UNIT 1: NATURE AND ELEMENTS OF Message - This is the idea, thought, concept, or

COMMUNICATION feeling encoded by the sender.

LESSON 1 – Definition, Process, and Elements Encoding - The process of putting ideas or concepts
of Communication into words. Encoding is done by the sender. This is
P.S if the font color is pink, that basically identifies defined as translating thoughts and putting them
as my notes which i have written during class into the right words. May it be speaking, writing,
discussions:)) actions etc.
Symbols to represent our ideas/messages:
Definition and Etymology of Communication - Languages
● Communication, a process by which - Words
information is exchanged between - Gestures
individuals through a common system of
symbols, signs, or behavior. (according to, Medium or Channel - This is the medium through
Merriam-Webster Dictionary) which the message is delivered. It may be oral,
written, or nonverbal. These are the instruments that
● Communication is the transmission of ideas we use to convey our messages. May it be your
and emotions between or among persons voice for speaking, or may it be your mobile
with the use of verbal and nonverbal cues. devices for digital statements, papers for written
(according to, Quipper) messages, and etc. Oral communication may be
Universal Facial Expressions used, if a response is urgently needed. Whereas,
- Happiness written communication is utilized for a large scale
- Sadness of audiences. For instance, on an online occasion.
- Anger Announcements and instructions can be stated in
- Fear the chat area. Another example, when a rally
occurs. Bold texts are easier to deliver than shouting
● Communication comes from the Latin word in a large group of crowds.
communis, which means “common”. The sender should ask him or herself different
questions, so that they can select the appropriate
Process and Elements of Communication channel. Here are some of the questions:
Stimulus - The start of the communication process. 1. Is the message urgent?
This is the idea or concept the sender would like to 2. Is immediate feedback needed?
convey. This is defined as a trigger for - If so, oral communication would be the best
communication. For instance, you are out with a medium in these cases. For example:
friend. However, your stomach starts to growl from engagement proposals. When the question
hunger. From this occasion, your friend takes in this “will you marry me?” is stated, the opposite
signal and will then ask you to eat something. The party’s reply is expected soonest.
noise which was created, was the trigger which 3. Is a permanent record required?
made your friend open up a conversation. - If so, written/technological mediums are
most encouraged for this circumstance.
Sender - The person who initiates the process and Digital footprints, voice records, etc. would
transmits the ideas to the receiver. Also known as be beneficial.
Encoder, Source, Speaker, and Communicator. 4. What oral and written communication skills does
the receiver possess?
 - Being considerate for the other party must
be done in every condition. Extra
mindfulness for the people with disabilities
and appropriation for the choice of words
depending on the audience.

Decoding - The process of accepting and

interpreting the message. Done by the receiver.

Receiver - The person who receives the message.

