PDF

This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 23 October 2024.

Portable Document Format (PDF), standardized as ISO 32000, is a file format developed by
Adobe in 1992 to present documents, including text formatting and images, in a manner
independent of application software, hardware, and operating systems.[2][3] Based on the
PostScript language, each PDF file encapsulates a complete description of a fixed-layout flat
document, including the text, fonts, vector graphics, raster images and other information needed
to display it. PDF has its roots in "The Camelot Project" initiated by Adobe co-founder John
Warnock in 1991.[4] PDF was standardized as ISO 32000 in 2008.[5] The last edition as ISO
32000-2:2020 was published in December 2020.

PDF files may contain a variety of content besides flat text and graphics including logical
structuring elements, interactive elements such as annotations and form-fields, layers, rich
media (including video content), three-dimensional objects using U3D or PRC, and various other
data formats. The PDF specification also provides for encryption and digital signatures, file
attachments, and metadata to enable workflows requiring these features.

History

The development of PDF began in 1991 when John Warnock wrote a paper for a project then
code-named Camelot, in which he proposed the creation of a simplified version of PostScript
called Interchange PostScript (IPS).[6] Unlike traditional PostScript, which was tightly focused on
rendering print jobs to output devices, IPS would be optimized for displaying pages to any screen
and any platform.[6]

Adobe Systems made the PDF specification available free of charge in 1993. In the early years
PDF was popular mainly in desktop publishing workflows, and competed with several other
formats, including DjVu, Envoy, Common Ground Digital Paper, Farallon Replica and even Adobe's
own PostScript format.

PDF was a proprietary format controlled by Adobe until it was released as an open standard on
July 1, 2008, and published by the International Organization for Standardization as ISO 32000-
1:2008,[7][8] at which time control of the specification passed to an ISO Committee of volunteer
industry experts. In 2008, Adobe published a Public Patent License to ISO 32000-1 granting
royalty-free rights for all patents owned by Adobe necessary to make, use, sell, and distribute
PDF-compliant implementations.[9]
PDF 1.7, the sixth edition of the PDF
Portable Document Format
specification that became ISO 32000-1,
includes some proprietary technologies
defined only by Adobe, such as Adobe XML
Forms Architecture (XFA) and JavaScript
extension for Acrobat, which are referenced by
ISO 32000-1 as normative and indispensable
for the full implementation of the ISO 32000-1
Adobe PDF icon
specification.[10] These proprietary
technologies are not standardized, and their Filename extension .pdf

specification is published only on Adobe's Internet application/pdf ,[1]

website.[11][12][13] Many of them are not media type application/x-
supported by popular third-party pdf
application/x-
implementations of PDF.
bzpdf
application/x-
ISO published version 2.0 of PDF, ISO 32000-2 gzpdf
in 2017, available for purchase, replacing the
Type code PDF [1] (including a
free specification provided by Adobe.[14] In
single trailing space)
December 2020, the second edition of PDF
Uniform Type com.adobe.pdf
2.0, ISO 32000-2:2020, was published, with
Identifier (UTI)
clarifications, corrections, and critical updates
Magic number %PDF
to normative references[15] (ISO 32000-2 does
not include any proprietary technologies as Developed by Adobe Inc. (1991–
2008)
normative references).[16] In April 2023 the
ISO (2008–)
PDF Association made ISO 32000-2 available
for download free of charge.[14] Initial release June 15, 1993

Latest release 2.0

Technical details Extended to PDF/A, PDF/E,
PDF/UA, PDF/VT,
A PDF file is often a combination of vector PDF/X

graphics, text, and bitmap graphics. The basic Standard ISO 32000-2
types of content in a PDF are:
Open format? Yes
Typeset text stored as content streams (i.e.,
Website iso.org/standard
not encoded in plain text); /75839.html (https://i
so.org/standard/758
Vector graphics for illustrations and designs
39.html)
that consist of shapes and lines;

Raster graphics for photographs and other types of images; and

Other multimedia objects.

In later PDF revisions, a PDF document can also support links (inside document or web page),
forms, JavaScript (initially available as a plugin for Acrobat 3.0), or any other types of embedded
contents that can be handled using plug-ins.

PDF combines three technologies:

An equivalent subset of the PostScript page description programming language but in

declarative form, for generating the layout and graphics.

A font-embedding/replacement system to allow fonts to travel with the documents.

A structured storage system to bundle these elements and any associated content into a
single file, with data compression where appropriate.

PostScript language

PostScript is a page description language run in an interpreter to generate an image.[6] It can

handle graphics and has standard features of programming languages such as branching and
looping.[6] PDF is a subset of PostScript, simplified to remove such control flow features, while
graphics commands remain.[6]

PostScript was originally designed for a drastically different use case: transmission of one-way
linear print jobs in which the PostScript interpreter would collect a series of commands until it
encountered the showpage command, then execute all the commands to render a page as a
raster image to a printing device.[17] PostScript was not intended for long-term storage and real-
time interactive rendering of electronic documents to computer monitors, so there was no need
to support anything other than consecutive rendering of pages.[17] If there was an error in the
final printed output, the user would correct it at the application level and send a new print job in
the form of an entirely new PostScript file. Thus, any given page in a PostScript file could be
accurately rendered only as the cumulative result of executing all preceding commands to draw
all previous pages—any of which could affect subsequent pages—plus the commands to draw
that particular page, and there was no easy way to bypass that process to skip around to
different pages.[17]

