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ICAMMT 2018 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 423 (2018) 012026 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/423/1/012026
1234567890‘’“”

Analysis on the influence of excavation close-range foundation

pit on existing tunnel

LIU Chen yang1, a, LIU Jun yan1, 2, b, WU Yong zhen3, c，LIU Yong4, d
1
School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022,
China
2
The engineering technology research center for urban underground engineering
supporting and risk monitoring of Shandong Province
3
China Railway NO.3 Engineering Group Co., Ltd.The Fifth Engineering Co., Ltd
4
Ji'nan Ding Hui Civil Engineering Technology Co., Ltd
a
[email protected], b [email protected], c [email protected],
d
[email protected]

Abstract. The development of underground space has resulted in a number of neighboring

excavation projects, especially the excavation of the foundation pit that span existing subway
tunnels. While facing the risk of excavation of the foundation pit crossing tunnel are not only
faced with the risks of itself, but also the safety of the existing tunnel is always the serious and
difficult problems in the engineering field. This paper takes the foundation pit project of the
existing subway tunnel of Jinan as the background. The minimum distance between the pit
bottom of the access line and the tunnel is only 1.8m, and the direction of the foundation pit is
15°from the tunnel, it’s close to parallel. Unloading of foundation pit is boned to cause the
deformation of inferior tunnel. In order to study the influence of the existing tunnel, we carry
out numerical simulation by the finite element software Midas GTS/NX to study the
displacement field and stress field of tunnel under the condition of excavation of foundation pit.
We study the measures of reinforcement based on the results and further analyse the results of
reinforcement. At the same time, we combine an site monitoring data to confirm the effect of
reinforcement. Preliminary analyses shows that the excavation of foundation pit has little
influence on the horizontal displacement of tunnel and has great influence on vertical
displacement. Without reinforcement measures, the uplift of the tunnel reaches 23.11 mm,
which exceeds the requirement of deformation control. By grouting the soil between the
foundation pit and the tunnel and loading it at the bottom of the tunnel, the uplift of the tunnel
is reduced to 4.86 mm, which is consistent with the field measured data, and the reinforcement
effect is remarkable. In order to reduce the safety risk, it is necessary to take relevant protection
measures in similar projects.

1. Introduction
According to statistics, as of December 31, 2017, the total length of subway lines in China has reached
3894.2 km, and China has become the largest urban rail transit construction market in the world [1].
The underground space is becoming "congested", there are many adjacent excavation projects around
the subway tunnel. The excavation unloading is bound to cause the change of the stress field and
displacement field of the subway tunnel, which causes the additional internal force and deformation of
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ICAMMT 2018 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 423 (2018) 012026 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/423/1/012026
1234567890‘’“”

the tunnel structure, and seriously threatens the safety of the subway, Burford[2] first reported the
engineering case of tunnel excavation over 27 years' cumulative uplift 50mm above the subway tunnel;
Chang[3] and so on analyzed the damage of the tunnel structure caused by a subway tunnel in Taipei
due to the excavation of the adjacent foundation pit. So it is very important to understand the
deformation characteristics and internal force distribution of existing subway tunnel during
excavation[4].
For the deformation of existing tunnels caused by excavation,many experts and scholars have
carried out a lot of research work. Zhang Junfeng et al. [5]used Boussinesq solution to analyze soil
deformation caused by excavation unloading of foundation pits,considered the space-time effect of
soft soil deformation and proposed a calculation method for predicting tunnel uplift volume;Huang
Hongwei et al [6] combined with the foundation pit engineering of the Shanghai Bund, adopted the
finite element software PLAXIS-GID for numerical simulation and analyzed the tunnel deformation
law under different reinforcement measures. The above research results mainly take the typical soft
soil area such as Shanghai as the engineering background, but the similar problems under other
geological conditions are not enough. In this paper, based on the construction of the close pit
excavation above the subway tunnel, the deformation law of the tunnel under typical excavation
conditions is studied, and the control effect of the reinforcement measures is analyzed. At the same
time, the reinforcement effect is verified through the data of field monitoring.

2. Background
The total length of an entrance/exit line at R3 line of Jinan rail transit is 1033.5m, and the depth of the
foundation pit is 3.8~103.1m. At the bottom of the foundation pit is the subway shield tunnel
completed in advance. The southern section of the pit crosses with the left line of the existing tunnel.
The angle between the direction of the foundation pit and the tunnel is 15°, and the minimum distance
from the bottom of the tunnel to the tunnel is only 1.8m. The project is located in the landform area of
low hills and hills and the strata from top to bottom involve 1-1 prime fill, 17-1 gravel soil and 21- 2
weathered limestone. The depth of foundation pit excavation is about 9.4m, and the width is about
12.85m. Slope and anchor are selected for supporting. The slope rate is 1:0.5. The length of the anchor
is 5m~8m, the horizontal distance is 1.5m, vertical distance is 2m.The plane position of foundation pit
and subway tunnel is shown in figure 2-1, and the position of section is shown in figure 2-2. The main
physical and mechanical parameters of the formation are shown in Tab.2-1.

