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ENGLISH
3. Lore of Values [The Two Brothers, The Best Investment I Ever Made,
The Ballad of Father Gilligan, The Danger of a Single Story]
4. Flights of Fancy [The Scholarship Jacket, Poetry, The Book That Saved the Earth]

HINDI
2. सबसे बडा शॊ मेन, नीली आसमानी छतरी
3. अकाल और उसके बाद, ठाकूर का कुआँ, एक थाल चाद भरा, बसंत मेरे गाव का
4. जैसलमेर

SOCIAL SCIENCES -I
5. Culture and Nationalism (സംസ്കാരവം േദശീയതയം )
6. Struggle and Freedom (സമരവം സവാതനയവം)
9. The State and Political Science (രാഷ്ടവം രാഷ്ടതനശാസ്തവം )
7. India after Independence (സവാതനയാനനര ഇനയ)
10. Civic Consciousness (പൗരേബാധം)
SOCIAL SCIENCES -II
4. Terrain analysis through Maps (ഭതലവിശകലനം ഭപടങളിലെട)
5. Public expenditure and Public revenue (െപാതെചലവം െപാത വരമാനവം)
6. Eyes in the sky and Data analysis (ആകാശകണകളം അറിവിെന വിശകലനവം)
7. India Land of diversities (ൈവവിധയങളെട ഇനയ)

PHYSICS
4. Power Transmission and Distribution (പവരേപഷണവം വിതരണവം)
5. Heat (താപം)
6. Colours of Light (പകാശവരണങള)

CHEMISTRY
4. Reactivity series and Electrochemistry (കിയാശീലേശണിയം ൈവദയത രസതനവം)
5. Metallurgy (േലാഹനിരമാണം)
6. Naming of Organic Compounds (ഓരഗാനിക് സംയക്തങളെട നാമകരണം )
BIOLOGY
4. Keeping Diseases Away (അകറിനിരതാം േരാഗങെള)
5. Soldiers of Defense (പതിേരാധതിെന കാവലാളകള)
6. Unravelling Genetic Mysteries (ഇഴപിരിയന ജനിതകരഹസയങള)
7. Genetics for the Future (നാെളയെട ജനിതകം)

MATHEMATICS
5. Trigonometry ( തിേകാണമിതി )
6. Coordinates (സചകസംഖയകള)
7. Tangents (െതാടവരകള)
8. Solids(ഘനരപങള)
ORBIT Kondotty Class X - ENGLISH Vol: 2
3.1 The Two Brothers
1. When and where did the two brothers find instructions to get happiness?
2. What were the instructions to find happiness?
3. How do they react to the instructions?
4. What do the river, the bear and the mountain represent?
5. What was the elder brother’s justification in the first place for not going into the forest?
6. What was the most important one in the elder brother’s arguments?
7. What kind of a person was the younger brother?
8. What does the proverb “a bird in the hand is worth two in the bush” mean?
9. What does the proverb “beneath a stone no water flows” mean?
10. Whose arguments are agreeable to you and why?
11. Were the inscriptions on the stone true? Why?
12. In the sixth year what happened to the younger brother?
13. When the younger brother arrived back home, what was the condition of the elder brother?
14. What did the brothers do when they met again?
15. The two brothers try to justify their stands. Do you agree with them? Why?
Answers
1. The two brothers lay down in a forest to take rest while they were on a journey. When they woke up they saw
a stone with some instructions written on it.
2. The instructions were that one should go into the forest at sunrise, swim across the river, take the cubs from
the she-bear, run up the mountain with them without once looking back and one will see a house there
filled with happiness.
3. The younger brother is ready to accept the challenges following the instructions whereas the elder brother is
not ready and he advises the younger brother not to take the risk.
4. They represent the obstacles and challenges in the path to success.
5. In the first place, the elder brother thinks that what is written on the stone cannot be true, may be a jest and
there is chance for they have understood it wrongly.
6. The stone does not say what kind of a happiness one will get. It may not be the sort of happiness that they
want.
7. The younger brother is an optimistic. He believes if he does not make an effort and try hard, nothing in the
world will succeed. He has a positive attitude toward challenges.
8. The proverb ‘a bird in the hand is worth two in the bush’ means that ‘it is better to be satisfied with what you
have got than to risk losing everything by trying to get more’.
9. If you turn up a stone, you will not find water beneath it. To find water, you have to dig deep. To be
successful in life, you have to take efforts.
10. The younger brother’s arguments are a little more agreeable than the elder brother’s. No one can achieve
success in life without making efforts.
11. Yes, the inscriptions on the stone were true. The young brother found everything as written on it.
12. In the sixth year a stronger King waged war against the younger brother, conquered his city and drove him
out.
13. The elder was in the same condition as before. He had grown neither rich nor poor.
14. They rejoiced their meeting and started telling about all that had happened to them.
15. Both the brothers are right in their arguments. ‘A bird in hand is worth two in the bush’ is true in many
situations. ‘Beneath a stone no water flows’ is a success mantra and the younger brother attains a little more
support.
3.2 The Best Investment I Ever Made
Prepare a write-up on the topic “Acts of kindness and compassion bring forth fruitful results”
in the light of the story ‘The Best Investment I Ever Made”.
An act of compassion that changed a man
Acts of timely kindness and compassion can bring forth fruitful changes in people who perhaps are
transgressors or even criminals. When we read the story ‘The Best Investment I Ever Made’ written by Dr AJ
Cronin, we will realize the fact further. One of the characters in the story Mr. John had led a loose life in his
youthful days. He was an orphan and his uncle found a job for him in the town. Soon he forgot his state and
 started running after pleasures of life beyond his means. To make money he gambled and even stole some
amount from his office. Lost everything, becoming disappointed and anguished and afraid of a possible
prosecution for the theft, he finally resorted in a suicide attempt.
The timely intervention and help of three kind-hearted people- the landlady of the lodge where he
stayed, a police sergeant and Dr. A J Cronin - brought him back to a fresh life. They felt pity towards the
young man who tried to end his life for a meager amount of seven dollars and ten shillings. They showed
kindness and compassion to him by taking a timely decision to help him.
The landlady offered him free food and accommodation for a moth. The sergeant was ready to take risk
of his position agreeing not to report the crimes committed by the young man and Dr. AJ Cronin gave him as
much money as he needed to put back in his office safe. The timely decision of the three people changed Mr.
John’s mind and he determined to make a fresh start. He submitted the rest of his life for the charity work.
The acts of kindness and compassion of the three good people saved a young man and he in return lived
the rest of his life for others serving the society with all the virtues of his mind.
Questions
1. Find out a word that is synonymous to “smell”, from the passage.
2. Finally what improvement did come to the young man’s condition?
3. “He told us his story”. Tell the story in first person narrative from your perspective.
4. Why did the young man decide to commit suicide?
5. What did the sergeant ask him gruffly after having heard the story?
6. Why did his answer sound pitiful?
ORBIT Kondotty
7. Who were the sole witnesses of the tragedy?
8. What did the trio decide to do in the young man’s case?
9. How did each of the three people contribute to help the young man?
10. Dr. Cronin says he made the least contribution. Still he thinks it was best investment he ever made. Why?
Answers
1. ‘Odour’ is a synonym of ‘smell’.
2. After the redoubled efforts, Dr AJ Cronin and the sergeant succeeded in having the man sitting up. Slowly he
came to realize the horror of his situation.
3. I am an orphan. My uncle found a job for me. It’s been only six months since I’m here. I made a bad
companion and ran after pleasures of life like a fool. I gambled for making more money. I pledged all my
belongings and I lost everything. As a final attempt I took some money from the office safe and gambled. I
lost it too. Being disappointed and afraid of the prosecution I decided to end my life.
4. He had taken some money from his office safe. But he lost it too in his final attempt of gambling. He became
terrified of the prosecution and decided to end his life in utter despair.
5. The sergeant asked him gruffly how much money he had stolen from the office.
6. He took from the office safe a meager amount of seven pounds and ten shilling. For this paltry amount he
almost threw away his life. This sounded pitiful.
7. The landlady of the lodge where the young man stayed, a police sergeant and Dr. AJ Cronin were only the
witnesses.
8. They decided to give the young man a fresh start of life.
9. The landlady offered one month’s free board, the sergeant was ready to take risk of his job by not reporting
the crime case, and Dr Cronin gave him the exact amount to put back in his office safe.

3.3 The Ballad of Father Gilligan

1. Why was the old priest so tired?
2. ‘For half his flock were in their beds’ - What is the significance of this line?
3. What does moth hour of the eve indicate?
4. Pick out an instance of alliteration from these
6. Why does the priest have no rest, joy or peace?
7. Why did the priest repent to God and cry, “God forgive!”
8. “My body spake not I”. What does this line mean?
9. Why did the priest fall asleep in prayer?
10. How was the night described in these lines?
11. What time reference do you get from these lines?
12. Pick out the line that shows us the setting of the poem is a country side.
13. Identify an instance of auditory image from these lines.
14. ‘Father! You come again!’ Why did the sick man’s wife ask so in surprise?
15. Pick out two instances of alliteration from these lines.
16. Why was the priest so upset on the death of the sick man?
17. Identify the figure of speech used in the line “As merry as a bird”.
18. How did God help Father Gilligan?
19. Identify the visual images that you can see in the last stanza.
20. In the last stanza, the poet talks about God Who had planets in His care and He had pity on the least of
things. What significant message does the poet convey through these lines?
Answers
1. Father Gilligan had been performing his priestly obligations day and night. His parishioners were dying or
half of them were dead. He had to conduct their funeral services and last prayers.
2. More than half the people of his parish were dying.
3. Moth hour of eve indicates evening time.
4. Was weary, half his.
ORBIT Kondotty
5. Green sods, moth hour.
6. An epidemic had spread in his parish and people were dying. He was very busy with the funeral services and
last prayers.
7. In utter desperation these words came out of the priest. Soon he realized that it was a sin to complain against
God’s will.
8. Father Gilligan’s tired body spoke out the words that he had ‘no rest, nor joy, nor peace’. His conscience did
not indent to complain.
9. The priest was physically tired and mentally very much distressed. So he fell asleep in the middle of his
prayer.
10. The moth hour – the dusk – gave way to night. Darkness began to spread and millions of stars appeared. In
the night wind leaves shook and God covered the world in darkness and calmness.
11. ‘The time of sparrow-chirp’ refers to dawn.
12. The line ‘By rocky lane and fen’ shows that the setting of the poem is a country side.
13. Sparrow-chirp.
14. At the time of her husband’s death she had seen the presence of a priest. She thought it was Father Gilligan.
15. ‘Mavrone, Mavrone, the man’ and ‘He roused his horse’.
16. Father Gilligan was so upset because he could not attend the last man’s final moments as he fell asleep in
his chair.
17. ‘Simile’ is the figure of speech used in ‘As merry as a bird’.
18. God sent an angel in place of Father Gilligan to attend the sick man’s last moments and do the services.
19. The images of the Mighty but Merciful God in purple robes and a piteous and pious priest are seen in the
last stanza.
20. Though God the Almighty has great things like planets in His cares, He never ignores least things. God
loves and cares everything and everyone alike.

