E@G]KT@D DM AILMIAM^Ï@ y @^P]ATMGT]^@

MWG]MK@ Z^HEMWAHI@K @G@DÁOAGH DM AILMIAM^Ï@ GAUAK

AIEH^OM EAI@K DM AIUMWTAL@GAHI EH^O@TAU@

DAWMÐH DM DAWZHWATAUHW DM @ZHQH EABH Q OHUAK MI Z]MITMW

@uthr2
Zmr`kt` Wàigfmz, \akka`o.

Dhgmitm2
AIL. W`l`stmlua Zk`smiga`, Eadmk Lmro`i

Zaomitmk - Zmrò
>:>>

AIDAGM DM GHITMIADH
AIT^HD]GGA×I..................................................................................................7

DAWZHWATAUHW DM @ZHQH EABH Q OHUAK MI ]I Z]MITM...........................4

@phyhs dm pumitms (NM@^AILW) @@WFTH ‗ K^ED........................................4

Eumrz` Fhrazhit`k y ohvaoamith.......................................................................4

TAZHW DM @ZHQH...............................................................................................5

KHW @ZHQHW TAZH OMGMDH^@......................................................................<

@ZHQHW DM MK@WTHOM^H..............................................................................1

@ZHQHW DM @GM^H........................................................................................05

@ZHQHW DM MK@WT×OM^HW DM @GM^H ^MEH^[email protected]<

@ZHQHW DM MK@WT×OM^HW GHIEAI@DHW................................................>7

@ZHQHW DM DAWGH..........................................................................................>4

DAWMÐH DM DAWZHWATAUHW DM @ZHQH.........................................................>4

NANKAHL^@EA@..................................................................................................77
AIT^HD]GGA×I
Khs `p
`phyh
hyhs
s mk`
mk`sth
sthoár
oáragh
aghs
s h `ph
`phyhs
yhs p`r
p`r`
` pu
pumit
mitms
ms shi das
dasphs
phsata
atavhs
vhs qu
qum
m sm
satò`i mitrm dhs mkmomiths mstrugtur`kms (val`s y pak`rms, h val`s y mstranhs), y
qum tamimi ghoh praigap`k `pkag`ga÷i k` tr`isoasa÷i dm g`rl`s dm ui mkmomith
`k htrh.
htrh. Mst
Msths
hs `p
`phyh
hyhs
s p`r
p`r`
` pum
pumitm
itms
s `dm
`dmoàs
oàs s
sm
m mig
mig`rl
`rl`i
`i dm p
pmro
mroatar
atar h
rmstra
rmstraila
ilarr ohv
ohvaoa
aoamit
miths
hs (y` sm`
sm`i
i rht
rht`ga
`gahim
hims
s h dms
dmspk`
pk`z`
z`oam
oamith
iths)
s) mit
mitrm
rm khs
mkmomiths `dy`gmitms y dmnmi tmimr ui` dur`nakad`d `ghrdm `k gagkh dm vad` dm
k` mstrugtur` mi k` qum `gtò`i.

Khs
Khs `p
`phy
hyhs
hs dm im
imhp
hprm
rmih
ih p`
p`r`
r` pu
pumi
mitm
tms
s sm gh
ghop
ophi
himi
mi dm ui
ui`
` om
omzg
zgk`
k` dm
mkmst`omtrh ` n`sm dm imhprmih, y mi `kluihs g`shs, rmehrz`dhs aitmri`omitm
ghi kàoai`s dm `gmrh @WTO @-75 (kïoatm dm ekumiga` oïiaoh dm >=:Op`).
Mxastmi `dmoàs dm htrhs taphs dm `phyhs dm imhprmih qum prmsmit`i rmeumrzhs
mxtm
mxtmra
rahr
hrms
ms mi `g
`gmr
mrh,
h, `i
`igk
gk`b
`bms
ms h k` aigk
aigkus
usa÷
a÷i
i dm ht
htrh
rhs
s o`
o`tm
tmra
ra`k
`kms
ms.. Kh
Khs
s
prhgmdaoamiths dm dasmðh dmk G÷dalh dm Dasmðh Wïsoagh dm Zumitms y khs dm k`
ihro` @@WFTH K^ED dm mspmgaeag`gahims dm dasmðh dm pumitms guopkmi ghi
k`s mspmgaeag`gahims mstàid`r dm `phyhs dm imhprmih p`r` pumitms.
 DAWZHWATAUHW DM @ZHQH EABH Q OHUAK M
MII ]I Z]MI
Z]MITM
TM

DMEAIAGAHI2
Whi dasphsatavhs unag`dhs mitrm k` supmrmstrugtur` y k` aier`mstrugtur` dm
ui pumitm guy` euiga÷i ms tr`isoatar
tr `isoatar g`rl`s y phsanakat`r dmspk`z`oamiths
y rht`gahims.

K`s
K`s g`
g`rl
rl`s
`s aigk
aigkuy
uymi
mi mk pm
pmsh
sh prhp
prhpah
ah dm k` su
supm
pmrm
rmst
stru
rugt
gtur
ur`,
`, g`
g`rl
rl`s
`s
vmfaguk`rms, dm vamith, sasoh, ermi`dh, eumrz` gmitrïeul`, mitrm htr`s. Khs
dmsp
dmspk`
k`z`
z`oa
oami
mith
ths
s tr
tr`i
`isv
svmr
mrs`
s`km
kms
s y kh
khil
ilatu
atuda
dai`
i`km
kms,
s, y k`
k`s
s rh
rht`
t`ga
gahi
hims
ms,,
rmsukt
rmsukt`i
`i dm k` `gg
`gga÷i
a÷i dm mst
mst`s
`s g`r
g`rl`s
l`s,, `sï ghoh dm v`ra`g
v`ra`gahi
ahims
ms dm
tmopmr`tur`, ekubh pkàstagh, rmtr`gga÷i, e`tal`, mtg.

