HONG KONG ADVANCED LEVEL EXAMINATION 2012

PURE MATHEMATICS PAPER 1

SAMPLE SOLUTIONS
 n
X
1. (a) (i) ak xk = (2 − x)n (1)
k=0

Substituting x = 1,
n
X
ak = 1
k=0

(ii) Differentiating (1) w.r.t. x,

n
X
kak xk−1 = −n(2 − x)n−1 (2)
k=1

Substituting x = 1,
n
X
kak = −n
k=1

(iii) Differentiating (2) w.r.t. x,

n
X
k(k − 1)ak xk−2 = n(n − 1)(2 − x)n−2
k=2

Substituting x = 1,
n
X
n2 − n = (k 2 − k)ak
k=2
Xn n
X
= k 2 ak − kak + a1
k=2 k=1
Xn
= k 2 ak + n (By(a)(ii))
k=1
Xn
n2 − 2n = k 2 ak
k=1
n
X n
X
(b) (n + k)2 ak = n2 a0 + (n2 + 2nk + k 2 )ak
k=1 k=1
n
X n
X n
X
2
=n ak + 2n kak + k 2 ak (By (a))
k=0 k=1 k=1
= n2 + 2n(−n) + (n − 2n) 2

= −2n

PMATH-2012-P1-SOLUTIONS 2 Provided by x e r o r
 2x − 23 A B C
2. (a) Let = + + .
(2x + 1)(2x + 5)(2x + 7) 2x + 1 2x + 5 2x + 7

Comparing the numerator on both sides,

2x − 23 = A(2x + 5)(2x + 7) + B(2x + 1)(2x + 7) + C(2x + 1)(2x + 5)

1
Substituting x = − , we have
  2      
1 1 1
2 − − 23 = A 2 − +5 2 − +7
2 2 2
A = −1
5
Substituting x = − , we have
  2      
5 5 5
2 − − 23 = B 2 − +1 2 − +7
2 2 2
7
B=
2
7
Substituting x = − , we have
  2      
7 7 7
2 − − 23 = C 2 − +1 2 − +5
2 2 2
5
C=−
2
2x − 23 1 7 B 5 C
∴ =− + · − ·
(2x + 1)(2x + 5)(2x + 7) 2x + 1 2 2x + 5 2 2x + 7
n n n n
X 2k − 3 X 1 7X 1 5X 1
(b) =− + − (By (a))
(2k + 1)(2k + 5)(2k + 7) 2k + 1 2 2k + 5 2 2k + 7
k=1 k=1 k=1 k=1
n n+2 n+3
X 1 7X 1 5X 1
=− + −
2k + 1 2 2k + 1 2 2k + 1
k=1 k=3 k=4
  
1 1 1 7 1 7 5 1
=− − − + · + −
3 5 7 2 7 2 2 2n + 3
    
7 5 1 5 1
+ − −
2 2 2n + 5 2 2n + 7
 
37 1 1 5 1
=− + + −
210 2n + 3 2n + 5 2 2n + 7
∞ n
X 2k − 23 X 2k − 23
(c) = lim
(2k + 1)(2k + 5)(2k + 7) n→∞ (2k + 1)(2k + 5)(2k + 7)
k=4 k=4
n
21 19 17 X 2k − 23
= + + + lim
3 · 7 · 9 5 · 9 · 11 7 · 11 · 13 n→∞ (2k + 1)(2k + 5)(2k + 7)
k=4
21 19 17
= + +
3 · 7 · 9  5 · 9 · 11 7 · 11 · 13  
37 1 1 5 1
+ lim − + + − (By (b))
n→∞ 210 2n + 3 2n + 5 2 2n + 7
25
=−
2574

PMATH-2012-P1-SOLUTIONS 3 Provided by x e r o r
 3. (a) sin πx = 1
π
πx = + 2kπ ∀k ∈ Z
2
1
x = + 2k
2
(b) f (x) sin πx = 0 ∀x ∈ R and sin πx = 0 ∀x ∈ Z
⇒ f (x) = 0 ∀x ∈ R\Z
⇒ f (x) has infinitely many real roots
∵ f (x) is a polynomial with real coefficients
∴ f (x) = 0 ∀x ∈ R
(
0 ∀x ∈ R\Z
(c) Let g(x) = .
1 ∀x ∈ Z
g(x) sin πx = 0 ∀x ∈ R
But g(x) 6= 0 ∀x ∈ Z
Hence, the claim is not true.
 √    
− 3 √1 √1 = 0 .
4. (a) P =
1 3 3 4
 √     
− 3 √1 k 0 cos θ − sin θ 1 0
(b) =
1 3 0 k sin θ cos θ 0 −1
  
k 0 cos θ sin θ
=
0 k sin θ − cos θ
 
k cos θ k sin θ
=
k sin θ −k cos θ
( √
k cos θ = − 3
⇒
k sin θ = 1
1
⇒ tan θ = − √
3
π 5π
⇒ θ = − or
6 6
 π
when θ = − , k = −2 (rejected, ∵ k > 0)
⇒ 6
when θ = 5π , k = 2
6
T is a transformation that consists of a reflection about the x-axis, followed by a counter-
5π
clockwise rotation of , followed by a scale of 2.
6