Fig. 2-1 Plane position relation diagram Fig.2-2 Profile position relation diagram
Tab. 2-1 Formation parameter value
Internal
Serial Compression Poisson
Thickness Bulk density Cohesive friction
number Item modulus ratio
（m） γ(kN/m3) forceϲ(kPa) angle
Es (MPa) υ
φk(°)
Prime fill
1 11 18.9 - - 26 16.3
(1-1)
Gravel
2 7.9 21.0 4.8 0.18# 27 15
soil(17-1)
Weathered
3 limestone 17.5 26.9 7.5 0.21# 48 20
(21-2)
(Notice：“#” Indicates that the value takes empirical value.)

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ICAMMT 2018 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 423 (2018) 012026 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/423/1/012026
1234567890‘’“”

3. Analysis of deformation mechanism of bottom tunnel caused by excavation of foundation pit

Before the excavation of foundation pit, the interaction between the bottom tunnel and the surrounding
soil has become stable, and the tunnel is in the state of force balance, which is shown in figure 3-1(a).
With the excavation of the foundation pit above the tunnel, the displacement field and internal force
field of the original soil will change, and the stratum loss will be transmitted to the tunnel. It is shown
that vertical unloading causes the upward rebound of the soil beneath the bottom of the pit and the
uplift deformation of the lower tunnel due to the decrease of overlying soil pressure. The horizontal
stress on both sides of the horizontal tunnel is increased by the squeezing action of the soil. The
influence of excavation unloading on the overlying earth pressure of the tunnel is reduced, and the
cross section of the tunnel presents a vertical ellipsoid of "horizontal compression and vertical
stretching", as shown in figure 3-1(b).

Fig. 3-1(a) Stress balance state before excavation Fig. 3-1(b) Stress imbalance after excavation

4. Numerical analysis

4.1. calculation model and basic assumption

In this paper, the finite element software Midas GTS/NX is used to expand the numerical analysis. The
size of the model is: length * width * height= 250m * 150m * 50m. The computational model is
shown in figure 4-1. Horizontal and vertical displacement constraints are applied at the bottom of the
model, horizontal displacement constraints are adopted in the lateral direction, and the surface of the
upper surface is set as a free surface without any constraints.

(a) Before excavation of foundation pit (b)After excavation of foundation pit

Fig. 4-1 Numerical model
For the convenience of calculation, the following assumptions are made in the analysis:
(1) The solid element is used to simulate the soil, the embedded truss is used to simulate the bolt,
and the plate element of the tunnel is simulated by the plate unit.All these agree with the assumption
of the MohrCoulomb constitutive model.
(2) The same layer of soil is homogeneous and continuous, and has the isotropic.

3
ICAMMT 2018 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 423 (2018) 012026 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/423/1/012026
1234567890‘’“”

(3) The effect of groundwater is not considered.

4.2. Simulation of construction conditions

Before the foundation pit is excavated, the original in-situ stress and the simulation of the subway
tunnel excavation are carried out. After the clearance is cleared, the excavation of the foundation pit
above the tunnel is simulated. The excavation of the foundation pit is carried out according to the
principle of "stratified excavation and supporting with excavation", that is, the first layer of soil
excavation→the first anchor bolt→second layers of soil excavated→second anchor bolts→third layers
of soil excavated→third rock bolts→fourth layers of soil→fourth road bolts.

4.3. numerical simulation results

Fig.4-2 and fig.4-2 are clouds of vertical displacement of foundation pit and tunnel after excavation. It
can be seen from the diagram that the excavation of the foundation pit is affected by unloading after
excavation, and the upwardly uplift of the bottom soil is produced, with the maximum uplift of
30.47mm, which is located at the crossing between the foundation pit and the tunnel. The existing
tunnel under the foundation pit also produces uplift deformation, with the maximum uplift of 23.11
mm(The control value is 20mm, which does not meet the requirements of deformation control), which
is located directly below the foundation pit. The analysis shows that the deformation of foundation pit
and tunnel is consistent, and the maximum vertical displacement is located in the cross crossing
section between them.

