International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056

Volume: 04 Issue: 10 | Oct -2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072

Partial Replacement of Fine Aggregate & Coarse Aggregate by Waste

Glass Powder & Coconut Shell
Kumar Animesh1, Jeet Tiwari2, Kapil Soni3

1M.tech Scholar, Department of Civil Engineering , Institute of Technology Aisect University, Raisen (M.P.) India
2Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Institute of Technology Aisect University, Raisen (M.P.) India
3HOD, Department of Civil Engineering, Institute of Technology Aisect University, Raisen (M.P.) India

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Abstract: Concrete is the mixture of various materials coarse aggregates at a great rate leads to a question about the
aggregate, fine aggregate, cement & water, each of them is preservation of natural aggregates sources. In addition,
mixed in various proportions to achieve specific strength. operation associated with aggregates extraction and
Cement being the most important material plays an important processing is the principal causes environmental concern. In
role in the manufacturing of concrete. The high cost of light of this in the contemporary civil engineering
conventional construction materials is a dominating factor construction, using alternative materials in place of natural
effecting constructions cost. This is necessity research for some aggregate in concrete production makes concrete as
new kind of alternative materials in the constructions field. sustainable and environmentally friendly construction
Waste glass in the form of fine aggregate & coconut shell as material. Coconut shell being a hard and not easily degrade
coarse aggregate can be used. material if crushed to size of sand can be a potential material
to substitute sand. At present, coconut shell has also been
The proportion of the mineral and mixtures is applied in burnt to produce charcoal and activated carbon for food and
testing cubes for their workability, compression strength and carbonated drink and filtering mineral water use. However,
flexural strength the coconut shell is still under utilized in some places. The
chemical composition of the coconut shell is similar to wood.
This paper briefly discusses the effects of addition of glass
powder & coconut shell on the properties of mortar concrete 2. LITERATURE REVIEW
mix of M25 at 28 days four concrete mix with fibre dosages
0%, 5%, 10% & 20% of the weight concrete mix.. Combination [1]Rakesh Sakale (2015) studied the replacement of fine
of these glass powder & coconut shell will used as dosages of aggregate by waste glass powder in steps of 10%, 20%, 30%
mix. Cubes of size 15x15x15cm to check the compressive and 40% respectively by volume of cement and its effects on
strength. The result of glass powder & coconut shell concrete compressive strength, split tensile strength, workability and
for 7 days, 28days, curing of concrete. The testing of concrete flexural strength are determined. It is found that the
according to Indian standard specification to identify the compressive, flexural and split tensile strengths of concrete
effect of workability and mechanical strength properties due increase initially as glass powder increases and become
to doses glass powder & coconut shell. maximum at about 20% and later decrease. The workability
of concrete reduces monotonically as the replacement
Keywords: Concrete, waste glass powder, coconut shell, percentage increases. The replacement of cement up to about
partial replacement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate, 20% by glass powder can be done without sacrificing the
drying shrinkage, compressive strength, workability test compressive strength.
such slump cone test
[2]Chikhalikar S.M. and Tande S.N(2012)There is a
1. INTRODUCTION need to replace a part of fine aggregate by waste glass
powder to reduce the consumption of fine aggregate and the
Concrete is the second largest of widely used material; but environmental pollution can be checked to some extent.
there are environmental issues related with its use which are Recently the research has shown that the waste glass can be
needed to be taken under considerations. Due to various effectively used in concrete as fine aggregate. Waste glass
factories and industries large volume of waste produced when grounded to a very fine powder shows some
daily .The disposal of the waste generated from industries cementitious properties because of silica content. Therefore
has become serious issue solid waste management is one of the glass powder to some extent can replace the cement and
the major environmental concerns in the world. The fine aggregate, contributes for the strength development and
recycling and reuse of the waste has become the best also enhances durability of the concrete.
alternatives as their disposal problem of waste .The reuse of
such waste will reduce the environment impact and is more [3]Naik and Moriconi(2005)Concrete is the 2nd most
economical the energy required to reuse the recyclable widely used materials in the world. However, the production
material is less than that of virgin materials. Use of natural of Portland cement, leads to the release of significant amount