PMATH-2012-P1-SOLUTIONS 4 Provided by x e r o r
 3 1 1
5. (a) When n = 1, a1 = = 1 + 0.
2 2 3
7 1 1
When n = 2, a2 = = 2 + 1.
12 2 3
1 1 1 1
Assume, as the Inductive Hypothesis, that am = m + m−1 and am+1 = m+1 + m for
2 3 2 3
some positive integer m. Then, we have
1
am+2 = (5am+1 − am )
6    
1 1 1 1 1
= 5 + m − + m−1 (By Inductive Hypothesis)
6 2m+1 3 2m 3
 
1 5−2 5−3
= + m
6 2m+1 3
1 1 1 1
= · + · m
2 2m+1 3 3
1 1
= + m+1
2m+2 3
1 1
Thus, by the principle of mathematical induction, we have an = n + n−1 for all positive
2 3
integer n.
m m m
X X 1 X 1
(b) ak = + (By (a))
2k 3k−1
k=1 k=1 k=1
1 1
1 1 − 2m+1 1− m
3
= · +
2 1 1
1− 1−
2 3
2 1 2
= 1 + − m+2 − m+1
3 2 3
5
<
3
<3
m
X
Hence, there does not exist a positive integer m such that ak > 3.
k=1

PMATH-2012-P1-SOLUTIONS 5 Provided by x e r o r
 n  
X 1
6. (a) 2n − S = 2n − 1+
k
k=1
n   
X 1
= 2− 1+
k
k=1
n  
X 1
= 1−
k
k=2

By A.M. ≥ G.M., we have

" 1
n  n #
n−1
 
1 X 1 Y 1
1− ≥ 1−
n−1 k k
k=2 k=2

! 1
n
Y k−1 n−1
=
k
k=2

  1
1 n−1
= 1·
n

  1
2n − S 1 n−1
∴ ≥
n−1 n

  1
(b) 2n − S 1 n−1
≥ (By (a))
n−1 n
1
2n − S ≥ (n − 1) n 1 − n
1
S ≤ 2n − (n − 1) n 1 − n (3)

n  
X 1
S= 1+
k
k=1

" 1
n  #
Y 1 n
≥n 1+ (By A.M. ≥ G.M.)
k
k=1

n
!1
Y k+1 n
=n
k
k=1
1
= n(n + 1) n (4)

Combining (3) and (4), we have

1 1
2n − (n − 1)n 1 − n ≥ S ≥ n(n + 1) n

PMATH-2012-P1-SOLUTIONS 6 Provided by x e r o r
 1 2 −1
7. (a) (i) ∆ = 2 5 a−1
a+2 1 2a + 1
= 5(2a + 1) + 2(a − 1)(a + 2) − 2 + 5(a + 2) − 4(2a + 1) − (a − 1)
= 2a2 + 8a + 6
= 2(a + 1)(a + 3)
∴ (E) has a unique solution if and only if a 6= −1 and a 6= −3.
3 2 −1
∆x = 4 5 a − 1
b 1 2a + 1
= 15(2a + 1) + 2b(a − 1) − 4 + 5b − 8(2a + 1) − 3(a − 1)
= (2b + 11)a + (3b + 6)
1 3 −1
∆y = 2 4 a−1
a + 2 b 2a + 1
= 4(2a + 1) + 3(a − 1)(a + 2) − 2b + 4(a + 2) − 6(2a + 1) − b(a − 1)
= 3a2 + 3a − ba − b
= (a + 1)(3a − b)
1 2 3
∆z = 2 5 4
a+2 1 b
= 5b + 8(a + 2) + 6 − 15(a + 2) − 4 − 4b
= −7a + b − 12
Hence, the solution to (E) when (E) has a unique solution is
(2b + 11)a + (3b + 6)


x=


 2(a + 1)(a + 3)
 3a − b
y=
 2(a + 3)
−7a + b − 12



z =

2(a + 1)(a + 3)
(ii) When a = −4, (E) becomes

x + 2y − z = 3 . . . (1)
2x + 5y − 4z = 4 . . . (2)
−x + y − 5z = b . . . (3)


4 × (1) − (2) : 2x + 3y = 8
5 × (1) − (3) : 6x + 9y = 15 − b
In order to have (E) to be consistent,
15 − b = 3 · 8
b = −9
When b = −9, let x = t, we have
8 − 2t
y=
3
8 − 2t 7−t
z =t+2· −3=
3 3
Hence, the solution to (E) when a = −3 and b = −9 is
 
8 − 2t 7 − t
t, , :t∈R
3 3

PMATH-2012-P1-SOLUTIONS 7 Provided by x e r o r
 4
(b) When a = − and b = −4, (E) becomes the first 3 equations.
3
By (a), the solution to the first 3 equations is
 
4


 [2(−4) + 11] − + [3(−4) + 6]
3


x = =9

   
4 4



 2 − + 1 − + 3
 3 3


 
4




 3 − − (−4)
 3
y=   =0
4
2 − +3



 3



4


−7 − + (−4) − 12




 3
z =  =6

   
4 4


2 − +1 − +3



3 3
Substituting the solution into the forth equation, we have

L.S. = 4(9) + 5(0) − 6(6) = 0 6= 1 = R.S.

Hence, the system of equations is inconsistent.

(c) When a = −3 and b = −9, (E) becomes the system of constraints.
By (b), the solution to the system of constraints is
 
8 − 2t 7 − t
t, , :t∈R
3 3

Substituting the solution into 3x2 − 7y 2 + 8z 2 , we have

2 2
27t2 − 448 + 224t − 28t2 + 392 − 112t + 8t2
 
2 8 − 2t 7−t
3t − 7 +8 =
3 3 9
2
7t + 112t − 56
=
9
7(t + 8)2
= − 56
9
Hence, the least value of 3x2 − 7y 2 + 8z 2 is −56.