Also known as Decoder, Destination, and
Types of Verbal Communication
Communicator. Also addressed as “recipient”.
➢ Oral Communication – communicating
The extent to which this person comprehends the
with spoken words.
message will depend on a number of factors, which
include the following (ang sinasabi lang nito is ➢ Written Communication – communicating
“measurement of the success ng communication”, with written words.
medj pinacomplicate lang ni sir hui~):
1. Their receptivity to the message Language is symbolic, ambiguous, abstract,
2. How much the receiver knows about the topic (language can be interpreted in one way to another,
3. Relationship and trust that exists between the it is not specific — abstract) and rule-governed (use
sender and receiver of punctuation, checks for grammatical errors).
Effective verbal communication requires:
Feedback - This is the response to the message. ● Clarity
● Directness
Noise - Any barrier or hindrance obstructing the ● Appropriateness
understanding of the message.
NON VERBAL COMMUNICATION– it refers to
With this illustration, we are able to depict the cycle the act of expressing ideas that does not require
of communication. The sender would convert his words.
thoughts (encode) into messages. By then it will be
processed (decoded) by the receiver. A feedback is Types of Nonverbal Communication
followed right after the statement of the speaker has ➢ Proxemics (Proximus + -emics) - It is the
been absorbed by the recipient. Noise in the study that deals with the amount of space
background may be a potential interruption for the that people feel it necessary to set between
conversation. The cycle repeats as the sender will themselves and others. (distance from
reply to the response of the receiver. people)
➢ Kinesics (Kinesis + -emics) - It is a
Lesson 2: Verbal and Nonverbal Communication systematic study of the relationship between
nonlinguistic body motions (such as shrugs
VERBAL COMMUNICATION – Verbal or eye movement) and communication such
communication involves the use of language as a as eye contact, gestures, posture, and facial
symbol to expressions.
represent what we mean. It can therefore include ➢ Chronemics (Khronos + -emics) - It is the
both spoken and written communication. study of how time is used in communication.
 ➢ Paralanguage - It is the optional vocal not require for you to reply (UnliGO50,
effects that accompany or modify the 8080, GCash, etc).
phonemes of an utterance and that may
communicate meaning. It is the how of 2. Interactive Model
saying something. With paralanguage, your
pitch, volume, and rate (speed) can be
interpreted.
❖ How you speak influences how
others interpret your intentions, as
well as how credible, intelligent, or
- It shows two-way activity
attractive they judge you to be. With
- The participants change roles (only once.
this in mind, you may assess yourself
The sender will not reply again)
by responding to the following
E.g: polls, “the number you have dialed is
questions:
currently unavailable...”
❖ Does my voice enhance or detract
from the impression I make?
3. Transactional Model
❖ Does my voice support or contradict
my intended meaning?
❖ If I were interacting with me, would
I want to listen to the sound of my
voice?
➢ Haptics - The use of touch to express what
cannot be said or to convey meaning in a
conversation.
- It is about communication as a simultaneous
Lesson 3: MODELS OF COMMUNICATION process
Models of communication - the conceptual model is - Both sender and receiver are known as
used to explain the human communication process communications/participants
- Non verbal cues are considered as a
1. Linear model feedback in this model
E.g: gossiping

- It is a one-way activity Types of Noises which can hinder the success of

- The receiver is passive and does not give communication
feedback ● Physical Noise (Five Senses)
- Feedback is not part of process ● Psychological Noise (Mind)
E.g: watching the tv broadcast, reading the ● Physiological Noise (Current State or
news paper (regardless of how much we Feeling)
complain about the updates flashed on the ● Semantic Noise (Language)
news, our statements wouldn't reach the
sender. Hence, an example of a one-way Physical Noise - these are anything that are
activity) more examples: emails about bug perceived by the 5 senses (smell, taste, touch, sight,
fixes of a certain application, texts that do hear) which can obstruct the success of
communication.
 ➔ Unpleasant smell ➔ Jargons
➔ Barking dogs ➔ Unique word usage
➔ Loud music ➔ Mispronunciation
➔ Acknowledging someone outside of the ➔ Euphemisms
conversation ➔ Foreign Language

Other Models of Communication

4. Aristotle’s Model

Psychological Noise - these are anything about the - It is known as the first model of
mind that distracts us. It is about what you are communication
thinking of. - The speaker must analyze his/her speech
➔ Worries about money audience before delivering his/her speech
➔ Crashing deadlines - The most important part of the model is the
➔ The presence of another person setting.
E.g: Alexander the Great had a speech to his
➔ Biases related to the speaker or content
soldiers before their invasion towards their
enemy.
Physiological Noise - these are biological concerns
or what we feel in that period of time.
➔ Feeling Ill
➔ Having a headache
➔ Lack of Sleep
➔ Growling stomach Types of Setting
➔ Room is too cold or not Legal Setting
- The legal setting meant the courts where
ordinary people defend themselves

Deliberative Setting
- Meant the political assemblies, the highest
of which was the Roman Senate

Ceremonial Setting
- This meant the celebrations, occasions, that
call for speeches of welcome, poems of
tribute or of eulogies, poems of lament.

