Introduction to

D B M S
Designing and Implementaing Database
from Scratch to Absolute Beginners
 Technical perspective view
A database is a collection of interrelated data that helps in the efficient
retrieval, insertion, and deletion of data from the database and

What is DBMS organizes the data in the form of tables, views, schemas, reports, etc.

Buisness perspective view

A database-management system
In the modern business landscape, data is a critical asset that drives
(DBMS) is a collection of
decision-making, strategic planning, and operational efficiency. As
interrelated data and a set of companies generate and collect massive amounts of data, the need for
programs to access those data. a robust system to manage this data becomes increasingly important.
The collection of data, usually This is where a Database Management System (DBMS) comes into play.
referred to as the database,
contains information relevant to
an enterprise.
User perspective view
A Database Management System (DBMS) is software designed to
manage databases efficiently. It acts as a bridge between the physical
data stored in a database and the users or applications that need to
access or manipulate this data.
Key Features of DBMS
A DBMS handles several key functions, including:

Data modeling Data storage and retrieval Data Manipulation

Data Definition language (DDL) Data Manipulation Language (DML)

It allows users to define the structure A DBMS is responsible for storing and Through a DML, the DBMS enables users
of the data, including tables, fields, retrieving data from the database, and to perform CRUD operations like Create,
and relationships can provide various methods for Read, Update, and Delete on the data.
searching and querying the data

Data Security and Integrity Data Backup and Recovery Data Concurrency
he DBMS manages concurrent data
A DBMS ensures that only authorized It provides mechanisms to back up
access by multiple users or
users have access to specific data and data and restore it in case of system
that data remains accurate and applications, ensuring that transactions
failures, ensuring business continuity.
consistent across the database. are processed reliably without conflicts
 Types of DBMS
Database Management Systems (DBMS)
come in various types, each designed to
handle different types of data and use cases
 This type of DBMS organizes data in a tree-like structure, where each record has a single parent,
and records are connected through a parent-child relationship. Hierarchical DBMS is often used
Hierarchical DBMS
in applications where data relationships are well-defined and hierarchical, such as organizational
structures or file systems. Eg: IBM’s Information Management System (IMS).

In a network DBMS, data is organized in a graph structure, allowing each record to have
multiple parent and child records. This creates a more flexible model compared to the
Network DBMS
hierarchical DBMS. Suitable for applications where complex many-to-many relationships
exist, such as telecommunications networks or transportation systems. Eg: Integrated Data
Store (IDS).

Add aThe most common type of DBMS, relational databases organize data into tables (or
Relational DBMS relations) where each row represents a record and each column represents a field.
(RDBMS) Relationships between tables are established through keys (primary and foreign keys).
Widely used in business applications, e-commerce platforms, and financial systems due to
its flexibility and support for SQL (Structured Query Language). MySQL, Oracle Database,
Microsoft SQL Server little bit of body text
 In this type of DBMS, data is stored in objects, similar to object-oriented programming.
Objects can contain both data and methods to process that data. Ideal for applications that
Object-Oriented
require complex data representations, such as computer-aided design (CAD) systems,
DBMS (OODBMS)
multimedia applications, and software engineering. Eg: db4o, ObjectDB

This type of DBMS stores data in document formats like JSON, BSON, or XML. Each
document can store nested data structures, providing a flexible and semi-structured data
Document
model. Commonly used in content management systems, web applications, and big data
Oriented DBMS
solutions. Eg: MongoDB, CouchDB.

NoSQL databases do not adhere strictly to relational database principles. They are designed

NoSQL DBMS: to handle large volumes of unstructured or semi-structured data and can scale horizontally.
Ideal for handling big data, real-time web applications, and distributed data stores. Eg:
Cassandra, HBase, Redis.
Advantages of DBMS
Data Security:
When you use a DMBS, you ensure that only authorized users have access to specific data. It
allows you to define access privileges so that users are allowed to data that's relevant to their
job and responsibilities, without giving them access to all of the data.

Data redundancy
Data redundancy can occur when the same data is stored repeatedly in different places. With
a DBMS, data is stored in a centralized location, rather than being created by individual users
for each application, which eliminates data redundancy.

Data searching
Using a DBMS system, it's very easy to search for and retrieve data. Instead of writing
separate programs for each data search, you can write small queries to search for
multiple types of information at one time.
Data inconsistency
A DBMS can eliminate data inconsistency because there is a single repository of data. With
a traditional file system, making changes in one application won't make the same changes
in other applications with the same set of details. With a DBMS, the data is defined once
and accessed by multiple users.
Advantages of DBMS
Data Sharing
One of the primary benefits of a DBMS is that users can securely share data with multiple
users or applications. Data is stored in one primary location and locking technology
prevents it from being changed by two people at the same time to ensure data consistency.
Data Access
A DBMS provides fast access to specific data in far less time than a traditional file-based
system would require. With a DBMS, you can write small queries that will retrieve the
information you need in the fastest way possible.
Data integration
Due to the Database Management System we have access to well-managed and
synchronized forms of data thus it makes data handling very easy and gives an
integrated view of how a particular organization is working and also helps to keep
track of how one segment of the company affects another segment.
Data Backup
A DBMS eliminates the need for individual users to periodically and manually backup
their data, as this is automatically handled by the system. In the event of a server crash,
the DBMS will restore the data to its earlier condition.
 Advantages of DBMS over Traditional File System
Add a Data Redundancy and Inconsistency
Redundancy means repeating the data in a system. In a normal file system, there is a high chance that there can be various files of the same
data used by different users for specific purposes. If any user changes the data in its files, then the changes are not reflected in all files. This
creates inconsistency in the data, and it may lead to the failure of the system. But in the DBMS, there is only one repository of data, and
multiple users can use it. If any user changes the data, then it is reflected to each user as they are using the same repository.

Data Sharing
In the normal file system, data sharing is too difficult because file sharing is a complex task. In DBMS, all the data is centralized, so data
sharing is a very easy task.

Data Concurrency
When more than one user accesses the database simultaneously, then it is called concurrency. In a file system, when multiple users are using
the files at the same time, then there may be a chance of anomalies in the data due to changes, and it does not provide any method to detect
anomalies. But in DBMS, we have a locking system to detect the anomalies so we can protect the data.

Data Integrity
When we insert new data into the database, we require some specific constraints on the data like integer or not null, etc. The file system
does not provide any system to check the constraints, whereas DBMS has the functionality to check the constraints on the data, and it allows
user defined data types.
SQL Language
SQL is a programming language designed to manage data
stored in a relational database management system (RDBMS).

Why SQL? Process of SQL

It excels in data integration, seamlessly combining
data from various sources or tables to enable
comprehensive analysis. Additionally, SQL empowers
analysts with a wide range of mathematical and
statistical functions, such as SUM, AVG, MAX, and
MIN, to derive insights and compute essential
metrics within datasets
 Some SQL Commands

Create Update Select Delete

This command helps in creating the This command helps in updating or This command helps in accessing the This command helps in removing or
new database, new table, table view, changing the stored data in the single or multiple rows from one or erasing the saved records from the
multiple tables of the database. We database tables. It erases single or
and other objects of the database. database
can also use this command with the multiple tuples from the tables of the
WHERE clause. database.