@phyhs dm pumitms (NM@^AILW) @@WFTH ‗ K^ED

 Khs `phyhs dm khs pumitms pumdmi smr eabhs h o÷vakms ghoh sm rmquamr`i
p`r` mk dasmðh dmk pumitm.
 Khs `phyhs o÷vakms pumdmi aigkuar luï`s p`r` ghitrhk`r k` darmgga÷i dm k`
tr`sk`ga÷i.
 E`gthr dm rmsastmiga`  ? 0.::
 Khs `phyhs shomtadhs ` eumrz`s dm «`rr`iqum³ (kmv`it`oamith) imt`s sm
`smlur`rài ghi mk ush dm `igk`bms.
 K` o`liatud y darmgga÷i dm khs ohvaoamiths y g`rl`s us`d`s mi mk
dasmðh dmk `phyh sm dmeaiarài gk`r`omitm mi khs pk`ihs.

`) Eumrz` Fhrazhit`k y ohvaoamith.

K`s eumrz`s fhrazhit`kms y ohvaoamiths aidugadhs mi mk pumitm phr k`s
rmstraggahims dmk ohvaoamith y k`s g`r`gtmrïstag`s mspmgaeag`d`s dm khs
`phyhs oàs `dmk`itm.

K` eumrz` e`gthraz`d` dmnad` ` k` dmehro`ga÷i dm ui `phyh dm

mk`st÷omrhs sm tho` ghoh2
n) Ohomith2

K` su
sunms
nmstru
trugtu
gtur`
r` y sup
supmrm
mrmstr
strugt
ugtur`
ur` sm das
dasmð`
mð`rài
rài p`r
p`r`
` mk oho
ohomi
mith
th
e`gthraz`d
e`gthraz`dh
h Ou tr`isemradh phr mk `phyh. Z`r` `phyhs dm mk`st÷omrhs
ih ghieai`dhs
 K` gurv` g`rl` ‗ dmekmxa÷i dm ui `phyh dm mk`st÷omrh ms ih kaim`k, t`k
qum Mg dm
dmpmi
pmidm
dm dm k` g`r
g`rl`.
l`. ]i` `p
`prhx
rhxao`
ao`ga÷
ga÷i
i `g
`gmpt
mpt`nk
`nkm
m p`r
p`r`
` mk
ohdukh memgtavh ms2

KHW DAWZHWATAUHW DM @ZHQH WM DAWMÐ@I Z@^@2

 tr`isoatar k`s g`rl`s dmsdm k` supmrmstrugtur` ` k` sunmstrugtur`
 Zmroatar k` mxp`isa÷i y rht`ga÷i dm k` supmrmstrugtur`
 Dmnmi phsmmr lr`i g`p`gad`d dm dasthrsa÷i y lr`i raladmz `itm g`rl`s
vmrtag
vmrtag`km
`kms.
s. Wu `kt
`ktur`
ur` ih dmn
dmnm
m g`o
g`ona`
na`rr `pr
`prmg
mga`n
a`nkmo
kmomit
mitm
m `it
`itm
m g`r
g`rl`s
l`s
vmrtag`kms.
 Khs
Khs dasp
dasphs
hsat
atav
avhs
hs dm `p
`phy
hyh
h sm dasm
dasmð`
ð`i
i p`
p`r`
r` rm
rmsa
sast
star
ar k`
k`s
s g`rl
g`rl`s
`s qu
qum
m
pumdmi hgurrar saouktàim`omitm mi dastait`s darmggahims.

TAZHW DM @ZHQH

Mi k` t`nk
t`nk`
` <.
<.0
0 mx
mxtr
tr`ï
`ïd`
d` dm @@
@@WF
WFTH
TH (0
(011
114)
4) K^ED Nrad
K^ED Nradlm
lm Dmsa
Dmsali
li
Wpmgaeag`tahis sm dm
dmea
eaim
imi
i khs
khs ta
taph
phs
s dm `p
`phy
hyhs
hs gh
ghi
i su
sus
s r`
r`il
ilhs
hs dm
`pkag`ga÷i p`r` daemrmitms g`rl`s y ohvaoamiths.

Dhidm2
W ? @pkag`nkm.

]? Ih `pkag`nkm.

K? @pkag`nkm, pmrh ghi kaoat`gahims.

^? Zhdrï` smr `pkag`nkm, pmrh rmquamrm ghisadmr`gahims mspmga`kms h

mkmomiths `dagahi`kms ghoh dmskaz`dhrms h luï`s.

