing loss (NIHL). Long-
term exposure to noise pollution causes tinnitus, cardiovascular problems, high blood pressure,
sleep disturbances, communication problems, stress-related hormonal imbalance and irritation
(EPD, n.d.). It is dangerous for all ages of people especially children because children living
close to noisy places cannot pay attention to studies. Unfortunately, we have become so
accustomed to noise by our own habits. It has become our norm to beat drums and play music
in celebrations loudly. It is not only affecting us but also animals by interfering with their sound
to navigate, search food and avoid predators etc. Moreover, sonar systems are attached in the
depth of oceans for navigating ships or objects. It can be as loud as 235dB interrupting with
whales’ ability of echolocation. Environmental groups are urging the U.S Navy to stop or
reduce using sonars for military trainings (National Geographic, n.d.). So, the major causes of
noise pollution are loud music, transportation, electric generators, irritating horns and people
itself.
According to WHO estimates, at least one million healthy life years are lost annually from
traffic-related environmental noise in western Europe. One of the five adults is becoming
victim of noise. Tinnitus has been increasing day by day. A conservative estimate indicates that
long-term contact with noise contributes to 48,000 new cases of ischemic heart diseases and
causes 12,000 premature deaths annually in Europe. In one study, it was found that in France,
nine million people affected by noise pollution in the country. And it cost France a big fortune
of 156 billion Euros to deal with these effects (Ahmed, DAWN Article, 2022, p. Article). So,
we can realize that unfortunately, we are also going to cope-up with the same disaster if it
remains untreated.

PREVENTIONS:
Noise regulations and standards should be enforced on industries, vehicles and construction
sites to lessen much noise. Strict legal actions should be taken against honking cars without
any reason. Sound walls should be constructed along highways by using materials that can
absorb, reflect or block sound waves. Maximum trees should be planted because they act as
natural sound buffers. Residential areas should be designed away from noisy sources like
factories, industries etc. However, ear plugs can be put to prevent from noise. The Hat ko
Sound barriers company, the largest company in Turkey and the Middle East are contributing
a lot to reduce noise by their effective noise barriers (HATKO, n.d.). We can also combat this
pollution by following these preventions. So, we can also live in a peaceful and noiseless
environment via environment friendly noise barriers. I know, it is a bit tricky because we are
used to living in such a noisy environment. But we can get rid of this.

L
AND POLLUTION:
The deterioration of our Earth’s land surface due to man-thrown wastes is called
land pollution. Due to accumulation of liquid and solid waste materials, our land
is getting filthy. These wastes are referred to as Municipal Solid Wastes which
include both hazardous and non-hazardous wastes. Due to settlement of waste
materials and pollutants like heavy metals, pesticides, plastics, litter and pharmaceuticals, the
leaching of waste materials in our soil takes place. These materials are changing and degrading
its natural composition. So, basically soil pollution is also land pollution. It destroys the
productivity of land. Apart from this, due to increasing in population, there has been a
significant increase in continuous cutting of forests to build properties which is destroying our
land (Texas Disposal System, n.d.). Many implicit chemicals have become part of our lives.
Industrial wastes, garbage, deforestation, farmer’s use of pesticides, artificial fertilizers on
crops etc. have contributed a lot to contaminate our soil. The most destructive weapon of land
that we carry around us almost all the time are plastic products. According to
environmentalists, the use of pesticides on crops has increased greatly in Pakistan (Article,
2018, p. Jang Newspaper). Due to which earth as well as human life is also threatened.
According to research report, millions of people will die in 2050 due to malnutrition caused by
soil pollution including third-fourth majority from China and India. Because if we continued
to destroy our land like this then no crop will be able to grow in this soil. Due to soil pollution,
skin, respiratory and stomach diseases are taking place because we are consuming vegetables,
having been treated with pesticides and artificial fertilizers. Top fertile layer of soil is
destroying due to continuous erosion. According to United Nation Food and Agriculture
organization (FAO),
“An area of soil the size of a soccer pitch is eroded every five seconds”.
Moreover, plastics are also destroying over earth surface. Due to its cheapness and ease of
availability, it has been widely produced and used in the last 70 years. According to a report
by FAO in 2022, it has been reported that agricultural land is contaminating with plastic
pollution with 12.5 million tons of plastic products used in agriculture every year, mainly in
the crop production (Ahmed, Dawn Article, n.d.). Well, even if we are using plastic, we should
recycle it instead of dumping it on our land. We are bent on destroying the beauty of our country
with our own hands. Karachi, the city of Quaid e Azam (R.A) has now become a house of
garbage. Majority of People throw garbage out of cars comfortably and then these people say
that there is nothing else in our country except pollution, what a shame it is. After this, the
biggest negligence is of cleaning agencies. Even our tourist places have not been spared, they
have also been made cradles of land pollution. There are heaps of garbage in the streets and the
stench arising from them makes life difficult for the residents. Illegal dumping of wastes and
radioactive wastes are causing chronic, respiratory and even brain damage. In India, soil
conservation has become an urgent and essential task to do.

