Session Agenda

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Routing Basics

Router Operation

Routing Table

Known Networks (Directly Connected)

Unknown Networks (Remote Networks)

Routing Protocols

Static Routing (Manual)

Dynamic Routing (Automatic) RIP, EIGRP, OSPF & BGP

Routing vs Switching

IP (End to End Address)

MAC (Hop to Hop Address)

Routing Table vs MAC Table

Routing Protocols

Routed Protocols

IPv4 Protocol

IPv6 Protocol

Routers Connections

Point to Multi-Point

Point to Point

Hub & Spokes (Hub & Stubs)

Partial Mesh

Full Mesh

LAN & WAN Connections

Ethernet (Rj45, Copper, Fiber) & Serial Connections

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Routing Load-Balance

Per-Packet Load Balance (Equal Load Balance)

Per-Destination Load Balance (Unequal Load Balance) Default

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Packet Forwarding Mechanisms (Routing Generations)

Process Switching
 Fast Switching

CEF (Cisco Express Forwarding)

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Process Switching (1st Generation)

CPU Routing (Normal Routing)

Router Processor (RP) or L3 Engine

Route Every Packet

Other Processes

DHCP, DNS, OSPF, RIP, EIGRP, .....

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Fast Switching (2nd Generation)

Route Once Switch Many

Fast Forward Cache

Includes Active Routes Only

Cached Route Flushed after 5 Minutes

Per Destination Load-Balance Only

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CEF (Cisco Express Forwarding) (3rd Generation)

Default Routing Mode

Always Switching

Dedicated ASIC for Routing Process (Called CEF)

FIB Table & Routing Table (Forward Information Base)

Prefix(NID) - Next-Hop IP - O/P Int

Supports Per-Packet & Per-Destination Load Balance

Default is Per-Destination Load Balance

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GNS3 Lab Config & Verification

Check CEF is Enabled (Sh run) (IP CEF)

Check FIB Table (Sh ip CEF)

Prefix(NID) - Next-Hop IP - Interface (O/P Int)

Check int Routing Mode (sh ip int f0/0)

CEF Load-Balance Config & Verification

Per-Destination Load Balance

 Hash between Src & Destination IP

Default for CEF

Per-Packet Load Balance

Check Specified Network Load-Balance Mode (sh ip cef 192.168.2.0)

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Static Routing

Next Hop (IP)

Point to Multi-Point

Output Interface (Proxy ARP)

Point to Point

Full Route (Complete Route) Not in All IOS Versions

Static Routing Load Balance Check PT Labs 6,7

Two Links between Two Routers

Load Balance

Failover

Floating Static Route Check PT Lab 8

Administrative Distance (Default = 1)

Hosted Route Check PT Lab 9

Null-0 Route Check PT Lab 10

Access Control List

Longest Subnet Mask Match (More Specific Route)

RIP & Static Routing Case Study

RIP AD = 120

Routing Table Lookup Order

Subnet Mask (More Specific) (Longest Match)

Administrative Distance

Metric

Floating Default Route Check GNS3 Labs 2,3

Route Tracking

IP-SLA (Service Level Agreement)

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Policy Based Routing (PBR)
 Normal Routing (Destination IP Based Routing)

Normal Routing Table (Builded Static or Dynamic) & Loaded in CEF

PBR Routing Table (Advanced Routing Table)

Advanced Static Routing Protocol

Destination IP Based Routing

Source IP Based Routing

Protocol Based Routing

Length of Packet Based Routing

Needs Route-Map & ACL

Builded Static Only Using Route-Map & ACL

Not Loaded in CEF (Process Switching Only)

Higher Priority than Normal Routing Table

Applied Per Interface (PBR Table for Each Interface)

PBR GNS3 Lab 5 Config & Verification (Check Needed Tasks)

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Dynamic Routing Protocols

- Interior Gateway Protocols (IGP)

RIPv1 & RIPv2 for IPv4 Distance Vector Protocol

RIPng for IPv6 Distance Vector Protocol

OSPFv2 for IPv4 Link-State Protocol

OSPFv3 for IPv6 Link-State Protocol
IS-IS Link-State Protocol

EIGRP for IPv4 (Cisco) Advanced (Enahanced) Distance Vector (Hybrid)

EIGRP for IPv6 (Cisco) Advanced (Enahanced) Distance Vector (Hybrid)

- Exterior Gateway Protocols (EGP)

BGPv4 Path Vector Protocol (Internet Protocol)

EGP Internet Protocol (Legacy)
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RIP (Routing Information Protocol)

Standard Routing Protocol

RIP Versions

RIPv1
RIPv2

RIP Operation
 Distance Vector Protocol

Split-Horizon

Trigger Update

RIP Config & Verification Check PT Labs

Network Command (No Mask) (Major Networks Only)

RIP AD = 120

Symbol = R

RIP Update Timer = 30 Sec (Why !!)