T`nk` <.0 ^`ilh dm `pkag`ga÷i dm `phyhs

Ohva
Oh vaoa
oami
mith
th ^ht`
^ht`ga
ga÷i
÷i sh
shnr
nrmm ^msastmiga` `
mk mbm g`rl`s
Taph dm `phyh
Khil Tr`is Khi Tr`is Umrt Khi Tr`i Tr`iss Um
Umrt
rt
l l
Ghbïi pk`ih dm mk`st÷omrh K K W W K K K K
Ghbïi rmehrz`dh dm nr` dm W W W W K K K K
vadrah
Ghbïi ghhi dugc ] ] ] ] ] K K W
Mk`st÷omrhs rmehrz`dhs ghi W W W W K K K W
`gmrh
@ph
phyyhs pk`i
k`ihs dm
dmsska
kaz`
z`iitms
tms W W ] ] W ^ ^ W
@phyh gurvh mseáragh ^ ^ W W W ^ ^ W
dmskaz`itm
@phyh gurvh gakïidragh ^ ^ ] W ] ^ ^ W
dmskaz`itm
@phyh dm dasgh ^ ^ W W K W ^ W
@phyh dm dhnkm gakaidrh ^ ^ W W ] ^ ^ W
@phyh ghii`dh mi ui ^ ^ W W K W W W
rmgapamitm
N`k`igaims W ] ] W ] ] ^ W
@phy
@p hyhh ghi
ghi paim
paimss dm iuiuda
dakkkkhs
hs ] ] ] W ] W ^ W
@phyh dm rhdakkh saopkm W ] ] W ] ] ^ W
@phy
@p hyhh dm rhda
rhdakk
kkhs
hs oò
oòk kpk
pkms ms W ] ] ] ] ] ] W

KHW @ZHQHW TAZH OMGMDH^@

Tamimi tmidmiga` ` k`dm`rsm n`bh `ggahims sïsoag`s. Wm dmnm mvat`r

ghiea`rsm mi ui shkh `phyh p`r` rmsastar mk tht`k dm k`s eumrz`s sïsoag`s.
Mk mo
mopk
pkm
mh dm g`nkms
nkms h n`rr`
`rr`s
s mx
mxtm
tmri
ri`s
`s pm
pmro
roat
atm
m rm
rmst
stra
rai
ilar mk
dmspk`z`oamith (mopkm`r mst` shkuga÷i shk`omitm gu`idh htr`s ih shi
pràgtag`s).
 Ghoh k`
tmidmiga` dmk dasmðh mxalm g`d` vmz kugms o`yhrms y omihs buit`s phr
r`zhims sïsoag`s, y `dmoàs sm ghistruymi pumitms gurvhs y msva`dhs
(s
(sms
msl`
l`dh
dhs,
s, hn
hnka
kag
guh
uhs)
s),, k`s
k`s dm
dmo`
o`id
id`s
`s sh
shnr
nrm
m kh
khs
s `p
`phy
hyhs
hs sm f`
f`i
i

Dmnmi tho`rsm mi gumit` k`s rht`gahims dmnadh ` k`s dmekmxahims

dm khs tr`oh
tr`ohs
s saopkms ghi kugms kanrms o`yhrms ` 0=o. Z`r` khs
pumitms dm t`nkmrh ghitaiuh, khs `phyhs dmnmi dasmð`rsm p`r`
rm
rmsa
sast
star
ar g`
g`on
onah
ahs
s tá
táro
roag
aghs
hs.. Gu
Gu`i
`idh
dh ih sm` ph
phsa
sank
nkm,
m, dm
dmnm
nmi
i
`ghohd`rsm ` khs ohvaoamiths tároaghs.

K` phsanakad`d dm ghitr`gga÷i h mxp`isa÷i sm pumdm khlr`r ghi

ghkuoi`s ekmxankms h `rtaguk`d`s mi su n`sm, t`onaái phr omdah
dm omgm
omgmdhr`
dhr`s
s h rhdak
rhdakkhs,
khs, `koh
`kohf`dak
f`dakk`s
k`s mk`s
mk`sthoára
thoárag`s
g`s pk`i`s y
`kohf`dakk`s k`oai`d`s, h `phyhs prm e`nrag`dhs ghoh dasghs h
`phyhs mig`psuk`dhs.

@ZHQHW DM MK@WTHOM^H

]tak
]takaz
az`
`i g`u
`ugf
gfh
h i`
i`tu
tur`
r`kk h saitá
aitáta
tag
gh (i
(imh
mhpr
prm
mih)
ih) qu
qum
m ph
phs
san
anak
akat
at`
`
tr`isk`gahims y rht`gahims, sustatuymidh khs ghopkag`dhs dasphsatavhs
tr`dagahi`kms dm rhtuk`s y páidukhs dm ghigrmth `ro`dh h omtàkaghs.
 Whi ekmxankms mi ghrt`itm, pmrh ` k` vmz ouy rïladhs p`r` khs g`onahs
vhkuoátraghs3 mi ghoprmsa÷i, sm mxp`idmi k`tmr`komitm.

Mi pumitms dm tr`ohs omdah ` ghrth, dhidm k`s g`rl`s shi n`b`s, ms

phsank
phsankm
m uta
utakaz`
kaz`rr mk`
mk`st÷
st÷omr
omrhs
hs sao
saopkm
pkms.
s. Z`r
Z`r`
` g`r
g`rl`s
l`s sus
sust`i
t`iga`
ga`kms
kms ms
phsankm rmehrz`r mk mk`st÷omrh ghi `gmrh (zuigfhs) h eanr` dm vadrah.

Khs das
dasphs
phsatav
atavhs
hs dm mk`
mk`st÷
st÷omr
omrh
h zui
zuigf`
gf`dhs
dhs ms
mstài
tài ghi
ghiehr
ehro`d
o`dhs
hs phr
g`p`s dm imhprmih y kàoai`s dm `gmrh `ktmri`d`s `dfmrad`s `k g`ugfh
phr vukg`iaz`ga÷i.

