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CSE 205
Programming in Python
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Python Data Type

Python data type is categorized into two types:

•Mutable Data Type – A mutable data type is those whose values can be
changed.
• Example: List, Dictionaries, and Set
•Immutable Data Type – An immutable data type is one in which the values
can’t be changed or altered.
• Example: String and Tuples
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Changing individual characters of a string

Suppose we have a string called s and we want to change the character at index 4 of s to
'X'. It is tempting to try s[4]='X', but that unfortunately will not work. Python strings are
immutable, which means we can’t modify any part of them.

s="Testing"
print(s[:4] + 'X' + s[5:]);

Looping
Very often we will want to scan through a string one character at a time. A for loop
like the one below can be used to do that.

s="Testing"
for i in range(len(s)):
print (s[i])
In the range statement we have len(s) that returns how long s is.
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String methods
Strings come with a ton of methods, functions that return information about the
string or return a new string that is a modified version of the original.
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String Methods (String Manipulation)

String manipulation is very useful and very widely used in every language.

Often, programmers are required to break down strings and examine them
closely.

For example, a password strength checker would have to strip a string down and
examine them closely to see if it contains letters, numbers and/or symbols.
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String Methods (String Manipulation)

• This presentation will take a look at the various
methods of manipulating strings, covering things from
basic methods to regular expressions in Python.

• String manipulation is a skill that every Python

programmer should be familiar with.
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String Methods (String Manipulation)

We can perform a number of tasks on strings through these methods.

The most basic way to manipulate strings is through the methods that are built into
Python.
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String Methods (String Manipulation)
We can perform:

String Checks:
- Find the length of a string
- Find out if a string is all in uppercase
- find out if a string is all in lowercase
- find out if a string’s words all start with capitals letters
- Check whether a string is alphanumeric(contains both letters and numbers)
- Check whether a string contains only numbers
- Check whether a string contains only letters
- Check whether a string only contains spaces
- Find the location of a character in a string
- Count how many times a character appears in a string String Formatting Methods:
- Turn a string upper case
- Turn a string lower case
String to Lists Conversions: - Capitalize a string (make first letter capital)
- Capitalize each word in a string
- Split a string into a number of items on a list
- Swap the case of each letter in a string around
- Add spaces in either side of a string.

Other Useful String Methods:

- Return the character at a certain position of a string
- Replace letters and words in a string
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This simply means ‘joining’.

We know from before that the ‘+’ operator is used to add numeric data types
together.

This operator has a different function when it deals with strings. The ‘+’ sign
simply joins together two or more string.
full_name_no_space = firstname + surname
Example:
Full_name = firstname + “ ” + surname
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Find the length of a string
The len function:
This helps us find the length
of a string (how many
characters it has – including
spaces)

Or
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Look at each character of string in turn
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Find out if a string is all in uppercase

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Check whether a string is alphanumeric (contains
only letters and numbers)
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Other useful string manipulation

functions
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String Formatting Methods

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Or
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Or
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Or
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Or
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Or
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Add spaces to indent or centre strings on screen.

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Pretty Printing
string.format() method
Here is an example of
how the variables
(contained in the format
function’s brackets) is
printed according to
some pretty printing
rules.

For digits:
{0:2d} {1:3d} {2:4d}
means, in the first
column (0) allow for 2
digits, in the second
column (1) allow for 3
digits etc.

For strings:
{0:10} means, in the first
column, allow for 10
characters.
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Converting between
Strings and Lists
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Displaying only parts of a String

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Return the first few letters/numbers/characters of the string
from the left
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Return the last few letters/numbers/characters of the string
from the right
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Return a certain number of letters/numbers/characters within

the string
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Other Useful Methods

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Replace letters and words in a string

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Count how many times a character appears in a string

Or
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Find the location of a character in a string

Or
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my_string = "Python is fun“

print(my_string.replace("fun", "awesome"))
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Write a program that asks the user to enter a string. The program should then print
the following:
(a) The total number of characters in the string
(b) The string repeated 10 times
(c) The first character of the string (remember that string indices start at 0)
(d) The first three characters of the string
(e) The last three characters of the string
(f) The string backwards
(g) The seventh character of the string if the string is long enough and a message
otherwise
(h) The string with its first and last characters removed
(i) The string in all caps
(j) The string with every a replaced with an e
(k) The string with every letter replaced by a space
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Lists
Python Lists are just like dynamically sized arrays, declared in other languages
(vector in C++ and ArrayList in Java). In simple language, a list is a collection of
things, enclosed in [ ] and separated by commas.
The list is a sequence data type which is used to store the collection of
data. Tuples and String are other types of sequence data types.

