Advent of Europeans companies in India

The Europeans and Indians commercial contact

has a long history. But it was in the end of fifteenth
century, that India began to be seen as an
attractive destination by the Europeans.
Initially these trading Europeans only had
commercial interests but by passage of time they
indulged in the political affairs.
Finally they established colonies here, which also
led to rivalry among European powers, initially for
commercial gains and later for political gains.
Ultimately, the British established their rule in
India.s

European
Founded
Company Headquarter in India
in Year
Name
Portuguese
East India Cochin, later Goa 1498
Company
English East Surat(1st), later
India BombayMasulipattnam, later 1600
Company Madras and finally Calcutta
Dutch East
Pulicat, later
India 1602
NagapattinamHugli
Company
Danish East
Tranquebar, later Serampore
India 1616
in Bengal
Company
French East
India Surat, later Pondicherry 1664
Company

Portuguese
Vasco Da Gama found the Cape of Good Hope
route from Europe to India and reached Calicut in
1498. He was received by the Hindu ruler of
Calicut Zamorin. Portuguese established trading
stations at Calicut, Cannanore and Cochin.
Initially, Cochin was the capital of Portuguese in
India, but later Goa replaced it.
Francisco de Almeida was first governor of
Portuguese in India. He is credited for introduction
of policy of Blue Water.
Alfonso d’ Albuquerque became the second
governor of Portuguese in India in 1509. He
introduced policy of Imperialism. In 1510, he
captured Goa from the ruler of Bijapur. Since then,
Goa became the capital of Portuguese settlements
in India. Albuquerque built a fort at Cochin. He
also encouraged the people of his country to marry
Indian women. He also captured Malacca and
Ceylon.
Martin Alfonso de Souza became Portuguese
governor in 1542. Along with him, the famous
Jesuit Saint Fransisco Xavier arrived in India. By
that time, they had captured Diu and Bassein.
Portuguese power began to decline by end of 16th
century. In 1631, Hugli was lost to Mughal noble of
Shahjahan. In 1661, Bombay was given in dowry
to Charles II of England by the the Portuguese
king upon his sisters marriage to English royal. In 1739,
Marathas captured Bassein.

Portuguese were later left with just Goa, Diu and Daman which
they retained till 1961.

Dutch
The Dutch East India Company was formed in
1602.
They established their first factory at
Masulipatnam in 1605. The Dutch traded in
cotton textile and spices.
Dtch coin was known as Pagoda.
They set up settlements at Masulipattanam,
Pulicat, Surat, Karaikal, Nagapattinam, Chinsura,
Kasimbazar, Baranagore, Patna, Balasore and
Cochin.
In the 17th century, they defeated Portuguese and
replaced portuguese as the most dominant power
in European trade in the East, including
India. Pulicat was their main centre, later it was
replaced by Nagapattinam.
After middle of 17th century, English began to
emerge as colonial power. Anglo-Dutch rivalry lasted
for 7 decades and led to defeat of Dutch in 1759 in
the Battle of Bedara.

English
With the advent of Europeans in India, the English
did not want to be left behind. The English East
India Company was established in by the
merchants of London for trade in India . It was
chartered on 31st December , 1600 by Queen
Elizabeth I and granted the monopoly of Eastern
Trade for 15 years.
Captain William Hawkins arrived at the royal court
of Jahangir to seek permission to open factory at
Surat. In 1608 Jahangir issued
a Farman permitting the set up of factory at Surat
after which was finally accomplished after the
defeat of the Portuguese by the British in the
Battle of Swally. Hawkins was given the title of
English Khan by Jahangir.
Sir Thomas Roe arrived in India as ambassador of
James I to Jahangir’s court in 1615 to seek
permission for establishment of trading centres
in different parts of the country.
In the South India The East India established their
firt factory in Musalipattanam in 1611.
By 1619, factories at Agra, Allahabad, Baroda and
Broach were set up. By the Golden Farman the
Company was allowed to trade in Golconda in
1632.
In Eastern India they established their first factory
in Hariharpr and Balasore in Orissa in 1633.
Francis Day founded Madras in 1639 where Fort
St.George was built. The company acquired
Bombay from Charles II on lease who got it from
Portuguese in dowry in 1662.
In 1690, Job Charnock established a factory at
Sutanati. Zamindari of three villages, Sutanati,
Kalikata and Gobindpur was acquired by English
in 1698. It was at this site Job Charnock founded
the city of Calcutta where English built Fort
William in 1700.
In 1717 Mughal emperor Farukh Siyyar issued a
farman called Magna Carta of East India Company
allowing the company tax free trade in Gujrat and
Deccan. By the Godolphin award all the
companies were united into a one body.s
The English East India Company continued its
existence till 1858.

Danish
With the coming of Europeans in India, the
Netherlands also took part in trading activities. The
Danish settlement at Tranquebar in Tamil Nadu in
1620.
Another important Denmark settlement in India
was at Serampore in Bengal, which served as
their headquarter in India. The English purchased
all their settlements in India in 1845.

French
The French East India Company was formed in
1664 by Colbert. It was a Government Company
because Colbert was a minister of French king
Louis XIV.
First French factory was established at Surat by
Francois Martin in 1668. Another factory was
setup at Masulipatanam.
In 1673, Pondicherry was founded by Francois
Martin, he was the first governor of the French
headquarters in India. Other french factories in
India were at Mahe, Karaikal and Chandranagore.

Anglo- French Rivalry (Carnatic Wars)

The downfall of Mughal empire led to political
turmoil in India. the Deccan region gained
independence from Mughal empire under Nizam-
ul-Malik. The Carnatic region came under Nizam’s
dominion.
Of the three Carnatic wars, the second war was
triggered by domestic reasons. First and Third war
was influenced by events in Europe.
First Carnatic war/ Anglo-French War (1746-1748):
In 1740, with break out of Austrian War of
Succession in Europe, England and France
became rivals. The French besieged Madras.
They defeated the army of Carnatic Nawab in the
battle of St. Thome in 1746 under French
governor Dupleix. When the Austrian Succession
War was concluded with the Treaty of Aix-la-
Chapelle in 1748, the first anglo-french war also
came to an end.
Second Anglo-French War/ Carnatic War (1749-
54)
The French Governor of Pondicherry, Dupleix
supported Muzaffar Jung of Hyderabad and
Chanda Sahib of Arcot, their claim for throne.
After initial gains by French, the English won a
decisive victory under Robert Clive. The second
Carnatic war concluded by the Treaty of
Pondicherry also known as Treaty of
Godeheau(new French Governor who replaced
Dupleix) in 1754.

Third Carnatic war/ Anglo-French War (1758-

1763):
The outbreak of the Seven Years War(1756-1763)
in Europe led to third Carnatic War. The French
troops under Count de Lally captured Fort St.
David and they finally The English defeated the F
in the battle of Wandiwash in 1760. English
captured and destroyed Pondicherry. When Seven
Year war came to an end in Europe by Treaty of
Paris in 1763, the third Carnatic War also ended.
The French were restricted to Pondicherry,
Karaikkal, Mahe and Yenam.

[MCQ 1]. When did Vasco-da-Gama reach

Calicut in the Western coast of India?
A: 1489
B: 1498
C: 1398
D: 1589

[MCQ 2] Vasco-Da-Gama was welcomed in

Calicut by which Indian ruler?
A: Zamorin
B: Chandragupta
C: Kanishka
D: Alauddin Khalji

[MCQ 3] The first Portuguese Governor of

India was
A: Robert Clive
B: Munro
C: F.D Alamida
D: Minto
 [MCQ 4] Which Portuguese Governor defeated
Arabs and Egyptians at Daman and Due island of
India?
A: F.D Almaida
B: Clive
C: Lord Hesting
D: sir Adam Fransisco

[MCQ 5] Name of the person who laid foundation

for Portuguese in India?
A: Albuquerque
B: F.D Almaida
C: Lord Minto
D: R.s Ridique
Answer:
[MCQ 6] Portuguese captured Goa in
A: 1560
B: 1510
C: 1540
D: 1522
[MCQ 7] The H.Q of Portuguese in India for
trade was
A: Mumbai
B: Delhi
C: goa
D: Daman & Due
 [MCQ 8] In which year the Dutch East India
Company established in India?
A: 1600
B: 1602
C: 1602
D: 1608
[MCQ 9] The first trading center of Dutch East
India Company in India was established in –
A: Due
B: Goo
C: Machilipatnam
D: Surat
[MCQ 10] The H.Q of Dutch in India was in –
A: Pulicat
B: Andaman
C: Gandhinagar
D: Kochin
[MCQ 11] Dutch shifted their head quarter to
Nagapatnam from-
A: Cochin
B: Daman
C: Pulicat
D: Machilipatnam
[MCQ 12] The trading center of Danes was at
–
A: Surat
B: Haldia
C: Barakpur
D: Srirampur
[MCQ 13] Danish make head quarter in india in
which city?
A: Due
B: Lakshadweep
C: Nagapatnam
D: Srirampur
[MCQ 14] When English East India company
was established in India?
A: 1672
B: 1608
C: 1620
D: 1625
[MCQ 15] Captain Hawkins was sent to which
court to get permission for trading?
A: Shanahan
B: Aurangzeb
C: Jahangir
D: Akbar
[MCQ 16] Sir Thomas Roe was sent to Jahangir
court in which year?
A: 1600
B: 1623
C: 1608
D: 1615
Answer:
1615
[MCQ 17] British East India company established
their settlement in which year?
A: 1613
B: 1616
C: 1622
D: 1632
[MCQ 18] Which Indian sultan give the
permission to English to build factory?
A: Bijapur Sultan
B: Golkonda Sultan
C: Bhagalpur Sultan
D: Bajirao Sultan
[MCQ 19] St. George Fort built in which city of
India in 1641?
A: Hugly
B: Patna
C: Goa
D: Madras
[MCQ 20] Who was the founder of French
East India company in India (1669)?
A: Colbert
B: Robert Hook
c: Suzy
D: Smith
 [MCQ 21] The French head quarter in India was
situated in which city?
A: Chandigarh
B: Bombay
C: Pondicherry
D: Due