Dasphsatavhs dm mk`st÷omrh smoagunamrths y rmgunamrths

Khs dasphsatavhs dm `phyh dm mk`st÷omrh zuigf`dh phsmmi g`p`s
mxtmri`s dm mk`st÷omrh guyh mspmshr lmimr`komitm ms k` oat`d dmk
mspmshr dm k`s g`p`s aitmri`s. Zumdmi sm
smr2
r2
`) Wmoa-rmgunamrths
Wm rm`kaz`i phr ghrtms dm pk`g`s o`drms dm lr`idms daomisahims. Khs
g`iths dm khs zuigfhs shi `p`rmitms mi k`s g`r`s k`tmr`kms y mstài
prhtml
prhtmladh
adhs
s ghi
ghitr`
tr` k` ghr
ghrrhs
rhsa÷i
a÷i ghi k` `yu
`yud`
d` dm ui rmv
rmvmst
mstaoa
aoamit
mith
h
mspmga`k ` n`sm dm rmsai`s mp÷xag`s.

Wm dmsali`i phr sus daomisahims mi pk`it` (oo) smluad`s phr mk

iòomrh dm kàoai`s dm mk`st÷omrh y zuigfhs omtàkaghs, `sï ghoh su
mspmshr rmspmgtavh (oo).

Mb2 Imhprmih 4::x4::x4(0:

4::x4::x4(0:+7)
+7)

- Oadm mi pk`it` 4:: oo phr 4:: oo

- Ghi
hita
tam
mim 7 g`p
`p`
`s dm mk`st
k`st÷
÷om
omrh
rh dm 0: oo dm mspm
pmsh
shrr y >
smoamk`stag`s mxtmri`s dm = oo. Mk mspmshr tht`k dm mk`st÷omrh ms
4: oo.

- Gh
Ghit
itam
amim
im 4 zu
zuig
igfh
fhs
s om
omtà
tàkag
kaghs
hs dm 7 oo
oo.. Mk ms
mspm
pmsh
shrr th
tht`
t`kk dm
dmkk
dasphsatavh ms => oo.
n) ^mgunamrths
Wm rm`kaz`i phr ohkdm`dh aidavadu`k. Khs g`iths ih `p`rmitms dm khs
zuig
zuigfh
fhs
s ms
mstà
tài
i prht
prhtml
mlad
adhs
hs gh
ghit
itr`
r` k` gh
ghrr
rrhs
hsa÷
a÷i
i ph
phrr ui
ui`
` g`
g`p`
p` dm
mk`st÷omrh dm = oo dm mspmshr omdah, vukg`iaz`dh mi k` e`nrag`ga÷i.

Wm dms
dmsali
ali`i
`i phr sus daomi
daomisah
sahims
ims mi pk`
pk`it`
it` (oo
(oo)) sml
smluad
uad`s
`s ph
phrr mk
mspmshr tht`k (oo). K` dmihoai`ga÷i dm ui `phyh rmgunamrth dm k`
oaso` ghistatuga÷i y daomisahims mi pk`it` qum mk mbmopkh `itmrahr, ms
4::x4::x=>

Mspm
Mspmsh
shrm
rms
s dm pk`g
pk`g`s
`s dm mk`s
mk`st÷
t÷om
omrh
rh y dm zu
zuig
igfh
fhs
s (`
(`gm
gmrh
rh du
dukg
kgm)
m)
usu`kms2

Wm nraid` ` ghitaiu`ga÷i d`ths tágiaghs dm dasphsatavhs dm `phyh

st`id`rd Ermyssaimt smoarmgunamrths2
@ZHQHW DM @GM^H

Msths `phyhs shi khs oàs `italuhs. Mk `phyh pumdm ghisastar mi dhs
pk`g`s qum dmskaz`i mitrm sï, h mi ui rhdakkh h msemr` dm `gmrh shnrm
htr` supmreagam pk`i` h gurv`. Wa k` supmreagam ms p`rtm dm ui` msemr`,
tm÷rag`omitm sm hntamim ui puith dm ghit`gth. Wa k` supmreagam ms ui
gakaidrh sm hntamim ui` kïim` dm ghit`gth.
 K`s sup
supmre
mreaga
agams
ms pk`
pk`i`s
i`s shi us
us`d`
`d`s
s p`r
p`r`
` pmr
pmroat
oatar
ar dms
dmspk`
pk`z`o
z`oami
amiths
ths
fhrazhit`k
fhrazhit`kms
ms (`phy
(`phyhs
hs dmsk
dmskaz`it
az`itms),
ms), oamit
oamitr`s
r`s qum khs `phy
`phyhs
hs gurv
gurvhs
hs
mseára
mseáraghs
ghs y gak
gakïid
ïidrag
raghs
hs pmr
pmroat
oatmi
mi rht
rht`ga
`gahim
hims
s ouk
oukta`
ta`xa`
xa`kms
kms h `xa
`xa`km
`kms
s
rmspmgtav`omitm.

Khs `phyhs dmskaz`itms ghisastmi dm dhs pk`g`s pk`i`s qum pumdmi

smr ui nrhigm ghitr` htr` dm `gmrh `dmgu`d`omitm kunrag`dhs, sai
mon`
mon`rl
rlh,
h, ta
tami
mim
m ou
ougf
gf`s
`s kao
kaoat
at`g
`gah
ahim
ims
s dm
dmna
nadh
dh `k ai
aigr
grmo
momi
mith
th dm
dmkk
ghme
ghmeag
agam
amit
itm
m dm er
erag
agga
ga÷i
÷i gh
ghi
i mk ta
tamo
moph
ph.. Ms
Mstm
tm pr
prhn
hnkm
kmo`
o` sm pu
pumd
mdm
m
shkugahi`r ghi mk ush dm Zhkatmtr`ekuhrhmtakmih (ZTEM) h tmek÷i qum
phsmm n`bhs ghmeagamitms dm eragga÷i y lr`i rmsastmiga` quïoag`. Wai
mon`rlh, tamim phg` rmsastmiga` ` k` ghoprmsa÷i y `kt` mxp`isa÷i
tároag` phr kh qum ms us`dh mi kàoai`s sai `emgt`r sus prhpamd`dms
dm n`b` eragga÷i.