Preventions: Following measures can be taken to prevent this if we want to do it. The
adoption of R3(Reduce, Reuse, Recycle) principle can help us to reduce land pollution. By
this, minimum wastes will be dumped. We should reuse plastic, glass, papers and bottles etc.by
recycling it. Dustbins should be managed in all place and strict laws should be enforced so that
no one threw waste outside garbage bins. Biodegradable products should be used. In some
developed countries like UK, there are three different colored garbage bins for recyclable
materials, non-recyclable and food wastes. Cutting of trees should be stopped and more trees
should be planted. Countries like Brazil, Russia and Indonesia cutting their trees at a shocking
rate has alerted the environmental instability. Ten Billion tree tsunami program has been started
in Pakistan for public awareness that trees provide us oxygen by absorbing carbon dioxide.
They cause rains and control climate to a large extent (Google, n.d.). Due to deforestation,
temperature of earth is increasing continuously. We have to act on these solutions to prevent
land pollution. Otherwise, it will not take long for the predictions of experts to be fulfilled.
The pollution created by our own hands will soon overwhelm us. Our earth is getting sick. It
will die along with organisms it inhabits. We are suffocating earth and destroying what needed
to be preserved. Our own actions have awakened a terrible disaster, “Global warming”. Yes,
now the threat of global warming is hovering over the whole world. Because, climate change
is alarming due to deforestation, burning wastes and fossil fuels, air pollution. Due to it, the
sea ice is shrinking rapidly and glaciers are melting. If we don’t stop global warming, our earth
will be a food of destruction. If all the ice that covers Antarctica, Greenland and Mountain
glaciers melts, sea level will rise 70 meters and coastal areas will be at risk. So, basically global
warming refers to fever (increasing temperature) of earth (Unique Magazine 2023). Human
activities like burning of fossil fuels, deforestation and industrial processes are significantly
increasing greenhouse concentrations like emission of noxious smoke from vehicles, carbon
dioxide, nitrous oxide, fluorinated gases and other pollutants. Many international efforts have
been made to reduce global warming. The Kyoto Protocol was signed in China on February
2005 by more than 160 countries. According to it, countries had to reduce greenhouse gas
emission by 5.2% before 2012. But unfortunately, this target could not be achieved. After that,
Paris agreement was signed by some countries including Pakistan to reduce this by 2030.
They were stressed to limit the global warming to 1.5% (UNFCC, n.d.). Pakistan has launched
many projects to reduce it like Ten Billion Tree Tsunami Project, Clean Green Pakistan Index,
WASH etc. But it will not give us benefit until people will not contribute in this. So, our own
role is very important unless we improve ourselves our environment will not improve either.
According to experts, if global warming is not reduced, there will be a storm of destruction
everywhere. Natural disasters like floods, dangerous storms, wildfires and diseases will await
us.
I am surprised that even educated people are leading in making their mother earth, a house of
pollution, then how ignorant people will be spreading dirt everywhere. We must think that we
are destroying our own homeland in which we live. There are many ways to reduce this by
being a responsible citizen which have been discussed earlier. There are many technologies to
capture carbon dioxide emissions from industries but country like Pakistan cannot afford these
technologies due to various economical and financial crisis. So, the natural way to reduce it is
reforestation. Unfortunately, we are very ungrateful and selfish people. We should be thankful
Allah Almighty that we have got a beautiful and free country. We should value this precious
treasure in spite of poking daggers at its natural beauty. It is a harsh reality that a person values
something after losing it. We shall keep one thing in mind that we are supposed to save our
Earth collectively before it kills us. Now is the time to go back to nature mother. So, all we
have to do is to wake up and change.
“You can’t force people to care about our natural environment, but if you encourage them
to connect with it, they just might.” (Jennifer Nini)

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