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 International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 04 Issue: 10 | Oct -2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072

of CO2, a greenhouse gas. One ton of Portland cement clinker sand or crushed stone with most particles passing through a
production is said to create approximately one ton of CO2 9.5mm sieve. As with coarse aggregates these can be from
and other greenhouse gases (GHGs). Environmental issues Primary, Secondary or Recycled sources.
are playing an important role in the sustainable development
of the cement and concrete industry. 3.3 Coarse Aggregates

[4]VeenaV. Bhat, N.BhavanishankarRao(2014)Glass is Coarse aggregates are particles greater than 4.75mm, but
an indeterminate material with high silica content (SiO2) generally range between 9.5mm to 37.5mm in diameter.
i.e.72% of waste glass when grounded to very fine powder They can either be from Primary, Secondary or Recycled
(600 micron) reacts with alkali in cement & cementations sources. Primary, or 'virgin', aggregates are either Land- or
product that help to contribute to the strength development. Marine-Won. Gravel is a coarse marine-won aggregate; land-
won coarse aggregates include gravel and crushed rock.
[5]Idir R(2009)Demand for recycled glass has Gravels constitute the majority of coarse aggregate used in
considerably decreasing in recent years. Glass is cheaper to concrete with crushed stone making up most of the
store than to recycle, as it is expensive for the recycling remainder. Secondary aggregates are materials which are
process. There are several alternatives for the reuse of waste the by-products of extractive operations and are derived
glass. According to previous studies, all the applications, from a very wide range of materials
which require pre-conditioning and crushing of waste glass,
are more or less limited and unable to absorb all the Recycled concrete is a viable source of aggregate and has
quantities of waste glass available. In order to provide a been satisfactorily used in granular sub bases, soil-cement,
sustainable solution to glass storage, a potential and incentive and in new concrete. Recycled aggregates are classified in
way would be to reuse this type of glass in concrete. one of two ways, as:



3. MATERIAL USED Recycled Aggregate (RA), or as
Recycled Concrete Aggregate (RCA)
3.1 Cement
Aggregates, which account for 60 to 75 percent of the total
Cement is a binder, a substance used in construction volume of concrete, are divided into several distinct
that sets, hardens and adheres to other materials, binding categories, and are either coarse or fine.
them together. Cement is seldom used solely, but is used to
bind sand and gravel (aggregate) together. Cement is used 3.4 Coconut Shell
with fine aggregate to produce mortar for masonry, or with
sand and gravel aggregates to produce concrete. Cements A Coconut shell is an item obtained by removing coconut
used in construction are usually inorganic, milk from coconut opened with a hammer. It can be used to
often lime or calcium silicate based, and can be characterized generate super compost. Coconut shells are one of the by-
as being either hydraulic or non-hydraulic, depending upon products from splitting a Coconut. The freshly discarded
the ability of the cement to set in the presence of water. shells were collected from the local temples and they were
Cement used in construction is characterized as hydraulic or well seasoned. The seasoned CS is crushed, which was
non-hydraulic. Hydraulic cements (e.g., Portland cement) developed and erected for this purpose. The crushed edges
harden because of hydration, chemical reactions that occur were rough and spiky and the lengths were restricted to a
independently of the mixture's water content; they can maximum of 12 mm. The surface texture of the shell was
harden even underwater or when constantly exposed to wet fairly smooth on concave and rough on convex faces.
weather. Non-hydraulic cement will not set in wet conditions
or underwater; rather, it sets as it dries and reacts 3.5 Waste Glass Powder
with carbon dioxide in the air. It is resistant to attack by
chemicals after setting. Waste glass is not just waste, but a new resource. Generally,
beer, wine bottles and other food jars etc., are among the few
3.2 Fine Aggregate normal household glass items put into landfills every day.
Glass is generally produced from sand, lime and soda and
Aggregates are inert granular materials such as sand, gravel uses about 40 percent more power to produce from raw
or crushed stone that are an end product in their own right. materials than it does with recycled materials The glass in
They are also the raw materials that are an essential light bulbs, cook ware and window panes are not recyclable
ingredient in concrete. For a good concrete mix, aggregates due to some special additives used to the glass. These
need to be clean, hard, strong particles free of absorbed additives are ceramics and other impurities that generally
chemicals or coatings of clay and other fine materials that contaminate the recycling process. The glass that cannot be
could cause the deterioration of concrete. Fine aggregate are recycled only plays a small part of the glass that is put into
basically sands won from the land or the marine the landfills though. The process of glass recycling is less
environment. Fine aggregates generally consist of natural extensive than the process of making it from raw materials.