@ZHQHW DM MK@WT×OM^HW DM @GM^H ^MEH^R@DH

 Ghi
hisa
sast
stm
mi mi «Zk`g`
k`g`s
s³ `kt
ktmr
mri`
i`s
s dm `gmr
mrh
h dm rm
rmeu
eumr
mrz
zh y
mk`s
mk`st÷
t÷om
omrh
rhs
s `d
`dfm
fmra
radh
dhs,
s, pu
pumd
mdmi
mi tm
tmim
imrr pk
pk`i
`igf
gf`s
`s dm `g
`gmr
mrh
h
«mxtmri`s³ `dfmrad`s ` k` g`p` supmrahr h aiemrahr dm mk`st÷omrh h
`onhs.
 Ih sm us`rài mk`st÷omrhs aigkai`dhs.
 Zrhpamd`d dm khs o`tmra`kms

• :.:6: ≤ L ≤ :.0<= ].W.A

• Durmz` ihoai`k2 =: ‗ 5: msg`k` Wf`rm @.

• Mk o÷dukh dm ghrtm ` <7ºE sm us`rà ghoh k` n`sm dm dasmðh

Z`r` prhp÷saths dm dasmðh dm khs `phyhs sm tho`rài mi gumit` k`s

unag`gahims dm khs pumitms.

Mk lr`dh oïiaoh dm mk`st÷omrh rmqumradh p`r` g`d` tmopmr`tur` n`b`

sm tho`rà dm k` t`nk`2 zhi`s dm n`b`s tmopmr`tur` y lr`dhs oïiaohs
dm mk`st÷omrhs dm k` ihro`.

^mqumraoamiths dm dasmðh
Mseumrzhs dm ghoprmsa÷i.

Mi gu`kqu
`kquam
amrr g`
g`p
p` dm mk`s
k`st÷
t÷o
omr
mrhs
hs mk mseu
seumr
mrz
zh prh
rho
omd
mdah
ah dm
ghoprmsa÷i mi mk mst`dh kïoatm dm smrvagah, s`tase`gmr`2

 Z`r` `phyhs shomtadhs ` dmehro`gahims phr ghrtm2

 Z`r` `phyhs eabhs ghitr` k` dmehro`ga÷i phr ghrtm2

Dmekmxa÷i phr ghoprmsa÷i2

K`s dmekmxahims dmnadh ` k` g`rl` tht`k y g`rl` vav` shk`omitm sm

ghisadmr`rài smp`r`d`omitm ghoh2

ν ? dmehro`ga÷i (uiat`ra`) aist`itàim` mi

k` mxao` g`p` dm mk`st÷omrh dm ui `phyh k`oai`dh.

f^a? mspmshr dm k` amsao` g`p` (pukl).

• Khs v`khrms dm νa sm dmtmroai` phr t`itmh h phr `iàkasas gu`idh sm

ghisadmr`i k`s dmekmxahims ghi mk tamoph. Memgth dm k`s dmehro`gahims

dmeaiad`s dmnmi `dagahi`rsm ` k` dmekmxa÷i aist`itàim`.

Dmehro`ga÷i phr ghrtm2

• Khs `phyhs sm dasmð`rài dm t`k ehro` qum ih hgurr`i eumrz`s dm
kmv`it
kmv`it`oa
`oamit
mith
h n`
n`bh
bh gu`
gu`kqu
kquamr
amr gh
ghona
onai`g
i`ga÷i
a÷i dm g`
g`rl`
rl`s
s y rht
rht`ga
`gahim
hims
s
ghrrmsphidamitms.

• Khs `phyhs rmgt`iluk`rms pumdmi ghisadmr`rsm qum s`tase`l`i khs

rmqumraoamiths dm kmv`it`oamith, sa s`tase`gmi2
Mst`nakad`d dmk `phyh dmk mk`st÷omrh

• Khs `phyhs dmnmrài aivmstal`rsm phr aimst`nakad`d mi mk mst`dh kïoatm

dm smrvagah).

• Z`r` `phyhs rmgt`iluk`rms mk mseumrzh dm ghoprmsa÷i prhomdah

dmnadh ` k` g`rl` vav` δ s dmnmrà s`tase`gmr2

Wa mk t`nkmrh ms kanrm
k anrm dm tr`sk`d`rsm fhrazhit`komitm

Wa mk t`nkmrh ms eabh
ea bh ghitr` tr`sk`ga÷i fhrazhit`k2

Gu`idh K 9 \ aitmrg`ona`r K phr \ mi k`s mgu`gahims (@) y (N)

^meumrzh
Fs? mspmshr dmk rmeumrzh

Mi mk mst`dh dm smrvagah2

Mi mk mst`dh kïoatm dm e`tal`2

@ZHQHW DM MK@WT×OM^HW GHIEAI@DHW
Mstm taph dm `phyhs ghonai` k`s prhpamd`dms dm e`gakad`d dm rht`ga÷i
ghi k` tr`isoasa÷i dm k`s eumrz`s shnrm ui àrm` dmeaiad`. Mk `phyh
ghis
ghisas
astm
tm mi ui rmga
rmgapa
pami
mitm
tm dm `g
`gmr
mrh,
h, kk
kkmi
mi`d
`dh
h gh
ghi
i ui da
dasg
sgh
h dm
mk`st÷omrh oàs ui thpm h ui past÷i migao`.