Passive-interface

RIP Metric (Hop Count) (Number of Hops)

RIP Load Balance

Equal Metric Paths Only

Max 4 Paths Only by Default

Max Paths 16 for Most IOS Versions

32 for IOSv15

RIP Metric Problems

Bad Path Selection

Pinhole Congestion

RIP Max Hop Count (16 Hops)

Auto-Summary vs. Manual Summary

Contiguous Networks

Discontiguous Networks & Auto Summary Problems

RIPv2 Auto Summary (no auto-summary)

RIPv1 Send Network without Mask (Auto Summary cant be Disabled)(Classful)

RIPv2 Send Network with Mask & Auto Summary can be Disabled (Classless)

RIPv1 255.255.255.255 Broadcast

FFFF.FFFF.FFF

RIPv2 224.0.0.9 Multicast

0100.5e00.0009

Unicast 10.0.0.1
192.168.1.50

Class D (Multicast IPs)

 224.X.X.X
225.X.X.X

239.X.X.X

Multicast Protocols

Switch IGMP

Router PIMv1, PIMv2

Dynamic Routing Security Issues

RIPv2 Authentication Config & Verification

RIP Troubleshooting Commands

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EIGRP (Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol)

Cisco Proprietary (Now Standard)

Advanced (Enhanced) Distance Vector Protocol

EIGRP Operation

DUAL (Diffusing Update Algorithm)

No Periodic Updates (Hello Every 5 Sec)

No Max Hop Count (TTL Limitation)

Multicast IP 224.0.0.10
Multicast MAC 01.00.5e.00.00.0A

Successor (Best Path)

Feasible Successor (Backup Path)

EIGRP Tables

Topology Table (Successors & Feasible Successors)

Routing Table (Successors Only)

Neighbors Table (Hello Time = 5 Sec) (Hold Time = 15 Sec)

Neighborship Discovery (sh ip eigrp neighbors)

EIGRP Metric (BDRLM & Hop Count)

- Bandwidth (kbps) Min Path Bandwidth in Kbps

- Sum of Delays (Micro Sec) ex 1 uSec 10 G.E

10 uSec G.E
100 uSec F.E
1000 uSec Ethernet
20000 uSec Serial
 - Reliability ex 255/255

- Load ex 1/255

- MTU (Maximum Transmission Unit)

- Number of Hops Max 100 Hops by Default

K-Values {k1} {k2} {k3} {k4} {k5} Default is 1 0 1 0 0

K1 Bandwidth = 1
K2 Bandwidth + Load 0
K3 Delay = 1
K4 Reliability 0
K5 Reliability 0

Metric Eqn = 256*(K1*10^7/BW(min)Kbps + (K3*Sum of Delays)/10)

K-Values Must be Matched in All Routers (Neigborship Condition)

EIGRP Config & Verification Check PT Labs

EIGRP AS Number or Global Process ID (<1-65535>) Why ???!!

Virtual Router

Neighborship Conditions

Same AS, K-Values, Subnet, Authentication Mode & Key

Not Passive-Interface
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Named EIGRP & Classic EIGRP

Named EIGRP at Least IOSv15

Easy Commands

BW Called Throughput

Delay Called Latency

Max BW for Classic EIGRP is 10 Gigabyte

Backword Compatible with Classic EIGRP

Conversion from Classic to Named (at Least IOS v15.4)

Named EIGRP Config & TS

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OSPF (Open Shortest Path First)

Standard Routing Protocol

Link State Protocol

OSPF Operation
 Dijkstra (SPF) Algorithm

LSA Type-1 (Link State Advertisement) (Router LSA)

LSU (Link State Update)

LSDB (Link State Data Base)

SPF Tree

@ Change = @ Startup

Auto Summary is not Supported

High Processing & Memory Consumption

Not Recommended for More than 50 Routers

Metric = Cumulative Cost = 10^8/BandWidth(bps)