Traditionally, to go from PostScript to PDF, a source PostScript file (that is, an executable
program) is used as the basis for generating PostScript-like PDF code (see, e.g., Adobe Distiller).
This is done by applying standard compiler techniques like loop unrolling, inlining and removing
unused branches, resulting in code that is purely declarative and static.[17] The end result is then
packaged into a container format, together with all necessary dependencies for correct rendering
(external files, graphics, or fonts to which the document refers), and compressed. Modern
applications write to printer drivers that directly generate PDF rather than going through
PostScript first.
As a document format, PDF has several advantages over PostScript:

PDF contains only static declarative PostScript code that can be processed as data, and does
not require a full program interpreter or compiler.[17] This avoids the complexity and security
risks of an engine with such a higher complexity level.

Like Display PostScript, PDF has supported transparent graphics since version 1.4, while
standard PostScript does not.

PDF enforces the rule that the code for any particular page cannot affect any other pages.[17]
That rule is strongly recommended for PostScript code too, but has to be implemented
explicitly (see, e.g., the Document Structuring Conventions), as PostScript is a full
programming language that allows for such greater flexibilities and is not limited to the
concepts of pages and documents.

All data required for rendering is included within the file itself, improving portability.[18]

Its disadvantages are:

A loss of flexibility, and limitation to a single use case.

A (sometimes much) larger file size.[19]

PDF since v1.6 supports embedding of interactive 3D documents: 3D drawings can be

embedded using U3D or PRC and various other data formats.[20][21][22]

File format

A PDF file is organized using ASCII characters, except for certain elements that may have binary
content. The file starts with a header containing a magic number (as a readable string) and the
version of the format, for example %PDF-1.7 . The format is a subset of a COS ("Carousel"
Object Structure) format.[23] A COS tree file consists primarily of objects, of which there are nine
types:[16]

Boolean values, representing true or false

Real numbers

Integers

Strings, enclosed within parentheses ( (...) ) or represented as hexadecimal within single

angle brackets ( <...> ). Strings may contain 8-bit characters.

Names, starting with a forward slash ( / )

Arrays, ordered collections of objects enclosed within square brackets ( [...] )

 Dictionaries, collections of objects indexed by names enclosed within double angle brackets
( <<...>> )

Streams, usually containing large amounts of optionally compressed binary data, preceded by
a dictionary and enclosed between the stream and endstream keywords.

The null object

Comments using 8-bit characters prefixed with the percent sign ( % ) may be inserted.

Objects may be either direct (embedded in another object) or indirect. Indirect objects are
numbered with an object number and a generation number and defined between the obj and
endobj keywords if residing in the document root. Beginning with PDF version 1.5, indirect
objects (except other streams) may also be located in special streams known as object streams
(marked /Type /ObjStm ). This technique enables non-stream objects to have standard
stream filters applied to them, reduces the size of files that have large numbers of small indirect
objects and is especially useful for Tagged PDF. Object streams do not support specifying an
object's generation number (other than 0).

An index table, also called the cross-reference table, is located near the end of the file and gives
the byte offset of each indirect object from the start of the file.[24] This design allows for efficient
random access to the objects in the file, and also allows for small changes to be made without
rewriting the entire file (incremental update). Before PDF version 1.5, the table would always be in
a special ASCII format, be marked with the xref keyword, and follow the main body composed
of indirect objects. Version 1.5 introduced optional cross-reference streams, which have the form
of a standard stream object, possibly with filters applied. Such a stream may be used instead of
the ASCII cross-reference table and contains the offsets and other information in binary format.
The format is flexible in that it allows for integer width specification (using the /W array), so that
for example, a document not exceeding 64 KiB in size may dedicate only 2 bytes for object
offsets.

At the end of a PDF file is a footer containing

The startxref keyword followed by an offset to the start of the cross-reference table
(starting with the xref keyword) or the cross-reference stream object, followed by

The %%EOF end-of-file marker.

If a cross-reference stream is not being used, the footer is preceded by the trailer keyword
followed by a dictionary containing information that would otherwise be contained in the cross-
reference stream object's dictionary:

A reference to the root object of the tree structure, also known as the catalog ( /Root )

The count of indirect objects in the cross-reference table ( /Size )

 Other optional information

Within each page, there are one or multiple content streams that describe the text, vector and
images being drawn on the page. The content stream is stack-based, similar to PostScript.[25]

The maximum size of an Acrobat PDF

page, superimposed on a map of
Europe.

There are two layouts to the PDF files: non-linearized (not "optimized") and linearized
("optimized"). Non-linearized PDF files can be smaller than their linear counterparts, though they
are slower to access because portions of the data required to assemble pages of the document
are scattered throughout the PDF file. Linearized PDF files (also called "optimized" or "web
optimized" PDF files) are constructed in a manner that enables them to be read in a Web browser
plugin without waiting for the entire file to download, since all objects required for the first page
to display are optimally organized at the start of the file.[26] PDF files may be optimized using
Adobe Acrobat software or QPDF.