[MCQ 22] Which country started first trade with

India?
A: Portuguese
B: France
C: England
D: Dutch
[MCQ 23] Vasco-Da-Gama died in India. What is
the name of this city?
A: Due
B: Daman
C: Surat
D: Cochin
[MCQ 24] Who was the first ambassador of East
India Company visited India?
A: Captain Michelson
B: Captain Hawkins
C: Captain James
D: None of these
 [MCQ 25] Which European was last to India for
trading purpose?
A: French
B: Portuguese
C: Dutch
D: Danish

The British Conquest of India

Bengal
The first autonomous ruler of Bengal was Murshuid
Quli Khan whoshifted his capital from Dhaka to
Murshidabad.
The beginning of British political influence over
India may be traced to the battle of Plassey in
1757, when the English East India Company's
forces defeated Siraj-ud-Daulah, the Nawab of
Bengal.
Before the Battle of Plassey , Sirajudaulah tried to
assert his authority over the British and seized
their factory at Kasimbazar. Thereafter the
incident of Black Hole Tragedy took place in
Calcutta on20th June 1756 when Nawab
imprisomed 146 Btitishers in a room , most of
them found dead in the next morning and only 23
survived.
As result of the Battle of Plassey, the English
proclaimed Mir Jafar the Nawab of Bengal The
East Company received the zamindari of the 24
Parganas near Calcutta.

The battle of Plassey was of immense historical

importance, as it paved the way for the British
mastery on Bengal and eventually on the whole of
India.
The victory of Plassey enabled the Company and
its servants to amass untold wealth at the cost of
the helpless people of Bengal.
Mir Qasim realized that if these abuses continued
he could never hope to make Bengal strong or
free himself of the Company’s control. He
therefore took the drastic step of abolishing all
duties on internal trade which angered the British.
Mir Qasim was defeated in a series of battles in
1763 and fled to Avadh where he formed an
alliance with Shuja-ud-Daulah, the Nawab of
Avadh, and Shah Alam II, the fugitive Mughal
Emperor.
The three allies clashed with the Company’s army
at Buxar on 22 October 1764 and were thoroughly
defeated.
The result of Buxar battle firmly established the
British as masters of Bengal, Bihar, and Orissa
and placed Avadh at their mercy. By the treaty of
Allahabad British were given the right to collect the
revenue from Bihar , Bengal and Orissa means
Diwani was given to British by Mughal emperor
Shah Alam II.

Dual System of Adminstration in Bengal

From 1765 the Nawab of Bengal became

dependent for his internal and external security on
the British.
Dual Government in Bengal was introduced by
Robert Clive in 1765 and continued till 1772 when
it was abolished by Lord Warren Hastings.
Under this system the administration of
Bengal was divided in to two parts- Diwani and
Nizamat. Diwani means right to collect revenue
was given to company and Nizamat means
administrative rights were given to nawab.
Dual system of administration of Bengal held a
great advantage for the British; they had power
without the responsibility.
Mysore
In Mysore Hyder Ali started his carrer as a mere soilder
under Odyer dynasty in Mysore. In 1761 he overthrew
Nanjaraja and established his authority over Mysore.
The capital of Mysore was in Sringapattanam. His
policy of expansion was opposed by the British which
led to the beginning of Anglo- French rivalry.

The First Anglo-Mysore War (1767-69): The main

causes of this war was Haider's ambition to drive the
British away from the Carnatic and finally from India
and the British realization of the threat posed to them
by them.
A tripartite grand alliance was formed against Hyder by
the British, the Nizam and the Marathas. Haider's
success in breaking the alliance and declaration of war
on the British. The war ended with the defeat of British.
The panic-stricken Madras government concluded the
humiliating Treaty of Madras in 1769 on the basis of
mutual restitution of each other's territories and a
defensive alliance between the two parties committing
the English to help Hyder Ali in case he was attacked
by another power.
Treaty of Madras: It was signed by Hyder Ali and the
allies consisting of the Company, the Raja of Tanjore,
and the Malabar ruler.
The Second Anglo-Mysore War (1780-1784)
The treaty of 1769 between Hyder Ali and the English
company proved more in the nature of a truce and
Hyder Ali accused the company of not observing the
terms of the defensive treaty by refusing to help him
when the Marathas attacked Mysore in 1771.

Hyder Ali tried to take Mahe port but in vain. He

arranged a joint front with the Nizam and the Marathas
against the common enemy the English East India
Company.
The war lasted from 1780-1784. But Hyder died in
Port Novo in 1782 and was succeeded by his son Tipu
Sultan. Tipu continued the war for another year but
absolute success eluded both the sides.
Tired of war the two sides concluded peace Treaty of
Mangalore in 1784. By Treaty of Mangalore both
sides agreed to a mutual restoration of possessions.

The Third Anglo-Mysore War (1789-1792)

British wanted to restrict Tipu at any cost.
Hence war between Tipu Sultan and British began in
1789 and ended in Tipu's defeat in 1792. The Third
Mysore War came to an end by the Treaty of
Srirangapatnam in March 1792. This treaty resulted in
the surrender of nearly half of Mysore territory to the
British. Tipu also had to pay a war indemnity of over
three crores of rupees. Here Cornwallis played a very
important role in defeating Tipu.

The Fourth Anglo-Mysore War (1799)

With his defeat in the third Anglo-Mysore war, Tipu
was burning with revenge. He wanted to get back his
territory and to achieve that objective he carried on
negotiations with the French and Zaman Shah of Kabul.
Lord Wellesley after making Subsidiary Alliance with
the Nizam asked Tipu Sultan to accept the same but he
refused. Mysore was attacked from two sides. Tipu
was at first defeated by the Bombay army and was later
on defeated by General Harris at Mallavalli. Tipu died
fighting bravely.
Thus, the fourth Mysore War destroyed the state of
Mysore, which was finally occupied by the British.

Maharashtra
There were three Anglo- Maratha wars which were
foufght between Marathas and the Marathas
The First Anglo- Maratha War (1775-1782)
Nana Fadnavis provided the leadership to the Marathas
The death of Nana Phadnavis in 1800 removed the last
great Maratha leader. He was known as Maratha
Machiavalle.
Peshwa Baji Rao II, despite his stately appearance and
immense learning, lacked political wisdom. The
infighting among the Maratha leaders proved to be self-
destructive.
Peshwa Baji Rao II was in great danger, so he fled to
Bassein where he signed the Treaty of Bassein with the
British in 1802.
It was a subsidiary treaty and the Peshwa was
recognized as the head of the Maratha kingdom.

The Second Maratha War (1803-1805)

Daulat Rao Scindia and Raghoji Bhonsle took the
Treaty of Bassein as an insult to the national honour of
the Marathas. Scindia and Bhonsle were defeated at
Assaye near Aurangabad. The Treaty of Deogaon was
signed between Bhonsle and Wellesley.
 Scindia signed a subsidiary treaty with the British. It is
known as the Treaty of Surji – Arjungaon.

Third Anglo-Maratha War (1817 – 1818)

After the second Anglo-Maratha war, the
Marathas made one last attempt to rebuild
their old prestige. They wanted to retake all
their old possessions from the English.

The Treaty of Gwalior was signed in 1817

between Scindhia and the British, even though
he had not been involved in the war. The
Treaty of Mandasor was signed between the
British and the Holkar chief in 1818. An infant
was placed on the throne under British
guardianship.
The Peshwa finally surrendered in 1818. He
was dethroned and pensioned off to a small
estate in Bithur (near Kanpur). Most parts of
his territory became part of the Bombay
Presidency which was created in 1817.