PMATH-2012-P1-SOLUTIONS 8 Provided by x e r o r
 n−1 n−1
π X kπ X π kπ
8. (a) (i) sin sin = sin sin
2n n 2n n
k=1 k=1
n−1      
1X 1 π 1 π
= cos k − − cos k +
2 2 n 2 n
k=1
   
1 π 1 π
= cos − cos n −
2 2n 2 n
π (n − 1)π
= sin sin
2 2n
(n − 1)π
= sin
2n
n−1 n−1
X X 2kπ 2kπ
(ii) αk − 1 = cos + i sin −1 (By de Moivre’s formula)
n n
k=1 k=1
s
n−1
X  2
2kπ 2kπ
= cos − 1 + sin2
n n
k=1
s 
n−1 
X 2kπ
= 2 1 − cos
n
k=1
n−1
X kπ
=2 sin
n
k=1
 
(n − 1)π  π −1
= 2 sin sin (By (a))
2n 2n
h π π i  π −1
= 2 sin − sin
2 2n 2n
π
= 2 cot
2n

(b) (i) Suppose 1, β, β 2 , . . . , β n−1 are not all distinct.

There exists 0 ≤ i < j ≤ n − 1 such that β i = β j .
We have β j−i = 1 and 0 < j − i < n − 1.
But β k 6= 1 for all k = 1, 2, . . . , n − 1.
Contradiction arises.
Hence, 1, β, β 2 , . . . , β n−1 are all distinct.
(ii) Since β n = 1, β is the n-th unity root of 1.
2π 2π
β = cos + i sin
n n
2n−1
X n−1
X 2n−1
X
βk − 1 = β k − 1 + |β n − 1| + βk − 1
k=1 k=1 k=n+1
n−1
X n−1
X
= β k − 1 + |1 − 1| + β n+k − 1
k=1 k=1
n−1
X n−1
X
= βk − 1 + 0 + 1 · βk − 1
k=1 k=1
n−1
X
=2 βk − 1
k=1
π
= 4 cot (By (a)(ii))
2n

PMATH-2012-P1-SOLUTIONS 9 Provided by x e r o r
 9. (a) Let f (x) = (1 + x)λ − (1 + λx).
f 0 (x) = λ(1 + x)λ−1 − λ
f 00 (x) = λ(λ − 1)(1 + x)λ−2
f 0 (x) = 0 ⇔ λ(1 + x)λ−1 − λ = 0
⇔ (1 + x)λ−1 = 1
⇔x=0
00
f (0) = λ(λ − 1)
>0 for λ > 1
Hence, f (x) is minimum at x = 0, i.e. for any x > 0
f (x) > f (0)
(1 + x)λ − (1 + λx) > (1 + 0)λ − (1 + λ0)
(1 + x)λ > 1 + λx
  n+1
1 n
n+1 1
(b) (i) 1 + >1+ · (By (a))
n+1 n n+1
 n+1  n
1 1
1+ > 1+
n+1 n
an+1 > an
 n+1
1
1+
bn n
(ii) (1) = n+2
bn+1 1
1+
n+1
n + 1 n+1 
 

 n  n+1
=
n+2 n+2
n+1
n+1 
(n + 1)2
 
n+1
=
n(n + 2) n+2
 n+1  
n(n + 2) + 1 n+1
=
n(n + 2) n+2
 n+1  
1 n+1
= 1+
n(n + 2) n+2
 n+1  
bn 1 n+1
(2) = 1+ (By (b)(ii)(1))
bn+1 n(n + 2) n+2
 n+1  
1 n+1
> 1+
n(n + 2) + 1 n+2
 n+1  
1 n+1
= 1+
(n + 2)2 n+2
 n+1  
C n+1
= C0n+1 + 1
+ · · ·
(n + 1)2 n+2
  
n+1 n+1
> 1+
(n + 1)2 n+2
  
n+2 n+1
=
n+1 n+2
=1

PMATH-2012-P1-SOLUTIONS 10 Provided by x e r o r
  n+1
1
(iii) bn =1+
n
 n
1 1
> 1+ (∵ 1 + > 1)
n n
= an

By (b)(i) and (b)(ii)(2), we have an > an−1 > · · · > a1 and bn < bn−1 < · · · < b1 .
Hence, a1 < a2 < · · · < an < bn < bn−1 < · · · < b1 .
Since an is strictly increasing and bounded above by b1 , lim an exists.
n→∞
Similarly, since bn is strictly decreasing and bounded below by a1 , lim bn exists.
n→∞
 
1
bn = an 1 +
n
 
1
lim bn = lim an 1 +
n→∞ n→∞ n
  1

= lim an lim 1 +
n→∞ n→∞ n
 
= lim an (1 + 0)
n→∞
= lim an
n→∞

n    2  n
Y 2 3 n+1
(iv) ak = ···
1 2 n
k=1
(n + 1)n
=
n!  
n   2 3  n+1
Y 2 3 n+1
bk = ···
1 2 n
k=1
(n + 1)n+1
=
n!
lim an > ak
n→∞
n
Y n
Y
lim an > ak
n→∞
k=1 k=1
(n + 1)n
en >
n!
n! e > (n + 1)n
n

lim bn < bk
n→∞
n
Y n
Y
lim bn < bk
n→∞
k=1 k=1
(n + 1)n+1
en <
n!
n! en < (n + 1)n+1

Hence, (n + 1)n+1 > n! en > (n + 1)n .