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Once glass is picked up and taken to the recycle centre it is

separated by colour and then broken into small pieces. The
broken glass pieces are then crushed and sorted before
being cleaned and added to raw materials to make the final
glass product. Crushed glass melts at a lower temperature
than the raw materials and therefore the more recycled
material that is in the mixture the less energy it takes to melt
the materials into glass

4. METHODOLOGY

The present thesis work requires preliminary investigations

in a methodological manner.

 Selection of type of grade of mix, mix design by an

 Estimating total quantity of concrete required for the

appropriate method, trial mixes, final mix proportions.

whole project work. Estimating quantity of cement, fine

aggregate, coarse aggregate, coconut shells required for From the table it is observed that the desired slump value is

 Testing of properties of cement, fine aggregate, coarse

the project work. obtained for Mix 5 at water cement ratio = 0.43 is maximum.
Hence we fix it as the design ratio. Mix 2 and 3 yielded very
aggregate, waste glass powder and coconut shells. low slump values which was very close to Mix-

 Production of mix (normal concrete of grade M-20) in

Production of concrete mixes 1(conventional) may be either due to inadequate paste
available for binding the mix or due to improper mixing
the laboratory is carried out by IS method of concrete procedure.
mix design (IS 10262-1982). Glass powder &Coconut
shell concrete is produced by adding coconut shells & 3.2 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH TEST
glass powder in different percentage replacement in

 Test on ingredients materials: The ingredients of

concrete. TABLE-2: Compressive Strength Results

concrete i.e. cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate, Mix 7 days strength 28 days

 The respective Indian standard codes are followed for

coconut shells are tested before producing concrete. (N/mm2) strength
(N/mm2)
conducting various tests on ingredients materials and Mix-1(0%) 17.20 26.53

 Slump cone test, Compression Test & Flexural Test is

the concrete. Mix-2 (5%) 18.39 27.19
Mix-3 (10%) 22.21 29.32
carried out on the cubes and beam casted by the Mix-4(15%) 26.5 32.52
materials. Mix-5(20%) 23.5 29.69
3. RESULTS

3.1 SLUMP TEST

TABLE-1: Slump Cone Results

Mix W/C Ratio Slump Remark

value
(MM)
Mix-1(0%) 0.43 60mm --
Mix-2 (5%) 0.43 65 mm Slump>60mm
Mix-3 0.43 69 mm Slump>60mm
(10%)
Mix-4(15%) 0.43 75 mm Slump>60mm