MCQ
1.Which among the following treaty was signed
after Battle of Buxar?
A.Treaty of Allahabad
B.Treaty of Carnatic
C.Treaty of Alinagar
D.Treaty of Kanpur

2.In which of the following wars, Robert Clive was

one among the prisoners of war?
A.First Carnatic War
B.Second Carnatic War
C.Third Carnatic War
D.Seven Years War

3.Which Governor of Madras presidency made

treaty of Mangalore with Tipu ?
A.Eyercoote
B.Stephenson
C.Wellesely
D.George Macartney

4.Ruler of which among the following for the fist

time signed “Subsidiary Alliance Treaty” with the
British in which the Company kept its army inside
the border of protected state and got some
territories in return?
A.Hyderabad
B.Awadh
C.Poona
D.Mysore

5.During the tenure of which among the following

Governors , annexation of Coorg took place?
A.Lord William Bentinck
B.The Lord Auckland
C.The Lord Ellenborough
D.The Lord Cornwallis

6.The policy of Doctrine of lapse was introduced

by __________
A. Lord Wellesley
B. Lord William Bentinck
C. Lord Macaulay
D. Lord Dalhousie

7.Year of the Battle of Wandiwash is __________

A. 1560
B. 1660
C. 1760
D. 1860

8.The first Mysore War Fought between the British

and Hyder Ali in 1767- 1769 A.D., came to an end
by the
A. Treaty of Pondicherry
B. Treaty of Madras
C. Treaty of Mysore
D. Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle

9. The Third Mysore War Fought between the

British and Tipu Sultan in 1799 came to an end by
the
A. Treaty Srinagapatnam

B. Treaty of Madras
C. Treaty of Mysore
D. Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle

10. The British Government intervened in the

affairs of the Company and passed an Act in 1773
A.D., known as the
A. Regulating Act
B. Pitt’s India Act
C. Charter Act
D. Company Act

11.Treaty of Rajpurghat” was signed on December

25, 1805 between Holkar and __________
A. French
B. British
C. Portuguese
D. Dutch

12. According to the terms of the treaty of

Srirangapattanam, . . . . . . was ceded to the British
A. Malabar
B. Cochi
C. Travancore
D. Mysore

13. The Treaty between Ranjit Singh and the

British was signed at
A. Allahabad
B. Amritsar
C. Kashmir
D. Agra

29. An ambassador of the British King James I,

who secured favourable privileges for the East
India Company from Emperor Jahangir, was
A. Hawkins
B. Henry Middleton
C. Thomas Roe
D. Josiah Child

14.The Peshwaship was abolished by the British

at the time of Peshwa
A. Raghunath Rao
B. Narayan Rao
C. Madhav Rao-II
D. Baji Rao-II

15.The Seven Years’ War (1756-1763) resulted in

the defeat of the__________ forces
A. American
B. British
C. French
D. Russian

16.In November 1781, Sir Eyre Coote defeated

__________ at Porto Nova
A. Hyder Ali
B. Marthanda Verma
C. British
D. Tipu Sultan
17.The English East Company achieved a major
victory over the Portuguese in the Battle of
__________ in 1612
A. Buxar
B. Plassey
C. Swally
D. Trafalgar
18.The Treaty of Lahore was signed between the
Sikhs and the British in India in the year
A. 1836
B. 1846
C. 1856
D. 1866

19.Which Governor General had entertained Ranjit

Singh with great honour at Ropar?
A. Minto-I
B. William Bentinck
C. Hastings
D. Auckland

20. Where was the capital of Ranjit Singh was

located?
A. Ludhiana
B. Pehawar
C. Multan
D. Lahore

21.The permanent settlement was made in Bengal

in the sphere of revenue administration by
A. William Pitt
B. Hastings
C. William Bentic
D. Lord Cornwallis

22.Who set up the dual system of administration in

Bengal?
A. Robert Clive
B. Lord Wellesley
C. Dupleix
D. Lord Macaulay

23.The Treaty of Mangalore was in the year

A. 1484
B. 1584
C. 1684
D. 1784

24. Who gave Diwani to the East India Company?

A. Mir Qasim
B. Nawab Sujauddin
C. Shah Alam II
D. None of them

25. By which treaty the Anglo – French rivalry

came to an end?
A. Treaty of Manglore
B. Treaty of Arcot
C. Treaty of Bradunberg
D. Treaty of Aux-La- Chaple

The socio-religious reform Movement

In the history of modern India, the socio-religious
reforms occupy a significant place The spread of liberal
ideas of the west provided further stimulus for the
emergence of reform movements.
Raja Rammohan Roy and the Brahmo Samaj
Raja Rammohan Roy established the Brahmo Samaj at
Calcutta in 1828 in order to purify Hinduism and to
preach monotheism. He is considered as the first
‘modern man of India’. Born in 1772 in the Hooghly
district of Bengal He studied the Bible as well as Hindu
and Muslim religious texts He had excellent command
over many languages including English, Sanskrit,
Persian, Arabic, French, Latin, Greek and Hebrew.
In 1815, he established the Atmiya Sabha. Later, it
was developed into the Brahmo Sabha in August 1828.
He preached that there is only one God.
He combined the teachings of the Upanishads, the
Bible and the Koran in developing unity among the
people of different religions.
The work of the Atmiya Sabha was carried on by
Maharishi Debendranath Tagore (father of
Rabindranath Tagore),who renamed it as Brahmo
Samaj.
 Raj Rammohan Roy is most remembered for helping
Lord William Bentinck to declare the practice of Sati a
punishable offence in 1829.
He also protested against the child marriage and
female infanticide. He felt that the caste system was
the greatest hurdle to Indian unity. He favoured inter-
caste marriages. In 1817, he founded the Hindu
College (now Presidency College, Calcutta) along with
David Hare, a missionary.
Rammohan Roy started the first Bengali weekly
Samvad Kaumudi and edited a Persian weekly Mirat-
ul-akhbar. He stood for the freedom of the press
Rammohan died in Bristol in England in 1833.

Henry Vivian Derozio and the Young Bengal

Movement
Henry Vivian Derozio was the founder of the Young
Bengal Movement. He was born in Calcutta in 1809
and taught in the Hindu College, Calcutta. He died of
cholera in 1833. His followers were known as the
Derozians and their movement the Young Bengal
Movement. They attacked old traditions and decadent
customs.
The Arya Samaj
Arya Samaj was founded by Swami Dayanand
Saraswathi at Bombay in 1875.
Born in Kathiawar in Gujarat, Swami Dayanand was a
scholar, a patriot, a social reformer and a revivalist.
He believed the Vedas were the source of true
knowledge. His motto was “Back to the Vedas”.
He was against idol worship, Child marriage and caste
system based on birth.
He encouraged intercaste marriages and widow
remarriage. He started the Suddhi movement to bring
back those Hindus who had converted to other
religions to its fold.
He wrote the book Satyartha Prakash which contains
his ideas. The Arya Samaj, though founded in Bombay,
became very powerful in Punjab and spread its
influence to other parts of India. The first Dayanand
Anglo-Vedic (DAV) School was founded in 1886 at
Lahore. His famous slogan was India for the Indians.
He was known as Martin Luther of India.
Prarthana Samaj
The Prarthana Samaj was founded in 1867 in Bombay
by Dr. Atmaram Pandurang.
It was an off-shoot of Brahmo Samaj It was a reform
movement within Hinduism and concentrated on social
reforms like inter-dining, inter-marriage, widow
remarriage and uplift of women and depressed classes.
Justice M.G. Ranade and R.G. Bhandarkar joined it in
1870 and infused new strength to it.
Justice Ranade promoted the Deccan Education
Society.

Ramakrishna Mission
The original name of Swami Vivekanandawas
Narendranath Dutta (1863-1902.) He became the most
famous disciple of Shri Ramakrishna Paramahamsa.
In 1886 Narendranath took the vow of Sanyasa and
was given the name, Vivekananda. He preached
Vedantic Philosophy.
Swami Vivekananda participated at the Parliament of
Religions held in Chicago (USA) in 1893 and raised the
prestige of India and Hinduism very high.
He founded the Ramakrishna Mission at Belur in
1897. It is a social service and charitable society.

Theosophical Society
The Theosophical Society was founded in New York
(USA) in 1875 by Madam H.P. Blavatsky, a Russian lady,
and Henry Steel Olcott, an American colonel.
Their main objectives were to form a universal
brotherhood of man without any distinction of race,
colour or creed and to promote the study of ancient
religions and philosophies of Hinduism.
They arrived in India and established their
headquarters at Adyar in Madras in 1882.
Later in 1893, Mrs Annie Besant arrived in India and
took over the leadership of the Society after the death
of Olcott.
Mrs Annie Besant founded the Central Hindu School
along with Madan Mohan Malaviya at Benaras which
later developed into the Banaras Hindu University.
Pandit Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar
Pandit Ishwar Chandra was a great educator, humanist
and social reformer.
He rose to be the head Pandit of the Bengali
Department of Fort William College.
Vidyasagar founded many schools for girls and he
helped J.D. Bethune to establish the Bethune School.
He protested against child marriage and favoured
widow Remarriage which was legalised by the Widow
Remarriage Act (1856) by Lord Dalhousie.
Jyotiba Phule
Jyotiba Phule belonged to a low caste family in
Maharashtra .
He waged a life-long struggle against upper caste
domination and Brahmanical supremacy.
In 1873 he founded the Satyashodak Samaj to fight
against the caste system. He pioneered the widow
remarriage movement in Maharashtra and worked for
the education for women. His famous book was
Gulamgiri.
Self-Respect Movement and Periyar E.V.R.
Periyar E.V. Ramaswamy was a great social reformer.
In 1921, during the anti-liquor In 1924, he took an
active part in the Vaikam Satyagraha.
The objective of the Satyagraha was to secure for
untouchables the right to use a road near a temple at
Vaikom in Kerala.
He started the “Self-Respect Movement”. The aims of
the ‘Self -Respect Movement’ were to uplift the
Dravidians and to expose the Brahminical tyrany and
deceptive methods by which they controlled all
spheres of Hindu life

Muslim Reform Movements.