Var = ["hello", "for", "Testing"]

print(Var)
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# Creation of List

# Creating a List
List = []
print("Blank List: ") Output:
print(List)
Blank List:
# Creating a List of numbers []
List = [10, 20, 14]
print("\nList of numbers: ") List of numbers:
print(List) [10, 20, 14]

# Creating a List of strings and accessing List Items:

# using index Hello
List = ["Hello", "For", "Testing"] Testing
print("\nList Items: ")
print(List[0])
print(List[2])
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Accessing elements from a multi-dimensional list

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Similarities to strings
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L = [1,2,3]
for i in range(len(L)):
print(L[i])

for item in L:
print(item)

Output:
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Built-in functions
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Output:
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List methods
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List = [2.3, 4.445, 3, 5.33, 1.054, 2.5]

print(List.pop())
print(List)
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Write a program that asks the user to enter a list of integers. Do the
following:
(a) Print the total number of items in the list.
(b) Print the last item in the list.
(c) Print the list in reverse order.
(d) Print Yes if the list contains a 5 and No otherwise.
(e) Print the number of fives in the list.
(f) Remove the first and last items from the list, sort the remaining
items, and print the
(g) Print how many integers in the list are less than 5.
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Lists and the random module

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Join
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Tuples in Python
Python Tuple is a collection of objects separated by commas. In some ways, a
tuple is similar to a Python list in terms of indexing, nested objects, and repetition
but the main difference between both is Python tuple is immutable, unlike the
Python list which is mutable.

Creating Python Tuples

There are various ways by which you can create a tuple in pythonThey are as
follows:
•Using round brackets
•With one item
•Tuple Constructor
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Create Tuples using Round Brackets ()

To create a tuple we will use () operators.

var = (“hello", "for", “testing")

print(var) 1
# Get input from user
Output: input_string = input("Enter a
list of tuples: ")
(‘hello', 'for', ‘testing')
# Parse input string into list
of tuples
tuples_list =
eval(input_string)

# Print the list of tuples

print(tuples_list)
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Create a Tuple With One Item

values : tuple[int | str, ...] = (1,2,4,“Testing")

print(values)

Output:

(1, 2, 4, ‘testing)

variable called values which holds a tuple that consists of either int or str, the
‘…’ means that the tuple will hold more than one int or str.

In case your generating a tuple with a single element, make sure to add a
comma after the element. Let us see an example of the same.
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Tuple Constructor in Python

To create a tuple with a Tuple constructor, we will pass the elements as its
parameters.

tuple_constructor = tuple(("dsa", "developement", "deep learning"))

print(tuple_constructor)
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What is Immutable in Tuples?

Tuples in Python are similar to Python lists but not entirely.

Tuples are immutable and ordered and allow duplicate
values. Some Characteristics of Tuples in Python.
•We can find items in a tuple since finding any item does not
make changes in the tuple.
•One cannot add items to a tuple once it is created.
•Tuples cannot be appended or extended.
•We cannot remove items from a tuple once it is created.
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mytuple = (1, 2, 3, 4, 5)

# tuples are indexed

print(mytuple[1])
print(mytuple[4])

# tuples contain duplicate elements

mytuple = (1, 2, 3, 4, 2, 3)
print(mytuple)

# adding an element
mytuple[1] = 100
print(mytuple)
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Python Access Tuple using a Positive Index

Using square brackets we can get the values from tuples in Python.

var = (“hello", "for", “testing")

print("Value in Var[0] = ", var[0])

print("Value in Var[1] = ", var[1])
print("Value in Var[2] = ", var[2])

Output:
Value in Var[0] = hello
Value in Var[1] = for
Value in Var[2] = testing
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myList = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
# NORMAL INDEXING
print(myList[0])
print(myList[1])
print(myList[2])
# NEGATIVE INDEXING (STARTS FROM THE LAST ELEMENT IN THE LIST)
print(myList[-1])
print(myList[-2])
print(myList[-3])
print(myList[-3:])

1
2
3
5
4
3
[3, 4, 5]
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Different Operations Related to Tuples

Below are the different operations related to tuples in
Python:
•Concatenation
•Nesting
•Repetition
•Slicing
•Deleting
•Finding the length
•Multiple Data Types with tuples
•Conversion of lists to tuples
•Tuples in a Loop
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Concatenation of Python Tuples

# Code for concatenating 2 tuples

tuple1 = (0, 1, 2, 3)
tuple2 = ('python', ‘Testing')

# Concatenating above two

print(tuple1 + tuple2)

Output:
(0, 1, 2, 3, 'python', ‘Testing')
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Nesting of Python Tuples

# Code for creating nested tuples

tuple1 = (0, 1, 2, 3)
tuple2 = ('python', ‘Testing')

tuple3 = (tuple1, tuple2)

print(tuple3)

((0, 1, 2, 3), ('python', ‘Testing'))

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Repetition Python Tuples

We can create a tuple of multiple same elements from a single
element in that tuple.

