Berbice high school
Name: Kiara Solomon
Grade 10 arts
Subject: edpm
What is a Bibliography?
A bibliography is a detailed list of all the sources, such as books, articles, or websites, that you used to
gather information for your research paper or project. It serves as a way to give credit to the authors and
sources that contributed to your work.
What is Reference?
A reference is the act of directing someone to a specific source for further information. It's used to guide
readers to the exact book, article, or website where more details can be found.
4 main types of Bibliographies Styles & Guidelines
The APA system is also a parenthetical system but the bracketed references in the body of your essay are:
the author’s surname, the date of publication and the page or page numbers you are referring to. For
example: There are a number of different referencing styles or conventions but there are four that are used
most widely (Kennedy, 2003, p. 17). The reference always goes at the end of the sentence before the full
stop.
A bibliography compiled according to APA conventions lists items alphabetically by the author’s last
name. Each entry should include, in the following order: the author’s surname, their first initial, the date
of publication in brackets, the title of the book, the place of publication and the publisher. For example:
Kennedy, D. (1996) New Relations: The Refashioning of British Poetry 1980-1994. Bridgend: Seren.
Again, pay attention to how the entry is punctuated as that is part of the system too.
The MLA system is a parenthetical system: i.e. bracketed references in the body of your essay are linked to
full length citations in the bibliography at the end of your essay. The bracket in the body of the essay
contains only the author’s surname and the page number or numbers you are referring to. For example:
There are a number of different referencing styles or conventions but there are four that are used most
widely. (Kennedy, 17).
If your essay quotes from two or more works by the same author then the bracketed reference should
include a shortened version of the title to indicate which book is being referred to. (Kennedy, New
Relations, 26)
A bibliography compiled according to MLA conventions lists items alphabetically by the author’s last
name. Each entry should include, in the following order: the author’s name in full, the title of the book,
the place of publication, the publisher, and the date. For example: Kennedy, David. New Relations: The
Refashioning of British Poetry 1980-1994. Bridgend: Seren, 1996. Pay attention to how the entry is
punctuated as that is part of the system too.
The Harvard system is another parenthetical system and the bracketed references in the body of your
essay are: the author’s surname and the date of publication. The list of works at the end of the essay is
headed ‘References’. The works listed in it appear in alphabetical order by the author’s surname and
follow the same format as the APA system.
The MHRA system does not use bracketed references in the body of an essay. Instead, superscript
numbers like this 1 are linked to a sequence of notes which appear either at the foot of the page or in a
section at the end of your essay. The note contains the full reference for the book or article you are
referring to. Here’s what an MHRA note reference looks like:
1 David Kennedy, New Relations: The Refashioning of British Poetry 1980-1994. (Bridgend: Seren, 1996),
p.26.
Example of Bibliographies Styles when using a book and internet source
1. APA Style
Book:
Format: Author, A. A. (Year). Title of the book. Publisher.
Example: Smith, J. (2020). Understanding electronic documents. TechPress.
Internet Source:
Format: Author, A. A. (Year, Month Day). Title of the web page. Website Name. URL
Example: Johnson, L. (2023, June 15). Managing digital files. EDPM Online Resources.
https://www.edpmonline.org/managing-digital-files
2. MLA Style
Book:
Format: Author’s Last Name, First Name. Title of the Book. Publisher, Year.
Example: Smith, John. Understanding Electronic Documents. TechPress, 2020.
Internet Source:
Format:
Author's Last Name, First Initial. (Year, Month Day). Title of webpage. Website Name. Full URL.
Example:
Brown, T. (2024, July 10). Exploring digital documentation. Online Learning Hub.
https://www.onlinelearninghub.org/digital-docs
3. MHRA Style
Book:
Author's First Name Last Name, Title of the Book (Place of Publication: Publisher, Year), page number.
For example: John Smith, Understanding Electronic Documents (New York: TechPress, 2020), p. 45.
Internet Source:
Format: Author’s First Name Last Name, ‘Title of Web Page’, Website Name, Date of Publication,
<URL> [accessed Day Month Year].
Exqmple: Laura Johnson, “Managing Digital Files,” EDPM Online Resources, 15 June 2023,
https://www.edpmonline.org/managing-digital-files [accessed 10 October 2023].
Additional references:
https://www.edpmonline.org/managing-digital-files
https://www.rlf.org.uk/resources/mla-apa-harvard-or-mhra/
4. Harvard Style
Book:
Format: Author’s Last Name, First Initial. (Year) Title of the book. Publisher.
Example: Smith, J. (2020) Understanding electronic documents. TechPress.
Internet Source:
Format: Author’s Last Name, First Initial. (Year) Title of web page. Website Name. Available at: URL
(Accessed: Day Month Year).
Example: Johnson, L. (2023) Managing digital files. EDPM Online Resources. Available at:
https://www.edpmonline.org/managing-digital-files (Accessed: 15 June 2023).
