3.

METALS & NON-METALS

Page Number: 40

Question 1
Give an example of a metal which :
(i) is a liquid at room temperature.
(ii) can be easily cut with a knife.
(iii) is the best conductor of heat.
(iv) is a poor conductor of heat.
Answer:
(i) Mercury
(ii) Sodium
(iii) Silver
(iv) Lead

Question 2
Explain the meanings of malleable and ductile.
Answer:
Malleable : A metal that can be beaten into thin sheets on hammering is called malleable.
Ductile : A metal which can be drawn into thin wires is called ductile.

Page Number: 46

Question 1
Why is sodium kept immersed in kerosene oil ?
Answer:
Sodium is highly reactive. So it is kept immersed in kerosene oil to prevent its reaction with oxygen,
moisture and carbon dioxide of air to prevent accidental fires.

Question 2
Write equations for the reactions of
(i) iron with steam.
(ii) calcium and potassium with water.
Answer:

Question 3
Samples of four metals A, B, C and D were taken and added to the following solution one by
one.
The results obtained have been tabulated as follows :
 Metal Iron (II) sulphate Copper (II) sulphate Zinc sulphate Silver nitrate

A No reaction Displacement

B Displacement No reaction

C No reaction No reaction No reaction Displacement

D No reaction No reaction No reaction No reaction

Use the Table above to answer the following questions about metals A, B, C and D.
(i) Which is the most reactive metal ?
(ii) What would you observe if B is added to a solution of copper (II) sulphate?
(iii) Arrange the metals A, B, C and D in the order of decreasing reactivity.

Answer:
(i) B is the most reactive metal because it gives displacement reaction with iron (II) sulphate.
(ii) When metal B is added to copper (II) sulphate solution, a displacement reaction will take place
due to which the blue colour of copper (II) sulphate solution will fade and a red-brown deposit of
copper will be formed on metal B.
(iii) Metal B is the most reactive because it displaces iron from its salt solution. Metal A is less
reactive because it displaces copper from its salt solution. Metal C is still less reactive because it can
displace only silver from its salt solution and metal D is the least reactive because it cannot displace
any metal from its salt solution. Hence, the decreasing order of reactivity of the metals is B > A > C >
D.

Question 4
Which gas is produced when dilute hydrochloric acid is added to a reactive metal ? Write the
chemical reaction when iron reacts with dilute H2SO4.
Answer:
Hydrogen gas is produced when dilute hydrochloric acid is added to a reactive metal.
Chemical reaction when iron reacts with dilute H2SO4 :
Fe(s) + H2SO4(aq) → FeSO4(aq) + H2(g)

Question 5
What would you observe when zinc is added to a solution of iron (II) sulphate? Write the
chemical reaction that takes place.
Answer:
Zinc is more reactive than iron. Therefore, when zinc is added to a solution of iron (II)
sulphate, then the greenish colour of iron (II) sulphate solution fades gradually due to the
formation of colourless zinc sulphate solution and iron metal is deposited on zinc.

Page Number: 49

Question 1
(i) Write the electron dot structures for sodium, oxygen and magnesium.
(ii) Show the formation of Na2O and MgO by the transfer of electrons.
(iii) What are ions present in these compounds?
Answer:

(ii) Formation of Na2O and MgO

(iii) In Na2O, ions present are Na+ and O2-.

In MgO, ions present are Mg2+ and O2-.

Question 2
Why do ionic compounds have high melting points ?
(iii) What are ions present in these compounds?
Answer:
The ionic compounds are made up of positive and negative ions. There is a strong force of
attraction between the oppositely charged ions, so a lot of heat energy is required to break
this force of attraction and melt the ionic compound. Due to this, ionic compounds have high
melting points.

Page Number: 53

Question 1
Define the following terms : (i) Mineral, (ii) Ore and (iii) Gangue.
Answer:
(i) Mineral : The natural materials in which the metals or their compounds are found in earth
are called minerals.
(ii) Ore : Those minerals from which the metals can be extracted conveniently and profitably
are called ores.
(iii) Gangue : The unwanted impurities like sand, rocky material, earth particles, lime stone,
mica, etc in an ore are called gangue.