3.4 Danger of a Single Story

1. What kinds of books did Adichie read when she started reading?
2. What kinds of stories did she write and how were her characters?
3. What was her mother obligated to read?
4. How were her characters different from the children of Nigeria?
5. ‘I had never been outside Nigeria’. Change this negative sentence to affirmative without changing the
meaning.
6. What were Adichie’s ideas about books before she discovered African books?
7. How could she realize that people like her, girls with chocolate-coloured skin and kinky hair, could also
exist in literature?
8. How did American and British books help her in her writing?
9. How did the African writers save Adichie?
10. If she had not read the African books, What would have been her single story about books?
11. Describe Adichie’s family.
12. Who was Fide?
13. What would her mother do to help Fide’s family?
14. What actually made Adichie form a single story about Fide’s family and what was that story?
 15. What did Fide’s mother show Adichie when she visited their family and why did it startle her?
16. When and why did Adichie leave Nigeria?
17. Why was Adichie’s American roommate shocked?
18. Which ‘tribal music’ did Adichie play for her roommate and what was its result?
19. What was the American roommate’s default position towards Adichie as an African?
20. What was the roommate’s single story of Africa and how were the Africans in that story?
21. After having spent some years in the US, what did she begin to understand about her room-mate’s
response to her?
22. Was Adichie actually irritated in the nature of her roommate? Substantiate your answer.
23. What did the professor say about her novels?
24. What did the professor mean by authentically African?
25. “My characters drove cars.” Rewrite this sentence beginning with “Cars...”
26. According to Adichie, what were writers expected to have had to be successful?
27. In her humorous words, what were the horrible things that her parents had done to her?
28. What were a few incidents that her family members and friends had experienced as part of the poverty
and backwardness of Nigeria?
29. According to Adichie what is the problem of a single story?
Answers
1. When she started reading she used to read British and American children’s books.
2.
21. If Adichie had not grown up in Nigeria and if all she knew about Africa were from some
popular images, she too would think of Africa in the same way as her roommate thought.
She would also think of Africa in the same way as she had thought of Fide’s family.
22. No, Adichie was not irritated as she herself understood that if she had been in place of the
roommate she also would have formed a single story about Africa in the same way as the
roommate did.
23. The professor once told Adichie that her novels were not ‘authentically African’.
24. The professor had a single story of Africa in which all the Africans were poor and
uneducated. On the contrary, Adichie’s characters drove cars and they were too much
like the professor, an educated and middle class man. So he believed that her characters
were not Authentically African.
25. Cars were driven by my characters.
26. Writers were expected to have had really unhappy childhoods to be successful.
27. Humorously she says that her parents had done to her horrible things by providing her
with a very happy childhood, full of laughter and love, in a very close-knit family.
28. Her grandfathers had died in refugee camps, her cousin Polle died due to lack of adequate
healthcare and her close friend Okoloma died in a plane crash because the fire trucks did
not have water.
29. The single story creates stereotypes and the problem with stereotypes is not that they are
untrue, but that they are incomplete.

Prepare a short profile of Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie using the hints given below.
Full name: Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie
Birth: September 15, 1977
Nationality: Nigeria ORBIT Kondotty
Education: University of Nigeria, Nsukka; Drexel University, Pennsylvania, USA.
Known as: novelist, nonfiction writer, short story writer; TED speaker, the speech
‘Danger of a Single Story’- one of the ten most-viewed TED talks.
Notable Works: Purple Hibiscus, Half of a Yellow Sun, and Americanah.
Awards: Caine Prize for African Writing, Booker Prize, Women's Prize for Fiction,
MacArthur Fellowship etc.
C N Adichie
Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie was born on 15th September 1977 in Nigeria. She had her
education in the University of Nigeria located in Nsukka and Drexel University,
Pennsylvania, United States. She is a very popular novelist, non-fiction writer and short story
writer. Her notable works are Purple Hibiscus, Half of a Yellow Sun, and Americanah. She is
 a well-know speaker too. “The Danger of a Single Story” is a popular TED speech made by
Adichie. This speech has become one of the top ten most-viewed TED talks of all time. She
has won many awards including Caine Prize for African Writing, the very prestigious Booker
Prize, Women's Prize for Fiction, MacArthur Fellowship etc. She continues the journey of her
literary life with all its zest.
4.1 The Scholarship Jacket
Describe the Character of ‘Martha’ in the story ‘The Scholarship Jacket’.
'Martha', the central character in the story 'The Scholarship Jacket' is a character of mixed feelings. She
is sensitive, bold and brilliant. She is 14 years old and an eighth grade student maintaining a consistent ‘A’
level since her first grade. She is in every sense qualified enough to win the prestigious scholarship jacket, an
award to the class valedictorian of her school.
Martha is the daughter of a poor Mexican farmer. Owing to the poverty at her own family, she has been
given to her grandparents to raise. In appearance she is very lean and her friends call her ‘beanpole’ and
‘string bean’. Once she happens to overhear a heated argument between her two teachers. She understands
that a conspiracy is going on to undermine her chance of winning the jacket. Eventually the principal asks her
to pay 15 dollars for the award. Although bold and brilliant, this incident makes her cry in despair.
But when Martha's granddad tells her that a paid award is not an award at all, she accepts his words. She
strongly believes that she deserves the award by merit and it will come her way. She determines to tell the
principal looking straight into his eyes that she is not ready to pay.
Here, we see a bold Martha. However, later when Martha hears from the principal that she is going to
get the jacket, she cannot control her happiness. But while talking to her grandfather about the happy news,
she controls herself. Martha's words and deeds show that she is quite sensitive but at the same time sensible
and bold.

The principal of Texas School said that Martha had to pay for the jacket. Was it a trick to
deny the jacket she deserved? What do you think? Write a paragraph.
Martha, the central character of the story ‘The Scholarship Jacket’ is a brilliant student in the eighth
grade. She has been keeping consistently her A grade since her first standard. So everybody at the Texas
school expects Martha to be the winner of the Scholarship Jacket this year. But in the final hours there comes
the shocking declaration from the principal that Martha should pay 15 dollars for the jacket as a policy change
and she takes it as a trick to deny her the award. This undermines all expectations of Martha and her well-
wishers. The school management is clearly under the suspicion of playing discrimination. Martha is the
daughter of a poor Mexican farmer and her opponent Joann is an American and the daughter of the school-
board member. Joann, though comes second in the list of possible winners, is nowhere near Martha’s grades.
There had been a heated argument between her two teachers regarding the award before the principal’s
declaration of change of policy. The history teacher stood for justice while the Math teacher wanted to falsify
the record in favour of Joann. Martha had accidently overheard this argument, but did not expect it to shatter
her dreams. This argument shows certainly the presence of a foul-play. They believe that Martha cannot pay
the amount as she is poor and then the award will smoothly go to the next in the list. Yes, the policy change is
a trick to deny the award to the deserving Martha. But the strong determination of Martha’s grandfather made
all wrong-doers yield to justice and Martha wins the meritorious award finally.

4.2 - Poetry ORBIT Kondotty

Poetry – an appreciation
In the poem ‘Poetry’ the poet Pablo Neruda talks about poetry that arrived in search of him. He did not
know where it came from, or how or when. He did not hear any voices speaking to him. He says he was
summoned away by an invisible force, and the poetry touched him. The theme of the poem, in simple words,
is the ecstatic experience of the poet embraced by the poetic creativity. He had in his mind ideas which he
could not express effectively before he was blessed by that creativity.
By the arrival of poetry, though he could not utter words and his eyes became blind, he felt something
started in his soul, like a fever. He could make his own way to express his ideas and thoughts by deciphering
the "fire” of poetry. He wrote his first feeble, faint and substance-free line, and suddenly, the heavens opened
up and he could see everything from the planets to the shadows, fire, arrows, flowers and all that making up
the universe. By the arrival of poetic inspiration, his imagination became boundless. Although he was an
infinitesimal being, by the touch of poetry, he was suddenly elevated to a world of ecstasy, he felt about
 himself being pure part of the abyss and free to wheel with the stars. He describes the whole experience as his
"heart breaking loose on the wind."
Free verse is the style of the poem; passion or ecstasy is the tone. ‘The poetry arrived in search of the
poet and touched him’. Assuming poetry as a person, the poetic device Personification is very aptly applied
here. ‘Winter’ and ‘river’ represent a ‘frozen’ but ‘flowing’ state and which make a contrast. In the same way,
expressions like ‘not voices’, ‘‘nor silence’; ‘pure nonsense’, ‘pure wisdom’ are example of subtle application
of the literary device Contrast. The poet has not used the end- rhyme, but instances of assonance are there in
the line “I don't know how or when” (internal rhyme) which add beauty to the rhythm. Application of
Alliteration can be seen in lines, “and something started in my soul, / fever or forgotten wings” and
“planets,/palpitating plantations,”. By the touch of the poetry, a world of ecstasy is opened in the mind of the
poet. References to flowers, violent fires, the branches of night, the heavens, wings, planets, plantations, part
of abyss etc. create beautiful and perfect visual images of the universe in the imaginations of the readers.
Questions
6. What happened to the poet when poetry arrived?
7. Poetic intuition is like seeing without eyes. Which lines say so?
8. Pick out two examples of alliteration.
9. How did he feel about his first line and why?
10. How did he say when he started writing poetry, his imagination knew no bounds?
11. What do the words ‘fire’ and ‘flower’ stand for?
Answers
1. At a time of the poet’s earnest desire to become a poet, in a phase of his life when he could not express his
ideas, he got abruptly a poetic inspiration and started writing his faint first line. This was like the poetry
arrived in search of him.
2. He did not know where the poetry came from, how or when. He did not hear any voices speaking to him. He
was summoned away by an invisible force and the poetry touched him.
3. Not voices, nor silence.
4. ‘Poetry arrived in search of me’ is an example of personification.
5. Before the arrival of poetry, poet was unable to express his ideas and thoughts. He was a person without a
self identity.
6. When the poetry arrived he felt something started in his soul. He could make his own way to express his
ideas and thoughts by deciphering the fire of poetic passion.
7. ‘My eyes were blind’, ‘and something started in my soul’.
8. ‘and something started in my soul’. Planets, palpitating plantations.
9. He felt that his first line was faint and without substance. He was not sure whether it was wisdom or pure
nonsense. When he started writing his first line he was not so confident in composing a poem.
10. When he started writing poetry, the heavens opened up before him and he could see everything from the
planets to the shadows, fire, arrows and flowers, all that making up the universe.
11. ‘Fire’ and ‘flower’ are two things in the universe. ‘Fire’ stands for the poetic passion and ‘flower’ for beauty
and ecstasy of poetic imagination.