Semantic Noise - these have something to do with 5. Lasswell’s Model

language and terms which can cause - It is also known as the 5W model.
miscommunication. - This model seeks to answer five questions
 - One of the most influential models of
communication Receiving - auditory and optic nerve receives the
message.
6. Shannon-Weaver’s Model
- Introduced the concept of noise. Decoding - the listener interprets the language
- It is often called the Telephone Model. symbols he/she receives and thinks further.
- The message sent is not necessarily the
message received. Feedbacking - the listener may manifest over
behavior like a nod, smile, or yawn or he/she may
7. Schramm’s Model not show any behavior at all (covert behavior like
fast heartbeat, poker face, etc).

Monitoring - the speaker watches for signs of

reception or understanding of his message among
his listeners.

8. White’s Model

Thinking - a desire, feeling or an emotion provides

the speaker a stimulus to communicate a need.

Symbolizing - the speaker has to know the code of

oral language with which to represent his ideas and Lesson 4: FUNCTIONS OF
in order to make his selection. COMMUNICATION
Functions of Communication – these are the
Expressing - the speaker then uses his vocal reasons why people communicate. Each function is
mechanism to produce sounds of language determined by the speaker’s purpose for
accompanied by his facial expression, gestures and communicating.
body stance.
1. Regulation/Control - the speaker’s purpose
Transmitting - the sound or image produced by the is to control others by managing or
speaker travels through waves of sound or light. controlling their behavior. The speaker’s
 additional purpose is to control the *The school administration must tell all
conversation. students enrolled in board courses such as
Ex: “What do you think about his opinion” accountancy and engineering, specifically
“Tell me about her” the grades that they have to earn to be
“Shhh” retained.
*pointing at someone to go to a certain place
*gesturing your hand for someone to stop

2. Social Interaction – communication is used

to produce/ruin social relationships and
develop/weaken bonds.
-Talks about experiences and focuses on
relationships
Ex: *She accepted her friend’s bday
invitation
*In school, it is inevitable for him not to
converse with his teachers, classmates,
schoolmates, schoolmates, school
employees and officials.