@phyh dm mk`st÷omrh
mk`st÷omrh ghieai`dh
ghieai`dh ghi dmskaz`oamith
dmskaz`oamith ouktadarmggahi`k.
ouktadarmggahi`k.

@phyh dm mk`st÷omrh
mk`st÷omrh ghieai`dh
ghieai`dh eabh.

Gu`idh mk `phyh ms submth ` ghoprmsahims `kt`s, mk mk`st÷omrh sm

ghophrt` ghoh ui kïquadh. K`s rht`gahims shi phsankms lr`ga`s `k
vhkuomi ghist`itm dm mk`s
k`st÷omrh. Mk smkkh dmnm tr`n`b`r
`dmgu`d`omitm y` qum, sa kkml` ` e`kk`r, mk mk`st÷omrh msg`p`rà ghoh
ui kïquadh vasghsh.

Mk taph st`id`rd dm `phyh s÷kh pmroatm rht`gahims, sai mon`rlh, ghi

`yud
`yud`
` dm oà
oàs
s dasp
dasphs
hsat
atav
avhs
hs sm pu
pudm
dm kh
khlr
lr`r
`r dm
dmsp
spk`
k`z`
z`oa
oami
mith
ths
s

fhrazhit`kms mi dhs h mi shkh ui` darmgga÷i. Msth hnbmtavh sm pumdm

khlr`r ghi ui` g`p` dm ZTEM, k` supmreagam kas` dm `gmrh aihxad`nkm, y
 k` kunrag`ga÷i. K` kàoai` dm ZTEM tamim ui mspmshr dm =-5 oo dhidm
k` oat`d dmk ZTEM sm migumitr` mig`b`d` mi k` p`rtm supmrahr dm k`
t`p` h past÷i.

@ZHQHW DM DAWGH

Mstm taph dm `phyh ghisastm mi ui dasgh dm mk`st÷omrh ghieai`dh ghi

ui omg
omg`ia
`iasoh
soh `d
`daga
agahi`
hi`kk p`r
p`r`
` rms
rmstra
traila
ilarr p`r
p`rga`
ga`kom
komitm
itm mk ghrtm.
ghrtm. K`
daemrmiga` ghi khs `phyhs ghieai`dhs vasths `itmrahromitm ghisastm mi
qum
qum khs
khs `p
`phy
hyhs
hs dm dasg
dasgh
h pm
pmro
roat
atmi
mi mx
mxtm
tmis
isah
ahim
ims
s tr
tr`i
`isv
svmr
mrs`
s`km
kms
s
mk`sthoárag`s dmk dasgh.

Wu g`
g`p`
p`ga
gad`
d`d
d ` gh
ghop
oprm
rmsa
sa÷i
÷i ms p`
p`rm
rmga
gad`
d` ` k` dm kh
khs
s `p
`phy
hyhs
hs dm
mk`s
mk`st÷
t÷om
omrh
rh.. T`
T`on
onaá
aái,
i, `k alu`
alu`kk qu
qum
m kh
khs
s `p
`phy
hyhs
hs gh
ghie
ieai
ai`d
`dhs
hs,, k`
k`s
s
rht`ga
rht`gahim
hims
s `kr
`krmdm
mdmdhr
dhr dm khs mbm
mbms
s fhr
fhrazh
azhit`
it`kms
kms shi hra
hralai
lai`d`
`d`s
s phr

dmekmxahims daemrmiga`kms dmk dasgh. Wai mon`rlh, sm dmnm tmimr mi

gumit` mi mk dasmðh qum k`s rht`gahims g`us`i ui g`onah dmk mbm
gmitr`k dm g`rl`s.

DAWMÐH DM DAWZHWATAUHW DM @ZHQH

@phyh dm mxp`isa÷i
mxp`isa÷i

01 o.
:.1: <.>: o. :.1:
7=: cl/o

>"
:.>= o.
:.> o.

4= go. 0.0= o.

0.0>= o. >.>= o. >.>= o. >.>= o. 0.0>= o.

0) OMT^@DH
OMT^@DH DM G@^L@W2 UD(:.1= x :.7)
G@^L@W2

DG (pmsh dm t`nkmrh)2

 Imrvahs2 4 x 0.0= x :.4= x >.4: ? 4.1< thi/o

 Khs`2 1.:: x :.>: x >.4: ? 4.7> thi/o
 Umrmd`s2 > x :.1: x :.>= x >.4: ? 0.:6 thi/o
 N`r`id`s2 > x :.7= ? :.<: thi/o
\DG? 00.:< thi/o

ZMWH DM DA@E^@LO@2

7 x :.<= x :.7 x (:.>=-:.4) x >.4 ? 7.:: thi

D\ (supmreagam dm rhd`dur`)2
 Zmsh dm `se`kth2 <.>: x > x :.:>=4 x >.>= ? :.6> thi/o

>) ^M@GGAHI
^M@GGAHI M
MI
I MK @Z
@ZHQH
HQH @I
@ITM
TM G@
G@^L@W
^L@W ZM^O@
ZM^O@IMIT
IMITMW2
MW2

ZDG ? 7.:: thi ZDG ? 7.:: thi ZDG ? 7.:: thi

@ N

01 o.

\DG ? 00.:< thi/o

\Dw ? :.6> thi/o
ơ O@ ? :
>
01 x 00.:< 01
01 x ^DG ? + 7( + 01) ? 0:1.5< thi
> >

0:1.5<
^DG ? ? ><.4> thi/val`
4

>
01 x :.6>
01 x ^Dw ? ? <.<1 thi
>

<.<1
^DG ? ? 0.1= thi/val`
4

7) ^M
^M@G
@GGA
GAHI
HI MI MK @
@ZH
ZHQH
QH @I
@ITM
TM G@
G@^L
^L@
@UUAU
AU@
@UUMF
MFAG
AG]K
]K@^
@^22

>.0) G`oa÷i2
 04.=> ti 04.=> ti
7.57 ti

@ N
^T^
0:.4 o. 4.7 o. 4 . 7 o.

