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Field Theory - Summary

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14 views3 pages

Field Theory - Summary

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nexus.saraninternational
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Summary

1. Every particle that possesses mass is attracting every other particle that
possesses mass. This attractive force is gravitational attraction.
2. Two particles having masses m1 and m2, separated by a distance ‘r’ attract each
𝐺𝑚 𝑚
other by a force of magnitude 𝑟12 2 , where ‘G’ is universal gravitation constant.

3. G = 6.67x10-11 Nm2kg-2
−𝐺𝑚1 𝑚2 𝑟⃗21
4. 𝐹⃗21 = |𝑟⃗21 |3
, Where 𝑟⃗21 = 𝑟⃗2 − 𝑟⃗1= position vector of particle 2 with respect
to particle 1.

5. Every particle creates ‘field’ in its surrounding through which it is able to interact
with other particles present nearby. This field is called Gravitational field.
6. The field of each particle extends up to infinity irrespective of the mass of the
particle.

7. The gravitational field intensity at a point P (𝑔⃗𝑃 ) in space is defined as the


gravitational force experienced by a particle of unit mass kept at P.
8. Gravitational field intensity due to common objects

object Figure Gravitational field intensity


Particle 𝐺𝑚
𝑔𝑃 = 2
𝑟

Uniform wire/rod of 𝑔𝑃 = 2𝐺𝜆/𝑟


infinite length
uniform arc

𝜙
2𝐺𝜆 sin( 2 )
𝑔𝐶 =
𝑅

uniform hollow sphere 𝑔 =0, 𝑟<𝑅


𝐺𝑀
, 𝑟 ≥𝑅
𝑟2

uniform solid sphere 𝐺𝑀𝑟


𝑔= , 𝑟<𝑅
𝑅3
𝐺𝑀
, 𝑟 ≥𝑅
𝑟2

9. Acceleration due to gravity of earth is calculated under following assumptions


a. Earth is assumed to have same density throughout
b. Earth is has a perfect spherical shape.
c. the effect of rotation of Earth has been ignored.

Under these assumptions, we get


𝐺𝑀𝑒
i. ‘g’ at surface as 𝑔𝑠 = 𝑅𝑒2

𝐺𝑀𝑒 2ℎ
ii. ‘g’ at height ‘h’ as 𝑔ℎ = (𝑅𝑒 +ℎ)2
= 𝑔𝑠 (1 − 𝑅 ) , 𝑖𝑓 ℎ ≪ 𝑅𝑒
𝑒

𝑑
iii. ‘g’ at depth ‘d’ as 𝑔𝑑 = 𝑔𝑠 (1 − 𝑅 )
𝑒

10. If rotation of Earth is considered, then expression for ‘g’ becomes


𝐺𝑀𝑒
𝑔𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 = − 𝜔𝑒2 𝑅𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜆
𝑅𝑒2

11. Gravitational potential at a point P is defined as the amount of work done by an


external agent in transferring unit mass from infinity to P without changing the
kinetic energy of the unit mass.
12. Gravitational potential (V) due a particle of mass ‘m’ at a point P which is at a
−𝐺𝑚
distance ‘r’ from it is 𝑉 = 𝑟

13. Gravitational potential due to some common objects is given below.

Object Gravitational potential


−𝐺𝑀
𝑉𝑃 =
On axis of a ring √𝑥 2 + 𝑅 2

−𝐺𝑀
𝑉= , 𝑟<𝑅
a uniform hollow sphere 𝑟
−𝐺𝑀
, 𝑟 ≥𝑅
𝑟
2 2
−𝐺𝑀[3𝑅 − 𝑟 ]
𝑉= , 𝑟<𝑅
2𝑅 3
a uniform solid sphere −𝐺𝑀
, 𝑟 ≥𝑅
𝑟2

14. The gravitational potential energy U (also referred to as interaction energy)


between one object and a particle is a measure of the amount of work that an
external agent is required to do to bring the particle very slowly from infinity to its
current site.
𝑈 = 𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑎𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝑋 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑒
15. The minimum speed that is to be imparted to a particle so that it may go to
infinite distance from a planet is called the escape speed ( denoted by V e)
16. Important points regarding escape speed
a) Escape speed is independent of mass of particle projected.
b) It is dependent on the point of projection. Farther the point of projection
from the centre of planet, lesser will be the escape speed.
c) Escape speed is independent of direction of projection.
d) The total mechanical energy of planet-particle system after escape speed
has been given to particle, is zero.
17. Escape speed from surface of Earth is 11.2 km/s. The presence of atmosphere
has been ignored in arriving at above value.

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