4.3 The Scholarship Jacket

1. What was the tradition followed in the Texas School?
2. How did the scholarship jacket look like?
3. What do you think the letter ‘S’ on the jacket represents?
4. Why did Martha expect to win the jacket this year?
5. Why was Martha given to her grandparents when she was six?
6. ‘This one, the scholarship jacket, was our only chance.’ Why does Martha say so?
7. How does Martha describe herself?
8. Why did she have to walk all the way back to her class room instead of going directly to the gym?
9. What kind of a person was the Coach Thompson?
10. “Pencil thin, not a curve anywhere”. This is not a sentence as there is no verb here.
11. Who were the teachers engaged in the argument?
12. What were Martha’s teachers arguing about?
13. Why was Mr. Boone arguing in Joann’s favour?
ORBIT Kondotty
14. Why was Martha very sad and why did she cry?
15. “I don’t care who her father is and I won’t lie or falsify records”, said Mr.Schmidt.
 Change this sentence in to reported speech.
16. “It seemed a cruel coincidence...” Why did Martha say so?
17. What did the principal tell Martha regarding the scholarship jacket?
18. Why was the principal uncomfortable and unhappy while talking to Martha?
19. Why was Martha shocked?
20. “If you are unable to pay for the jacket, it will be given to the next one in line”. Change
the verb in the if-clause into past tense and rewrite the whole sentence.
21. “I will speak to my grandfather about it and let you know tomorrow”, said Martha.
Change into reported speech.
22. ‘“Where’s Grnadpa?” I asked Grandma’. What did Martha ask her grandma?
23. What was the grandmother doing when Martha approached her?
24. What was Martha thinking while walking to her grandfather?
25. Why was winning the scholarship jacket so much important to Matha?
26. What did Martha say to grandfather nervously? Why did she use the Spanish language?
27. How did the grandpa respond initially and what did he ask her later?
28. Why did Martha’s grandfather refuse to pay the money for the jacket?
29. What did the grandfather want Martha to tell the principal?
30. If.........................., It would not be a scholarship jacket. Complete the if-clause suitably.
31. What were Matha’s feelings and what did she do?
32. What kind of a girl was Martha when she came to the principal’s office the next day?
33. What did the principal ask Martha and what was her reply?
34. Why does the principal think that Martha’s grandfather can pay the money if he wants?
35. Do you think that the grandfather’s stand and words have made some changes in the principal’ mind?
What it could be? What did he say finally to Martha?
36. How did Martha wish to express her joy?
37. Who really helped Martha get the scholarship jacket? How?
38. “I cried on the walk home again”. Why did she cry this time? What does the word “again” suggest?
39. “His face looked as happy and innocent as a baby’s”. What is the significance of this expression about
Mr.Schmidt?
40. Martha’s grandfather responded very calmly to his granddaughter’s victory and joy. He gave her a smile
and a pat on her shoulder. How do you evaluate this grandpa? Prepare a character sketch of him.
Answers
1. The tradition was that every year during the eighth grade graduation a beautiful gold and green jacket would
be awarded to the class valedictorian, the student who had maintained the highest grades for eight years.
2. The scholarship jacket is a gold and green one. It has a big gold ‘S’ on the left front side and the name of the
winner is written in gold letters on the pocket.
3. The letter ‘S’ stands for Scholar.
4. Martha had been a straight ‘A’ student since the first grade and she was in her last year in the eighth grade.
5. Martha’s father was a poor farm labourer. He could not earn enough money to feed eight children. So she
was given to her grandparents to raise, when she was six.
6. Martha was the member of a poor family. They could not afford to pay the registration fees, the uniform
costs and buy a sports jacket. Winning the scholarship jacket was only her chance.
7. She was pencil thin and had no curve anywhere. Her friends called her ‘beanpole’ and ‘string bean’ and she
knew that was what she looked like.
8. She had forgotten to take her PE shorts before going to the gym. So she had to walk all the way back to her
classroom to take them.
9. Coach Thompson was strict and would become a real bear if someone wasn’t dressed for PE.
10. Martha was pencil thin without any curve anywhere.
11. Mr. Schmidt, Martha’s history teacher and Mr.Boone, her Math teacher engaged in the argument.
12. They were arguing about falsifying the scholarship record. Mr. Schmidt stood for justice and argued for
Martha saying angrily that he wouldn’t falsify the grade records. Mr. Boone wanted to falsify the records
and support Joann to get her the award.
13. Joann’s father was on the School Board and he owned the only store in town. Moreover, Joann was an
American girl and Martha a Mexican.
14. The argument between her two teachers pained her more than the thought she might lose the jacket. She
might have felt it as heart-breaking discrimination.
15. Mr. Schmidt said firmly that he didn’t care who her father was and he wouldn’t lie or falsify records.
16. Martha was in a thrilling expectation of receiving the scholarship jacket when she happened to hear the
argument between her two teachers. It seemed a cruel coincidence.
17. The principal told Martha that there was a change in the scholarship policy. It has been free so far and now
the school board has decided to charge 15 dollars for the jacket.
18. The principal was unhappy and uncomfortable because he knew he was going to talk about something
unfair.
19. Martha was certain to receive the award as she deserved it by merit. But when the principal told her that she
had to pay 15 dollars for it, she got an unexpected shock.
20. If you were unable to pay for the jacket, it would be given to the next one in line.
21. Martha said that she would speak to her grandfather about it and would let him know the next day.
22. Martha asked her grandma where Grandpa was.
23. She was sewing on a quilt when Martha approached her.
24. She was thinking how she could best ask him for money.
25. Winning the scholarship jacket was not just a matter of being a valedictorian and delivering a thank you
speech. It was so important a matter as the jacket represented eight years of hard work and expectation.
26. Martha said to her grandfather that she had a big favour to ask him. She said it in Spanish
because it was the only language he knew.
27. He didn’t say anything and waited silently. Later he asked her what a scholarship jacket meant.
28. The grandpa believed that if she paid for it, it wouldn’t be a scholarship jacket. So he refused to pay.
29. The grandfather wanted Martha to tell the principal that he was not ready to pay fifteen dollars.
30. If you paid for it, it would not be a scholarship jacket.
31. She was in an angry and rebellious mood. Thinking why the board changed the policy when her turn came,
she locked herself in the bathroom for a long time.

4.3 The Book That Saved the Earth

1. Where does the action take place?
2. Who is Think Tank?
3. What idea do you gather about the character of Think Tank from the above passage?
4. Do you think Noodle praises Think Tank sincerely? Why?
5. What is Think Tank's opinion about earth?
6. What are they talking about?
7. What do they think the library is?
8. What do they think the books are like?
9. Find out the word from the passage that means 'very simple and easy'.
10.Do you think that Think Tank is mighty and intelligent? Why?
11. Why was Earthlings civilised according to Think Tank?
12. What was Think Tank's reaction when he saw the picture?
13. What according to Think Tank, ‘Had a great fall’ mean?
14. Why did Think Tank order the space people to leave Earth?
15. What should the Martians do before they leave the Earth?
Answers ORBIT Kondotty
1. At Mars space control.
2. The commander-in-chief of Martians.
3. A proud and haughty person who considered himself more intelligent and powerful than anyone else.
4. No. The manner in which he says it in a sing song shows that he is just doing it out of practice and not
because he considers so.
5. Think-Tank considers Earth a ridiculous little planet which would soon be conquered by Mars.
6. They are talking about a book.
7. They think the library is a refreshment stand.
8. They think books are sandwiches.
9. ‘Elementary’ is the word that means ‘very simple and easy’
10. No. Think-Tank interprets the library as refreshment stand and books as sandwiches.
11. The Earthlings have taught their domesticated animals musical culture and space techniques as they have
reached a high level of civilization.
12. Think Tank believes that it is a picture of himself and the earthlings are after him to capture him.
13. According to Think-Tank, ‘Had a great fall’ meant that the earthlings plan to capture Mars Central Control
and him.
14. He believes that the earthlings are going to attack Mars and capture all Martians.
15. Martians must leave the Earth at once. But before leaving they should remove all traces of their visit to the
Earth.
Prepare a character sketch of Think-Tank.
In the play, “The Book that Saved the Earth, the most ridiculous and funniest character is Think- Tank.
He has a domineering mentality over others. He thinks himself to be the most intelligent and powerful
creature in the whole universe. He is the great and mighty commander-in-chief of the Martians. When the
apprentice Noodle addresses him as “great and mighty Think-Tank, most powerful and intelligent creature in
the whole universe”, he simply doesn’t become satisfied. He orders to address him again with the missing
part of his salutation. Noodle salutes him again adding “Ruler of Mars and her two moons”. Think-tank asks
the mirror who ‘the most fantastically intellectually gifted being in the land’ is. He gets angry and smacks the
mirror, when the reply to this question is a little delayed. When he sees a book he intellectually interprets
it as a sandwich and the bookshelves as crude refreshment stands. When Noodle says that the book may be a
communication device, he immediately pretends that he knows it already and calls it a communication
sandwich. The Martians under their great and mighty commander-in-chief Think-Tank are on a mission to
attack the Earthlings. But at the end of the play, Think-Tank is seen as afraid of the Earthlings. He himself
seeks ways to escape and orders his crew to leave the earth at once. All these words and deeds of Think-Tank
show that, although he thinks himself to be the most intelligent and the mightiest, he is really a gullible
coward.
ORBIT Kondotty Class X – HINDI Vol: 2

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[ तबदील = Change പരിവരതനം, मंच = Stage, बौछार = നിറയല, बटोरना = Collect, हँसीघर= Laughing villa ]