The Muslim reform movements started a little later
because they had avoided western education in the
beginning.
The first effort was in 1863 when the Muhammad
Literary Society was set up in Calcutt Aligarh
Movement by Abdul Latif.
 The Aligarh Movement was started by Sir Syed Ahmad
Khan for the social and educational advancement of
the Muslims in India.
In 1866, he started the Mohammadan Educational
Conference as a general forum for spreading liberal
ideas among the Muslims.
In 1875, he founded a modern school at Aligarh to
promote English education among the Muslims.
This had later grown into the Mohammadan Anglo
Oriental College and then into the Aligarh Muslim
University.

Land Revenue system under British Rule

Permanent Settlement :
It was initiated by Governor General Lord
Cornwallis in 1793. This system was planned by
Jhon Shore.
It was implemented in the provinces of Bengal,
Bihar, Orissa, Banaras of UP and North
Karnataka.
It was implemented in 19% of the British areas
Zamindars were the real owners of the land
under this system where British would be given
10/11 of the collected revenue whereas Zamindars
would keep 1/11 of the revenue.
The condition was that if a zamindar was not able
to pay some part, he would be deprived of his
Zamindari.

Ryotwari :
Peasants were the owners of their land Peasants
were directly responsible to give revenue.
It was implemented in 51% of the British areas. It
was started in 1792 by Col. Read while Thomas
Munroe improvised this system in 1820. Major
fault in this system was the excessive land tax

Mahalwari :
It was started by Holt Mc kenzie
Revenue settelement under this system was to be
made by the village or estates with landlords.
Unit of land tax was known as ‘Mahal, under this
‘Mahal’, one or more villages could join.
It was implemented in the areas of Punjab, UP and
central Province. The rate of land under this
system was very high. Only cash was accepted
under this system.
THE GREAT REVOLT OF 1857
The Revolt of 1857 also called Sepoy Mutiny or
First War of Independence was widespread but
unsuccessful rebellion against British rule in 1857–
59.
The revolt begun in Meerut by sepoys in the
service of the British East India Company which
spread to Delhi, Agra, Kanpur, and Lucknow.

Causes of the Revolt

Political Causes
The British rule was disliked by the people at large in
any region when it was newly introduced.
The Doctrine of Lapse, particularly its practical
application by Lord Dalhousie, produced grave
discontent and alarm among the native princes.
Nana Saheb was refused pension as he was the
adopted son of Peshwa Baji Rao II whom led the revolt
in Kanpur.
Jhansi was annexed owing to Doctrine of Lapse and
Awadh was annexed on charge of mal administration.

Economic Causes
The huge drain of wealth, the destruction of its
industry and increasing land revenue had become the
common features of the latter half of the eighteenth
century.
The East India Company, after attaining political
power, used it to fund the growth of British trade and
commerce at the cost of Indians.
But in India the ruin of the millions of artisans and
craftsmen was not accompanied by any alternative
growth of new industrial forms.
Social Causes
The Englishmen showed an arrogant attitude towards
the Indians. Indiscriminate assaults on
Indians by Englishmen became quite common.
Also, a general alarm was raised among the Hindus
and Muslims by the activities of the Christian
missionaries.
The educational institutions established by the
missionaries inculcated western education
and culture in the place of oriental learning.
The native population felt that were losing their social
identity .

Military causes
Discontent against the British Raj was widely prevalent
among the Indian soldiers in the British army.
The Indian sepoys in the British Indian army nursed a
sense of strong resentment at their low salary and
poor prospects of promotion.
The British military officers at times showed least
respect to the social values and religious sentiments of
Indian sepoys in the army.
Another important cause of the sepoy’s dissatisfaction
was the order that abolished the foreign allowance or
batta when they served in foreign territories.

Religious Discrimination
The social reforms by the British was against the
people’s will such as widow remmarriage , abolitation
of sati , education for girls and the activites of Cristian
missionaries . They thought that British were
unnecessarily interfering with the internal matter of
their religion.

Immediate cause
The 1857 Revolt was sparked off by the episode of the
greased cartridges and the introduction of the new
Enfield rifle in the Indian army.

Outbreak of the Revolt

Bengal Resentment: In Bengal 19th native infantryof
Behrampurrefused to use the newly introduced Enfield
Rifle.
Mangal Pandey (a sepoy) refused to use the greased
cartridges and single-handedly attacked his officer,
Hewson and Lieutenant Baugh at Barrackpore in
Calcutta. Mangal Pandey was hanged on 8th April 1857.

The real beginning of revolt took place from Meerut on

10th may 1857 when sepoys of the 3rd Cavalry
regiment refused to use the greased catridges.

Delhi
The leadership at Delhi was nominally in the hands of
Bahadur Shah, but the real control was exercised by
General Bakht Khan. In Delhi, Emperor Bahadur Shah II
was arrested by lieutenant Hudson and deported to
Rangoon Where he remained in exile till he died in
1862.
Kanpur
At Kanpur the revolt was led by Nana Saheb, the
adopted son of Baji Rao II the last Peshwa. Nana
Saheb in his efforts against the British was ably
supported by two of his lieutenants, one was Tantia
Tope, the other was Azimullah. But, soon Kanpur was
recaptured by the British commander Sir Colin
Campbell.
Jhansi
In Jhansi revolt was led by Rani Laxmi Bai which was
finally supressed by Lieutenant Hugh Rose. Laxmi Bai
was succumbed to her injuries.

Lucknow
The principal person responsible for the revolt in
Lucknow was the Begum of Oudh.
The final relief for the British forces in Lucknow came
in the form of Sir Colin Campbell, who suppressed the
revolt.
Faizabad and Baraeilley
Fazabad and Baraeilley the revolt was led by Maulavi
Ahamuddlah and Khan Bahadur Khan.

Bihar
Kunwar Singh, a ruined and discontented zamindar of
Jagdishpur near Oudh was the chief organiser of the
revolt in Bihar. He fought the British in Bihar.
Kunwar Singh sustained a fatal wound in the battle
and died on 27 April 1858 at Jagdishpur. Ultimately the
1857 Revolt came to an end with the victory of the
British.
Viceroy Canning proclaimed peace throughout India.

Causes for the Failure of the Revolt

Foremost cause was that the Revolt failed to embrace
the whole of India. Different section of society such as
moneylenders, merchants and modern educated
Indians were actually against the Revolt.
The resources of the British Empire were far superior
to those of the rebels.
The insurgents lacked a carefully concerted general
plan or a strong central organisation to
plan the movements of the army and oversee their
strategy.
In addition, the British were aided by new scientific
inventions such as the telegraph system and postal
communications.
Significance and Effects of the Mutiny
The Revolt of 1857 though completely suppressed had
shaken the very foundations of British rule in India,
It transferred from the East India Company to the
Crown by the Queen’s Proclamation of 1 November,
1858.
At the same time the Governor-General received the
new title of Viceroy. Lord Canning had the unique
opportunity to become the Governor-General as well
as the first Viceroy according to the Act of 1858.
Lord Canning proclaimed the new Government at
Allahabad on 1 November 1858 in accordance with the
Queen’s Proclamation.
The Doctrine of Lapse was withdrawn. Princely states
were assured against annexation.
The British pursued the divide and rule policy.
There was increase of white soilders in the British
army.
Finally, ther was the growth of Indian nationalism in
the second half of the nineteenth century due to the
revolt of 1857.
Land Revenue system under British Rule
Permanent Settlement :
It was initiated by Governor General Lord
Cornwallis in 1793. This system was planned by
Jhon Shore.
It was implemented in the provinces of Bengal,
Bihar, Orissa, Banaras of UP and North
Karnataka.
It was implemented in 19% of the British areas
Zamindars were the real owners of the land
under this system where British would be given
10/11 of the collected revenue whereas Zamindars
would keep 1/11 of the revenue.
The condition was that if a zamindar was not able
to pay some part, he would be deprived of his
Zamindari.

Ryotwari :
Peasants were the owners of their land Peasants
were directly responsible to give revenue.
It was implemented in 51% of the British areas. It
was started in 1792 by Col. Read while Thomas
Munroe improvised this system in 1820. Major
fault in this system was the excessive land tax

Mahalwari :
It was started by Holt Mc kenzie
Revenue settelement under this system was to be
made by the village or estates with landlords.
Unit of land tax was known as ‘Mahal, under this
‘Mahal’, one or more villages could join.
It was implemented in the areas of Punjab, UP and
central Province. The rate of land under this
system was very high. Only cash was accepted
under this system.

Governo- Generals and Viceroys in British

India

Warren Hastings 1774 – 1785

Regulating Act of 1773 was introduced
– Asiatic Society of Bengal
-- Established Supreme Court in Calcutta
– Stopped Dual government in Bengal
– New Sanskrit School by Jonathan Deccan
– Moved Treasury from Murshidabad to Calcutta
– Bengal Gazette- First Indian newspaper published
– First Anglo-Maratha War (1775–82)
– Second Anglo-Mysore war (1780–84)
– First Rohilla War of 1773–1774
– Second Rohilla War 1779
– English Translation of Bhagwat Gita

Lord Cornwallis 1786 – 1793

Established lower courts and appellate courts
– Permanent Settlement in Bihar and Bengal in 1793
– 3rd Mysore war
– Introduction of Cornwallis Code
– Introduction of Civil Services in India
– He introduced Police reforms

John Shore 1793 – 1798

Policy of Non-intervention

Lord Wellesley 1798 – 1805

Introduction of Subsidiary Alliance – a system to keep the
Indian rulers
under control and to make British the supreme power
– Fourth Anglo Mysore War 1799
– Second Anglo-Maratha War (1803-05)
–– Fort William College at Calcutta
– Formation of Madras Presidency in 1801
Sir George Barlow 1805 – 1807
Sepoy Mutiny at Vellore

Lord Hastings 1813 – 1823

Ended the policy of Non-intervention which was
followed by Sir John Shore
– Third Anglo-Maratha War (1816-1818)
– 1816, Treaty of Sagauli with Nepal
– Creation of Bombay Presidency in 1818
– Establishment of Ryotwari System in Madras and
– Mahalwari System in Central India, Punjab And Western UP
– He abolished the censorship of the press.