PMATH-2012-P1-SOLUTIONS 11 Provided by x e r o r
 10. (a) Let the degree of g(x) be m.
2 2
From the equation [f (x)] − 1 = (x2 − 1) [g(x)] , we have
2n = 2 + 2m Hence, the degree of g(x) is n − 1.
m=n−1
(b) Suppose f (x) and g(x) have non-constant common factor x − α, then f (α) = 0 and g(α) = 0.
But we have
2 2
[f (α)] − 1 = (α2 − 1) [g(α)]
02 − 1 = (α2 − 1)(02 )
−1 = 0
which is impossible. Hence, f (x) and g(x) have no constant common factors.
2 2
(c) [f (x)] − 1 = (x2 − 1) [g(x)]
Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we have
2
2f (x)f 0 (x) = 2x [g(x)] + 2(x2 − 1)g(x)g 0 (x)
f (x)f 0 (x) = g(x) x g(x) + (x2 − 1)g 0 (x)
 

which shows that g(x) is a factor of f (x)f 0 (x). But from (b), f (x) and g(x) have no non-
constant common factors.
Therefore, g(x) is a factor of f 0 (x), i.e. f 0 (x) is divisible by g(x).
(d) From (c), f 0 (x) is divisible by g(x).
Let g(x) = kf 0 (x) and f (x) = an xn + an−1 xn−1 + · · · + a1 x + a0 .
g(x) = k an nxn−1 + an−1 (n − 1)xn−1 + · · · + a1
 2  2
an xn + an−1 xn−1 + · · · + a1 x + a0 −1 = (x2 −1)k 2 an nxn−1 + an−1 (n − 1)xn−1 + · · · + a1
Comparing the coefficient of the highest degree term on both sides, we have
a2n = k 2 n2 a2n
1
k2 = 2
n
2 1 2
n
2
o
2
Hence, [f (x)] − 1 = 2 (x2 − 1) [f 0 (x)] , i.e. n2 [f (x)] − 1 = (x2 − 1) [f 0 (x)] .
n
n o
2 2
(e) n2 [f (x)] − 1 = (x2 − 1) [f 0 (x)] (By (d))
n 2 o 2
n2 an xn + an−1 xn−1 + · · · + a1 x + a0 − 1 = (x2 − 1) an nxn−1 + an−1 (n − 1)xn−1 + · · · + a1


Comparing the coefficient of the second highest degree term on both sides, we have
n2 (2an an−1 ) = 2 (an n) [an−1 (n − 1)]
2n2 an an−1 = 2n2 an an−1 − 2nan an−1
an an−1 = 0
Since the degree of f (x) is n, an 6= 0. Then we have an−1 = 0.
n
X an−1
ak = −
an
k=1
0
=−
an
=0

PMATH-2012-P1-SOLUTIONS 12 Provided by x e r o r
 1
11. (a) (i) (1) Differentitating f (x)= µ1 x + µ2 (1 − xs ) s , we have
1 1
−1
f 0 (x) = µ1 + µ2 (1 − xs ) s −sxs−1


s

1 −1
= µ1 − µ2 x−s − 1 s
 
1
1 −2
f 00 (x) = −µ2 − 1 x−s − 1 s (−sx−s−1 )
s

1 −2 h −(s+1) i
= −µ2 (s − 1) x−s − 1 s x
<0 ∀x ∈ (0, 1)
0

1s −1
−s
f (x) = 0 ⇔ µ1 − µ2 x − 1 =0
1 µ1
⇔ (x−s − 1)− r =
µ2
 r − 1s
µ2
⇔ x= +1
µ1
 r − s1  r − 1s !
µ2 00 µ2
Since 0 < +1 < 1, f +1 < 0.
µ1 µ1
 r − 1s
µ2
f (x) acheives its maximum at x = +1 .
µ1
Thus, ∀x ∈ (0, 1),
 r − 1s !
µ2
f (x) ≤ f +1
µ1
 r − 1s (  r −1 ) 1s
1 µ 2 µ2
µ1 x + µ2 (1 − xs ) s ≤ µ1 +1 + µ2 1 − +1
µ1 µ1
 1s  1s
µr1 µr2
 
= µ1 + µ 2
µr1 + µr2 µr1 + µr2
µr1 + µr2 r r+s rs
= 1 (1 + = = = r)
(µr + µr ) s s s s
1 2
1
= (µr1 + µr2 ) r
λ1
(2) Let x = 1 .
(λs1 + λs2 ) s
λs1 < λs1 + λs2
1
λ1 < (λs1 + λs2 ) s
λ1
1 < 1
(λs1 + λs2 ) s
λs1 + λs2 > 0
1
(λs1 + λs2 ) s > 0
λ1
1 > 0
(λ1 + λs2 ) s
s

From (a) (i) (1), we have

 1s
λs1

λ1 1
µ1 · 1 + µ2 1 − s s ≤ (µr1 + µr2 ) r
(λs1 + λs2 ) s λ1 + λ2
λ1 λ2 r r r
1
µ1 · 1 + µ2 · 1 ≤ (µ1 + µ2 )
s s
(λ1 + λ2 ) s s s
(λ1 + λ2 ) s
1 1
µ1 λ1 + µ2 λ2 ≤ (µr1 + µr2 ) r (λs1 + λs2 ) s

