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Update 2021. 8. 10

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: (A), (B)

?1

A map is a common example of a model. It is an .

, ,
abstract, simpli ed representation of the salient ,

features of a territory; it is not the territory. (A) , a ; ( ) .

model
model is not the phenomenon it represents but ,

only a simpli ed representation of the data gathered

in relation to its attributes. The map shows explicitly .

how various locations are related to each other, and ,

. . . . .
it gives an overall perspective. .

It can therefore be quite [useful / usefully] as a

means of describing and helping one know how to

navigate the territory, as well as a means of ,

navigate
communicating to others how to do so. It does not, .

(B) , provide reasons why the locations are related , ,

to each other the way they are . Nor can it fully

capture all the unique details that [characterize / .

characterizes] any particular location.

1 Similarly - however
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Update 2021. 8. 10

.
1. (A), (B) ?1

As you know, many sports injuries are treated with ,

ice packs. The initial impact of the ice is reduce .

the in ammation and the resultant swelling by

shrinking the blood vessels and, so, slowing down

the rush of blood to the area. (A) , the body also .

,
has an opposite reaction to the cold, namely to send ,

extra blood to the chilled area to warm it up.

(You may have noticed this phenomenon yourself (

when you’ve had very cold hands. As soon as you .

warmed

came inside or otherwise warm your hands, they

seemed to glow .) Fortunately, however, the body .)

sends this warming blood to the area gradually .

without causing reswelling. (B) , the sports

physician has given his patient the best of all worlds; ,

reduced swelling and in ammation but increased .

ow of curative blood.

* in ammation

1 However Thus
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Update 2021. 8. 10

.
2. (A), (B) ?1

The development of quality and creative musical

ideas take time. Schools are set up such that .

teachers must work on a strict and limited time ,

schedule, with few precious moments allowed in a

~
week for music instruction, along with the additional ,

burden of having to produce excellent concerts for . ,

public performance. (A) , this hectic approach to

teaching may be least conducive for creative .

thinking. Researchers have provided evidence

, ,
that when given shorter time to work on a creative
.
task, subjects produced lower scores on uency,

exibility, and originality tests.

(B) , researchers found that students produce ,

their most original ideas later in creative tasks rather

than earlier. My own experience of teaching .

composition to children provides anecdotal evidence

to support the notion that they need a signi cant

amount of undisturbed time when composing. I often .

have had a dif cult time convincing students to

take a break, even after hours of working on a ,

music composition project. .

1 Unfortunately Additionally
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 (2) 11
Update 2021. 8. 10

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3. (A), (B) ?1

If you want to be successful, I highly recommend ,

learning to be happy rst. It is possible to become .

successful without rst learning to be happy, but I

strongly recommend against it, because if you are ,

unhappy before you are successful, you are likely

to be even more unhappy after. .

(A) , based on my own experience becoming ,

nancially successful and it of other wealthy ,

people I know, I have found wealth to be a

personality multiplier. If you are cruel and unkind, . ,

then being wealthy will make you even more cruel

and unkind, because you don’t even have survival- ,

related reasons to be nice to anyone anymore. If,

(B) , you are kind and generous, then being wealthy . ,

will make you more so, because wealth provides ,

,
more opportunities for doing so

1 For example instead

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