मुखय िबँद ू ORBIT Success-point KONDOTTY

[ चूला = Hearth അടപ്, तलाश = അേനവഷികക, िछपकली = Lizard, गशत = To walk around, खुजलाना= To clean ]
ORBIT Success-point KONDOTTY

[ बदबूदार = ദരഗനം, आलॊचना= വിമരശികക To criticize, रससी = കയര Rope ]

ORBIT Success-point KONDOTTY

[ सुभग = സുനരം,
िखसकना = െതനുക,
गागरा= മണപാതം,
मुरझना = To get dried,
िरशता = പാരമരയം,
धाम = Holy place,
ं = കൂടം Group ]
झुड
 [ महसूस =
അനുഭവികുക
To feel ,

सीमा = അതിരതി
Border ]

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SS I - ORBIT Kondotty Easy Notes Vol: 2

5. CULTURE AND NATIONALISM

1. Which Bengali play depicted the plight of the indigo farmers in Bengal? Nil Darpan
2. What were the major objectives of social reform movements?
- To eradicate evils and superstitions that existed in the Indian society.
- To ensure equal civil rights to education, travel and dress code.
3. Social Reform Movements Leaders
Arya samaj SwamiDayananda saraswathy
Brahma samaj Raja Ram Mohan Roy
Aligarh movement Sir Sayyid Ahmedkhan
Prarthana Samaj Atmaram Pandurang
Sathya shodak samaj Jyothi Rao phule
Self Respect movement E.V.Ramaswami Naicker
Theosophical society Annie Besant
Ramakrishna mission Swami Vivekananda
Hitakarini samaj Viresalingam
4. Write the social evils abolished by the British as a result of the activities of the social reformers?
 Prevented marriage of girls below 12 Years of age  Permitted widow remarriage
 Prevented Child marriage and polygamy  Banned female infanticide
 Abolished Sati and slavery
5. Nationalism in Art
Bharath Matha Abanindranath Tagore Helped to foster patriotism in Indian minds
Sakunthalam Rja Ravi Varma ------
Sati, Village Drummer Nanda Lal Bose Dilemma of a women who had underwent sati
Village Life Amrita Sher-Gil Sufferings of Indian villagers and their tragic life

6. Nationalism and Literature

Ananthamad Bankim Chandra Chatterji - Depicted sanyasi revolt of Bengali peasants
Nil Darpan Dinabandhu Mithra - Exploitation suffered by indigo farmers in Bengal
Ghora, Geethanjali Tagore
Sevasadan, Godan Premchand
Ente Gurunadhan,Bappuji Vallathol

7.Who worked for the remarriage of the Widows in Bengal? Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar
8.Who founded Indian society of Oriental Arts? Abanindranath Tagore
9.Analyse the role of education in the emergence of Indian nationalism.
Education helped to oppose British colonial domination and the inequalities existed in the Indian
society.• National educational institutions fostered national consciousness.•Provided secular education.
• Swadeshi movement led to the growth of national education.• Created a sense that modern education is
necessary for the social, cultural and political progress of the Indians.• Many national educational
institutions were set up for the growth of national education.• The educational system of Tagore
emphasised the International co-operation.• The above mentioned factors helped for the development of
national consciousness among the Indians.
10. Write the main objectives of social reformers?
 Eradicate caste system,
 Protect the right to all,
 Eliminate discrimination against women,
 Provide education to all, promote widow remarriage
 Abolish child marriage and eliminate the supremacy of the clergy
6. STRUGGLE AND FREEDOM
1. Write a short note on Champaran struggle, Ahamedabad cotton mill strike and Peasant struggle in Kheda.
a) The struggle of the Indigo farmers in Champaran :-It was took place in 1917. Gandhiji’s involvement
in the problems of the indigo farmers in Champaran compelled the authorities to pass laws in favour of
the indigo farmers.Gandiji solved the problem of peasants.
 b) Ahmadabad Cotton mill strike (1918) :- Gandhiji involved in this strike following his satyagraha, the
authorities agreed to increase the wages of the employees and the strike came to an end.
c) Peasant struggle in Kheda (1918):- Because of the drought and crop failure,farmers in Kheda were living
in utter misery. The rulers decided to collect tax from these poor villagers. Gandhiji started satyagraha
and protested against that decision and advised the people not to pay tax.Finally the authorities were
forced to reduce tax rates.
2. Which act resulted in the Jalianwalabagh Messacre? Rowlat Act
3. Which incident forced Gandiji to stop non-cooperation movement? Chauri Chaura incident
4. Results of Gandhiji’s Struggle
 It popularized Gandhiji’s ideologies and method of protest
 His methods of protest attracted even the common man to the movement
 The city centric national movement spread to the rural areas
 He became a national leader acceptable to all strata of the society
5. Rowlatt Act: -
On the pretext of preventing extremist activities the British Parliament passed the Rowlatt Act in 1919
limiting the civil rights. It was recommended by Sir Sydney Rowlatt. As per this act any person could be
arrested and imprisoned without trial.
6. What are the features of non-cooperation movement?
 Lawyers shall boycott courts  The public shall boycott foreign products
 Boycott elections  Returning the British awards and prizes
 Students shall boycott English schools
7. How did the Indian society respond to Gandhiji’s appeal for non-cooperation?
 Farmers of Awadh refused to pay taxes  The tribal groups in Andhra entered the forest and violated forest
law  Workers and Lawyers boycotted their work and courts.  Students quitted colleges and schools
 The public burnt foreign clothes on the street.
8. The Lahore congress session was a turning point in the history of freedom movement in India.Explain?
It held in 1929 under the chairman ship of Jawaharlal Nehru. The two important decision of the session
was  It declared that the ultimate aim of Indian Freedom struggle was to attain complete freedom
(poorna Swaraj).
 It also decided to start the Civil Disobedience Movement under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi.
9. Why did Gandhiji selected salt as a powerful weapon against the British?
 Salt tax constituted 2/5 of the income collected by the British through taxes
 Salt tax was a heavy burden for the poSS I - ORBIT Kondotty Easy Notes Vol: 2or people.  There
was three fold hike on salt price
 The British government banned small scale indigenous salt production.
10. List out the Proposals of the Mount batten plan.
 To divide Punjab &Bengal
 To conduct a referendum to determine whether to add northwest frontier province to Pakistan or not
 To appoint a commission to determine the borders in Punjab & Bengal
 To form a separate country in Muslim majority area.
11. What are the major peasant struggles held in India?
* Thebhaga struggle - Bengal ORBIT Success-point KONDOTTY
* Telengana struggle - Andra Pradesh
* Naval mutiny - Bombay
12. Who formed All India Trade Union Congress (AITUC) and what was their objective?
M.N.Joshi and Lala Lajpath Rai formed it. Its objectives are
* To organize and act as a working class
* To promote Indian working class for cooperate with the working class outside in India
* To participate actively in the Indian freedom struggle.
13. What are the earliest labour movements in India?
Ahmedabad Textile Association, Madras Labour Union.
14. Who formed All India Kisan Sabha? N.G.Ranga
15. What were the demands included in the Kisan Manifesto?
* write off debts. * cancel feudal taxes * Recognize peasant unions
* Reduce 50% of land tax and lease charge * Ensure minimum wage for agricultural workers.
16. Who formed Congress Socialist Party [CSP]? Jai Prakash Narayanan in 1934.
17. Who formed Indian National Army [INA] ? Rash Bihari Bose
18.Who formed Forward Bloc ? Subhash Chandra Bose
19. Evaluate the contributions of the organizations and leaders of Indian national movement who
differed from Gandian methods and ideology.
Revolutionaries from Punjab,Rajasthan,Bihar formed Hindusthan Socialist Republican Association in
1928.Bhagath Singh, Rajguru and Chandra Sekhar Azad were the leaders of it. More over they formed a
military wing called Republican Army.The revolutionary leaders like Bhagath singh who killed
Saunders a British police officer.
 Bhagath singh and B.K.Dutt threw bombs at the central legislative assembly.
 The other important revolutionary oraganizations were :
- Abhinav Bharath society - V.D.Savarkar
-Anuseelan samithi - Bareendra kumar ghose,Pulin Bihari Das
-Gadar party - Lala Hardayal
-Indian Republican Army - Surya Sen
20. Write about quit India movement and its causes :
Quit India movement of the 1942 was the last popular protest organized by the Indian national congress
under the leadership of Gandhiji.It was a mass movement based on the ideology of non-
violence. The major reason for Quit India movement were following,
 Reluctance of the British to implement constitutional reforms in India.
 Public dissatisfaction with price hike and famine.
 The assumption that the British would be defeated in the 2nd world war.
The result of the quit India movement was,
 The British government arrested leaders including Mahatma Gandhi.
 The uncontrolled people destroyed government offices, electric lines and transportation facilities.
21. Write a note on Jallianwalabag massacre:
In 13th April 1919 the people of Punjab gathered in Jallianwalabag to protest against the arrest of
Dr.Satyapal and Saifudhin Kitchlew in relation with rowlatt act.The army chief General Dyer ordered
the police to shoot the crowd.Many of them were killed and thousands were injured. The event is known
as Jallianwalabag massacre.

7. INDIA AFTER INDEPENDENCE

1. What are the consequences of partition?
 Flow of refugees  Communal riot broke out
 People lost their home and belongings  Thousands of people were killed and women were attacked
2. Write a short note on the integration of the Princely States?
There were around 600 Princely States in pre independent India. Britaingave the Princely States in India
the options to join either India or Pakistan or to be independent Sardar Vallabhai Patel and V.P. Menon
prepared an Instrument of Accession. Majority of the Princely States signed the instrument of Accession
and join Indian Union. But Hyderabad, Kashmir and Junagarh resented and they were integrated into
Indian Union through military interventions.
3. Write a note on the formation of the Constitution in India?
In 1946 the Constituent Assembly was formed with Dr. Rajendra Prasad as the Chairman. It appointed a
drafting committee with Dr. B. R. Ambedkar as Chairman. It drafted the Constitution after a series of
discussions and debates. The Constitution came into effect on 26 January 1950 and India was declared a
Republic.
4. Analyse the circumstances that led to the linguistic reorganization of States?
There were many princely states with people speaking different languages. There were demands from
different parts of India for the formation of states on the basic of languages. Potti Sriramalu started
Satyagraha for the formation of Andra Pradesh for Telugu speaking people. After 58 days of fasting he
died. Following this in 1953 he Government of India formed the state of Andra Pradesh. A commission
was appointed to reorganize Indian state with Fazl Ali as Chairman and H.N. Kunzru and K.M Panikkar
as members. The Parliament passed the State Reorganization Act in 1956 and 14 States & 6 Union
Territories came into effect.
5. Progress in Economic Sector
 India adopted series of plans and schemes aiming at economic development of the country. India adopted
mixed economy which is a combination of socialist & capitalist system
  Centralised economic planning was adopted
 The Planning Commission of India was formed under the Chairmanship of Jawaharlal Nehru in 1950
 It adopted the Five Year Plan aiming economic growth of the nation
 The Five Year Plan helped to alleviate poverty, flourish agriculture and industrial sectors, improve education
and generate new energy sources
 Major dams like Bhakra Nangal were constructed
 Irrigation facilities boosted agricultural production in India ORBIT Success-point KONDOTTY
 Many iron and steel factories were started in India
5. Analyze the educational achievements in independent India.
Indian leaders identified the importance of education in nation building. So,our government appointed
various commissions to study about Indian education and to submit their recommendations.

a). Radha Krishnan Commission(1948) To study university education.