Mix-5(20%) 0.43 83 mm Slump>60mm

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The value obtained for 15% addition of coconut shell and disposal infrastructure and decrease the load on existing
waste Glass powder at a water cement ratio 0.43 yielded landfills and incinerators. Coconut Shell being natural in
highest results for compressive strength in both 7 days and origin is ecologically sustainable and cements bags uses is
28 days; beyond which at 20% replacement the value of eco-friendly can bring down the global carbon footprint
compression strength decreases. This may be due to the fact quite effectively.
when glass powder are added initially the finer sized fine
aggregates enter into the surface pores in the concrete. 5.1 Experimental Conclusion
Hence there is an optimum value of mix to, beyond which the
compressive strength decreases. Hence 0.43 was taken as 1. The desired slump value is obtained for Mix 5 at
the optimum water cement ratio and 15% replacement as water cement ratio = 0.43 is maximum. Hence we fix
optimum mix content was taken. it as the design ratio. Mix 2 and 3 yielded very low
slump values which was very close to Mix-
3.2 FLEXURAL STRENGTH TEST 1(conventional) may be either due to inadequate
paste available for binding the mix or due to
Mix 7 days strength 28 days improper mixing procedure.
(N/mm2) strength 2. The value obtained for 15% addition of coconut
(N/mm2) shell and waste Glass powder at a water cement
Mix-1(0%) 2.63 3.68 ratio 0.43 yielded highest results for compressive
Mix-2 (5%) 2.95 3.87 strength in both 7 days and 28 days; beyond which
Mix-3 (10%) 3.62 4.69 at 20% replacement the value of compression
Mix-4(15%) 4.21 5.12 strength decreases. This may be due to the fact
when glass powder are added initially the finer
Mix-5(20%) 3.39 4.72 sized fine aggregates enter into the surface pores in
the concrete. Hence there is an optimum value of
mix to, beyond which the compressive strength
decreases. Hence 0.43 was taken as the optimum
water cement ratio and 15% replacement as
optimum mix content was taken.
3. When Glass powder & Coconut shell content is
increased there is an increase in flexural strength
will be increased with a maximum at 15%. However
when the Glass powder & Coconut shell content is
increased beyond this value (20%) a downward
slope observed. This must be due to cluster of
Waste Glass Powder which can crust the binding
and strength formation in concrete.
4. The presence of dust and other impurities on the
surface of shells is also another reason for this
reduction in strength which may interfere with the
bonding of mix and subsequent strength formation.
5. It was also found that the addition of CS increases
workability of concrete. The amount of cement
In the chart it is seen that when Glass powder & Coconut content may be more when coconut shell are used
shell content is increased there is an increase in flexural as an aggregate in the production of concrete
strength will be increased with a maximum at 15%. However compared to conventional aggregate concrete.
when the Glass powder & Coconut shell content is increased
beyond this value (20%) a downward slope observed. This Since higher strength is attained at a lower design mix. It can
must be due to cluster of Waste Glass Powder which can be used to manufacture building blocks at relatively lower
crust the binding and strength formation in concrete. costs in comparison to plain concrete blocks thus making it
suitable for rural residential buildings up to 10m height or as
4. CONCLUSIONS protection walls around buildings

Waste Glass Powder, Coconut Shell and Cement bag is ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

available in a at the test site, which is material in concrete.
Further, it acts as a source of waste disposal for both Waste I express my sincere gratitude and respect to HOD and all the
Glass Powder& Coconut Shell due to is use in construction faculty members of Department of Civil Engineering,
industry. In addition to that Waste Glass Powder& Coconut Institute of Technology Aisect University for their valuable
Shell mix will reduce the demand for additional waste suggestions, timely support and encouragement. I thank

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 International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 04 Issue: 10 | Oct -2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072

them for numerous useful suggestions apart from valuable [9] .J. P. Ries, J. Speck, , Experimental Study on
guidance to me. I would like to convey my sincere gratitude Strength Characteristics of M25 Concrete with Partial
to my friends, colleagues for their support and Replacement of coarse aggregate with coconut shell and
encouragement. The meaning of work is incomplete without cement with Fly Ash , )nternational Journal of
paying regards to my respected parents and family whose Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and
blessings and continuous encouragement have shown me Technology.
the path to achieve my goals.
[10] Vishwas P. Kulkarni, Sanjay kumar B. Gaikwad,
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