PMATH-2012-P1-SOLUTIONS 13 Provided by x e r o r
 1 1
(ii) When n = 2, from (a) (i) (2), µ1 λ1 + µ2 λ2 ≤ (µr1 + µr2 ) r (λs1 + λs2 ) s .
m m
! r1 m
! 1s
X X X
r s
Assume, as the Inductive Hypothesis, that ak bk ≤ ak bk for some
k=1 k=1 k=1
positive integer m. Then, we have
m+1
X m
X
ak bk = ak bk + ak+1 bk+1
k=1 k=1
m
! r1 m
! 1s
X X
≤ ark bsk + ak+1 bk+1 (By Inductive Hypothesis)
k=1 k=1
m
! r1 m
! 1s
X X
≤ ark + ark+1 bsk + bsk+1 (By (a) (i) (2))
k=1 k=1
m+1
! r1 m+1
! 1s
X X
= ark bsk
k=1 k=1

n n
! r1 n
! 1s
X X X
Thus, by the principle of mathematical induction, we have ak bk ≤ ark bsk
k=1 k=1 k=1
for all positive integer n.
1
(b) Let ak = 1, bk = x1−β
k and = 1 − β.
s
β>0
1−β <1
1
s= >1
1−β
1 1
=1−
r s
= 1 − (1 − β)
=β
<1
r>1
From (a) (ii) (2), we have
n n
!β n
!1−β
X X X
x1−β
k ≤ 1 xk
k=1 k=1 k=1
n
!1−β
X
= nβ xk
k=1
2
(c) Put xk = 2k − 1, β = and n = 1331. From (b), we have
3
1331 1331
! 13
1 2
X X
(2k − 1) 3 ≤ 1331 3 2k − 1
k=1 k=1
1331
! 31
X
= 121 2 k − 1331
k=1
1
= 121 [(1 + 1331) (1331) − 1331] 3
= 121 × 121
= 14641

PMATH-2012-P1-SOLUTIONS 14 Provided by x e r o r
HONG KONG ADVANCED LEVEL EXAMINATION 2012

PURE MATHEMATICS PAPER 2

SAMPLE SOLUTIONS
 1. (a) Since g(x) is continuous at x = π, we have

g(π) = lim+ g(x)

x→π
sin x
f (π) + π + k = lim
x−π
x→π +
sin(x − π)
−1 + π + k = lim −
x→π + x−π
−1 + π + k = −1
k = −π

g(x) − g(π) f (x) + x − π − (−1)

(b) lim = lim
n→π − x−π n→π − x−π
f 0 (x) + 1
= lim− (By l’Hôpital’s rule)
n→π 1
=4
sin x
g(x) − g(π) − (−1)
lim = lim x −π
n→π + x−π n→π + x−π
sin x + x − π
= lim+
n→π (x − π)2
cos x + 1
= lim+ (By l’Hôpital’s rule)
n→π 2(x − π)
− sin x
= lim+ (By l’Hôpital’s rule)
n→π 2
=0

g(x) − g(π) g(x) − g(π)

Since lim− 6= lim+ , g(x) is not differentiable at x = π.
n→π x−π n→π x−π

PMATH-2012-P2-SOLUTIONS 2 Provided by x e r o r
 d π 
2. (a) When n = 1, sin x = cos x = sin +x .
dx 2
dk
 
kπ
Assume, as the Inductive Hypothesis, that sin x = sin + x . Then we have
dxk 2
!
dk+1 d dk
sin x = sin x
dxk+1 dx dxk
 
d kπ
= sin +x (By Inductive Hypothesis)
dx 2
 
kπ
= cos +x
2
 
π kπ
= sin + +x
2 2
 
(k + 1)π
= sin +x
2

dn  nπ 
Hence, by the principle of Mathematical Induction, sin x = sin + x for all positive
dxn 2
integer n.
sin x
(b) (i) f (x) =
1 + 4x2
1 + 4x2 f (x) = sin x


Differentiating both side n + 2 times w.r.t. x, we have
       
n+2 n+2 n+2 (n + 2)π
(1 + 4x2 )f (n+2) (x) + (4x)f (n+1) (x) + (4)f (n) (x) = sin +x
0 1 2 2
(By (a))
 
(n + 2)π
(1 + 4x2 )f (n+2) (x) + 4(n + 2)xf (n+1) (x) + 4(n + 2)(n + 1)f (n) (x) = sin +x
2

Substituting x = 0, we have

(n + 2)π
f (n+2) (x) + 4(n + 2)(n + 1)f (n) (x) = sin
2
nπ
f (n+2) (x) = −4(n + 2)(n + 1)f (n) (x) − sin
2
3π
(ii) f (5) (0) = −4(5)(4)f (3) (0) − sin (By (b) (i))
2
h
(1) πi
= −80 −4(3)(2)f (0) − sin − (−1) (By (b) (i))
  2  
cos x (sin x)(8x)
= −80 −24 − −1 +1
1 + 4x2 (1 + 4x2 )2 x=0
= 2001

PMATH-2012-P2-SOLUTIONS 3 Provided by x e r o r
 Z Z
sin x cos
3. (a) 3I + 4J = 3 dx + 4 dx
3 sin x + 4 cos x 3 sin x + 4 cos x
Z
3 sin x + 4 cos x
= dx
3 sin x + 4 cos x
Z
= dx

= x + C1
Z Z
sin x cos
(b) 4I − 3J = 4 dx − 3 dx
3 sin x + 4 cos x 3 sin x + 4 cos x
4 sin x − 3 cos x
Z
= dx
3 sin x + 4 cos x
d(−4 cos x − 3 sin x)
Z
=
3 sin x + 4 cos x
= − ln (3 sin x + 4 cos x) + C2
(c) 
From (a) and (b), we have

 3I + 4J = x + C1
 ... (1)

 4I
 − 3J = − ln (3 sin x + 4 cos x) + C2 ... (2)
3 × (1) + 4 × (2), we have
25I = 3x − 4 ln (3 sin x + 4 cos x) + 3C1 + 4C2
3x − 4 ln (3 sin x + 4 cos x)
I= +C
25
where C is a constant.