Page dimensions are not limited by the format itself. However, Adobe Acrobat imposes a limit of
15 million by 15 million inches, or 225 trillion in2 (145,161 km2).[2]: 1129

Imaging model

The basic design of how graphics are represented in PDF is very similar to that of PostScript,
except for the use of transparency, which was added in PDF 1.4.

PDF graphics use a device-independent Cartesian coordinate system to describe the surface of a
page. A PDF page description can use a matrix to scale, rotate, or skew graphical elements. A
key concept in PDF is that of the graphics state, which is a collection of graphical parameters
that may be changed, saved, and restored by a page description. PDF has (as of version 2.0) 25
graphics state properties, of which some of the most important are:

The current transformation matrix (CTM), which determines the coordinate system

The clipping path

The color space

 The alpha constant, which is a key component of transparency

Black point compensation control (introduced in PDF 2.0)

Vector graphics

As in PostScript, vector graphics in PDF are constructed with paths. Paths are usually composed
of lines and cubic Bézier curves, but can also be constructed from the outlines of text. Unlike
PostScript, PDF does not allow a single path to mix text outlines with lines and curves. Paths can
be stroked, filled, fill then stroked, or used for clipping. Strokes and fills can use any color set in
the graphics state, including patterns. PDF supports several types of patterns. The simplest is the
tiling pattern in which a piece of artwork is specified to be drawn repeatedly. This may be a
colored tiling pattern, with the colors specified in the pattern object, or an uncolored tiling pattern,
which defers color specification to the time the pattern is drawn. Beginning with PDF 1.3 there is
also a shading pattern, which draws continuously varying colors. There are seven types of
shading patterns of which the simplest are the axial shading (Type 2) and radial shading (Type 3).

Raster images

Raster images in PDF (called Image XObjects) are represented by dictionaries with an associated
stream. The dictionary describes the properties of the image, and the stream contains the image
data. (Less commonly, small raster images may be embedded directly in a page description as
an inline image.) Images are typically filtered for compression purposes. Image filters supported
in PDF include the following general-purpose filters:

ASCII85Decode, a filter used to put the stream into 7-bit ASCII,

ASCIIHexDecode, similar to ASCII85Decode but less compact,

FlateDecode, a commonly used filter based on the deflate algorithm defined in RFC 1951 (http
s://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc1951) (deflate is also used in the gzip, PNG, and zip file
formats among others); introduced in PDF 1.2; it can use one of two groups of predictor
functions for more compact zlib/deflate compression: Predictor 2 from the TIFF 6.0
specification and predictors (filters) from the PNG specification (RFC 2083 (https://datatracke
r.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2083) ),

LZWDecode, a filter based on LZW Compression; it can use one of two groups of predictor
functions for more compact LZW compression: Predictor 2 from the TIFF 6.0 specification and
predictors (filters) from the PNG specification,

RunLengthDecode, a simple compression method for streams with repetitive data using the
run-length encoding algorithm and the image-specific filters,

DCTDecode, a lossy filter based on the JPEG standard,

 CCITTFaxDecode, a lossless bi-level (black/white) filter based on the Group 3 or Group 4 CCITT
(ITU-T) fax compression standard defined in ITU-T T.4 and T.6,

JBIG2Decode, a lossy or lossless bi-level (black/white) filter based on the JBIG2 standard,
introduced in PDF 1.4, and

JPXDecode, a lossy or lossless filter based on the JPEG 2000 standard, introduced in PDF 1.5.

Normally all image content in a PDF is embedded in the file. But PDF allows image data to be
stored in external files by the use of external streams or Alternate Images. Standardized subsets
of PDF, including PDF/A and PDF/X, prohibit these features.

Text

Text in PDF is represented by text elements in page content streams. A text element specifies
that characters should be drawn at certain positions. The characters are specified using the
encoding of a selected font resource.

A font object in PDF is a description of a digital typeface. It may either describe the
characteristics of a typeface, or it may include an embedded font file. The latter case is called an
embedded font while the former is called an unembedded font. The font files that may be
embedded are based on widely used standard digital font formats: Type 1 (and its compressed
variant CFF), TrueType, and (beginning with PDF 1.6) OpenType. Additionally PDF supports the
Type 3 variant in which the components of the font are described by PDF graphic operators.

Fourteen typefaces, known as the standard 14 fonts, have a special significance in PDF
documents:

Times (v3) (in regular, italic, bold, and bold italic)

Courier (in regular, oblique, bold and bold oblique)

Helvetica (v3) (in regular, oblique, bold and bold oblique)

Symbol

Zapf Dingbats

These fonts are sometimes called the base fourteen fonts.[27] These fonts, or suitable substitute
fonts with the same metrics, should be available in most PDF readers, but they are not
guaranteed to be available in the reader, and may only display correctly if the system has them
installed.[28] Fonts may be substituted if they are not embedded in a PDF.

Within text strings, characters are shown using character codes (integers) that map to glyphs in
the current font using an encoding. There are several predefined encodings, including WinAnsi,
MacRoman, and many encodings for East Asian languages and a font can have its own built-in
encoding. (Although the WinAnsi and MacRoman encodings are derived from the historical
properties of the Windows and Macintosh operating systems, fonts using these encodings work
equally well on any platform.) PDF can specify a predefined encoding to use, the font's built-in
encoding or provide a lookup table of differences to a predefined or built-in encoding (not
recommended with TrueType fonts).[2] The encoding mechanisms in PDF were designed for Type
1 fonts, and the rules for applying them to TrueType fonts are complex.