E 10
F.E 1
G.E 1
T1 64
E1 48

Metric Issues

Auto-cost reference-bandwidth {Mbps}

OSPF AD = 110

Symbol = O, O IA, OE1, OE2, O N1, O N2

No Backup Paths

No Periodic Updates (Hello Every 10 Sec)

No Max Hop Count (TTL Limitation)

Multicast IP 224.0.0.5 & 224.0.0.6

Multicast MAC 01.00.5e.00.00.05 & 01.00.5e.00.00.06

OSPF Tables

Neighbors Table (Hello Time = 10 Sec) (Dead Time = 40 Sec)

Routing Table

OSPF Config & Verification Check PT Labs

OSPF Local Process ID {PID <1-65535>} Why ???!!

Virtual Router

Network Command & Interface Method

Wild Card Mask (W.C.M) Match & Dont Care Why ???!!
 Area ID <0-4294967295>

Neighborship Conditions

Same Area ID
Same Area Type
Same Hello Interval
Same Dead Interval
Same Authenication Type & Key
Same Subnet (NID & Mask)
Unique Router-ID
Not Passive-Interface

Check Neighbors Table

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OSPF Operation for Pt-to-MP Networks

Excessive LSAs

DR Designated Router
BDR Backup Designated Router
DROthers DR Others

224.0.0.6 & 0100.5E00.0006 Accepted by DR & BDR Only

224.0.0.5 & 0100.5E00.0005 Accepted by All OSPF Routers

Election Process

First Bootup Router for 40 Sec (Called Wait Time)

Highest Int Priority (Priority 0 Routers will be DROthers)
Highest Router-ID

OSPF Int Priority

ip ospf priority {0-255} Default (1)

Router-ID

Check Router-ID (sh ip Protocols)

Manual Router-ID ex router-id 1.1.1.1 at Least IOSv12.0(T)

Auto Router-ID

Highest Loopback int IP

Highest Physical Working int IP

Clear ip ospf process (For DR, BDR & Changed Router ID)
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OSPF Multi Area

Area Border Router (ABR) Strongest Router

Backbone Area (Area 0)

O & OIA

LSA Type-3 (Summary LSA) Includes Network, Mask & Metric

 O LSA Type-1

OIA LSA Type-3

OSPF Intra Area (Uses Link-State Logic) LSA Type-1

OSPF Inter Area (Uses Distance Vector Logic) LSA Type-3

OSPF Multi Area Labs Config & Verification

Verify LSAs (LSDB) Database

Sh ip ospf Database Summary (DBD) DB Description

OSPF LSA Types

LSA Type-1 (Router LSA) Intra Area generated by All Routers

LSA Type-3 (Summary Network) Inter Area generated by ABR Only
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Virtual Links

Backbone Area (Area 0)

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Redistribution

Autonomous System (AS)

What is Redistribution ?

Why Redistribution ?

One-Way Redistribution

Two-Ways or Full Mutual Redistribution

OSPF Process-ID

EIGRP As-Number

Redistribute in OSPF

{RIP}, {EIGRP}, {OSPF with Different Process-ID}

Redistribute in EIGRP

{RIP}, {OSPF}, {EIGRP with Different Process-ID}

Redistribute in RIP

{EIGRP}, {OSPF}

GNS3 Lab Prepare for Redistribution

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Redistribution in OSPF

ASBR (AS Boundary Router)

 LSA Type-5 (External LSA)

Classful Only redistribute {Protocol}

Classless Redistribution redistribute {Protocol} subnets

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Redistribution in EIGRP

redistribute {Protocol}

Manual Seed Metric Default-metric {BW} {delay} {reliability} {Load} {MTU}

ex
default-metric 1544 10 255 1 1500

D Ex Extenal Routes
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Redistribution in RIP

redistribute {Protocol}

R & AD = 120 for Internal & External

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BGP (Border Gateway Protocol)

Open Standard

Path Vector Routing Protocol

ISPs (Internet Service Provider)

BGPv4 (MP-BGP) Multi Protocol BGP (IPv4 & IPv6)

EGP Protocol (Exterior Gateway Protocol)

Internet Protocol (Why ?)