PMATH-2012-P2-SOLUTIONS 4 Provided by x e r o r
 √ √
3 1 3
4. (a) Let x = tan θ − . Then dx = sec2 θ dθ.
2 2 2 √
1 3 √
x+ 2x + 1 3
sin θ = s 2 =q , cos θ = s 2 =q
2 2  2 2
1 3 (2x + 1) + 3 1 3 (2x + 1) + 3
x+ + x+ +
2 4 2 4
 2
1 3
x2 + x + 1 = x + +
2 4
3
tan2 θ + 1


=
4
3
= sec2 θ
4 √ ! √ !
3 1 3
tan θ + sec2 θ
Z
x+1
Z 2 2 2
√ dx = r dθ
(x2 + x + 1) x2 + x + 1 3 3
sec2 θ sec2 θ
4 4
2 √
Z
= 3 sin θ + cos θ dθ
3
2 √ 
= − 3 cos θ + sin θ + C
3
4 (x − 1)
= p +C
3 (2x + 1)2 + 3
k
3n
n(k + n) 1X
3n +1
n s
X
(b) lim √ = lim
(k 2 + kn + n2 ) k 2 + kn + n2 n→∞ n
n→∞
"  2 #  2
k=1 k=1 k k k k
+ +1 + +1
n n n n
Z 3
x+1
= √ dx
2 2
0 (x + x + 1) x + x + 1
" #3
4 (x − 1)
= p (By (a))
3 (2x + 1)2 + 3 0
8 2
= √ +
3 52 3
√
4 13 + 26
=
39

d √ 2√x 1 2√x √
  √
1
5. (a) xe = √ e + x 2· √ e2 x
dx 2 x 2 x
1 √ √
= √ e2 x + e2 x
2 x
(b) The volume of the solid is given by
9 √

√ √ 9 9 
1 2√x
Z Z
2 x 2 x
π e dx = π xe − √ e dx
4 4 4 2 x
Z 9 √
√
 
= π 3e6 − 2e4 − e2 x d2 x
4
 √ 9

= π 3e6 − 2e4 − e2 x
4
6 4


= π 2e − e

PMATH-2012-P2-SOLUTIONS 5 Provided by x e r o r
 6. (a) Let P be (x0 , y 0 ). Then the equation of the tangent is
x0 x y0 y
+ =1
400 144
Since the tangent passes through A and B, we have
x0 (h) y 0 (40)
+ =1 (1)
400 144
0 0
x (−h) y (0)
+ =1 (2)
400 144
(1)+(2), we have
40y 0
=2
144
0
y = 7.2 (3)
Substituting (3) into (E), we have
x02 7.22
+ =1
400 144
0
x = 16 (rejected) or − 16 (4)
Hence, the coordinates of P are (−16, 7.2).
Substituting (4) into (2), we have
(−16)(−h)
=1
400
h = 25
(b) (i) Let the equation of L2 be
y − 7.2 = m(x + 16)
mx − y + 7.2 + 16m = 0
Since AB is the angle bisector of L1 and L2 , the equation of AB can be written as
mx − y + 7.2 − 16m
√ = −16 − x
m2 + 1
 p   p 
m + m2 + 1 x − y + 7.2 + 16 m + m2 + 1 = 0
By considering the points A and B, the equation of AB can also be written as
4
y = (x + 25)
5
4x − 5y + 100 = 0
Comparing the two equation, we have
p 4
m + m2 + 1 =
5
9
m=−
40
Hence, the equation of L2 is
9
y − 7.2 = − (x + 16)
40
9x + 40y − 432 = 0
(ii) Substituting y = 0 into the equation of L2 , we have the coordinates of Q to be (48, 0).
40 40
The slope of AQ is =− .
25 − 48 23
7.2 9
The slope of P Q is = .
−16 − 48 80
40 4
The slope of AP is = .
25 + 25 5
Since none of the products of the slopes of any 2 sides is -1, 4AP Q is not a right-angled
triangle.

PMATH-2012-P2-SOLUTIONS 6 Provided by x e r o r
 7. (a) f 0 (x) = (12x + 5)e−x − (6x2 + 5x + 6)e−x
= (−6x2 + 7x − 1)e−x
= −(6x − 1)(x − 1)e−x
f (x) = (−12x + 7)e−x − (−6x2 + 7x − 1)e−x
00

= (6x2 − 19x + 8)e−x

= (3x − 8)(2x − 1)e−x
1 1 8
(b) Note that f (x) 6= 0 ∀x ∈ R, f 0 (x) = 0 ⇔ x = or 1, f 00 (x) = 0 ⇔ x = or .
      6    2 3
1 1 1 1 1 1 8 8 8
x −∞, , ,1 1 1, , +∞
6 6 6 2 2 2 3 3 3
f 0 (x) − 0 + + + 0 − − −

f 00 (x) + + + 0 − − − 0 +

(i) f (x) > 0 ⇔ x∈R

1
(ii) f 0 (x) > 0 ⇔ <x<1
6
1 8
(iii) f 00 (x) > 0 ⇔ x < or x >
2 3
1
!
1 −
, 7e 6 , the maximum point is 1, 17e−1 ,