Question 2
Name two metals which are found in nature in the free state.

Answer:
Gold and platinum

Question 3
What chemical process is used for obtaining a metal from its oxide.
Answer:
Reduction process is used for obtaining a metal from its oxide.
For example, zinc oxide is reduced to metallic zinc by heating with carbon.
ZnO(s) + C(s) → Zn(s) + CO(g)

Besides carbon, highly reactive metals like sodium, calcium, aluminium etc. are used as
reducing agents. These displace metals of low reactivity from their oxides.
For example,
Fe2O3(s) + 2Al(s) → 2Fe(l) + Al2O3(s) + Heat

Gold is Metal or Nonmetal ?

Gold is a metal found in nature in the free state

Page Number: 55

Question 1
Metallic oxides of zinc, magnesium and copper were heated with the following metals :

Metal Zinc Magnesium Copper

1. Zinc oxide
2. Magnesium oxide

3. Copper oxide

In which cases will you find displacement reactions taking place ?

Answer:
A more reactive metal can displace a less reactive metal from its oxide. But out of zinc,
magnesium, and copper metals, magnesium is the most reactive, zinc is less reactive whereas
copper is the least reactive metal.

The displacement will take place in the following cases :

Metal Zinc Magnesium Copper

1. Zinc oxide – Displacement –

2. Magnesium oxide – – –

3. Copper oxide Displacement Displacement –

Question 2
Which metals do not corrode easily ?
Answer:
Gold and Platinum.

Question 3
What are alloys ?
Answer:
An alloy is a homogeneous mixture of two or more metals, or a metal and a non-metal. For
example, bronze is an alloy of copper and tin.
 EXERCISE

Question 1.
Which of the following pairs will give displacement reactions ?
(a) NaCl solution and copper metal.
(b) MgCl2 solution and aluminium metal.
(c) FeSO4 solution and silver metal.
(d) AgNO3 solution and copper metal.
Answer:
(d) AgNO3 solution and copper metal.

Question 2.
Which of the following methods is suitable for preventing an iron frying pan from rusting ?
(a) Applying grease
(b) Applying paint.
(c) Applying a coating of zinc
(d) All the above.
Answer:
(c) Applying a coating of zinc.

Question 3.
An element reacts with oxygen to give a compound with a high melting point. This
compound is also soluble in water. The element is likely to be
(a) calcium
(b) carbon
(c) silicon
(d) iron
Answer:
(a) Calcium.

Question 4.
Food cans are coated with tin and not with zinc because
(a) zinc is costlier than tin
(b) zinc has a higher melting point than tin
(c) zinc is less reactive than tin
(d) zinc is more reactive than tin.
Answer:
(d) Zinc is more reactive than tin.

Question 5.
You are given a hammer, a battery, a bulb, wires and a switch.
(a) How could you use them to distinguish between samples of metals and non-metals?
(b) Assess the usefulness of these tests in distinguishing between metals and non-metals.
Answer:
(a) Metals can be beaten into thin sheets with a hammer without breaking. Non-metals cannot be
beaten with a hammer to form thin sheets. Non-metals break into pieces when hammered. Metals are
malleable, while non-metals are non-melleable. When metals are connected into circuit using a
battery, bulb, wires and switch, current passes through the circuit and the bulb glows. When non-
metals (like sulphur) are connected, the bulb does not light up at all. Metals are good conductors of
electricity.
(b) Because of malleability, metals can be casted into sheets. Metals are good conductors of electricity
so these can be used for electrical cables.

Question 6.
What are amphoteric oxides ? Give two examples of amphoteric oxides ?
OR
Write chemical equations that show aluminium oxide reacts with acid as well as base.
Answer:
Those metal oxides which show basic as well as acidic behaviour are known as amphoteric oxides. In
other words, metal oxides that react wtih both acids and bases to form salt and water are called
amphoteric oxides. Aluminium oxide and zinc oxide are amphoteric in nature.

Question 7.
Name two metals which will displace hydrogen from dilute acids and two metals which will
not.
Answer:
(i) Metals above hydrogen in the activity series like sodium and magnesium displace
hydrogen from dilute acids.
(ii) Metals below hydrogen in the activity series like copper, silver do not displace hydrogen
from dilute acids.