His recommendations : * Start professional educational institutions
* Give emphasize to women education
* Form the University Grant Commission (UGC)
b). Lakshmana Swami Mudaliar Commission( 1952) To study Secondary Education.
His recommendations : * Implement three language formula
* Form a council for teacher training
c). Kothari Commission (1964) To propose a national pattern of education
His recommendations : * Implement 10+2+3 pattern of education
* start vocational education at secondary level.
6. List out the main recommendations of National Policy on Education of 1986
 Focusing on primary and continuing education
 Starting Operation Blackboard Programme to universalize primary education and to improve infrastructure
facilities in Schools.
 Start Navodaya Vidyalayas in every district.  Encouraging girl’s education.
7. Many cultural institutions were established to promote cultural activities in India. They are,
Institution Activities Headquarters
-Sangit Natak Academy Promotion of drama & Music New Delhi
-Lalit Kala Akademi Promotion of Indian arts in India & abroad New Delhi
-Sahitya Academy Promotion of literature New Delhi
-National School of Drama Conduct national drama festival every year New Delhi
-National Book Trust of India To make books available cost effectively and
To encourage reading habit New Delhi
8. What are the main principles of India’s foreign policy?
 Resistance to colonialism & Imperialism  Hostility to racism  Peaceful co-existence
 Panchsheel Principles  Policy of non-alignment  Trust in the UNO
9. Panchsheel Principles – It was signed by India and China in 1954 (Nehru and Chou-En-Lai) the then
prime ministers of two countries.
 Mutual respect for each other’s territorial integrity and sovereignty  Mutual non-aggression
 Mutual non-interference in each other’s internal affairs  Equality and co-operation for mutual benefits
 Peaceful co-existence
10. Who prepared instrument of accession? Sardar vallabhai patel and V.P.Menon
11. Name the central government schemes for strengthening and professionalizing the education system
of India?
Sarva Siksha Abhiyan and Rashtriya Madhyamik Siksha Abhiyan.
12. Which is the economic system adopted by India in the post independent period? Mixed economy
13.Who is known as the ‘architect of Indias foreign policy’ ? Jawaharlal Nehru

9. THE STATE AND POLITICAL SCIENCE

State : A group of people residing permanently within a particular territory with a sovereign Government is
called a state. The term ‘State’ was first coined by the Western Philosopher Nicolo Machiavelli.
1. What are the important elements of state ?
a) Population: It is an important factor in the formation of a state. There is no state without people.
How ever the minimum and maximum number of people for a country is not fixed. Population which is
 too much or too less is not good for a state.
b) Territory: It is an important factor in the formation of a state. A territory includes the land area, water
bodies,coastal area,aerial space.etc.The sate should have complete control over its territory.
c) Government: It is an important factor in the formation of a state. The government has some
functions. a) The govt. maintains law and order and ensures justice to the people. b) It makes
different services to the people (c) Maintain law and order (d) Increase employment opportunities
(e) implement developmental projects.
d) Sovereignty: State has the right to take decisions on national and international affairs independently
without any external control. This supreme authority of a state is called sovereignty. It is the absolute
and most important element of a state.
2. Difference between obligatory functions and discretionary functions of a state.
Obligatory functions : [Functions which have to be implemented by the state at all times at any cost.]
If the obligatory functions are not performed the life and property of the people cannot be protected
- Protection of boundary - Maintain internal peace - Protection of rights
- Implementation of justice
Discretionary functions : [ Functions which have to be implemented as per the economic condition of a
state.] eg: Education and health care will provide better living conditions for the people.
- Protection of health - Implement welfare Programmes - Provide educational facilities
- Provide transportation facilities.
3. Define Citizenship:
It is the full and equal membership in a nation. It enables a person to experience political & civil rights.
Citizenship by birth is called natural citizenship. When a person acquires citizenship on the basis
of a legal procedure of a nation, it is called acquired citizenship.
4. What are the important Theories on the origin of state?
1.Divine right theory 2.Evolutionary theory 3.Power theory 4.Social contract theory
5. Define Political science:
It is the study of the state and government. Aristotle is known as the Father of political science.
6. What are the different branches of political science?
1. Political theories 2.Public administration 3. Comparative politics 4. International politics
7. What are the two types of sovereignty?
The right to take decisions on all matters which come within its territory is called Internal sovereignty.
The right to take independent decisions on international issues is called External sovereignty.
8. What is the importance of study political science?
 Political science helps to imparting knowledge of the state.
 Political science helps to imparting knowledge of the government and administration.
 It helps to imparting knowledge of the world politics.
ORBIT Success-point KONDOTTY
 Creating democratic values and good citizenship.
 It helps to develop civic consciousness among the common people

10. CIVIC CONSCIOUSNESS

1. Define the concept of Civic consciousness?
It is the recognition that each citizen is for the society and the genuine interests of the society are the
interest of the citizen. Those who have civic consciousness will always be ready to work for the society.
2. Importance of Civic consciousness
 It influences the progress of the state and society
 In the absence of Civic Consciousness human beings will become selfish and all the activities will be for
his own achievements. It will adversely affect social life. In such a society there will be no peace or
security.
 Civic Consciousness will help to solve many problems faced by the society.
 It will help to the progress and unity of the state
3. List out the factors determines Civic consciousness?
 Formation of Civic consciousness is determined by life situations and experience  Family
 Education  Social system  Association  Political System
4. Analyse the relationship between Civic consciousness and Morality.
Morality means the ability to recognize virtues, accept virtues and to perform duties with maximum
responsibility. Morality helps civic consciousness whereas immorality destroys it. Creation of moral
 consciousness in all walks of life is the most effective way to foster civic consciousness.
5) How can we overcome the challenges of Civic consciousness?
 Each one should evaluate his activities critically
 Be the change which you expect from others
 Equal weight should be given to both rights and duties
 Individual should act democratically and tolerably.
6. Explain the Role of Social Science in the formulation of Civic Consciousness?
 It helps the individual to respect diversity and to behave with tolerance
 Helps to understand the different contexts of political, social, economic and environmental problems.
 Helps the individual to suggest comprehensive solutions to different problems
 Disseminate the message of peace and co-operation to the society
 Make the individual civic conscious
7. Explain the factors which foster civic consciousness?
a) Family: - It has an important role in fostering and maintaining sense of responsibility among its
members. Inspiration,discipline,respect and other human values will get from the family will develop
civic consciousness.
b) Education : - It will help to develop value consciousness, tolerance, leadership qualities and
scientific temper. Through education, science and technology can be effectively utilized in a useful
manner to the society.
c) Associations: - It play an important role in empowering people by giving power and right to them.
Through their activities they foster civic and political consciousness in individuals.
d) Media : - Print and electronic media influences the society News & information reach the masses
through the media. Judicious and objective information lead to the formulation of creative ideas.
e) Democratic System: - It prompts individuals to think about fellow beings and to work for the
protection of their freedom, equality and rights.
8. Write the features which we can see in persons having civic consciousness.
* Social commitment * Divergent Thinking * Fellow beings
* Dedication * selfless activities * value consciousness

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SS II - ORBIT Kondotty Easy Notes Vol: 2

4. TERRAIN ANALYSIS THROUGH MAPS

1. Topographic Maps -
Large scale maps depict in detail all natural as well as man-made features on the earth’s surface. It
contain undulations of the terrain, rivers, other water bodies, forest, agricultural land, villages, towns
transport and communication systems.
2. Uses of topographic Maps
a) To analyse the physical and the cultural features of the terrain b) For military operations
c) To identify and study the natural as well as the cultural resources of a region as part of economic
planning d) To understand land use pattern of a region and for urban planning
3. Conventional Signs and symbols –
Various features on the earth’s surface are represented in topographic maps using internationally
accepted colours and symbols. The maps prepared in one country can be easily understood and
analysed by the people of another
4. Contour Lines –
There are imaginary lines joining places having the same elevation above the sea level.
5. Form Lines –
When it is difficult to measure the elevation of place through land surveys, the elevation is represented
with the help of broken lines.
6. Spot height –
It represent the actual height of a place by according the height in digits beside a black dot
7. Triangular height –
It recorded in maps using symbol.
8. Bench Mark –
The height of reservoirs and prominent buildings are recorded with the letters BM.
9. Eastings –
There are North South lines. Their value increases towards the east for identifying a location we
consider the value of the eastings immediately left to the geographic feature.
10. Northings –
These are lines in the east west direction. Their value increases towards the north. For identifying
location we consider the value of the northings immediately to the south of the feature.
11. What are the three things can be assessed from the contour lines in topographic maps?
a) Altitude of a place b) Nature of the slope c) Shape of the landform
12. Intervisibility -
If two places are mutually visible, that these places are intervisible. Intervisibility assessment is being
applied for erecting electric posts, mobile towers, wireless transmission towers etc.
13. Marginal information of a toposheet –
The general information given outside the margins in topographical maps such as toposheet number,
name of the area, latitude & longitude value of northings and eastings scale of the map, contour
interval, year of survey and publication and agencies in charge of the survey.
14. Physical features –
All natural feature such as water bodies (rivers , streams, well, tube wells, springs) and different land
forms are called physical features.
15. Cultural features –
All man-made features such as settlements, roads, boundaries, places of worship, agricultural lands, post
office police station and bridges shown in toposheets are called cultural features.