Lord Amherst 1823 – 1828

First Anglo-Burmese War (1824–26)
– Treaty of Yandabo, 1826
– Mutiny of Barrackpur (1824)

Lord William Bentinck 1828 – 1835

First Governor General of India and was known as the
liberal Governor General
– Bengal Sati Regulation, 1829
– English Education Act 1835
– Medical College and Hospital, Kolkata
– He carried out social reforms such as the abolition of Sati Pratha
with the help of Rajaram Mohan Roy, Suppression of Thuggee.
– He made English as the language of higher education
– He also suppressed female infanticide and child sacrifice

Sir Charles Metcaffe 1835 – 1836

Passed the famous Press Law, which liberated the press in India (called
Liberator the Press).
Lord Auckland 1836 – 1842
First Afghan War was fought in his reign.
Lord Ellen borough 1842 – 1844

Brought an end to the Afghan War. Annexation of Sindh (1843);

Lord Hardinge 1844 – 1848

.–The First Anglo-Sikh War (1845–46)
– The Second Anglo-Sikh War (1848–49)
– Treaty of Lahore
Lord Dalhousie 1848 – 1856
Doctrine of Lapse
– Widow remarriage bill was passed
– Charles Wood Despatch which provided the proper system
of education from School to University
– Second Anglo-Burmese War (1852)
– First Railway line connecting Bombay and Thane
– First Telegraph Line was laid between Diamond Harbour to Calcutta
– Post Office Act, 1854
– Established Public Works Department

Lord Canning (1856–58): The last Governor General and first Viceroy
of India; Revolt of 1857; Passed the Act of 1858, which ended the rule of
the East India Company. Withdrew Doctrine of Lapse. Mutiny took place
in his time.

Governer Generals and Viceroys (1858–1947)

Lord Canning (1858–62): The Indian Councils Act of 1862 was passed,
which proved to be a landmark in the constitutional history of India; The
Indian Penal Code of Criminal Procedure (1859) was passed; The Indian
High Court Act (1861) was enacted; Income Tax was introduced for the
first time in 1858; The Universities of Calcutta, Bombay and Madras
founded in 1857.
Lord Elgin I (1862–63): Wahabi Movement (Pan-Islamic Movement).
Sir John Lawrence (1864–69): Telegraphic communication was opened
with Europe; High Courts were established at Calcutta, Bombay and
Madras in 1865; Expanded canal works and railways; Bhutan War
(1865); Advocated State-managed railways; Created the Indian Forest
Department and recognised the native Judicial service.

Lord Mayo (1869–72): Introduced financial decentralization in India,

Established Rajkot College at Kathiarwar and Mayo College at Ajmer for
the princes; Organised the Statistical Survey of India, Established the
Department of Agriculture & Commerce. He was the only Viceroy to be
murdered in office by a Pathan convict in Andamans in 1872,
Introduction of State Railways. For the first time in Indian history, a
census was held in 1871.

Lord Northbrook (1872–76): Kuka Movement of Punjab took rebellious

turn during his period.

Lord Lytton (1876–80): Most infamous Governor-General, pursued free

trade and abolished duties on 29 British manufactured goods which
accelerated drain of wealth of India; Arranged the Grand Darbar in Delhi
(in 1877) when the country was suffering from a servere famine; Passed
the Royal Title Act (1876) and Queen Victoriya was declared as the
Kaisar-i-Hind; Arms Act (1878) made mandatory for Indians to acquire
license for arms; Passed the infamous Vernacular Press Act (1878);
Proposed the plan of Statutory Civil Service in 1878-79 and lowered the
maximum age limit from 21 to 19 years, the 2nd Afghan war proved a
failure (Viceroy of reverse characters).

Lord Ripon (1880–84): Repeal of the Vernacular Press Act, 1882; The
First Factory Act, 1881 to improve labour condition, Resolution of Local
Self Government in 1882, Resolution on Land Revenue Policy;
Appointed Hunter Commission (for education reforms) in 1882; The
Ilbert Bill controversy erupted during his time (1883) enabled Indian
district magistrates to try European criminals. But this was withdrawn
later.
Lord Dufferin (1884–88): Third Burmese War (Annexation of Upper and
Lower Burma) in 1885, Establishment of Indian National Congress in
1885.

Lord Lansdowne (1888–94): The second Factory Act of 1891;

Categorization of Civil Services into imperial, provincial and subordinate;
Indian Council Act of 1892 (introduced elections which was indirect);
Appointment of the Durand Commission to define the line between
British India and Afghanistan (1893).

Lord Elgin II (1894–99): The Munda uprising (Birsa Munda) of 1899,

Convention delimiting the frontier between China and India was ratified,
Great famine of 1896–97, Lyall Commission appointed after famine
(1897), Assassination of two British officials-Rand & Amherst-by
Chapekar Brothers in 1897.

Lord Curzon (1899–1905): Appointed a Police Commission in 1902

under Andrew Frazer; Set up the Universities Commission and
accordingly the Indian Universities Act of 1904 was passed; Set up the
Department of Commerce and Industry; Calcutta Corporation Act (1899);
Passed the Indian Coinage and Paper Currency Act (in 1899) and put
India on a gold standard; Partition of Bengal took place in 1905. Created
NWFP and Archaeological Survey of India. Extended railways to a Great
extent.

Lord Minto II (1905–10): Swadeshi Movement (1905–08); Foundation of

the Muslim League, 1906; Surat session and split in the Congress
(1907), Newspapers Act, 1908; Morley-Minto Reforms, 1909.

Lord Hardinge II (1910–16): Annulment of the partition of Bengal

(1911), Transfer of Capital from Calcutta to Delhi (1911); Delhi Darbar
and Coronation of King George V and Queen Mary (1911);
Establishment of Hindu Mahasabha by Madan Mohan Malviya (1915);
Annie Besant announced Home Rule Movement and a bomb was
thrown at him, but he escaped unhurt.

Lord Chelmsford (1916–21): Home Rule Movement launched by Tilak

and Annie Besant (1916); Lucknow Pact between Congress and Muslim
League (1916); Arrival of Gandhi in India (1915); Champaran
Satyagraha (1917); Montague’s August Declaration (1917); Kheda
Satyagraha and Satyagraha at Ahmedabad (1918); Government of India
Act (1919), Repressive Rowlatt Act (1919); Jalianwala Bagh Massacre
(1919); Khilafat Movement sss(1920–22); Non-cooperation Movement
(1920–22), Saddler Commission (1917) and an Indian Sir S. P. Sinha
was appointed Governor of Bengal.

Lord Reading (1921–26): Criminal Law Amendment Act and abolition of

cotton excise; Repeal of Press Act of 1910 & Rowlatt Act of 1919;
Violent Moplah rebellion in Kerala (1921); Foundation of CPI (1921);
Chauri Chaura Incident (1922); Foundation of Swaraj Party (1923);
Kakori Train Dacoity (1925); Foundation of RSS (1925); Murder of
Swami Shardhanand (1926). Suppressed non-cooperation movement.

Lord Irwin (1926–31): Simon Commission announced in 1927; Butler

Commission (1927); Nehru Report (1928); 14 points of Jinnah (1929);
Lahore session of Congress and ‘Poorna Swaraj’ declaration (1929);
Civil Disobedience Movement (1930); Dandhi march (1930); Ist Round
Table Conference (1930); Gandhi-Irwin Pact (1931); Martyrdom of Jatin
Das (hunger strike)

Lord Willingdon (1931–36): 2nd Round Table Conference (1931); Civil

Disobedience Movement (1932); Announcement of MacDonald’s
Communal Award (1932); IIIrd Round Table Conference Foundation of
Congress Socialist Party-CSP (1934); Government of India Act (1935);
Burma separated from India (1935); All India Kisan Sabha (1936); Poona
Pact was signed.

Lord Linlithgow (1936–43): General Election (1936–37); Congress

ministries in 1937 and Resignation of Congress ministries in 1939;
‘Deliverance Day’ by Muslim League in 1939; Foundation of Forward
Block by S.C. Bose (1939); Lahore Resolution (1940); August Offer
(1940); Cripps Mission (1942); Quit India Movement (1942) and
Outbreak of Second World War in 1939.

Lord Wavell (1943–1947): C.R. Formula 1944; Wavell Plan and Shimla
Conference in 1945; End of IInd World War in 1945; INA Trials in 1945;
Naval mutiny in 1946; Cabinet Mission, 1946 and acceptance of its
proposals by Congress; Direct Action Day by the Muslim League on 16th
August, 1946 and first meeting of the constituent assembly was held on
Dec. 9, 1946.
Lord Mountbatten (March–August 1947): Announced the 3
June, 1947 Plan; Introduction of Indian Independence Bill in the
house of Commons and passed by the British Parliament on
July 4, 1947; Appointment of 2 boundary commissions under
Sir Cryil Radicliffe.
Governor Generals of Independent India (1947–50)
Lord Mountbatten (1947–48): The first Governor General of
free India; Kashmir acceded to India (Oct. 1947); Murder of
Gandhi (Jan. 30, 1948).