For large fonts or fonts with non-standard glyphs, the special encodings Identity-H (for horizontal
writing) and Identity-V (for vertical) are used. With such fonts, it is necessary to provide a
ToUnicode table if semantic information about the characters is to be preserved.

A text document which is scanned to PDF without the text being recognised by optical character
recognition (OCR) is an image, with no fonts or text properties.

Transparency

The original imaging model of PDF was opaque, similar to PostScript, where each object drawn
on the page completely replaced anything previously marked in the same location. In PDF 1.4 the
imaging model was extended to allow transparency. When transparency is used, new objects
interact with previously marked objects to produce blending effects. The addition of
transparency to PDF was done by means of new extensions that were designed to be ignored in
products written to PDF 1.3 and earlier specifications. As a result, files that use a small amount
of transparency might be viewed acceptably by older viewers, but files making extensive use of
transparency could be viewed incorrectly by an older viewer.

The transparency extensions are based on the key concepts of transparency groups, blending
modes, shape, and alpha. The model is closely aligned with the features of Adobe Illustrator
version 9. The blend modes were based on those used by Adobe Photoshop at the time. When
the PDF 1.4 specification was published, the formulas for calculating blend modes were kept
secret by Adobe. They have since been published.[29]

The concept of a transparency group in PDF specification is independent of existing notions of

"group" or "layer" in applications such as Adobe Illustrator. Those groupings reflect logical
relationships among objects that are meaningful when editing those objects, but they are not
part of the imaging model.
Additional features

Logical structure and accessibility

A tagged PDF (see clause 14.8 in ISO 32000) includes document structure and semantics
information to enable reliable text extraction and accessibility.[30] Technically speaking, tagged
PDF is a stylized use of the format that builds on the logical structure framework introduced in
PDF 1.3. Tagged PDF defines a set of standard structure types and attributes that allow page
content (text, graphics, and images) to be extracted and reused for other purposes.[31]

Tagged PDF is not required in situations where a PDF file is intended only for print. Since the
feature is optional, and since the rules for tagged PDF were relatively vague in ISO 32000-1,
support for tagged PDF among consuming devices, including assistive technology (AT), is
uneven as of 2021.[32] ISO 32000-2, however, includes an improved discussion of tagged PDF
which is anticipated to facilitate further adoption.

An ISO-standardized subset of PDF specifically targeted at accessibility, PDF/UA, was first

published in 2012.

Optional Content Groups (layers)

With the introduction of PDF version 1.5 (2003) came the concept of Layers. Layers, more
formally known as Optional Content Groups (OCGs), refer to sections of content in a PDF
document that can be selectively viewed or hidden by document authors or viewers. This
capability is useful in CAD drawings, layered artwork, maps, multi-language documents, etc.

Basically, it consists of an Optional Content Properties Dictionary added to the document root.
This dictionary contains an array of Optional Content Groups (OCGs), each describing a set of
information and each of which may be individually displayed or suppressed, plus a set of
Optional Content Configuration Dictionaries, which give the status (Displayed or Suppressed) of
the given OCGs.

Encryption and signatures

A PDF file may be encrypted, for security, in which case a password is needed to view or edit the
contents. PDF 2.0 defines 256-bit AES encryption as the standard for PDF 2.0 files. The PDF
Reference also defines ways that third parties can define their own encryption systems for PDF.
PDF files may be digitally signed, to provide secure authentication; complete details on
implementing digital signatures in PDF are provided in ISO 32000-2.

PDF files may also contain embedded DRM restrictions that provide further controls that limit
copying, editing, or printing. These restrictions depend on the reader software to obey them, so
the security they provide is limited.

The standard security provided by PDF consists of two different methods and two different
passwords: a user password, which encrypts the file and prevents opening, and an owner
password, which specifies operations that should be restricted even when the document is
decrypted, which can include modifying, printing, or copying text and graphics out of the
document, or adding or modifying text notes and AcroForm fields. The user password encrypts
the file, while the owner password does not, instead relying on client software to respect these
restrictions. An owner password can easily be removed by software, including some free online
services.[33] Thus, the use restrictions that a document author places on a PDF document are not
secure, and cannot be assured once the file is distributed; this warning is displayed when
applying such restrictions using Adobe Acrobat software to create or edit PDF files.