5. PUBLIC EXPENDITURE AND PUBLIC REVENUE

ORBIT Success-point KONDOTTY
1. Public expenditure :-
Government undertakes many activities for the welfare of the people. Money is required for all these
activities. The expenditure incurred by the Govt. is known as public expenditure.
a) Developmental expenditure :- The expenditure incurred by the Govt. for constructing roads, bridges,
harbours, starting up new enterprises and setting up educational institutions are considered as
developmental expenditure.
b) Non – developmental expenditure :- Expenditure incurred by way of war, interest , pension,
unemployment wage, flood relief fund etc are considered as non- developmental expenditure
2. Public Revenue :- The income of the Government is called Public Revenue . Taxes are the main source of
income for the Govt. The person who pays tax is called tax payer.
a). Non Tax Fees, Fine & Penalties, Grants, Interest, Profit
b). Tax
1. Direct Tax Tax paid by the person on whom it is imposes tax burden is felt by the tax payer .
Eg:- Corporate tax , personal income tax
2. Indirect tax Tax imposed on one person and paid by another. Tax burden is not felt by the tax
payer Eg:- Customs duty , value added tax, Excise duty , service tax

3. Tax Imposed by Central Govt : Corporate tax , Personal income tax, Union excise duty
Tax Imposed by State Govt : Value added tax, Stamp duty, State excise duty, Land tax
Tax Imposed by Local self-Govt :Property tax, Professional tax, Entertainment tax

4. Value Added Tax : A product reaches the consumers through different stages value is added at each stage.
5. Excise duty :- Tax imposed at the production stage of a commodity
6. Customs duty :- It imposed on import and export of products. These are known as import duty and export
duty.
7. Service tax :- It imposed on services. Eg:- Tax imposed on telephone services
8. Surcharge :- Additional tax imposed on tax
9. Cess :- Additional tax imposed by the govt for certain specific purpose. It will be discontinued when enough
money is received.
10. Public debt Loans taken by the Govt.
• Internal debt : Loans are availed by the govt. from individuals and institutions.
• External debt : Loans availed from foreign govt. and international institutions
11. Write the reasons for the increase in India’s Public debt?
* Increase in population * Social Welfare activities * Developmental activities
* Increase of health facilities * High expenses in education sector * Pension & Wages
* Increased defence expenditure
12. Public Finance :-
It is the branch of economics that relates to public income, public expenditure and public debt.
13. Budget :- It is the financial statement showing the expected income and expenditure of the govt. during a
financial year (From April 1 to March 31)
a). Balanced Budget : Income and expenditure are equal
b). Surplus Budget : Income is more than expenditure
c). Deficit Budget : Expenditure is more than income
14. Fiscal Policy and its objectives :-
Governments policy regarding Public Revenue, Public expenditure and Public debt is called Fiscal
Policy. It influences a country’s progress.
Objectives of Fiscal Policy
 Attain economic stability  Create employment opportunities  Control unnecessary expenditure
 Improve the infrastructure  Reduce social inequality  Make improvement in the production field

6. EYES IN THE SKY AND DATA ANALYSIS

1. Remote Sensing :-
It is the method of collecting information about an object, place of phenomenon with the aid of
Satellites without actual physical contact.
2. Sensors –
Instrument used for data collection through remote sensing. [Eg: Camera and Scanners]
3. Compare active and passive remote sensing .
* Passive remote sensing :- Remote sensing done with the help of solar energy.
* Active remote sensing :- Remote sensing done with the help of done with the aid of artificial source
of energy
4. Platform :- The surface on which the Camera or Scanner for data
collection is placed is known as Platform. It can be placed on balloons,
aircraft and satellite.
5. Remote Sensing (Based on Platform)
Terrestrial Remote Sensing : Capturing photographs of the earth’s topography from the earth
Aerial Remote Sensing : The continuous process of capturing photographs of earth’s surface using
camera mounted on balloons or aircraft
Satellite Remote Sensing : It is the process of gathering information using the sensors mounted on
satellite
6. What is the use of overlap in aerial photographs ?
In each aerial photograph nearly 60% of the places depicted in the adjacent photo is included. This is
done for ensuring continuity and to obtain three dimensional vision with the help of Stereoscope.
7. Limitations of aerial photography ?
 The shaking of aircraft affects the quality of photos ORBIT Success-point KONDOTTY
 The aircraft requires open space for takeoff and landing
 Picturisation of large area is not practical
 Frequent landings for refueling increase the coast.
8. Geostationary Satellites Sun Synchronous Satellite
 They orbit the earth at an elevation of about  They orbit the earth at an elevation of
36000 km above the earth 1000 kms above the earth’s surface
 1/3 of the earth comes under its field of view  The field of view is less
  As the movement of these satellites  Repetitive data collection is possible.
corresponds to the speed of rotation of earth, it stay
constantly above a specific place on the earth.
 Helps in continuous data collection of an area  Used data for collection on natural resources
land use and ground water.
 Used in telecommunication and for weather studies  Mainly used for remote sensing Purpose
 INSAT  IRS
9. Spectral Signature :-
Each object reflects electromagnetic radiation differently. The amount of energy reflected by each
object is its spectral signature.
10. Spatial Resolution :-
The sensors in the satellites cannot recognize all objects on earth. The size of the smallest object on
earth that can be recognized by the sensor is the spatial resolution of that sensor.
11. List the different sectors where remote sensing is used.
 For weather observations  For ocean explorations  For understanding land use
 For the monitoring of flood and drought
 For identifying forest fire in deep forests and to adopt controlling measures
 To collect data regarding the extent of crops and spread of pest attack
 For oil explorations  To locate places with ground water potential.
12. Geographic information system (GIS)
Softwares are used for preparing maps with the help of data collected through remote sensing and other
methods of survey. These softwares are also used for incorporating more details in the maps and
analyzing them for various purposes. This system is known as Geographic information system (GIS)
spatial data and attributes are necessary for data analysis in GIS.
13. What is the convenience of using layers in GIS?
Spatial information can be converted into different layers with the help of GIS Software. If we convert
the earth’s surface features into layers we can easily prepare maps or tables of our preference from this.
14. Analytical capabilities of GIS
a) Network analysis :- The linear features in the map such as road, railway and rivers are subjected to
network analysis. The shortest route, routes without toll, routes with less traffic and petrol pumps,
hotels and hospitals can be identified.
b) Buffer analysis :- It is an analytical capability used for analyzing the activity around a point feature
or at a definite distance along a linear feature.
c) Overlay analysis :- It is used to identify the interrelationship of various surface features on earth and
the changes they have undergone over a period of time. It is helpful in understanding the changes in the
area of crops and the changes in land use.
15. Uses of GIS
 Compile data from different sources  Update and incorporate data easily
 Conduct thematic studies  Represent geographic features spatially
 Generate visual models of future phenomena  Prepare maps, tables and graphs
16. Global Positioning System (GPS)
* It helps sensing the latitudinal and longitudinal location and elevation of objects on the earth’s surface
* In this system a series of 24 satellites placed at Six different orbits between the altitudes 20000 and
20200 km above the earth’s surface. The GPS requires signals from at least four satellites to display
information like the latitude, longitude, elevation & time in it.

7. INDIA- LAND OF DIVERSITIES

India- physiography- 5 major divisions- (a) Northern mountain system (b)Northern greater plain
(c)peninsular plateau (d)coastal plain (e)Islands
1. Himalayan ranges are described as a natural barrier. Justify the statement ? or explain the
significance of the northern mountain?
 These mountain played an important role in moulding climate and human life in India.
 It protect us from foreign invasion from the north since ancient times
 Blocks the monsoon winds and cause rainfall throughout North India.
 Prevent the dry cold winds blowing from the north from entering India during winter
 Caused the emergence of flora & Fauna  Source region of rivers
2. List the differences between the peninsular and Himalayan rivers .
Himalayan rivers Peninsular rivers
 Originate from Himalayan mountain  Originate from the mountain ranges in the
[Eg. Indus, Ganga Brahmaputra ] peninsular plateau [Eg: Mahanadi, Godavari,
Krishna, Kaveri, Narmada , Tapti ]
 Extensive catchment area  Comparatively smaller catchment area
 Intensive erosion  Intensity of erosion is less
 Create gorges in the mountain region and take  Do not create deep valleys
meandering course in the plains
 High irrigation potential  Less irrigation potential
 Navigable along the plains  Navigation potential is low
 Flowing throughout the year  Dried out in summer

3. Rivers in India ORBIT Success-point KONDOTTY

4. Peninsular Rivers
West flowing :- Narmada, Tapti
East flowing :- Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna, Kaveri
5. “The northern plains are the backbone of the Indian economy.” Write your inferences by analyzing
the statement? OR Northern plaints are densely populated. Give reasons?
The Northern plain is formed as a result of the continuous deposition by the Himalayan rivers for
thousands of years.
 Extensive alluvial plain  Highly fertile soil  Variety of crops are cultivated here
 It is one of the most densely or populated regions in the world
 The network of roads, rails and canals are largely concentrated here because of the flat surface.

6. Write a short note on Peninsular Plateau?

 It made of hard crystalline rocks
 It includes variety of topography such as mountains, plateaus and valleys
 Highest peak in this regions is the Anamudi (Idukki – 2695m)
 It holds numerous deposits of diverse minerals (Store house of minerals)
 Major portion of Deccan plateau has been formed by the cooling of lava
 Black soil is extensively found in this regions. As this soil is best suited for cotton cultivation, it is
known as black cotton soil.
7. Coastal plains of India

8. Write the factors influencing the climate of India.

 Latitude  Physiography  Nearness to Ocean  Altitude

9. Seasons in India
a) Winter Seasons
 India experiences winter when the position of the sun is over the southern hemisphere
 Snowfall is a common phenomenon
 Days are generally warm and nights are severely cold in North India
 The cyclones originating in the Mediterranean sea causes winter rainfall in the northern plains.
It is much beneficial for the winter crops.
b) Summer Season
 Temperature in North India is very high compared to the southern region
 India experience summer when the sun is over the northern hemisphere
 Loo, Mango showers, Kalbaisakhi etc are some local winds experienced in India during this
season.
c) South west Monsoon
 When the sun is over the northern hemisphere North Indian regions experience intense low
pressure owing to the high pressure over the oceans wind blows from Indian Ocean to India.
 The Arabian Sea branch of southwest monsoon wind reaches the coast of Kerala by early June
causes heavy rainfall here
 The Bay of Bengal Branch of the Monsoon advances northward and causes heavy rainfall there
d) Northeast Monsoon Season (Retreating Monsoon)
 Intense high pressure over the Indian ocean causes wind to blow from India to Indian ocean
 It is a transition period between the rainy season and the forth coming winter
 The days are unbearable due to high temperature and humidity (October heat)
 It causes rainfall along coromandal coast. This is the main rainy season of Tamil Nadu.