Question 8.
In the electrolytic refining of a metal M, what would you take as the anode, the cathode and
the electrolyte ?
Answer:
Cathode – Pure metal
Anode – Impure metal
Electrolyte – Metal salt solution

Question 9.
Pratyush took sulphur powder on a spatula and heated it. He collected the gas evolved by inverting a
test tube over it, as shown in the figure.
(a) What will be the action of gas on
(i) dry litmus paper ?
(ii) moist litmus paper ?
(b) Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction taking place.

Answer:
(i) Dry litmus paper – no action.
(ii) Moist litmus paper – becomes red.

Question 10.
State two ways to prevent the rusting of iron.
Answer:
Ways to prevent rusting of iron are :
(a) By painting
(b) By galvanizing

Question 11.
What type of oxides are formed when non-metals combine with oxygen ?
Answer:
Non-metals combine with oxygen to form acidic oxides or neutral oxides.

Question 12.
Give reasons :
(a) Platinum, gold and silver are used to make jewellery.
(b) Sodium, potassium and lithium are stored under oil.
(c) Aluminium is a highly reactive metal, yet it is used to make utensils for cooking.
(d) Carbonate and sulphide ores are usually converted into oxides during the process of extraction.
Answer:
(a) Platinum, gold and silver are used to make jewellery because these are malleable and ductile.
 These are highly resistant to corrosion.
(b) Sodium, potassium and lithium are very reactive and catch fire when exposed to air. This is due to
their low ignition temperature and high reactivity.
(c) Aluminium forms a non-reactive layer of aluminium oxide on its surface. This layer prevents
aluminium to react with other substances. That’s why aluminium is used to make cooking utensils.
(d) It is easier to reduce a metal oxide into free metal. Since it is easier to obtain metals from their
oxides than from their carbonates or sulphides directly, therefore, the carbonate and sulphide ores are
first converted to oxides for extracting the metals.

Question 13.
You must have seen tarnished copper vessels being cleaned with lemon or tamarind juice. Explain
why these sour substances are effective in cleaning the vessels.
Answer:
The sour substances such as lemon or tamarind juice contain acids. These acids dissolve the coating of
copper oxide or basic copper carbonate present on the surface of tarnished copper vessels and makes
them shining red-brown again.

Question 14.
Differentiate between metal and non-metal on the basis of their chemical properties.
Answer:
Difference between metals and non-metals

Metals Non-metals

(i) Metals form basic oxides or amphoteric oxides. (i) Non-metals form acidic or neutral oxides.

(ii) Metals replace hydrogen from acids and form salts. (ii) Non-metals do not replace hydrogen from acids.

(iii) With chlorine, metals form chlorides which are (iii) With chlorine, non-metals form chlorides which are

electrovalent. covalent.

(iv) With hydrogen few metals form hydrides which are (iv) With hydrogen, non-metals form many stable

electrovalent. hydrides which are covalent.

Question 15.
A man went door-to door posing as a goldsmith. He promised to bring back the glitter of old and dull
gold ornaments. An unsuspecting lady gave a set of gold bangles to him which he dipped in a
particular solution. The bangles sparkled like new but their weight was reduced drastically. The lady
was upset but after a futile argument the man beat a hasty repeat. Can you play the detective to find
out the nature of the solution he has used ?
Answer:
The dishonest goldsmith dipped the gold bangles in aqua-regia (which contains 1 part of concentrated
nitric acid and 3 parts of concentrated hydrochloric acid, by volume). Aqua-regia dissolved a
considerable amount of gold from gold bangles and hence reduced their weight drastically. The
dishonest goldsmith can recover the dissolved gold from aqua-regia by a suitable treatment.

Question 16.
Give reasons why copper is used to make hot water tanks and not steel (analloy of iron).
Answer:
(i) Copper is a better conductor of heat than steel.
(ii) Copper does not corrode easily. But steel corrodes easily.
(iii) Copper does not react with water at any temperature, whereas iron reacts with water on heating.