(c) From the table in (b), the minimum point is
6
1 8
! !
1 − 8 −
the points of inflexion are , 10e 2 and , 62e 3 .
2 3
(d) ∵ lim f (x) = lim 6x2 + 5x + 6 e−x = 0


n→+∞ n→+∞
∴ the horizontal asymptote is y = 0.
(e) y

1
!
−
1, 10e 2

1
!
1 −
, 7e 6
6
8
!
8
 
1 −
, 17e−1 , 62e 3
2 3

PMATH-2012-P2-SOLUTIONS 7 Provided by x e r o r
 (f) With the help of the graph of f (x), we have


0 when k ≤ 0
 1 1
− −


1 when 0 < k < 7e 6 or k > 10e 2


n(k) = 1 1
− −
2 when k = 7e 6 or k = 10e 2





 1 1
 − −
when 7e 6 < k < 10e 2

3

PMATH-2012-P2-SOLUTIONS 8 Provided by x e r o r
 8. (a) f (r + 0) = f (r)f (0) − f (r) − f (0) + 2
2 = 2f (0) − 2 − f (0) + 2
f (0) = 2
(b) Suppose f (x) is not injective.
There exists x 6= y such that f (x) = f (y). Then

f (x − y) = f (x)f (y) − f (x) − f (y) + 2

= f (x)f (x) − f (x) − f (x) + 2
= f (x − x)
= f (0)
=2

But from property (2), we know that there exists a unique real number r such that f (r) = 2.
From (a), we know that r = 0.
Since x 6= y, x − y 6= 0.
Contradiction arises.
f (x) is injective.
(c) For any x 6= 0,
x x x x
f (x) = f f −f −f +2
2 2 2 2
h  x i2 x
= f − 2f +2
2 2
h x i2
= f −1
2
>0

Hence, there does not exist x0 such that f (x0 ) = k for any k < 0.
f (x) is not surjective.
0 f (x + h) − f (x)
(d) (i) f (x) = h→0
lim
x+h−x
f (x)f (h) − f (x) − f (h) + 2 − f (x)
= lim
h→0 h
[f (x) − 1] [f (h) − 2]
= lim
h→0 h
  
f (h) − 2 f (h) − 2
= lim f (x) − 1 lim (∵ limh→0 f (x) − 1 and limh→0 exist)
h→0 h→0 h h
= 12f (x) − 12

Hence, f (x) is differentiable everywhere.

d  −12x
f (x) = −12e−12x f (x) + e−12x f 0 (x)

(ii) dx e
= [−12f (x) + 12f (x) − 12] e−12x (By (d) (i))
−12x
= −12e
Z
e−12x f (x) = −12e−12x dx

= e−12x + C

f (0) = 1 + C
2=1+C (By (a))
C=1

Hence, f (x) = 1 + e12x .

PMATH-2012-P2-SOLUTIONS 9 Provided by x e r o r
 Z π
9. (a) (i) I1 = e−x (π − x) dx
0
Z π
=− π − x de−x
0
π
Z π
−x
= −e (π − x) + e−x d(π − x)
0 0
π
= π + e−x
0
= π + e−π − 1
Z π
(ii) In+1 = e−x (π − x)n+1 dx
0
Z π
=− (π − x)n+1 de−x
0
π
Z π
= −e−x (π − x)n+1 + e−x d(π − x)n+1
0 0
Z π
n+1 −x
=π − (n + 1) e (π − x)n dx
0
= π n+1 − (n + 1)In
(iii) By repeatedly applying the equation in (a) (ii), we have

In = π n − nIn−1
= π n − nπ n−1 + n(n − 1)In−2
..
.
n
X n!π k
= (−1)n−k + (−1)n−1 n!I1
k!
k=2
n
X n!π k
(−1)n−k + (−1)n−1 n! π + e−π − 1


= (By (a) (i))
k!
k=2
n
X n!π k n!π n!π 0
= (−1)n−k + (−1)n−1 + (−1)n−1 n!e−π + (−1)n
k! 1! 0!
k=2
n
X n!π k
In + (−1)n n!e−π = (−1)n−k
k!
k=0
n
In X πk
(−1)n + e−π = (−1)k
n! k!
k=0

(b) (i) For n ≥ 3,

an+1 π n+1 n!
= ·
an (n + 1)! π n
π
=
n+1
<1
an+1 < an

PMATH-2012-P2-SOLUTIONS 10 Provided by x e r o r
 (ii) From (b) (i), an is strictly decreasing.
an is bounded below because
πn
an = > 0.
n!
Hence, lim an exists.
n→∞
πn  π n
0 < lim < lim
n→∞ n! n→∞ n

0 < lim an < 0

n→∞
By Sandwich Theorem, lim an = 0.
n→∞
Z π Z π
1 1
(c) eπ (π − x)n dx ≤ eπ (π − 0)n dx
n! 0 n! 0
Z π
In πn
≤ eπ dx
n! 0 n!
Z π
In πn
lim ≤ lim eπ dx
n→∞ n! n→∞ 0 n!
In
lim ≤0 (By (b) (ii))
n→∞ n!

In addition,
Z π
In 1
lim ≥ lim eπ (π − π)n dx
n→∞ n! n→∞ n! 0
=0

By Sandwich Theorem,
In
lim =0
n→∞ n!