Check Internet BGP Networks (900 000 - 1000 000)

Very Slow Protocol (1000 Changes/min)

No Trigger Update (Check Updates Every 30 Sec)

BGP Public AS (Assigned by IANA)

Metric = Attributes

Number of Autonomous Systems

Check Public Router BGP Routing Table

Symbol in RTG Table B

Supports Auto Summary (Disabled by Default) Classless

Supports Manual Summary

All Updates are Unicast (No Multicast) (Manual Neighborship)

Supports Authentication MD5 Only

Only Equal Path Load Balance

Max Paths 16

Default Max Paths 1

* i 1.0.137.0/24 216.66.88.113 Valid

* i 216.66.84.189 Valid
*>i 216.66.41.149 Valid & Best

BGP Packet Trcaer Lab

Service Provider BGP Config

Manual Neighborship Config (BGP Peer)

BGP Log for Neighborship Neighbor is up

Check sh ip bgp Summary

OSPF & eBGP

Deploy Networks Manually (Network Command or Distribute Command)

i for Deployed Networks with Network Command

? for Deployed Networks with Redistribution Command

Two Ways Redistribution

One Way Redistribution

eBGP & iBGP

AD = 20 eBGP
AD = 200 iBGP

BGP for Customers Why ?!!!

Single Multi Homed Network (Single Router & Two Links to Different ISPs)

Dual Multi Homed Network (Two Routers & Two Links to Different ISPs)

Customer Different AS

Private WAN

Private AS

Dual Multi Homed GNS3 Lab Config & Verifications

Check Customer BGP Config

OSPF, eBGP & iBGP

BGP must be Configured for R1, R2 & R3 (Black-Hole Problem)

 Neighborship between R1 & ISP1 eBGP
R2 & ISP2 eBGP
R1 & R3 iBGP
R2 & R3 iBGP
R1 & R2 iBGP not Directly Connected Neighbors

iBGP Split Horizon

Learned iBGP Networks not Deployed to iBGP Neighbors

Prevents Routing Loops

Learned eBGP Networks Deployed to iBGP & eBGP

Learned iBGP Networks Deployed to eBGP Only

iBGP Next-hop Problem & Next-hop-self

neighbor {IP} next-hop-self (for Edge Routers Only)

Check R3(sh ip bgp) i for iBGP Networks

(sh ip Route) AD = 200 Why ?!!
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BGP Traffic Engineering Lab

BGP Attributes & Path Control

1- AS-Path List

2- Next-Hop

Must be Reachable

3- Origin Code

i igp for Network Command & Aggregate Address

? incomplete for Redistribution

for Equal As-Path i is Preferred than ?

4- Neighbor Type

eBGP or iBGP

eBGP Neighbor is Preferred than iBGP Neighbor

if The Two Neighbors are eBGP then BGP uses Load Balance if Max-Paths is not 1
Path

if The Two Neighbors are iBGP then BGP uses Neighbor IGP Metric

5- IGP Metric (iBGP Only)

Neighbor Metric for IGP Protocol

Used with iBGP Neighbors Only

 if The Two Neighbors with the Same IGP Metric then BGP uses Load Balance if
Max-Paths is not 1 Path
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if Max-Paths is 1 Path

for iBGP

Checks Lowest Neighbor BGP RID

if Tie Checks Lowest IP Address

for eBGP

Checks Oldest Route

if Tie Checks Lowest Neighbor BGP RID

if Tie Checks Lowest Neighbor IP Address

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Local-Preferences (iBGP Only)

Higher Priority than AS-Path List

Default is 100

Higher is Best

Used between iBGP Neighbors Only

Check (sh ip bgp)

Change out Default Value (bgp default local-preference <0-4294967295>)

Affects all my iBGP Neighbors for all networks

Needs Neighborship Restart

Non-Transparent (Affects My AS Only)

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Weight (Cisco Only)

Local Number for Each Network

Not Sended in Updates

Higher is Best

Default 0 for All Networks

Except for Router it Self Deployed Networks (32768)

Check (sh ip bgp)

Higher Priority than AS-Path List & Local-Preferences

Can be Configured per Neighbor or Per Network (IN Only)

neighbor {IP} weight <0-65535>

 can be Configured with iBGP Neighbor or eBGP Neighbor

Needs Neighborship Restart

Check Lab Weight Config

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VPN (Virtual Private Network)

Private IPs

192.168.X.X
10.X.X.X
172.16.X.X
172.17.X.X
172.18.X.X

..
..