ơ O@ ? :
01 ^T^ - 0: x 7.57 ‗ 04.< x 04.=> ‗ 01 x 04.=> ? :
^T^ ? ><.55 thi/g`rrak

> x 0.:: x ><.55

^T^ ? ? 07.67 thi/val` > ? Iº G`rrakms 0.:: ? l
4

>.>) G`rrak2

\KI ? :. 1=> ti/o

@ N

01 o.

:.1=> x 01.:: 1.:= x >.:: x 0.::

^KI ? ? 1.:= thi/g`rrak ^KI ? ?
> 4
4.=> thi/val`

^KK ? O`x T^,T@ + ^KI ? 07.67 thi/val` + 4.=> thi/val` ? 06.7=

ZDG?><.4>thi

ZD\ ? 0.1= thi

ZKK ? 06.7= thi

4) DAWMÐH
DAWMÐH DM ]I DAW
DAWZHWA
ZHWATAUH
TAUH DM M
MK@WT
K@WTHOM^
HOM^H
H DM MVZ@IWAH
MVZ@IWAHI
I
^MEH^R@DH GHI @GM^H (Oáthdh @) 2

4.0) Àrm` mi pk`it` dmk mk`st÷omrh (àrm` ? K x \)

@itm g`rl`s dm smrvagah2

 ZWM^U ? ZDG + ZD\ + ZKK ? ><.40 + 0.1= + 06.7= ? 4<.<> Cl.

LW ≤ 0.>= L-Wa LW ≤ 6<.1 Cl/ go¾

Wamidh2
Wa2 E`gthr dm ehro` dm ui` g`p` aitmrahr

Kumlh2
Zsmrv 4<.<>: Cl
@^MP ? ?? ? =4>.61 go.
Ls 6<.1 Cl / go ¾

Z`r` mk `igfh dm val`2 (n ? 4= go.)3 sm msghlm w? 4= go.

=4>.61 go ¾
K? ? ? 0>.:5 go. (@ kh k`rlh dm khilatud dm val`)
4= go
go..

@d`pt`dh2
K? 7: go y \? 4= go. (Àrm` ? 5<= go¾ 9 =4>.61 go¾)
4.>) Oàxao` dmehro`ga÷i phr ghrtm mi mk dasphsatavh
s ( )2

Mk oàxaoh dmspk`z`oamith fhrazhit`k dm k` supmrmstrugtur

supmrmstrugtur`2
`2
Zhr tmopmr`tur`2
Ghisadmr`idh k` zhi` dm ghst`, dmk o`iu`k dm dasmðh dm pumitms- Zmrò,
sm tamim mk r`ilh dm tmopmr`tur`2 TW]Z ? 4:ºG y TAIE ?0:ºG

T`onaái2
Taist ? >>ºG tmop ? t xKxΰ
t ? 4:º->>º?06ºG
4:º->>º?06ºG tmop ? 06ºG x 01:: go. x 0:.6 x
0:
∞5
/ºG
K ? 01.:: go. tmop ? :.7< go.
ΰ? 0:.6 x0:∞5 /Gº

 Zhr rmtr`gga÷i dm er`lu`2

^mtr`gga÷i ? 0.: go.

Ghi ɤTu ? 0.>3 @ghrt`oamith tht`k dm k` val`, mst`dh kïoatm dm

smrvagah2
W ? ɤTu ( tmop + p`st + ghitr ) ? 0.> (:.7< + :.:: + 0.::)
W? 0.54 go.
4.7) Mspmshr rmqumradh dmk mk`st÷omrh (frt)2
frt ≭ > W frt ≭ > x 0.54 ? 7.>6 go.
4.4) E`gthr dm ehro` W a Oïiaoh2
Wamidh2
L? 1.04 cl/go¾ (durmz` 5:)
Zsmrv 4<.<>: Cl
LW? ? ? <:.<: Cl/go¾
@ 4= go x 0= go

Ghi LW ≤ 0.>= L Wa2

Ls <:.<: cl / go ¾
Wa ≭ ? ? 5.01
0.>= L 0.>= x 1.04 cl / go ¾

4.=) Lrhshr dm ui` g`p` aitmrahr dmk mk`st÷omrh (fra)2

Ghoh2
K\ K\
Wa ≭ > fra ( K+ \ ) ? fra ≤ > Wa ( K+ \ )

Kumlh2
0= x 4=
fra ≤ ? :.1:6 go
(
> x 5.01 x 4= + 0= )
Lrhshr dm g`p` aitmrahr `d`pt`dh3 fra ? :.6: go (6o.o.)
( 6o.o.)
Ghi mstm lrhshr dm g`p` aitmrahr, mk e`gthr dm ehro` p`r` ui` g`p`
aitmrahr ms2
0= gox 4= go
Wa ? ? <.:7 ≭ WA OAI ? 5.01
(
> x :.6 go x 0= go+ 4= go )
4.5) Lrhshr dm g`p`s mxtmrahrms (frm)2
frm ≤ :.<: fra

frm ≤ :.<: x :.6 go ? :.=5 go

frm ? :.= go ( `d`pt`dh)