Even without removing the password, most freeware or open source PDF readers ignore the
permission "protections" and allow the user to print or make copy of excerpts of the text as if the
document were not limited by password protection.[34][35][36]

Beginning with PDF 1.5, Usage rights (UR) signatures are used to enable additional interactive
features that are not available by default in a particular PDF viewer application. The signature is
used to validate that the permissions have been granted by a bona fide granting authority. For
example, it can be used to allow a user:[37]

To save the PDF document along with a modified form or annotation data

Import form data files in FDF, XFDF, and text (CSV/TSV) formats

Export form data files in FDF and XFDF formats

Submit form data

Instantiate new pages from named page templates

Apply a digital signature to existing digital signature form field

Create, delete, modify, copy, import, and export annotations

For example, Adobe Systems grants permissions to enable additional features in Adobe Reader,
using public-key cryptography. Adobe Reader verifies that the signature uses a certificate from
an Adobe-authorized certificate authority. Any PDF application can use this same mechanism for
its own purposes.[37]
Under specific circumstances including non-patched systems of the receiver, the information the
receiver of a digital signed document sees can be manipulated by the sender after the document
has been signed by the signer.[38]

PAdES (PDF Advanced Electronic Signatures) is a set of restrictions and extensions to PDF and
ISO 32000-1[39] making it suitable for advanced electronic signatures. This is published by ETSI
as TS 102 778.[40]

File attachments

PDF files can have file attachments which processors may access and open or save to a local
filesystem.[41]

Metadata

PDF files can contain two types of metadata.[2] The first is the Document Information Dictionary,
a set of key/value fields such as author, title, subject, creation and update dates. This is optional
and is referenced from an Info key in the trailer of the file. A small set of fields is defined and
can be extended with additional text values if required. This method is deprecated in PDF 2.0.

In PDF 1.4, support was added for Metadata Streams, using the Extensible Metadata Platform
(XMP) to add XML standards-based extensible metadata as used in other file formats. PDF 2.0
allows metadata to be attached to any object in the document, such as information about
embedded illustrations, fonts, and images, as well as the whole document (attaching to the
document catalog), using an extensible schema.

PDF documents can also contain display settings, including the page display layout and zoom
level in a Viewer Preferences object. Adobe Reader uses these settings to override the user's
default settings when opening the document.[42] The free Adobe Reader cannot remove these
settings.

Accessibility

PDF files can be created specifically to be accessible to people with disabilities.[43][44][45][46][47]

PDF file formats in use as of 2014 can include tags, text equivalents, captions, audio
descriptions, and more. Some software can automatically produce tagged PDFs, but this feature
is not always enabled by default.[48][49] Leading screen readers, including JAWS, Window-Eyes,
Hal, and Kurzweil 1000 and 3000 can read tagged PDFs.[50][51] Moreover, tagged PDFs can be re-
flowed and magnified for readers with visual impairments. Adding tags to older PDFs and those
that are generated from scanned documents can present some challenges.

One of the significant challenges with PDF accessibility is that PDF documents have three
distinct views, which, depending on the document's creation, can be inconsistent with each other.
The three views are (i) the physical view, (ii) the tags view, and (iii) the content view. The physical
view is displayed and printed (what most people consider a PDF document). The tags view is
what screen readers and other assistive technologies use to deliver high-quality navigation and
reading experience to users with disabilities. The content view is based on the physical order of
objects within the PDF's content stream and may be displayed by software that does not fully
support the tags' view, such as the Reflow feature in Adobe's Reader.

PDF/UA, the International Standard for accessible PDF based on ISO 32000-1 was first published
as ISO 14289–1 in 2012 and establishes normative language for accessible PDF technology.

Multimedia

Rich Media PDF is a PDF file including interactive content that can be embedded or linked within
the file. It can contain images, audio, video content, or buttons. For example, if the interactive
PDF is a digital catalog for an E-commerce business, products can be listed on the PDF pages
and can be added with images and links to the website and buttons to order directly from the
document.

Forms

Interactive Forms is a mechanism to add forms to the PDF file format. PDF currently supports
two different methods for integrating data and PDF forms. Both formats today coexist in the PDF
specification:[37][52][53][54]

AcroForms (also known as Acrobat forms), introduced in the PDF 1.2 format specification and
included in all later PDF specifications.

XML Forms Architecture (XFA) forms, introduced in the PDF 1.5 format specification. Adobe
XFA Forms are not compatible with AcroForms.[55] XFA was deprecated from PDF with PDF
2.0.

AcroForms were introduced in the PDF 1.2 format. AcroForms permit the uses of objects (e.g.
text boxes, Radio buttons, etc.) and some code (e.g. JavaScript). Alongside the standard PDF
action types, interactive forms (AcroForms) support submitting, resetting, and importing data.
The "submit" action transmits the names and values of selected interactive form fields to a
specified uniform resource locator (URL). Interactive form field names and values may be
submitted in any of the following formats, (depending on the settings of the action's
ExportFormat, SubmitPDF, and XFDF flags):[37]