10. Distribution of rainfall in India

Differences :- High & low (eg: Kerala & Rajasthan)
Reasons :- Physiography,nearness of the ocean,diretion of wind,wastness of the area,distance from the
sea.
11. Why India is a land of diversities ?
Because of the difference in physiography, climate, life style, culture, flora & fauna, natural resource
ORBIT Kondotty Physics Easy Notes Vol: 2
4. Power Transmission And Distribution
ORBIT Success-point KONDOTTY
5. HEAT
 6. COLOURS OF LIGHT

ORBIT Success-point KONDOTTY

ORBIT Kondotty X Chemistry Easy Notes Vol:2

4. Reactivity Series and Electrochemistry

5. Metallurgy
6. Naming of Organic compounds
4. KEEPING DISEASES AWAY
A. Communicable [Contagious] Diseases

BACTERIUM FUNGUS
VIRUS
Structure:- Unicellular organisms Structure:- Non green plants like
Structure:- Only a DNA/RNA with in a protein
coat . No cell organelles. with out a definite nucleus (prokaryote) Action:- The toxins produced by them cause diseases.
Action:- Multiply by undertaking genetic control of Action:- They multiply through cell division and the
Fungal diseases and mode of spread :-
the host cell. toxins released by metabolism kill or disrupt
the living cells. * Ringworm (Round, red blisters on the skin)
Viral diseases and mode of spread :- - spread through contact.
* AIDS, Ebola - through body fluids Bacterial diseases and mode of spread :- * Athlets foot (Reddish scaly rashes that cause itching
* Chickenpox, SARS – through air. * Cholera, Typhoid - contaminated water
on the sole of the foot and between the toes)
- through wounds
* Chikungunya, Dengue fever - through mosquitoes. * Tetanus - spread through contact with contaminated
- through air
* Rabies (േപ) - through other animals * Tuberculosis water and soil.
* Anthrax - contact with animals
* Botulism (food poisoning) - through stale food
* Gonorrhoea, Syphilis - through sexual contact PROTOZOAN
AIDS
(Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome) Structure :- Unicellular eukaryotes.
Tuberculosis
Action :- Their toxins destroy the cells. Some of them
Pathogen :- HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus)
destroy blood cells.
Spread: - Through body fluids. Pathogen :- Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Malaria
Spread:- Through air. Pathogen :- Plasmodium species.
- By sharing needle and syringe
Mainly affects the lungs. Spread:- Through anopheles mosquitoes.
- Through unprotected sexual contact. Also affect the kidneys, bone,
- From HIV infected mother to her foetus. Symptoms :- High fever with shivering, profuse
joints, brain etc.
Does not spread by touch, kiss, saliva, food, sweating, headache...
coughing, sneezing, insects, sharing toilets etc. Symptoms :- Loss of body weight, fatigue,
persistent cough.
Action :- HIV multiplies using genetic mechanism of Treatment:- Using antibiotics. FILARIAL WORM
lymphocytes and hence the number of Vaccine :- BCG.
lymphocytes decreases considerably. This Filariasis
condition of reduced immunity, any pathogen Spread:- Through culex mosquitoes.
can easily affect the body Symptoms:- Swelling in the lymph ducts in legs by the
obstruction in the flow of lymph.
 B. Non-pathogenic Diseases
Genetic diseases Animal diseases
Life style diseases
* Haemophilia Bacterial diseases : Anthrax, Inflammation of udder.
Caused by our unhealthy living style.
Due to defect of genes, defective synthesis Viral disease : Foot & mouth disease.
(synthetic food items, fast food etc, lack of physical
of one of the proteins that enables blood
exercise, mental stress, bad habits like consumption of
coagulation. alcohol, drug abuse or smoking etc.)
Excessive bleeding even from small wounds
as blood does not clot Diabetes :- Deficiency or malfunction of insulin.
Temporary relief is possible by injecting the
Plant diseases
Fatty liver :- Deposition of excess fat in the liver.
deficient protein to patient.
Patients need special care and attention. Stroke :- Rupture of blood vessels or block of blood Bacterial diseases : Blight disease of paddy,
flow in brain. Wilt disease of brinjal.
* Sickle cell Anaemia (അരിവാള േരാഗം) Hypertension :- Thickening of artery wall by fat Viral disease : Mosaic disease in peas and tapioca,
Due to the defect of genes, deformities occur deposition. Bunchy top of banana.
Fungal diseases : Quick wilt in pepper,
in the sequencing of amino acids of haemoglobin, Heart attack :- Block of blood flow due to fat
and RBCs become sickle shaped. deposition in the coronary arteries. Bud rot of coconut.
Oxygen carrying capacity of red
blood cells decreases. Such
patients will be anaemic and Smoking related health problems
weaken.
• Affect to nervous system to cause stroke,
addiction to nicotine etc. ORBIT Success-point KONDOTTY
Cancer • Affect to respiratory system to cause lung
cancer, bronchitis, emphysema etc.
The condition by which uncontrolled division of cells • Affect to circulatory system to cause
and their spread to other tissues occur. hypertension, loss of elasticity of arteries and
Reasons :- Environmental factors, smoking, decreased functioning of heart.
radiations, viruses, hereditary factors and
alterations in genetic material may lead to the
transformation of normal cells in to cancer cells.
Treatment :- Surgery, Chemotherapy, radiation
therapy.
Early diagnosis of cancer is important in the treatment
5 . SOLDIERS OF DEFENSE
A. DEFENSE MECHANISMS IN OUR BODY

Non specific defense S pecific defense

First level Second level
defense mechanisms action of lymphocytes
defense mechanisms
destroy the pathogens that entered the body
Action of
prevent the entry pathogens 1.- Inflammatory Response
B Lymphocytes
1. Skin :- The outer most keratin layer of the skin The dilation of the blood vessels by certain
prevents germs from entering it. chemicals, when a cut or wound occur, blood
- Sebum and some acids in the skin are also flow increases to the wound site and more white
disinfectants. B lymphocytes, (which mature in the bone marrow)
blood cells can reach there. produce antibodies, which destroy germs by
2. Mucus and cilia in the respiratory tract prevent and 2. Action of WBCs :-
wipe out germs and dust. disintegrating their cell membrane, neutralise their
* Neutrophils - Engulfs and destroys bacteria,
3. Cough and sneezing to expel foreign bodies. toxins and stimulate the other white blood cells.
Produces chemicals against bacteria
4. Ear wax and hairs prevent the entry of substances. * Basophils -Stimulates the other white
5. The enzyme, lysozyme, in the tears and saliva, blood cells, Dilates the blood vessels.
destroy germs. Action of
* Eosinophils - Destroys foreign bodies.
6. HCl in the stomach fight against germs. Produces chemicals for inflammatory T Lymphocytes
response.
* Monocytes - Engulfs and destroys germs. T lymphocytes,(which mature in the thymus gland)
3. Blood clotting stimulate the other white blood cells and destroy
Phagocytosis - Tissues of the wounded part degenerate to form cancer cells as well as virus affected cells.
[the process of engulfing and destroying germs an enzyme, thromboplastin.
by certain white blood cells (phagocytes)] - With calcium ions and vitamin K, thromboplastin
converts prothrombin to thrombin.
- Thrombin converts fibrinogen to fibrin.
- Phagocyte reach near the - In the fibrin net, RBCs and plateletes entangled to
pathogen. form the blood clot.
- Engulfs the pathogen 4. Healing of wounds
in the membrane sac. (When connective tissues form to heal the wound,
- Membrane sac combines scar remains there)
with lysosome. 5. Fever
Toxins of pathogens stimulate WBC to produce
- The enzyme in the lysosome
chemicals for raising body temperature.
destroys the pathogen.
Fever prevents the rapid multiplication of bacteria
- Phagocyte expels the remnants. and increases the effect of phagocytosis.
 B. TREATMENT OF DISEASE C. VACCINES
for Induced Immunity
Systems of medicine * Blood Transfusion
Carl Landsteiner proposed A,B,AB, O blood Vaccines are substances,given in advance to
• Allopathy (Modern Medicine) prevent certain diseases.
grouping on the basis of A, B antigens seen on the
• Ayurveda (A life style to maintain the body fit. surface of the RBC. Dead, inactive, alive but neutralized germs or toxins
Majority of medicines are herbal. Indian) Those blood with Rh factor (antigen D) on the are used as vaccines. By the presence of these
surface of RBC are termed as positive group blood antigens, lymphocytes become activated and
• Homeopathy produce antibodies. These antibodies remain in the
and those with out Rh are termed as negative group
• Unani etc. blood. body for long time to provide immunity against
If blood is not compatible, the antigen in the antigens.
Diagnosis received blood will react with the antibody in the
recipient's blood of so as to clot RBC Components in the vaccine Diseases
- Lab tests (blood, urine …) (agglutination). Killed germs Cholera, Rabies
- Equipments (Stethoscope, sphygmomanometer,
ECG, EEG, Ultra Sound Scanner, CT Blood Antigen Antibody Whom can Alive, but neutralized germs Typhoid, Measles
Scanner, MRI Scanner, ...) group present possible receive Neutralized toxins Tetanus, Diphtheria
A+ A, Rh b A+, A-, O+, O- Cellular parts of germs Hepatitis B
Therapy
A- A b A-, O-
[ Smallpox vaccine , the first vaccine, was invented
* Using Antibiotics B+ B, Rh a B+, B-, O+, O- the scientist Edward Jenner.]
Antibiotics are effective medicines used to resist B a B-, O-
B-
bacterial diseases. D. Defense Mechanisms
The first antibiotics -penicillin – was synthesized by AB+ A, B, Rh nil All groups in Plants
Alexander Fleming (in 1928). AB- A, B nil All, except O+ • Bark protects the inner cells.
Side effects: O+ Rh a, b O+, O- • Cuticle on the epidermis of leaves, defends the
attack of microorganisms.
- Regular use develops immunity in pathogens O- ഇല a, b O- • Cell wall, made up of cellulose, is rigid coat by
against antibiotics.
the deposition of lignin, cutin or suberin.
- Destroy useful bacteria in the body.
- Reduces the quantity of certain vitamins in the Donating blood is not harmful to our health, instead it • Callose, a poly saccharide, prevents
body. is a noble deed. the germs which have crossed the cell wall.
* Radiation Therapy (for cancer and eye disease)
* Surgery ORBIT Success-point KONDOTTY
* Transplantation of organs
 6. UNRAVELLING GENETIC MYSTERIES
1. Why is Gregor Johann Mendel known as 'the Father of Genetics' ?
The inferences from his hybridization experiments in pea plants from 1856 to 1863 led to the foundation of
Hereditary science or Genetics. So Gregor Mendel is called as the founding father of genetics.
2. What were the traits considered by Gregor Mendel for his hybridization experiments in pea plants ?
- Height of the plant (tall – dwarf) - Position of the flowers (terminal - axial)
- Shape of the seeds (round – wrinkled) - Colour of seeds (green - yellow)
- Colour of flowers (purple – white) - Shape of the pods (inflated - constricted)
- Colour of the fruits (yellow - green)
3. Illustration of Mendel's experiment on garden pea considering one pair of contrasting characters (tallness-
dwarfness)