Fig. 4-2 Vertical displacement of the foundation Fig.4-3 Vertical displacement cloud of the tunnel
pit
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Fig.4-4Tunnel uplift deformation Fig.4-5Longitudinal uplift of tunnel in different

stages of excavation

Fig.4-4 shows the comparison between before and after deformation of the tunnel and Fig.4-5
shows the tunnel vertical uplift changes diagram at different stages of foundation pit excavation. It can
be seen from the diagram that with the increase of excavation depth, the uplift of the tunnel under the
foundation pit increases gradually, and the maximum uplift is located directly below the foundation pit

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ICAMMT 2018 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 423 (2018) 012026 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/423/1/012026
1234567890‘’“”

in the cross span section. Taking the location as the axis center, the uplift of the tunnel gradually
decreases to both sides, and is approximately symmetrical about the axis. When the foundation pit is
excavated to the bottom at the last step, the vertical displacement of the tunnel exceeds the control value.

4.4. Study on reinforcement measures of Tunnel

From the foregoing analysis, it can be seen that without reinforcement measures, the maximum
amount of uplift in the tunnel is 23.11 mm, which does not meet the deformation control requirements
of the 20 mm deformation of the Code for monitoring measurement of urban rail transit
engineering(GB 50911-2013). In order to protect the safety of the existing tunnel beneath the
foundation pit, the protection measures are adopted in the actual process, such as heap loading at the
bottom of the tunnel and grouting reinforcement around the tunnel. The bottom load is 70KPa and
grouting material is cement slurry. The cross section of the soil around the tunnel is shown in Fig. 4-6.

Fig. 4-6 Tunnel reinforcement section

Fig.4-7 shows the vertical displacement cloud diagram of the tunnel after taking protective
measures. It can be seen from the figure that the maximum uplift of the tunnel is greatly reduced from
23.11mm to 4.86mm, which is located directly below the foundation pit at the crossover.
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Fig.4-7 Vertical displacement cloud of the tunnel Fig.4-8 Vertical displacement of the tunnel
Fig.4-8 shows the comparison of the maximum vertical displacement of the tunnel after excavation
with or without protective measures. It can be seen from the graph whether tunnel protection measures
are taken or not, the trend of the tunnel uplift is roughly consistent in the excavation process. After the
reinforcement scheme was adopted, the maximum uplift of the tunnel was reduced from the 14.37mm
to 4.86 mm, and the protective effect was obvious, which can greatly reduce the safety risk of the
subway tunnel in the construction process of the foundation pit.

5. Analysis of tunnel monitoring results during construction

In order to ensure the safety of the existing subway tunnel during the construction of foundation pit,
key monitoring is carried out for the tunnel below the crossing. Fig.5-1 and 5-2 are the comparison of
the measured data and numerical results of the vault settlement and the clearance convergence of the
tunnel below the cross section. The analysis shows that the trend of the tunnel uplift remains fairly

5
ICAMMT 2018 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 423 (2018) 012026 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/423/1/012026
1234567890‘’“”

uniform. When the foundation pit is excavated to the bottom of the pit, the numerical calculation result
of the tunnel dome settlement is 4.86 mm, and the actual field measurement result is 3.04 mm, with a
small difference. The convergence results of both tunnels are relatively small, but the measured data
are in a negative and changing state, and there is no obvious change rule, which is not consistent with
the numerical results.

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Fig.5-1 Tunnel dome settlement Fig.5-2 Tunnel clearance convergence

6. Conclusion
(1) The displacement field of the original soil is changed by the influence of the excavation of
foundation pit. The displacement of the existing tunnel below the foundation pit is upward by the
influence of its overall impact. And the largest displacement is located at the bottom of the foundation
crossing the crossing section.
(2) Calculations show that in the process of construction of the foundation pit, protective measures
such as loading at the bottom of the pit and grouting reinforcement of soil around the tunnel can
effectively reduce the amount of tunnel uplift and greatly reduce the safety risk of the existing tunnel.
(3) Compared with the results of numerical simulation and measured data, the horizontal
displacement of tunnel is small, and the excavation of foundation pit has little influence on it. The
horizontal displacement data of tunnel is disorderly, and there is no obvious deformation rule.
(4) For complex geotechnical problems, numerical calculation can effectively predict the actual
engineering deformation problems and provide some reference for field construction.

Acknowledgments
The author would like to thank for the support from the Key R & D project in Shandong
Province(project number 2018GSF120010), Jinan Science and Technology Project(project number
201705015), Planning project of Shandong Provincial Construction Department(project number
KY011).

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[3] Chang C T, Sun C W, Duann S W, et al. Response of a taipei rapid transit system (TRTS)
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ICAMMT 2018 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 423 (2018) 012026 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/423/1/012026
1234567890‘’“”

[6] Huang Hongwei,Huang Xu,Schweiger F.Helmut.Numerical analysis of the influence of deep

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