HTML Form format

HTML 4.01 Specification since PDF 1.5; HTML 2.0 since 1.2
Forms Data Format (FDF)
based on PDF, uses the same syntax and has essentially the same file structure, but is much
simpler than PDF since the body of an FDF document consists of only one required object.
Forms Data Format is defined in the PDF specification (since PDF 1.2). The Forms Data
Format can be used when submitting form data to a server, receiving the response, and
incorporating it into the interactive form. It can also be used to export form data to stand-alone
files that can be imported back into the corresponding PDF interactive form. FDF was originally
defined in 1996 as part of ISO 32000-2:2017.
XML Forms Data Format (XFDF)
(external XML Forms Data Format Specification, Version 2.0; supported since PDF 1.5; it
replaced the "XML" form submission format defined in PDF 1.4) the XML version of Forms Data
Format, but the XFDF implements only a subset of FDF containing forms and annotations.
Some entries in the FDF dictionary do not have XFDF equivalents – such as the Status,
Encoding, JavaScript, Page's keys, EmbeddedFDFs, Differences, and Target. In addition, XFDF
does not allow the spawning, or addition, of new pages based on the given data; as can be
done when using an FDF file. The XFDF specification is referenced (but not included) in PDF
1.5 specification (and in later versions). It is described separately in XML Forms Data Format
Specification.[56] The PDF 1.4 specification allowed form submissions in XML format, but this
was replaced by submissions in XFDF format in the PDF 1.5 specification. XFDF conforms to
the XML standard. XFDF can be used in the same way as FDF; e.g., form data is submitted to a
server, modifications are made, then sent back and the new form data is imported in an
interactive form. It can also be used to export form data to stand-alone files that can be
imported back into the corresponding PDF interactive form. As of August 2019, XFDF 3.0 is an
ISO/IEC standard under the formal name ISO 19444-1:2019 - Document management — XML
Forms Data Format — Part 1: Use of ISO 32000-2 (XFDF 3.0).[57] This standard is a normative
reference of ISO 32000-2.
PDF

The entire document can be submitted rather than individual fields and values, as was defined in
PDF 1.4.

AcroForms can keep form field values in external stand-alone files containing key-value pairs.
The external files may use Forms Data Format (FDF) and XML Forms Data Format (XFDF)
files.[58][56][59] The usage rights (UR) signatures define rights for import form data files in FDF,
XFDF, and text (CSV/TSV) formats, and export form data files in FDF and XFDF formats.[37]
In PDF 1.5, Adobe Systems introduced a proprietary format for forms; Adobe XML Forms
Architecture (XFA). Adobe XFA Forms are not compatible with ISO 32000's AcroForms feature,
and most PDF processors do not handle XFA content. The XFA specification is referenced from
ISO 32000-1/PDF 1.7 as an external proprietary specification and was entirely deprecated from
PDF with ISO 32000-2 (PDF 2.0).

Licensing

Anyone may create applications that can read and write PDF files without having to pay royalties
to Adobe Systems; Adobe holds patents to PDF, but licenses them for royalty-free use in
developing software complying with its PDF specification.[60]

Security

Changes to content

In November 2019, researchers from Ruhr University Bochum and Hackmanit GmbH published
attacks on digitally signed PDFs.[61] They showed how to change the visible content in a signed
PDF without invalidating the signature in 21 of 22 desktop PDF viewers and 6 of 8 online
validation services by abusing implementation flaws. At the same conference, they additionally
showed how to exfiltrate the plaintext of encrypted content in PDFs.[62] In 2021, they showed new
so-called shadow attacks on PDFs that abuse the flexibility of features provided in the
specification.[63] An overview of security issues in PDFs regarding denial of service, information
disclosure, data manipulation, and arbitrary code execution attacks was presented by Jens
Müller.[64][65]

Malware vulnerability

PDF files can be infected with viruses, Trojans, and other malware. They can have hidden
JavaScript code that might exploit vulnerabilities in a PDF, hidden objects executed when the file
that hides them is opened, and, less commonly, a malicious PDF can launch malware.[66]

PDF attachments carrying viruses were first discovered in 2001. The virus, named
OUTLOOK.PDFWorm or Peachy, uses Microsoft Outlook to send itself as an attached Adobe PDF
file. It was activated with Adobe Acrobat, but not with Acrobat Reader.[67]

From time to time, new vulnerabilities are discovered in various versions of Adobe Reader,[68]
prompting the company to issue security fixes. Other PDF readers are also susceptible. One
aggravating factor is that a PDF reader can be configured to start automatically if a web page
has an embedded PDF file, providing a vector for attack. If a malicious web page contains an
infected PDF file that takes advantage of a vulnerability in the PDF reader, the system may be
compromised even if the browser is secure. Some of these vulnerabilities are a result of the PDF
standard allowing PDF documents to be scripted with JavaScript. Disabling JavaScript execution
in the PDF reader can help mitigate such future exploits, although it does not protect against
exploits in other parts of the PDF viewing software. Security experts say that JavaScript is not
essential for a PDF reader and that the security benefit that comes from disabling JavaScript
outweighs any compatibility issues caused.[69] One way of avoiding PDF file exploits is to have a
local or web service convert files to another format before viewing.

On March 30, 2010, security researcher Didier Stevens reported an Adobe Reader and Foxit
Reader exploit that runs a malicious executable if the user allows it to launch when asked.[70]

Software

Viewers and editors

Many PDF viewers are provided free of charge from a variety of sources. Programs to manipulate
and edit PDF files are available, usually for purchase.

There are many software options for creating PDFs, including the PDF printing capabilities built
into macOS, iOS,[71] and most Linux distributions. Much document processing software including
LibreOffice, Microsoft Office 2007 (if updated to SP2) and later,[72] WordPerfect 9, and Scribus
can export documents in PDF format. There are many PDF print drivers for Microsoft Windows,
the pdfTeX typesetting system, the DocBook PDF tools, applications developed around
Ghostscript and Adobe Acrobat itself as well as Adobe InDesign, Adobe FrameMaker, Adobe
Illustrator, Adobe Photoshop, that allow a "PDF printer" to be set up, which when selected sends
output to a PDF file instead of a physical printer. Google's online office suite Google Docs allows
uploading and saving to PDF. Some web apps offer free PDF editing and annotation tools.