Tall parent plant Dwarf parent plant

TT tt
T t

First generation - Tall plants

Tt
(self pollination)

T t (self pollination of the first generation)

T TT Tt
t Tt tt
Second generation- Tall and dwarf plants
in 3:1 ratio

4. Illustration of Mendel's experiment considering a pair of contrasting characters of

two traits. (tallness- dwarfness and red flower- white flower)

Tall parent plant with Dwarf parent plant with

red flowers white flowers 5. The main inferences of
TTRR ttrr Gregor Mendel that
tr paved the way for
TR
the emergence of
Genetics ?
First generation - Tall plants with red flowers * A trait is controlled by the
TtRr combination of two factors.
(self pollination) * One character is expressed
(dominant character) and
the other remains hidden
TR Tr tR tr (recessive character)
TR TTRR TTRr TtRR TtRr in the first generation.
* The character which remains
Tr TTRr TTrr TtRr Ttrr hidden in the first
tR TtRR TtRr ttRR ttRr generation appears in the
second generation.
tr TtRr Ttrr ttRr ttrr * The ratio of the dominant and
Second generation - tall with red flowers :9 recessive characters in the
- tall with white flowers : 3 second generation is 3:1 .
- dwarf with red flowers : 3
- dwarf with white flowers:1
6. The hereditary factors, first described by Gregor Mendel, are now known as ------ ?
Genes. Genes are the specific parts of DNA that control metabolic activities and responsible for specific
characteristic feature of any organism.
Alleles are the different forms of a gene that controls a trait.
7. How many chromosomes are seen in each cell of human being ?
46 (23 pairs) chromosomes.
Out of which, 44 (22 pairs) are autosomes or somatic chromosomes and 2 (one pair) are
sex chromosomes. 44+XX is female and 44+XY is male
8. Comparison between the two nucleic acids, DNA and RNA.

DNA RNA
Number of strand 2 1
Type of sugar deoxyribose ribose
Nitrogen bases Adenine, thymine, Adenine, uracil,
cytosine, guanine cytosine, guanine PO4
9. Define a nucleic acid.
Nucleotides are the basic units of nucleic acids, (DNA, RNA).
A nuleotide is made up of a nitrogen base, a sugar molecule and a phosphate group. NB
S
10. Who proposed the double helix model of DNA ?
James Watson and Francis Crick (1953)
-- Chromosome
11. Explain the Watson-Crick model of DNA. – part of DNA
Chromosome contains DNA and it is made up of several nucleotides.
DNA is a double helical structured molecule. The two long strands of DNA
contain deoxyribose sugar and phosphate groups and its steps are made of
pairs of nitrogen bases. The nitrogen base, adenine pairs with thymine
and the nitrogen base, cytosine pairs with guanine.
In other words, DNA molecule is made up of four kinds of
nucleotides, namely adenine nucleotide, thymine nucleotide,
cytosine nucleotide and guanine nucleotide.
12. How do genes act ? Nucleotides
Genes, which are the specific parts of DNA, act through synthesizing
proteins. Different types of RNA involve in this process. Proteins are formed
in the ribosomes.
13. The stages of protein synthesis of DNA (The action of genes) ?
DNA
- DNA unwinds and mRNA forms.
- mRNA reaches outside the nucleus.
- mRNA reaches ribosomes.
- Based on the information in mRN, amino acids are transferred
to ribosomes by tRNA. mRNA
- Ribosomes bind amino acids to form protein molecule. Ribosome
14. What are the reasons for variations in organisms ?
Crossing over and mutation in chromosomes.
15. Define the term 'crossing over'. How does crossing over cause
variations ?
The process of pairing of chromosome and exchanging their parts, during the initial phase of
meiosis, is called crossing over. As a result of this, part of one DNA becomes the part of
another DNA, causing a difference in the normal distribution of genes. This may causes
expression of new characters (variations) in the offsprings.
16. Define mutation.
Mutation is a sudden inheritable change in the genetic constitution of an organism. It may occur due to
the defects in the duplication of DNA, certain chemicals, radiations etc. Certain mutations are harmful while
certain others are helpful for survival of the organism. ORBIT Success-point KONDOTTY
 7. GENETICS FOR THE FUTURE
1. What is genetic engineering ?
Genetic engineering is a technology that controls traits of organisms by bringing about desirable changes
in their genetic constitution.Genetic modification in organism is done by cutting or joining specific genes,
using certain enzymes. This process is known as genetic engineering.
2.Mention how gene technology becomes beneficial for our sustenance ?
- Organisms producing insulin and other medicines - Remedy of genetic diseases and Gene therapy
- High productive and disease resistant varieties - Food crops
- DNA finger printing - Conservation of nature

3. Describe the stages in the production of human insulin bacteria through the process of genetic engineering.
- From human DNA, cut the gene responsible for Human DNA
the production of insulin. Bacterial DNA
- This gene is joined with bacterial DNA (plasmid),
which is used as the 'vector' Plasmid
– Insert the joined DNA in the bacterial cell. Gene for insulin
–
4. Genetic scissor : Restriction endonuclease,
Genetic glue : -------------- ? [ Ligase ]
5. DNA profiling (DNA testing) ?
The technology of testing the arrangement of nucleotides in the
DNA of persons is called DNA profiling or DNA finger printing
Alec Jeffrey developed of DNA finger printing.
The arrangement of nucleotides in the DNA of each person differs is the basic principle behind this.
DNA finger printing is helpful to find out hereditary characteristics, to identify real parents in the case of
parental dispute and also to identify persons found after a long periods of missing.

6. Pharm animals ?
Genes responsible for the production of human insulin and growth hormones etc. are identified and
inserted in animals like cow or pig to transform them in to 'pharm animals' (animals providing
pharmaceuticals or medicines). Medicines thus produced can be extracted from the blood or milk of such
animals.
7. The sum of genetic material present in an organism is called its --------- ?
Genome
[ The human genome includes about 30,000 genes present in his 46 chromosomes ]
8. Define the term 'junk genes'.
Majority of our genes seen in the chromosomes are non functional and is known as 'junk genes'.

9. What is 'Human Genome Project'.

The human genome includes about 30000 genes present in his 46 chromosomes. The
secret of human genome is revealed through a project, known as the Human Genome
Project started in 1990 and ended in 2003 in various laboratories of the world.
The Gene mapping technology helped us to identify the location of a gene in the DNA.
10. What is gene mapping ?
Gene mapping is a technology by which we can locate a specific gene in the DNA responsible for a
particular trait.
11. What is gene therapy ? How is it beneficial to mankind ?
Gene therapy is the method of curing genetic diseases by removing disease causing genes from the
genome and inserting normal functional genes. Gene therapy is beneficial for the sustenance of humankind.

12. What are the possibilities to misuse gene technology ?

It is criticized that genetically modified varieties are threat to indigenous varieties and may cause health
issues to human. There are possibilities to use the genetically modified organisms as 'bioweapons'.
ORBIT Success-point KONDOTTY
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1. Tangents to the circle is

perpendicular to the radius
through the point of 2. The tangents from an exterior
tangency . point to a circle and radii to the
points of tangency form a cyclic
quadrilateral.
 3. The angle between a chord
of a circle and the tangent at
one end of the chord
is equal to angle formed by
the chord in the other side of
the circle 4. Tangents from an exterior
point to a circle are equal.
If P A, P Bare the tangents then P A = P B

5. If a circle touches the

sides of a quadrilateral , 6. If P is an exterior point to a
that circle will be the circle , a line from P touches
incircle of the quadrilateral. the circle at T on the circle
Sum of the opposite sides and a line intersect the
of such quadrilateral are circle at A and B,
equal. then P A × P B = P T 2
In the figure ,ABCDis a quadrilateral having
incircle AB + CD = AD + BD. 7. The center of the circle which touches two lines will be a
point on the bisector of the angle between the lines . The
bisectors of the angles of a triangle passes through a
point. That point will be the incenter of the triangle
8.

9.

10.

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Square Pyramid
• A square pyramid has a square base and four lateral faces . The lateral faces can be isoceles
triangles or equilateral triangles. The sum of the areas of the these triangles is called lateral face
area of the pyramid.lateral face area is the half of the product of base perimeter and slant
height. The sum of the lateral face area and base area is called total surface area. Volume of the
pyramid is one third of the base area and height
• The slant height ,height and half of base edge form a right angle triangle Height , half of base
diagonal and lateral edge makes a right triangle. The slant height , half of base edge and lateral
edge form a right triangle
Cone
• Base is a circle . Lateral surface is curved . Sum of these two makes the total surface area.
Curved surface area is half the product of base pemimeter and slant height. Volume is one third
of the product ofbase area and height
• Slant height , radius and height form a right triangle
• A cone can be made by folding a sectoral sheet of paper . While doing so, the radius of the
sector becomes the slant height of the cone. The arc length of the sector becomes the base
parimeter of the cone. Area of the sector becomes curved surface area of the cone
• What fraction of the central angle of the sector is to 360◦ is equal to fraction of arc length of
the sector to the perimeter of the circle from which sector is taken off .
Sphere and Hemisphere
• A sphere has only one face. Its basic measure is radius . Curved surface area is the product of
4π and the square of radius . Volume of the sphere is 4/3 πr3
• A solid hemisphre has a curved surface and a circular plane surface. Curved surface area of
the hemisphere is 2πr2 , total surface area 3πr2 , volume is 2/3 πr3
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