∞ n
X πk X πk
(−1)k = lim (−1)k
k! n→∞ k!
k=0 k=0
In
= lim (−1)n + e−π (By (a) (iii))
n→∞ n!
−π
=e

PMATH-2012-P2-SOLUTIONS 11 Provided by x e r o r
 Z 2 Z x Z 2 Z x
10. (a) (i) (1) h(x) = q(t) dt p(t)q(t) dt − p(t)q(t) dt q(t) dt
1 1 1 1
Z 2 Z 2
0
h (x) = p(x)q(x) q(t) dt − q(x) p(t)q(t) dt ∀x ∈ J
1 1
(2) By Mean Value Theorem, there exists β ∈ J such that

h(2) − h(1)
h0 (β) =
2−1
Z 2 Z 2
p(β)q(β) q(t) dt − q(β) p(t)q(t) dt = 0 (By (a) (i) (1))
1 1
Z 2 Z 2
p(t)q(t) dt = p(β) q(t) dt (∵ q(x) > 0 ∀x ∈ J)
1 1
Z 2 Z 2
(ii) f (x)g 0 (x) dx = f (x) dg(x)
1 1
h i2 Z 2
= f (x)g(x) − g(x) df (x)
1 1
Z 2
= f (2)g(2) − f (1)g(1) − f 0 (x)g(x) dx
1

Since f (x) > 0 for all x ∈ J, by using (a) (i) (2), put p = g and q = f 0 , there exists c ∈ J
0

such that
Z 2 Z 2
f 0 (x)g(x) dx = g(c) f 0 (x) dx
1 1
= g(c) [f (2) − f (1)]

Hence,
Z 2
f (x)g 0 (x) dx = f (2)g(2) − f (1)g(1) − g(c) [f (2) − f (1)]
1

d


(b) (i) cos x100 = − sin x100 100x99
dx
1
(ii) Let f (x) = − and g(x) = cos x100 .
100x99
−99
f 0 (x) = −
100x100
>0 ∀x ∈ J
By (a) (ii), there exists c ∈ J such that
dcos 100
Z 2
cos 2100 cos 1100
 
1 100

1 1
− x dx = − + − cos c − +
1 100x99 dxcos (100)(299 ) (100)(199 ) (100)(299 ) (100)(199 )
2 2
dcos 100
Z Z
1
sin x100 dx = − x dx
1 1 100x dxcos
99

cos 2100 cos 1100

 
100

1 1
= − + − cos c − +
(100)(299 ) (100)(199 ) (100)(299 ) (100)(199 )
1 1 1
≤ + − cos c100 − +
100 (100)(299 ) 100
1 1
≤ + (1)
100 100
1
=
50

PMATH-2012-P2-SOLUTIONS 12 Provided by x e r o r
 11. (a) xy = 2
dy
y+x =0
dx
dy y
=−
dx x
Slope of the normal to H at T is

x t2
=
t, 2
 
y 2
t

Equation of L is

t2
 
y−2= (x − 2)
2
t2 x − 2y + 4 − 2t2 = 0

(b) The parametric equation of the tangent to H at T is

 
2 2
t + kt, − k · (5)
t t

Substituting (5) into the equation of L,

 
2
(t2 )(1 + k)(t) − 2(1 − k) + 4 − 2t2 = 0
t
2 4
t3 + kt3 − + k · + 4 − 2t2 = 0
t t
t4 − 2t3 + 4t − 4
k=−
t4 + 4
Hence, the point of intersection is

t4 − 2t3 + 4t − 4 t4 − 2t2 + 4t − 4
    
2
t 1− , 1 +
t4 + 4 t t4 + 4
t(2t3 − 4t + 8 2 2t4 − 2t3 + 4t
 
= , ·
t4 + 4 t t4 + 4
3
2t(t − 2t + 4) 4(t − t2 + 2)
3
 
= ,
t4 + 4 t4 + 4

PMATH-2012-P2-SOLUTIONS 13 Provided by x e r o r
 (c) (i) The coordinates of M are

2t(t3 − 2t + 4)
 3
4(t − t2 + 2
   
2+2 − 2 , 2 + 2 − 2
t4 + 4 t4 + 4
4t(t3 − 2t + 4) 8(t3 − t2 + 2)
 
= 4
− 2, −2
t +4 t4 + 4
s
2  3 2
4t(t3 − 2t + 4) 8(t − t2 + 2)

|BM | = − 2 − (−2) + − 2 − (−2)
t4 + 4 t4 + 4
s
16t2 (t3 − 2t + 4)2 64(t3 − t2 + 2)2
= +
(t4 + 4)2 (t4 + 4)2
s
(t4 − 2t2 + 4t)2 + 4(t3 − t2 + 2)2
=4
(t4 + 4)2
s
t8 − 4t6 + 8t5 + 4t4 − 16t3 + 16t2 + 4t6 − 8t5 + 16t3 + 4t4 − 16t2 + 16
=4
(t4 + 4)2
s
t8 + 8t4 + 16
=4
(t4 + 4)2
=4

Hence, |BM | is independent of t.

8(t3 − t2 + 2
− 2 − (−2)
(ii) Slope of BM = t4 + 4
4t(t3 − 2t + 4)
− 2 − (−2)
t4 + 4
8(t3 − t2 + 2)
=
4t(t3 − 2t + 4)
2(t + 1)(t2 − 2t + 2)
=
t(t + 2)(t2 − 2t + 2)
2(t + 1)
=
t(t + 2)
2
− (−2)
Slope of T B = t
t − (−2)
2(1 + t)
=
t(t + 2)
Since slope of BM = slope of T B, B, M and T are collinear.

PMATH-2012-P2-SOLUTIONS 14 Provided by x e r o r