The Free Software Foundation was "developing a free, high-quality and fully functional set of
libraries and programs that implement the PDF file format and associated technologies to the
ISO 32000 standard", as one of its high priority projects.[73][74] In 2011, however, the GNU PDF
project was removed from the list of "high priority projects" due to the maturation of the Poppler
library,[75] which has enjoyed wider use in applications such as Evince with the GNOME desktop
environment. Poppler is based on Xpdf[76][77] code base. There are also commercial development
libraries available as listed in List of PDF software.

The Apache PDFBox project of the Apache Software Foundation is an open source Java library,
licensed under the Apache License, for working with PDF documents.[78]
Printing

Raster image processors (RIPs) are used to convert PDF files into a raster format suitable for
imaging onto paper and other media in printers, digital production presses and prepress in a
process known as rasterization. RIPs capable of processing PDF directly include the Adobe PDF
Print Engine[79] from Adobe Systems and Jaws[80] and the Harlequin RIP from Global Graphics.

In 1993, the Jaws raster image processor from Global Graphics became the first shipping
prepress RIP that interpreted PDF natively without conversion to another format. The company
released an upgrade to its Harlequin RIP with the same capability in 1997.[81]

Agfa-Gevaert introduced and shipped Apogee, the first prepress workflow system based on PDF,
in 1997.

Many commercial offset printers have accepted the submission of press-ready PDF files as a
print source, specifically the PDF/X-1a subset and variations of the same.[82] The submission of
press-ready PDF files is a replacement for the problematic need for receiving collected native
working files.

In 2006, PDF was widely accepted as the standard print job format at the Open Source
Development Labs Printing Summit. It is supported as a print job format by the Common Unix
Printing System and desktop application projects such as GNOME, KDE, Firefox, Thunderbird,
LibreOffice and OpenOffice have switched to emit print jobs in PDF.[83]

Some desktop printers also support direct PDF printing, which can interpret PDF data without
external help.

Native display model

PDF was selected as the "native" metafile format for macOS (originally called Mac OS X),
replacing the PICT format of the earlier classic Mac OS. The imaging model of the Quartz
graphics layer is based on the model common to Display PostScript and PDF, leading to the
nickname Display PDF. The Preview application can display PDF files, as can version 2.0 and later
of the Safari web browser. System-level support for PDF allows macOS applications to create
PDF documents automatically, provided they support the OS-standard printing architecture. The
files are then exported in PDF 1.3 format according to the file header. When taking a screenshot
under Mac OS X versions 10.0 through 10.3, the image was also captured as a PDF; later
versions save screen captures as a PNG file, though this behavior can be set back to PDF if
desired.
Annotation

Adobe Acrobat is one example of proprietary software that allows the user to annotate, highlight,
and add notes to already created PDF files. One UNIX application available as free software
(under the GNU General Public License) is PDFedit. The freeware Foxit Reader, available for
Microsoft Windows, macOS and Linux, allows annotating documents. Tracker Software's PDF-
XChange Viewer allows annotations and markups without restrictions in its freeware alternative.
Apple's macOS's integrated PDF viewer, Preview, does also enable annotations as does the open-
source software Skim, with the latter supporting interaction with LaTeX, SyncTeX, and PDFSync
and integration with BibDesk reference management software. Freeware Qiqqa can create an
annotation report that summarizes all the annotations and notes one has made across their
library of PDFs. The Text Verification Tool exports differences in documents as annotations and
markups.

There are also web annotation systems that support annotation in pdf and other document
formats. In cases where PDFs are expected to have all of the functionality of paper documents,
ink annotation is required.

Conversion and Information Extraction

PDF's emphasis on preserving the visual appearance of documents across different software
and hardware platforms poses challenges to the conversion of PDF documents to other file
formats and the targeted extraction of information, such as text, images, tables, bibliographic
information, and document metadata. Numerous tools and source code libraries support these
tasks. Several labeled datasets to test PDF conversion and information extraction tools exist and
have been used for benchmark evaluations of the tool's performance.[84]

Alternatives

The Open XML Paper Specification is a competing format used both as a page description
language and as the native print spooler format for Microsoft Windows since Windows Vista.

Mixed Object: Document Content Architecture is a competing format. MO:DCA-P is a part of

Advanced Function Presentation.

See also

Web page

XSL Formatting Objects

 Page margin

PDF portfolio

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Further reading

Hardy, M. R. B.; Brailsford, D. F. (2002). "Mapping and displaying structural transformations

between XML and PDF" (https://web.archive.org/web/20170324072906/https://www.cs.nott.a
c.uk/~psadb1/Publications/Download/2002/Hardy02.pdf) (PDF). Proceedings of the 2002
ACM symposium on Document engineering – DocEng '02. pp. 95–102.
doi:10.1145/585058.585077 (https://doi.org/10.1145%2F585058.585077) . ISBN 1-58113-
594-7. S2CID 9371237 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:9371237) . Archived from
the original (https://www.cs.nott.ac.uk/~psadb1/Publications/Download/2002/Hardy02.pdf)
(PDF) on March 24, 2017.

PDF 2.0 "ISO 32000-2:2020(en), Document management — Portable document format — Part
2: PDF 2.0" (https://www.iso.org/standard/75839.html) . International Organization for
Standardization. Retrieved December 16, 2020.