C. Rajagopalachari (June 1948–January 25, 1950): The last

Governor General of free India; The only Indian Governor-
General.

MCQ
.1. Who was the Governor-General of India during
the launch of Civil Disobedience Movement?
a.Lord Chelmsford
b.Lord Reading
c.Lord Irwin
d.Lord Wavell
2. Consider the following statements
1.Robert Clive was the first Governor-General of
Bengal.
2.William Bentinck was the first Governor-
General of India.
Which of the statements given above is/are
correct?
a.1 only
b.2 only
c. Both 1 and 2
d.Neither 1 nor 2
3.Sati’ was abolished by
a.Lord Ripon
b.Warren Hastings
c. Lord Cornwallis
d.William Bentinck
4.The Treaty of Sreerangapattam was between
Tipu Sultan and
a.Cornwallis
b.Clive
c. Hardinge
d.Warren Hastings
5.Under whose administration did the
Archaeological Survey of India start functioning?
a.Warren Hastings
b.Curzon
c.Canning
d.Ripon
6.Which one of the following universities was not
established by Lord Dalhousie?
a.Bombay
b.Madras
c.Delhi
d.Calcutta
7.Who was the British Governor General in India in
whose reign a part of Charter Act read like this,
"No native of India nor natural born subject of His
Majesty, should be disabled from holding any
place, office of employment by reason of his
religion, place of birth, descent or colour. "
a.Lord Cornwallis
b.Lord Hastings
c.Lord William Bentinck
d.Lord Dalhousie
8.partition of Bengal in 1905 was effected by :
a. Lord Linlithgow
b. Lord Ripon
c. Lord Minto
d.Lord Curzon
9. Who was the last British Viceroy of India?
a. Lord Linlithgow
b. Lord Wavell
c. Lord Mountbatten
d. Lord Irwin

10. Which of the following pairs is not correctly

matched?
a. Lord Dalhousie - Doctrine of Lapse
b. Lord Minto - Indian Councils Act, 1909
c. Lord Wellesley - Subsidiary Alliance
d.Lord Curzon - Vernacular Press Act, 1878

11. With which of the following did Mahatma Gandhi

sign a pact to suspend the Civil Disobedience
Movement and take part in the Round Table
Conference?
a. Lord Wavell
b. Lord Lytton
c. Lord Irwin
d. Lord Canning
12. Indian Railways and telegraph services were started
during the reign of :
a. Lord Cornwallis
b. Lord Ripon
c. Lord Canning
d.Lord Dalhousie

13. Who among the following was associated with the

Permanent Settlement of Bengal?
a. William Bentinck
b. Lord Cornwallis
c. Lord Curzon
d. Lord Dalhousie

14. Who among the following is known as the Maker of

Modern India?
a. William Bentinck
b. Lord Cornwallis
c. Lord Curzon
d.Lord Dalhousie
15. Who among the following Governor-Generals
formed the Triple Alliance against Tipu Sultan?
a. Warren Hastings
b.Lord Cornwallis
c. Lord Wellesley
d. Lord William Bentick

16. Who of the following took keen interest in the

construction of Viceregal Lodge in Shimla and also
became its first occupant in 1888?
a. Lord Dufferin
b. Lord Lytton
c. Lord Ripon
d. Lord Dalhousie

17. Dalhousie has been regarded as the maker of

modern India because he brought about reforms and
made a beginning in many fields. Which one among the
following was not one of his schemes of reforms?
a. Educational reforms
b. Construction of railways and introduction of
telegraphs and postal services
c. Establishment of a public works department
 d. Factories Act to improve the condition of Indian
Labour

18. Who among the following is known as the Father of

Local Self Government in India?
a. Lord Dalhousie
b. Lord Ripon
c. Lord Minto
d. Lord Reading

19. Under whose Governor Generalship was the hated

Vernacular Press Act passed in 1878?
a. Lord Canning
b. Lord Ripon
c. Lord Lytton
d. Lord Minto

20. Match List I with List II and select the correct answer using the code given below:

List-II
List I
Associated
Building
with

A. Viceregal Lodge 1. Lord Curzon

B. Victoria Memorial 2. Lord Ripon

C. Bombay Municipal
3. Lord Dufferin
Corporation

a. A - 3; B - 1; C - 2
 b. A - 2; B - 1; C - 3
c. A - 3; B - 2; C - 1
d. A - 1; B - 2; C - 3

21. Match List I with List II and select the correct answer using the code given below:

List I List-II
Visit of Associated with

A. King George V 1. Lord Wavell

B. Cripps Mission 2. Lord Hardinge

C. Cabinet Mission 3. Lord Irwin

D. Simon Commission 4. Lord Linlithgow

a. A - 3; B - 4; C - 1; D - 2
b. A - 2; B - 4; C - 1; D - 3
c. A - 2; B - 1; C - 4; D - 3
d. A - 3; B - 1; C - 4; D - 2

22. Who of the following was the target of an assassination attempt in the Delhi conspiracy
case headed by Rash Bihari Bose in 1911?

a. Lord Chelmsford
b. Lord Ripon
c. Lord Hardinge
d. Lord Minto

23. Rowlatt Act which authorised the Government to detain people without trial for an
indefinite period was passed during the tenure of -

a. Lord Chelmsford
b. Lord Irwin
c. Lord Hardinge
d. Lord Reading

24. When Gandhiji was imprisoned for the first time in India, the Governor General of India
was -
 a. Lord Chelmsford
b. Lord Irwin
c. Lord Hardinge
d. Lord Reading

25. The Vernacular Press Act, 1878 was repealed under the Governor-Generalship of -

a. Lord Minto
b. Lord Ripon
c. Lord Lytton
d. Lord Reading

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NATIONAL MOVEMENTS
The Indian National Congress
 Allan Octavian Hume, a retired civil servant in the
British Government took the initiative to form an all-
India organization.
Thus, the Indian National Congress was founded and
its first session was held at Bombay in 1885. W.C.
Banerjee was its first president.
The second session was held in Calcutta in 1886 and
the third in Madras in 1887.

Factors Promoting the Growth of Nationalism in India

were Political Unity, Development of Communication
and Transport, English Language and Western
Education, The Role of the Press, Social and Religious
Movements of the Nineteenth Century, Economic
Exploitation by the British, Racial Discrimination,
Administration of Lytton, The Ilbert Bill controversy.
Allan Octavian Hume, a retired civil servant in the
British Government took the initiative to form an all-
India organization.
Thus, the Indian National Congress was founded and
its first session was held at Bombay in 1885. W.C.
Banerjee was its first president.
 The second session was held in Calcutta in 1886 and
the third in Madras in 1887.

PHASES OF INDIAN NATIONAL MOVEMENT

The history of the Indian National Movement can be
studied in three important phases:
The phase of moderate nationalism (1885-1905)
when the Congress continued to be loyal to the British
crown. The years 1906-1916 witnessed- Swadeshi
Movement, rise of militant nationalism and the Home
Rule Movement.The period from 1917 to1947 is
known as the Gandhian era.