172.31.X.X

Public IPs

ex

8.X.X.X
9.X.X.X
15.X.X.X

NAT (Network Address Translation)

Changes Private IP with Public IP

Resolve Private IP to Public IP

- VPN (Virtual Private Network)

- VPN Client-Server (Remote Access VPN)

- VPN Site-to-Site

Tunneling (Check Packet Tracer Lab (Just See Tunneling)

Add Additional IP Headers (Public IPs) to Original IP Headers

- Tunneling Protocols

GRE (Tunneling Only)

mGRE (Tunneling Only)

IPSec (Tunneling + Security)

SSL (Tunneling + Security)

GRE over IPSec

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GRE Tunneling
 Generic Routing Encapsulation

Just Tunneling (No Security)

GRE Config & Verification Labs

GNS3 Labs & PT Lab-3 Config

UnderLay Routing protocol

Overlay Routing Protocols

Point-to-Point Tunneling Only

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mGRE Tunneling

Point to Multi Point Tunneling

multiPoint GRE Tunneling

Also Called DM-VPN (Dynamic Multi-Point GRE)

Tunneling Unicast Traffic Only (but You can Use Replicate Unicast)

mGRE Config & Verification Labs

Basic Config

Next Hop Resolution Protocol (NHRP)

NHRP Mapping Table

Static NHRP Mapping Table

NHRP Network-id <0-4 miliar> the Same for All Routers (Required)

Static Map Command (ip nhrp map 10.0.0.2 40.0.0.1)

Replicates Unicast for B.C & M.C

ip nhrp map multicast 40.0.0.1

ip nhrp map multicast 50.0.0.1
ip nhrp map multicast 60.0.0.1

Check (sh dmvpn) (sh ip nhrp)

Overlay Routing Protocols

for Static Routing use Next Hop

for OSPF Change Tunnel int OSPF Network

Default is Point-to-Point Network (Accepts Only One Neighbor)

Use OSPF Broadcast Network (ip ospf network broadcast)

Verify all Lab

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MPLS (Multi Protocol Label Switching)

- MPLS & ISPs

- What is MPLS ?

- Why MPLS?

1- Fast Forwarding

2- QOS & Traffic Engineering

3- Multicast Routing

4- MPLS VPN & VRF

Unicast Routing Protocols

RIP
EIGRP
OSPF
BGP

Multicast Protocols

PIMv1
PIMv2
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Fast Forwarding

- New Packet Forwarding Technique

Routing Table vs Label Table

FIB Table vs LFIB Table

IP Packet vs Label Packet

Label (20 bits) (0-1048576)

- MPLS GNS3 Lab Config & Verification

MPLS Customer & ISP Designs

CE (Customer Edge Router)

PE (Provider Edge Router)

LER (Label Edge Router)

or
ELSR (Edge Label Switch Router)

LSR (Label Switch Router)

MPLS Domain

- MPLS Operation
 LDP (Label Distribution Protocol)

LDP (L7 Protocol) (TCP & UDP) (Port 646)

Phase 1 Neighbors Discovery

Neighbor Table sh mpls ldp neighbor

sh mpls ldp neighbor detail
Hello (LDP UDP) 224.0.0.2

Hello Interval 5 Sec

Hold Time 15 Sec

Check Log for Neighbor Detection & Neighbor Router-ID

Router-ID

Manually Configured (mpls ldp router-id f0/0 force)

Highest Loopback Int IP

Highest Physical Int IP

Phase 2 Exchange Labels

Mapping Labels to IPs & Build Label Table

sh mpls ldp binding Label Table

sh mpls forwarding-table LFIB Table

Automatic Label Range or Manual Range

- MPLS VPN & VRF (Virtual Routing Forwarding)

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Internet Service Provider & VPN Tunneling (GRE, mGRE)

Private WAN Service Provider (L3 WAN Service) Leased Line MPLS VPN

VRF Lite & EVN

VRF (Virtual Routing Forwarding) Lite

Multiple Virtual Routers in Only One Physical Router

Service Provider L3 Service (Private WAN)

VRF VPN (VPN Over Private WAN Network)

Check GNS3 Labs

VRF Lab with OSPF

EVN (Easy Virtual Network)

Trunk Port & Tagging

Check GNS3 Labs (at Least IOS 15.2)

 EVN Lab with OSPF

RIP is not Supported in EVN

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Exam Preparation

Congratulations
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