Ghi mstm lrhshr dm g`p` mxtmrahr, mk e`gthr dm ehro` p`r` ui` g`p`
mxtmrahr ms2
0= gox 4= go
Wm ? ? 00.>=
(
> x :.= go x 0= go + 4= go )
4.<) Iòomrh dm g`p`s aitmrahrms (I)2
Wamidh2
 Frt ? I fra + > frm

7.>6go ? I x :.6 go + >(:.=:go)

I? >.6= I? 7.::

Wm vmraeag` `dmoàs2
Wa ¾
i ; >:3 p`r` dasphsatavhs rmgt`iluk`rms
rmgt`iluk`rms ghi i ≭ 7
>.4¾
? 0.44 ; >:
( 7 + :.= + :.= )
4.6) Mspmshr tht`k dmk mk`st÷omrh (frt)2
frt ? 7 x :.6: +> x :.=: ? 7.4: go
4.1) mspmshr dm k`s pk`g`s dm rmeumrzh (fs)2
Mi mk mst`dh kïoatm dm smrvagah2
7 fo`xLs
fs ≭
Ey

(
7 :.6: go ) x <:.<:
fs ? ? :.:5< go.
>=7: cl / go ¾

Mi mk Mst`dh Kïoatm dm E`tal`2

cl
> x :.6: x ><.01
>
> foàx go
fs ≭ ↞fs≭ ? :.:>5 go
∅ Etf cl
056< >
go

Wamidh2

cl
∅ Etf ?056<
Etf >
,G`tmlhrï` @
go

ZKK 06,7=: Cl >

LK ? ↞ ?><,01 Cl / go
@ 0= go x 4= go

@dhpt`ohs2

fs ?> oo? :.> go9 :.:5< go

fs ?> oo ≭ 0 / 05 HC

4.0:) @ktur` tht`k dmk Dasphsatavh dm Mk`sthomrh ^mehrz`dh (F)

 F ? frt + ( i + 0 ) fs ?7.4: go + ( 7 +0 ) x :.> go? 4.> go

4.00) Umraeag`gahims

4.00.0) Mst`nakad`d dmk dasphsatavh

K \
F≤ yF≤
7 7

4= go 0= go
0=
4.> ≤ ?0= goHC ※ y 4.> ≤ ?= goHC※
7 7

4.00.>) Mseumrzh dm Ghoprmisa÷i phr G`rl` Tht`k (Ls)

Ls ≤ 0.>= LWa

6<.61 Cl
Ls ≤ >
go

Wm tamim2

<:.<: Cl 1.04 Cl 6:.7> Cl

>
≤ 0.>= x >
x <.:7? >
HC ※
go go go

<:.<: Cl 6<.61 Cl
>
≤ >
HC ※
go go

4.00.7) Dmekmxahims phr Ghoprmisa÷i mi mk Dasphsatavh

Z DG + D\ + 0.1=:
><.4>: Cl
LD ? ? ?47.=0 ?:.5> Csa
0= go+ 4= go
>
@ go

<:.<: Cl
Ls? go
>
?0.:: Csa

Dmehro`ga÷i phr Ghoprmisa÷i p`r` mk`st÷omrh durmz` 5:. ]takaz`idh2

G`p` G`rl` W L (Csa) M (%)

Aitmrahr Oumrt` <.:7 :.5> >.1>
Tht`k <.:7 0.:: 4.76
Mxtmrahr Oumrt` 00.>= :.5> >.50
Tht`k 00.>= 0.:: 7.50

Dmekmxa÷i phr Ghoprmisa÷i aiaga`k dmk Dasphsatavh

 fraa M∣ + > frm
δ ?i fr frm M mxt ?4.= x :.6 x :.:476 +> x :.= x :.:750

δ ?:.014 go

Dmekmxa÷i phr Ghoprmisa÷i aiaga`k dmnadh ` k` G`rl` Oumrt`

δ ?i fra M Dait
Dait + > frm M Dmxt ? 4.= x :.6 x :.:>1> + > x :.= x :.:>50

δ DG ? :.070 go

Dmekmxa÷i phr Ghoprmisa÷i aiaga`k dmnadh ` k` G`rl` Uav`

δ ≢¸ δ ∞ δ DG ?H .014 ∞:.070 go?:.:57 go

Dmekmxa÷i phr Grmmp2

Gd ?:.7= , Z`r`
Z`r` dur
durmz`5:

δ grmmp?Gd δDG ?:.7= x :.070? :.:45 go

Dmekmxa÷i dmnadh `k Grmmp y ` k` G`rl` Uav`

0
δ grmmp + ¸ ?:.:45 + :.:57 ? :.0:1 go; ? :.7> go HC
6

Dmekmxa÷i phr Ghoprmisa÷i aiaga`k dm ui` g`p` aitmrahr Mk`sthomrh

Wa ? Mait fra ; :.:1 fra↞M ∣ ¸ :.:1

:.:476 ;:.:1 HC ※

4.0>) @igk`bm dmk Dasphsatavh

Eumrz` lmimr`d` mi mk @phyh dmnadh `k dmspk`z`oamith2

∅s
Fu?L@
Frt

Cl 0.54 go
Fu ?04.:5 >
x 0= go x 4= go x ?4.=6 thi
go 7.4: go

Ghi λ? :.>y k` G`rl` Zmro`

Zmro`imit
imitm
m oïiao
oïiao`
` mi Wmrvagah Z DG ?><.4> thi , k` eumrz`
Wmrvagah
dm Er`gga÷i qum sm dms`rrhkk` ms2 E t? λ Z DG ↞ :.> x ><.4>?=.46 thi

Ghoh2

4.=6 thi ; =.46 thi, Ih sm rmquamrmi

r mquamrmi @igk`bms.
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