Moderate Nationalism
The leading figures during the first phase of the
National Movement were Banerjee Surendra Nath
Banerjee, Dadabhai Naoroj,i Feroze Shah Mehta,
Gopalakrishna Gokhale, Pandit MadanMohanMalaviya,
Badruddin Tyabji, Justice Ranade and G.Subramanya
Aiyar
Surendranath Banerjee was called the Indian Burke
 He firmly opposed the Partition of Bengal. He founded
the Indian Association (1876) to agitate for political
reforms.
He had convened the Indian National Conference
(1883) which merged with the Indian NationalCongress
in l886. Dadabhai Naoroji was known as the Grand Old
Man of India. He was the first Indian to become a
Member of the British House of Commons.
Gopal Krishna Gokhale was regarded as the political
guru of Gandhi In 1905, he founded the Servants of
India Society to train Indians to dedicate their lives to
the cause of the country.
The Moderates had faith in the British justice and
goodwill.
Main Demands of Moderates were:
Expansion and reform of legislative councils.
Greater opportunities for Indians in higher posts by
holding the ICS examination
simultaneously in England and in India.
Separation of the judiciary from the executive
More powers for the local bodies
Reduction of land revenue and protection of peasants
from unjust landlords.
Abolition of salt tax and sugar duty.
Reduction of spending on army.
Freedom of speech and expression and freedom to
form associations
Methods of Moderates
They were loyal to the British. They looked to England
for inspiration and guidance.
The Moderates used petitions, resolutions, meetings,
leaflets and pamphlets, memorandum
and delegations to present their demands.
They confined their political activities to the educated
classes only.
Their aim was to attain political rights and self-
government stage by stage.
The Moderates were able to create a wide national
awakening among the people.
They popularized the ideas of democracy, civil liberties
and representative institutions
They explained how the British were exploiting
Indians.
Particularly, Dadabhai Naoroji in his famous book
Poverty and UnBritish Rule in India wrote his Drain of
wealth Theory.
PHASES OF EXTRIMIST (1905-1916)
The period from 1905 was known as the era of
extremism in the Indian National Movement.
The extremists or the aggressive nationalists believed
that success could be achieved through bold means
The important extremist leaders were Lala Lajpat Rai,
Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Bipin Chandra Pal and Aurobindo
Ghosh.
Causes for the Rise of Extremism
The failure of the Moderates to win any notable
success other than the expansion of the
legislative councils by the Indian Councils Act (1892)
The famine and plague of 1896-97 which affected the
whole country and the suffering of the
masses
The economic conditions of the people became worse.
The Russo-Japanese war of 1904-5 in which Japan
defeated the European power Russia. This encouraged
Indians to fight against the Britain.
The methods used by the extremists were:
Not cooperating with the British Government by
boycotting government courts, schools and
colleges,Promotion of Swadeshi and boycott of foreign
goods, Introduction and promotion of national
education.
The extremists were led by Bala Gangadhar Tilak, Lala
Lajpat Rai, Bipinchandra Pal and Aurobindo Ghosh
Bal Gangadhar Tilak is regarded as the real founder of
the popular anti-British movement in India.
He was known as ‘Lokamanya’. He attacked the British
through his weeklies The Mahratta and the Kesari.
He was jailed twice by the British for his nationalist
activities and in 1908 deported to Mandalay for six
years. He set up the Home Rule League in 1916 at
Poona and declared “Swaraj is my birth-right and I will
have it.” Lala Lajpat Rai is popularly known as the ‘Lion
of Punjab’. He received fatal injuries while leading a
procession against the Simon Commission and died
on November 17, 1928. Bipin Chandra Pal began his
career as a moderate and turned an extremist.
Aurobindo Ghosh was another extremist leader and he
actively participated in the Swadeshi Movement.
He was also imprisoned. After his release he settled in
the French territory of Pondicherry and concentrated
on spiritual activities.
Partition of Bengal and the Rise of Extremism
The partition of Bengal in 1905 provided a spark for
the rise of extremism in the Indian National Movement
Curzon’s real motives were to divide the Hindus and
Muslims in Bengal and break the growing strength of
Bengali nationalism since Bengal was the base of Indian
nationalism. The partition came into effect, 16 October
1905.
The anti-partition movement culminated into the
Swadeshi Movement and spread to other parts of India
The aggressive nationalists forced Dadabhai Naoroji to
speak of Swaraj in the Calcutta Session of Congress in
1906. They adopted the resolutions of Boycott and
Swadeshi. The differences led to a split in the Congress
at the Surat session in 1907.
Formation of the Muslim League (1906)
 In December 1906, Muslim delegates from all over
India met at Dacca for the Muslim Educational
Conference. The All-India Muslim League was finally set
up on December 30, 1906 in Dhaka by Aga Khan.

The Lucknow Pact (1916)

The divided Congress became united, and an
understanding for joint action against the British was
reached between the Congress and the Muslim League
and it was called the Lucknow Pact.

The Home Rule Movement (1916

Two Home Rule Leagues were established, one by B.G.
Tilak at Poona in April 1916 Other by Mrs Annie Besant
at Madras in September 1916. The aim of the
Movement was to get self-government for India within
the British Empire.
Revolutionary Terrorist Movement
In the first half of the 20th century, revolutionary
groups sprang up mainly in Bengal, Maharashtra,
Punjab and Madras. The revolutionaries were not
satisfied with the methods of both the moderates and
extremists. In Bengal Anusilan Samiti and Jugantar
were established. In Maharashtra Savarkar brothers
had set up Abhinava Bharat. In London, at India
House, was formed by Shyamji Krishna Verma. Lala
Hardyal set up the ‘Ghadar Party ‘in USA in 1913 to
organise revolutionary activities from outside India.

Gandhian Era (1917-1947)

The third and final phase of the Nationalist Movement
is known as theGandhian era. During this period
Mahatma Gandhi became the undisputed leader of the
National Movement. His principles of nonviolence and
Satyagraha were employed against the British
Government Gandhi made the nationalist movement a
mass movement.
In April 1893 he went to South Africa and involved
himself in the struggle against apartheid
(Racial discrimination against the Blacks) for twenty
years.
Finally, he came to India in 1915. Thereafter, he fully
involved himself in the Indian National Movement.
Mahatma Gandhi began his experimentswith
Satyagraha against the oppressive European indigo
planters at Champaran in Bihar in 1917.
In the next year he launched another Satyagraha at
Kheda in Gujarat in support of the peasants who were
not able to pay the land tax due to failure of crops.
In 1918, Gandhi undertook a fast unto death for the
cause of Ahmedabad Mill Workers and finally the mill
owners conceded the just demands of the workers.
On the whole, the local movements at Champaran,
Kheda and Ahmedabad brought Mahatma Gandhi
closer to the life of the people and their problems at
the grass roots level.
In 1917, a committee was set up under the president
ship of Sir Sydney Rowlatt to look into
the militant Nationalist activities
Rowlatt Act was passed in March 1919 by the British
As per this Act, any person could be arrested on the
basis of suspicion. No appeal or petition could be filed
against such arrests. This Act was called the Black Act
and it was widely opposed. An all-India hartal was
organized on 6 April 1919. Two prominent leaders of
Punjab, Dr Satya Pal and Dr. Saifuddin Kitchlew, were
arrested in Amritsar.
Jallianwala Bagh Massacre (13 April, 1919) The
Jallianwala Bagh Massacre took place on 13 April 1919
and it remained a turning point in the history of India’s
freedom movement. Dyer marched in and without any
warning opened fire on the crowd.
Rabindranath Tagore renounced his knighthood as a
protest.

Khilafat Movement
The chief cause of the Khilafat Movement was the
defeat of Turkey in the First World War. The harsh
terms of the Treaty of Sevres (1920) was felt by the
Muslims as a great insult to them. Maulana Abul Kalam
Azad, M.A. Ansari, Saifuddin Kitchlew and the Ali
brothers were the prominent leaders of this
movement. Mahatma Gandhi wa particularlyinterested
in bringing the Hindus and the Muslims together to
achieve the country’s independence.
 The Khilafat Movement merged with the Non-
Cooperation Movement launched by Mahatma Gandhi
in 1920.
Non-Cooperation Movement (1920-1922)
It was launched by Gandhi in 1 August 1920ppproved
by the Indian National Congress at the Nagpur session
in December, 1920. But the whole movement was
abruptly called off on 5th February 1922 by Gandhi
following the Churi Chaura incident and Congress
called off the movement on 12 February 1922.

Swaraj Party
The suspension of the Non-Cooperation Movement led
to a split within Congress in the Gaya session of the
Congress in December 1922 and leaders like Motilal
Nehru and Chittranjan Das formed a separate group
within the Congress known as the Swaraj Party on 1
January 1923 in Allahabad. The Swarajists wanted to
contest the council elections and wreck the
government from within.
Simon Commission (1927)
The Act of 1919 included a provision for its review
after a lapse of ten years. The review commission was
appointed by the British Government two years earlier
of its schedule in 1927. It came to be known as
Simon Commission after the name of its chairman, Sir
John Simon. All its seven members were Englishmen.
As there was no Indian member in it almost all the
political parties including the Congress decided to
oppose the Commission. At Lahore, the students took
out a large anti-Simon Commission demonstration on
30 October 1928 under the leadership of Lala Lajpat
Rai In this demonstration, Lala Lajpat Rai was seriously
injured in the police lathi charge and he passed away
after one month.

Nehru Report (1928)