# Code to create a tuple with repetition

tuple3 = ('python',)*3
print(tuple3)

('python', 'python', 'python')

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Slicing Tuples in Python
Slicing a Python tuple means dividing a tuple into small tuples using the
indexing method.
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Converting a List to a Tuple

(0, 1, 2)
('p', 'y', 't', 'h', 'o', 'n')
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Convert tuple into list

t1=(3,4,2,1,5,6,7)
print(t1[2:5])
t2=list(t1)
t2[3]=99
t2.sort()
t3=tuple(t2)
print(t3)
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Dictionaries
A dictionary is a more general version of a list. In Python, a dictionary is mapping
between a set of indices (keys) and a set of values.The items in a dictionary are
key-value pairs
Creating dictionaries Here is a simple dictionary:
d = {'A':100, 'B':200}
To declare a dictionary we enclose it in curly braces, {}. Each entry consists of a pair
separated by a colon. The first part of the pair is called the key and the second is the
value. The key acts like an index. So in the first pair, 'A':100, the key is 'A', the value is
100, and d['A'] gives 100. Keys are often strings, but they can be integers, floats, and
many other things as well. You can mix different types of keys in the same dictionary
and different types of values, too.
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In Python, a dictionary is mapping between a set of indices (keys) and a set of

values.

Keys can be any Python data type:

Because keys are used for indexing, they should be immutable
Values can be any Python data type:
Values can be mutable or immutable
Changing dictionaries Let’s start with this dictionary:
d = {'A':100, 'B':200}
• To change d['A'] to 400, do
d['A']=400
• To add a new entry to the dictionary, we can just assign it, like below:
d['C']=500
Note that this sort of thing does not work with lists. Doing L[2]=500 on a list with two
elements would produce an index out of range error. But it does work with dictionaries.
• To delete an entry from a dictionary, use the del operator:
del d['A']
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Empty dictionary The empty dictionary is { }, which is the dictionary equivalent of []

for lists or ‘ ' for strings.

Example 1 You can use a dictionary as an actual dictionary of definitions:

d = {'dog' : 'has a tail and goes woof!','cat' : 'says meow’, 'mouse' : 'chased by cats'}
Here is an example of the dictionary in use:
word = input('Enter a word: ')
print('The definition is:', d[word])

Enter a word: mouse

The definition is: chased by cat
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Accessing Items
You can access the items of a dictionary by referring to its key name,
inside square brackets:

thisdict = {
"brand": "Ford",
"model": "Mustang",
"year": 1964
}
x = thisdict["model"]
print(x)
x = thisdict.keys()

print(x)
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Copy() and Clear()

car = {
"brand": "Ford",
"model": "Mustang",
"year": 1964
}
x = car.copy()
print(x)
car.clear()
Print(car)

Output:
{'brand': 'Ford', 'model': 'Mustang', 'year': 1964}
{}
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Nested Dictionary

Output:
{'child1': {'name': 'Emil', 'year': 2004}, 'child2':
{'name': 'Tobias', 'year': 2007}, 'child3':
{'name': 'Linus', 'year': 2011}}
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Output:
{'child1': {'name': 'Emil', 'year':
2004}, 'child2': {'name': 'Tobias',
'year': 2007}, 'child3': {'name':
'Linus', 'year': 2011}}
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The list of the keys is a view of the dictionary, meaning that any
changes done to the dictionary will be reflected in the keys list.

car = {
"brand": "Ford",
"model": "Mustang",
"year": 1964
}

x = car.keys() Output

print(x) #before the change dict_keys(['brand', 'model', 'year'])

dict_keys(['brand', 'model', 'year',
car["color"] = "white" 'color'])

print(x) #after the change

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Change Values
You can change the value of a specific item by referring to its key name:

thisdict = {
"brand": "Ford",
"model": "Mustang",
"year": 1964
}

thisdict["year"] = 2018

print(thisdict)

{'brand': 'Ford', 'model': 'Mustang', 'year': 2018}

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Update Dictionary
The update() method will update the dictionary with the items from the given argument.The argument must be a
dictionary, or an iterable object with key:value pairs.

thisdict = {
"brand": "Ford",
"model": "Mustang",
"year": 1964
}
thisdict.update({"year": 2020})

print(thisdict)

{'brand': 'Ford', 'model': 'Mustang', 'year': 2020}

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Adding Items
Adding an item to the dictionary is done by using a new index key and
assigning a value to it:

thisdict = {
"brand": "Ford",
"model": "Mustang",
"year": 1964
}
thisdict["color"] = "red"
print(thisdict)

{'brand': 'Ford', 'model': 'Mustang', 'year': 1964, 'color': 'red'}

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Removing Items
There are several methods to remove items from a dictionary:

The pop() method removes the item with the specified key name:
thisdict = { thisdict = {
"brand": "Ford",
"model": "Mustang",
"brand": "Ford",
"year": 1964 "model": "Mustang",
}
thisdict.pop("model") "year": 1964
print(thisdict) }
thisdict.popitem()
print(thisdict)
{'brand': 'Ford', 'year': 1964}
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Loop in Dictionary Output:

brand
thisdict = { model
"brand": "Ford", year
"model": "Mustang",
"year": 1964 Output:
} Ford
for x in thisdict: Mustang
print(x) 1964

for x in thisdict: Output:

print(thisdict[x]) Ford
Mustang
for x in thisdict.values(): 1964
print(x) Output:
for x, y in thisdict.items(): brand Ford
print(x, y) model Mustang
year 1964
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Set
A Set in Python programming is an unordered collection data type that is
iterable, mutable and has no duplicate elements.
Set are represented by { } (values enclosed in curly braces)
The major advantage of using a set, as opposed to a list, is that it has a highly
optimized method for checking whether a specific element is contained in the
set. This is based on a data structure known as a hash table. Since sets are
unordered, we cannot access items using indexes as we do in lists.

Example:

var = {“Apple", “banana", “mango"}

print(var)
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Python has a set of built-in methods that you can use on sets.
Method Description
add() Adds an element to the set
clear() Removes all the elements from the set
copy() Returns a copy of the set
difference() Returns a set containing the difference between two or more sets
discard() Remove the specified item
intersection() Returns a set, that is the intersection of two other sets
intersection_update() Removes the items in this set that are not present in other, specified set(s)
isdisjoint() Returns whether two sets have a intersection or not
issubset() Returns whether another set contains this set or not
Returns whether all items in this set is present in other, specified set(s)
issuperset() Returns whether this set contains another set or not
Returns whether all items in other, specified set(s) is present in this set
pop() Removes an element from the set
remove() Removes the specified element
symmetric_difference() Returns a set with the symmetric differences of two sets
union() Return a set containing the union of sets
update() Update the set with the union of this set and others
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Add() method:

Output: {'blue', 'orange', 'red', 'green'}

Clear() method

Output: set()
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Copy() Method

Output: {'apple', 'cherry', 'banana'}

Difference() Method
Return a set that contains the items that only exist in set x, and not in
set y:
x = {"apple", "banana", "cherry"}
y = {"google", "microsoft", "apple"}
z = x.difference(y)
print(z)

Output: {'banana', 'cherry'}

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Discard Method
Remove "banana" from the set:
fruits ={"apple", "banana", "cherry"}
fruits.discard("banana")
print(fruits)
Output: {'apple', 'cherry'}
Intersection:
Return a set that contains the items that exist in both set x, and set y:
x = {"apple", "banana", "cherry"}
y = {"google", "microsoft", "apple"}
z = x.intersection(y)
print(z)
Output: {'apple'}
Intersection_update()
Remove the items that is not present in both x and y:
x = {"apple", "banana", "cherry"}
y = {"google", "microsoft", "apple"} Output:{'apple'}
x.intersection_update(y)
print(x)
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Isdisjoint()
Return True if no items in set x is present in set y:
x = {"apple", "banana", "cherry"}
y = {"google", "microsoft", "facebook"}
z = x.isdisjoint(y) Output: True
print(z)

Issubset()
Return True if all items in set x are present in set y:
x = {"a", "b", "c"}
y = {"f", "e", "d", "c", "b", "a"}
z = x.issubset(y) Output: True
print(z)

Issuperset()
Return True if all items set y are present in set x:
x = {"f", "e", "d", "c", "b", "a"}
y = {"a", "b", "c"} Output: True
z = x.issuperset(y)
print(z)

Pop()
Remove a random item from the set:
fruits = {"apple", "banana", "cherry"}
fruits.pop() Output:{'apple', 'banana'}
print(fruits)
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Remove()
Remove "banana" from the set:
fruits = {"apple", "banana", "cherry"}
fruits.remove("banana")
print(fruits) output:{'apple', 'cherry'}
Symmetric _difference()
Return a set that contains all items from both sets, except items
that are present in both sets:
x = {"apple", "banana", "cherry"}
y = {"google", "microsoft", "apple"}
z = x.symmetric_difference(y)
print(z)
Output:{'microsoft', 'google', 'banana', 'cherry'}
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Union()
Return a set that contains all items from both sets, duplicates are
excluded:
x = {"apple", "banana", "cherry"}
y = {"google", "microsoft", "apple"}
z = x.union(y)
print(z)
Output: {'microsoft', 'banana', 'cherry', 'apple', 'google'}

Update()

Insert the items from set y into set x:

x = {"apple", "banana", "cherry"}
y = {"google", "microsoft", "apple"}
x.update(y)
print(x)

Output: {'cherry', 'banana', 'google', 'apple', 'microsoft'}