3. Emotional Expression - the speaker

appeals to the listener’s feelings and Lesson 5: TYPES OF SPEECH
emotions to encourage him/her to act in a CONTEXT
particular direction.
-Use emotion to control behavior w/o Speech Context – it refers to the situation or
commands environment in which communication
Ex: *A woman sorrowfully approached a occurs, as well as the circumstances under
boy for some exchange which communication takes place. It is also
4. Motivation - the speaker persuades another known as the levels of communication.
person to change his/her opinion, attitude, or
behavior. Communication may be used for Each context or level of communication has
the purpose of motivating oneself or others the following characteristics. These are:
in various situations. 1. The number of participants
Ex: *She had a speech about why children 2. Physical proximity of the
must brush their teeth everyday participants in relation to one another
3. The channel/medium used for
5. Information - the speaker wants to make communication
others aware of certain data, concepts, and 4. The immediacy of exchange
processes – knowledge that may be useful to
them. Types of Speech Context
-To attain or convey information 1. Intrapersonal Communication – it
Ex: Broadcast is communication with oneself using
*A new policy to be implemented school- internal vocalization or reflective
wide has to be made known to all members thinking. It involves only one
before its implementation. participant. It is simply
 communicating with oneself. It topic or resolution of a problem (Yu,
happens when we engage in inner 2010). (least formal, most intimate)
talk or internal discourse.
a. Internal Discourse - in the Stages of Dyadic Communication
mind. Ex: daydreaming. 1. Exploration
b. Solo Vocal Communication - 2. Interaction
speaking to ourselves out 3. Termination
loud. Ex: “I am so pretty
talaga” B. Small Group - it is composed of
c. Solo Written Communication three (3) to twenty (20) participants
- writing to ourselves. - or a group of participants who
Writing to ourselves, the engage in a discussion to achieve a
recipients are ourselves. Ex: common goal.
journal, diary
3. Public Communication - it involves
2. Interpersonal Communication – it a single speaker and a sizeable
is a kind of communication in which number of persons or an audience. It
people communicate their feelings, requires more planning. It has
ideas, emotions, and any information limited or no opportunities for
to each other. It can be in verbal or feedback.
non-verbal form. a. Formal
a. Dyadic - it is composed of b. Informal
two participants. This type of
interpersonal communication 4. Mass Communication - this refers
is also known as one-to-one to the use of mass media, including
communication. It may be digital media and new media or
formal or informal. social media to reach a larger
I. Formal audience spread out in different
● Interview – it involves two people places at the same time. (use of
interacting through a question-and-answer technology. Ex: zoom, gmeet, etc)
format to achieve specific goals. (most
purposive, most formal, and least intimate) Lesson 6: TYPES OF SPEECH STYLE
Speech Style – it refers to a particular style
II. Informal of speaking. It indicates the level of
● Conversation – it is an informal formality with which a person speaks.
exchange of thoughts, opinions, and Martin Joos, Dutch linguist, identified the
feelings that has no formal purpose five types of speech style in his book The
and is less intimate and serious Five Clocks.
compared to an interview. (less
formal but, less intimate) Factors to Consider in Choosing the Most
● Dialogue – it is the type of Appropriate Speech Style
communication in which the deepest, 1. Audience
most personal, and most intimate 2. Topic
relationships are formed. It is 3. Purpose
directed toward the exploration of a 4. Location
 Additional Characteristics:
Types of Speech Style a. It is used in ordinary or routine
1. Intimate – lack of social inhibitions, transactions that lead to an outcome
participants who have a close or result.
relationship use this speech style, b. It is often used in business or in other
and the participants use an entirely professional situations.
private vocabulary. c. Interruptions are allowed, and the
Additional Characteristics: listener gives short responses.
a. Conversations are usually done in d. Titles such as Ms., Mr., or Doctor
private. are likely to be used.
b. Participants usually use short, e. It is more formal that intimate and
incomplete utterances. casual speech style.
c. Grammar and proper word choice f. Used when conversing with
are not given importance. strangers.
d. Nonverbal cues are often used to
convey messages. 4. Formal – this speech style lacks
e. Participants share inside jokes. listener participation. It is often used
f. Words that signal intimacy, such as in formal situations where there is
terms of endearment, are used. only one-way communication. Since
there is little or no feedback from the
2. Casual – this speech style is used in listeners or audience, the speaker
an informal discourse where needs to plan ahead his or her
participants use group language in a utterances, or what he or she is going
conversational tone. to say.
Additional Characteristics: Additional Characteristics:
a. The tone is conversational. a. Well organized and correct in
b. Usage of slang is common. grammar and diction.
c. Interruptions are common. b. Requires the speaker to plan ahead.
d. General words rather than technical c. Interruptions are not allowed.
ones are used. d. Sentence structure are more complex
e. Nicknames are used in addressing and varied.
one another. e. Extensive and technical vocabulary
f. You may also use this when you is required.
would like to make someone feel at f. Ideas should be cohesive and
ease or when you want to know that organized.
individual on a more personal level. g. All background or necessary
information should be clearly given.
3. Consultative – this speech style is
considered as the most operational 5. Frozen – this speech style is also
style. It is used in semiformal known as the oratorical speech style.
situations in which a speaker needs It is the most formal style and is
to provide background information reserved for very formal situations.
because the listener (or addressee) This styles is used to address or is
may not be able to understand given before an audience of absolute
without it. strangers.
Additional Characteristics:
a. Uses prescribed and highly formal
language.
b. Reserved for very formal situations.
c. It has a symbolic or historical nature.
d. It is typically prescribed by law,
custom, or ritual.
e. It is static, ritualistic, and archaic.
f. It involves certain fixed or stocked
expressions that are rarely or never
altered or changed.