PDF 2.0 "ISO 32000-2:2017(en), Document management — Portable document format — Part
2: PDF 2.0" (https://www.iso.org/standard/63534.html) . International Organization for
Standardization. August 3, 2017. Retrieved January 31, 2019.

PDF 1.7 (ISO 32000-1:2008) (https://opensource.adobe.com/dc-acrobat-sdk-docs/pdfstandar

ds/PDF32000_2008.pdf)

PDF 1.7 (https://opensource.adobe.com/dc-acrobat-sdk-docs/pdfstandards/pdfreference1.7ol

d.pdf) and errata to 1.7 (https://web.archive.org/web/20220306202833/https://www.adobe.
com/content/dam/acom/en/devnet/pdf/pdf_reference_archive/pdf_17_errata.pdf) at the
Wayback Machine (archived March 6, 2022)

PDF 1.6 (https://opensource.adobe.com/dc-acrobat-sdk-docs/pdfstandards/pdfreference1.6.p

df) (ISBN 0-321-30474-8) and errata to 1.6 (https://web.archive.org/web/20220306152230/h
ttps://www.adobe.com/content/dam/acom/en/devnet/pdf/pdf_reference_archive/PDF16Errat
a.pdf) at the Wayback Machine (archived March 6, 2022)

PDF 1.5 (https://opensource.adobe.com/dc-acrobat-sdk-docs/pdfstandards/pdfreference1.5_

v6.pdf) and errata to 1.5 (https://web.archive.org/web/20211222122128/https://www.adob
 e.com/content/dam/acom/en/devnet/pdf/pdf_reference_archive/errata.txt) at the Wayback
Machine (archived December 22, 2021)

PDF 1.4 (https://opensource.adobe.com/dc-acrobat-sdk-docs/pdfstandards/pdfreference1.4.p

df) (ISBN 0-201-75839-3) and errata to 1.4 (https://web.archive.org/web/20220306152229/h
ttps://www.adobe.com/content/dam/acom/en/devnet/pdf/pdf_reference_archive/PDF14errat
a.txt) at the Wayback Machine (archived March 6, 2022)

PDF 1.3 (https://opensource.adobe.com/dc-acrobat-sdk-docs/pdfstandards/pdfreference1.3.p

df) (ISBN 0-201-61588-6) and errata to 1.3 (https://web.archive.org/web/20220306152234/h
ttps://www.adobe.com/content/dam/acom/en/devnet/pdf/pdfs/PDFerrata.txt) at the
Wayback Machine (archived March 6, 2022)

PDF 1.2 (https://opensource.adobe.com/dc-acrobat-sdk-docs/pdfstandards/pdfreference1.2.p

df)

PDF 1.0 (https://opensource.adobe.com/dc-acrobat-sdk-docs/pdfstandards/pdfreference1.0.p

df) (ISBN 0-201-62628-4)

External links

PDF Association (https://pdfa.org/) – The PDF Association is the industry association for
software developers producing or processing PDF files.
PDF Specification Index (https://pdfa.org/resource/pdf-specification-index/) at the PDF
Association

Adobe PDF 101: Summary of PDF (https://web.archive.org/web/20101007220449/http://partn

ers.adobe.com/public/developer/tips/topic_tip31.html) at the Wayback Machine (archived
2010-10-07)

Adobe: PostScript vs. PDF (https://web.archive.org/web/20160413212438/https://www.adob

e.com/print/features/psvspdf/) at the Wayback Machine (archived 2016-04-13) – Official
introductory comparison of PS, EPS vs. PDF.

PDF Standards....transitioning the PDF specification from a de facto standard to a de jure

standard (https://web.archive.org/web/20110424013530/http://www.aiim.org/Resources/Arc
hive/Magazine/2007-Jul-Aug/33448) at the Wayback Machine (archived 2011-04-24) –
Information about PDF/E and PDF/UA specification for accessible documents file format

PDF/A-1 ISO standard (https://www.iso.org/standard/38920.html) published by the

International Organization for Standardization (with corrigenda)

PDF Reference and Adobe Extensions to the PDF Specification (https://web.archive.org/web/2

0210116133007/https://www.adobe.com/devnet/pdf/pdf_reference.html) at the Wayback
Machine (archived 2021-01-16)
Portable Document Format: An Introduction for Programmers (http://preserve.mactech.com/a
rticles/mactech/Vol.15/15.09/PDFIntro/index.html) – Introduction to PDF vs. PostScript and
PDF internals (up to v1.3)

The Camelot Paper (https://web.archive.org/web/20190422013101/http://www.planetpdf.co

m/enterprise/article.asp?ContentID=6519) at the Wayback Machine (archived 2019-04-22) –
the paper in which John Warnock outlined the project that created PDF

Everything you wanted to know about PDF but was afraid to ask (https://web.archive.org/web/
20160118105015/http://river-valley.zeeba.tv/everything-you-wanted-to-know-about-pdf-but-we
re-afraid-to-ask/) at the Wayback Machine (archived 2016-01-18) – recording of a talk by
Leonard Rosenthol (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=poc9PVmFzpc) (45 mins) (Adobe
Systems) at TUG 2007