In the meanwhile, the Secretary of State, Lord
Birkenhead, challenged the Indians to produce a
Constitution The challenge was accepted by the
Congress, which convened an all-party meeting on 28
February 1928. It was headed by Motilal Nehru which
was published by this Committee came to be known as
the Nehru Report. Their main demand was dominion
status should be given within one year. Since
domuinion status was not given therefore Congress
passed a resolution of Purna Swaraj in Lahore in 1929.
The Congress had also observed January 26, 1930 as
the Day of Independence.
Civil Disobedience Movement (1930-1934)
In this prevailing situation Gandhi decided to launch his
second mass movement that was Civil Disobedience
Movement. On 12th March 1930, Gandhi began his
famous March to Dandi with his chosen 78 followers
to break the salt laws. He reached the coast of Dandi
on 5 April 1930. On 6 April 1930 he formally launched
the Civil Disobedience Movement by breaking the salt
laws. Soon, the movement spread to all parts of the
country. Students, workers, farmers and women, all
participated in this movement with great enthusiasm.
Round Table Conference
In September 1931, the Second Round Table
Conference was held at London Mahatma Gandhi
participated in the Conference but returned to India
disappointed as no agreement could be reached on
the demand of complete independence and on the
communal question. In January 1932, the Civil-
Disobedience Movement was resumed The
government responded to it by arresting Mahatma and
was put in Yeravada jail in Pune.
Poona Pact (1932)
On 16 August 1932 the British Prime Minister Ramsay
MacDonald made an announcement, which came to be
as the Communal Award. According to this award, the
depressed classes were considered as a separate
community and as such provisions were made for
separate electorates for them. Mahatma Gandhi
protested against the Communal Award and went on a
fast unto death in the Yeravada jail on 20 September
1932. Finally, an agreement was reached between Dr
Ambedkar and Gandhi This agreement came to be
called as the Poona Pact. Accordingly, 148 seats in
different Provincial Legislatures were reserved for the
Depressed Classes in place of 71 as provided in the
Communal Award.
The Second World War and National Movement
In 1937 elections were held under the provisions of the
Government of India Act of 1935 Congress Ministries
were formed in seven states of India.
On 1 September 1939 the Second World War broke
out. The British Government without consulting the
people of India involved the country in the war.
As a mark of protest the Congress Ministries in the
Provinces resigned on 12 December 1939 the Muslim
League celebrated that day as the Deliverance Day
In March 1940 the Muslim League demanded the
creation of Pakistan.
Individual Satyagraha
In order to secure the cooperation of the Indians, the
British Government made an announcement on 8
August 1940. The August Offer envisaged that after
the War a representative body of Indians would be set
up to frame the new Constitution.
Gandhi was not satisfied with is offer and decided to
launch Individual Satyagraha. Individual Satyagraha
was limited, symbolic and non-violent in nature It was
left to Mahatma Gandhi to choose the Satyagrahis
Acharya Vinoba Bhave was the first to offer Satyagraha
and he was sentenced to three month of imprisonment
Jawaharlal Nehru was the second Satyagrahi and
imprisoned for four months. The individual Satyagraha
continued for nearly 15 months.
Cripps Mission (1942)
In the midst of worsening wartime international
situation, the British Government in its continued
effort to secure Indian cooperation sent Sir Stafford
Cripps to India on 23 March 1942. This is known as
Cripps Mission.
The main recommendations of Cripps were the
promise of Dominion Status to India.
Gandhi called Cripp’s proposals as a “Post-dated
Cheque”. The Muslim League was also dissatisfied as
its demand for Pakistan had not been conceded in the
proposal
Quit India Movement (1942-1944)
The failure of the Cripps Mission and the fear of an
impending Japanese invasion of India led Mahatma
Gandhi to begin his campaign for the British to quit
India. Mahatma Gandhi believed that an interim
government could be formed only after theBritish left
India and the Hindu-Muslim problem sorted out.
The All India Congress Committee met at Bombay on 8
August 1942 and passed the famous
Quit India Resolution. On the same day, Gandhi gave
his call of ‘do or die’
On 8th and 9th August 1942, the government arrested
all the prominent leaders of the Congress6. Mahatma
Gandhi was kept in prison at Poona Pandit Jawaharlal
Nehru, Abul Kalam Azad, and other leaders were
imprisoned in the Ahmednagar Fort At this time,
leadership was provided by Ram Manohar Lohia,
Achyuta and S.M. Joshi.
The role of Jayaprakash Narain in this movement was
important. Large number of students. Quit India
Movement (1942-1944)
The failure of the Cripps Mission and the fear of an
impending Japanese invasion of India led
Mahatma Gandhi to begin his campaign for the British
to quit India
Mahatma Gandhi believed that an interim government
could be formed only after the
British left India and the Hindu-Muslim problem sorted
out. The All India Congress Committee met at Bombay
on 8 August 1942 and passed the famous Quit India
Resolution. On the same day, Gandhi gave his call of
‘do or die’
On 8th and 9th August 1942, the government arrested
all the prominent leaders of the Congress.
Mahatma Gandhi was kept in prison at Poona
Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, Abul Kalam Azad, and other
leaders were imprisoned in the Ahmednagar Fort At
this time, leadership was provided by Ram Manohar
Lohia, Achyuta and S.M. Joshi.
The role of Jayaprakash Narain in this movement was
important. Large number of students participated in
ythis movement.

Indian National Army

Indian National Army was founded by Captain Mohan
Singh in 1942. On 2 July 1943, Subhas Chandra Bose
reached Singapore and gave the rousing war cry of
‘Dilli Chalo’
He was made the President of Indian Independence
League and soon became the supreme commander of
the Indian National Army.
The Indian National Army marched towards Imphal
after registering its victory over Kohima. After Japan’s
surrender in 1945 The INA failed in its efforts. Under
such circumstances, Subhas went to Taiwan.
Then on his way to Tokyo he died on 18 August 1945
in a plane crash The trial of the soldiers of INA was
held at Red Fort in Delhi, Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru,
Bhulabhai Desai and Tej Bahadur Sapru fought the case
on behalf of the soldiers
Cabinet Mission (1946)
After the Second World War, Lord Atlee became the
Prime Minister of England On 15 March, 1946 Lord
Atlee made a historic announcement in which the right
to self-determination and the framing of a Constitution
for India were conceded.
Consequently, three members of the British Cabinet -
Pathick Lawrence, Sir Stafford Cripps and A. V.
Alexander - were sent to India. This is known as the
Cabinet Mission. The Cabinet Mission put forward a
plan for solution of the constitutional problem.
Both the Muslim League and the Congress accepted
the plan An Interim Government was formed under the
leadership of Jawaharlal Nehru on 2 September 1946
Mountbatten Plan (1947)
On 20 February l947, Prime Minister Atlee announced
in the House of Commons the definite intention of the
British Government to transfer power to responsible
Indian hands thus, to effect the transference of that
power Atlee decided to send Lord Mountbatten as
Viceroy to India.
Lord Mountbatten armed with vast powers became
India’s Viceroy on 24 March 1947. After extensive
consultation Lord Mountbatten put forth the plan of
partition of India on 3 June 1947. The Congress and the
Muslim League ultimately approved the Mountbatten
Plan.

Indian Independence Act 1947

The British Government accorded formal approval to
the Mountbatten Plan by enacting the Indian
Independence Act on 18 July 1947
The partition of the country into India and Pakistan
would come into effect from 15 August 1947.
A Boundary Commission would demarcate the
boundaries of the provinces of the Punjab and Bengal
 The Act provided for the transfer of power to the
Constituent Assemblies of the two Dominions. The
Radcliff Boundary Commission drew the boundary line
separating India and Pakistan.
On 15th August 1947 India, and on the 14th August
Pakistan came into existence as two independent
states. Lord Mountbatten was made the first Governor
General of Independent India Whereas Mohammad Ali
Jinnah became the first Governor General of Pakistan.

more
Maratha Empire and the British East India
Company over territory. They were:
 First Anglo-Maratha War (1775–1782)
 Second Anglo-Maratha War (1803–1805)
 Third Anglo-Maratha War (also known as the
Pindari War) (1817–1818)

The First Anglo- Maratha War (1775-1782)

Nana Fadnavis provided the leadership to the Marathas
The death of Nana Phadnavis in 1800 removed the last great
Maratha leader.
Peshwa Baji Rao II, despite his stately appearance and
immense learning, lacked political wisdom. The infighting
among the Maratha leaders proved to be self-destructive.
Peshwa Baji Rao II was in great danger, so he fled to Bassein
where he signed the Treaty of Bassein with the British in
1802.
It was a subsidiary treaty and the Peshwa was recognized as
the head of the Maratha kingdom.

The Second Maratha War (1803-1805)

Daulat Rao Scindia and Raghoji Bhonsle took the Treaty of
Bassein as an insult to the national honour of the Marathas.
Scindia and Bhonsle were defeated at Assaye near
Aurangabad. The Treaty of Deogaon was signed between
Bhonsle and Wellesley.
 Scindia signed a subsidiary treaty with the British. It is
known as the Treaty of Surji – Arjungaon.

Third Anglo-Maratha War (1817 – 1818)

After the second Anglo-Maratha war, the Marathas made

one last attempt to rebuild their old prestige. They wanted
to retake all their old possessions from the English.

The Treaty of Gwalior was signed in 1817 between

Scindhia and the British, even though he had not been
involved in the war. The Treaty of Mandasor was signed
between the British and the Holkar chief in 1818. An infant
was placed on the throne under British guardianship.

The Peshwa finally surrendered in 1818. He was

dethroned and pensioned off to a small estate in Bithur
(near Kanpur). Most parts of his territory became part of
the Bombay Presidency.

The First Anglo- Maratha War (1775-1782)

Nana Fadnavis provided the leadership to the Marathas
The death of Nana Phadnavis in 1800 removed the last great
Maratha leader.
 Peshwa Baji Rao II, despite his stately appearance and
immense learning, lacked political wisdom. The infighting
among the Maratha leaders proved to be self-destructive.
Peshwa Baji Rao II was in great danger, so he fled to Bassein
where he signed the Treaty of Bassein with the British in
1802.
It was a subsidiary treaty and the Peshwa was recognized as
the head of the Maratha kingdom.

The Second Maratha War (1803-1805)

Daulat Rao Scindia and Raghoji Bhonsle took the
Treaty of Bassein as an insult to the national honour of
the Marathas. Scindia and Bhonsle were defeated at
Assaye near Aurangabad. The Treaty of Deogaon was
signed between Bhonsle and Wellesley.
Scindia signed a subsidiary treaty with the British. It is
known as the Treaty of Surji – Arjungaon.

Third Anglo-Maratha War (1817 – 1818)

After the second Anglo-Maratha war, the
Marathas made one last attempt to rebuild
their old prestige. They wanted to retake all
their old possessions from the English.

The Treaty of Gwalior was signed in 1817

between Scindhia and the British, even though
he had not been involved in the war. The
Treaty of Mandasor was signed between the
British and the Holkar chief in 1818. An infant
was placed on the throne under British
guardianship.
The Peshwa finally surrendered in 1818. He
was dethroned and pensioned off to a small
estate in Bithur (near Kanpur). Most parts of
his territory became part of the Bombay
Presidency.