IOT-ENABLED PRECISION

AGRICULTURE: ENHANCING

CROP HEALTH AND WATER

EFFICIENCY

A PROJECT REPORT
(PHASE II)
Submitted by

BHARANI.S.A (20EC008)
DHIVYADHARSHINI.V (20EC015)
MONIKKA.B (20EC045)
NADHIYA.R (20EC046)

In partial fulfillment for the award of the degree

of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
In

ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION

ENGINEERING
NANDHA ENGINEERING COLLEGE, ERODE-52

(Autonomous)

(Affiliated to Anna University, Chennai)

MAY 2024
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The success of a work depends on team effort and co-operation of various

people involved either directly or indirectly.
We express our sincere thanks to our beloved Chairman of Sri Nandha
Educational Trust Thiru.V.Shanmugan, and our beloved Secretary,
Thiru.S.Thirumoorthi, of Nandha Engineering College for providing us all the
basic amenities to complete the course successfully.
We wish to express our deep sense of gratitude and thanks to our beloved
Principal Dr.U.S.Ragupathy for the excellent facilities provided during the
course study and project work.
We wish to express our hearty thanks to Dr.S.Kavitha, Professor and Dean,
Department of ECE for providing Continuous support during the project work.
We are highly indebted to our project guide Dr.S.Kavitha, Professor and
Dean, Department of ECE, for her guidance and motivation in completing the
project.
We would like to express our special thanks and gratitude to the Project
Coordinator Dr.R.Murugasami, Associate Professor, Department of ECE for
providing effective suggestions and necessary information throughout the
project work.
We thank all the teaching and non-teaching staff members of Electronics and
Communication Engineering Department for their support to our project work.
We also express our thanks to our family members and friends for their
encouragement, timely help and suggestions.

ii
 ABSTRACT

Internet of things (IOT) is a device used to connect and exchange the data
among IOT device and the cloud through internet. The existing system works with the
integration of IOT technology to control the agricultural systems. The main drawback
is integrating IOT for dynamic irrigation could incur high initial cost, potentially
limiting accessibility for farmers. The proposed work utilizes various sensors to
prevent the crop diseases and manage irrigation. This approach not only enhances
efficiency but also contributes to enhanced fields. The proposed method utilizes
various sensors such as humidity, water level, wind flow, moisture, LM35, and NPK
sensors, along with a PIC microcontroller and relay 1 for controlling a fertilizer pump,
and relay 2 for a water pump, all interconnected through an LCD and IOT. All
these sensors are connected to Pic Controller it collects the data according to
climate and sends to the relay. It passes the data to the cloud and it is saved for
every 15 seconds. Thus, the automation of irrigation and fertilizer provide the best
possible care and resources for crop growth. Since the data can be accessed from
anywhere.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER NO TITLE PAGE NO

ABSTRACT iii

LIST OF FIGURES vi

1. INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 INTERNET OF THINGS (IOT) 3

1.2 OBJECTIVE 4

1.3 TECHNOLOGY AND PROTOCOLS 5

2. LITREATURE SURVEY 6

3. EXISTING SYSTEM 16

3.1 DRAWBACKS OF EXISTING SYSTEM 17

4. PROPOSED SYSTEM 18

4.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM 18

4.2 HARDWARE DESCRIPTION 20

4.2.1 PIC Controller 20

4.2.2 SENSORS 21

4.2.2.1 Humidity Sensor 21

4.2.2.2 Water Level Sensor 22

4.2.2.3 Wind Flow Sensor 22

iv
 4.2.2.4 Moisture Sensor 23

4.2.2.5 LM35 24

4.2.2.6 NPK Sensor 25

4.2.3 ESP8266 27

4.2.4 Power Supply 28

4.2.5 Relay Driver 31

4.2.6 LCD 32

4.3 SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION 33

4.3.1 Pickit-2 33

4.3.2 PIC C Compiler 34

4.3.3 Thingspeak-Web Software 35

5 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 36

6 CONCLUSION 43

REFERENCES 44

v
 LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE NO TITLE PAGE NO

3.1 Pin diagram of the sensor node 16

4.1 Proposed block diagram of IoT enabled 18

system for crop health and water efficiency

4.2 PIC Controller 20

4.3 Humidity sensor 21

4.4 Moisture sensor 24

4.5 LM35 25

4.6 Soil NPK sensor 26

4.7 ESP8266 28

4.8 Power supply 29

4.9 Relay 31

4.10 LCD 32

4.11 Thingspeak-web software 35

5.1(a) Proposed system of IOT enabled system 36

for crop health and water efficiency

5.1(b) Over view of the proposed system 36

5.2 Value of temperature 37

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5.3 Analysis of temperature 37

5.4 Detector Readouts 38

5.5 Analysis of Humidity 38

5.6 Reading value of wind flow 39

5.7 Analysis of wind flow 39

5.8 Detector of Moisture level 40

5.9 Output of moisture level 40

5.10 Water Outflow 41

5.11 Analysis of Water Level 41

5.12 Dispensed fertilizer 42

5.13 Analysis of NPK Concentration 42

vii
 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Agriculture has been the backbone of human civilization since its existence,
providing food and livelihood for millions of people around the world. However, with the
growing population and global changes in climate patterns, the task of sustainable
agriculture has become incredibly challenging.
To meet the increasing demand for food, there is an urgent need to adopt modern
and innovative technologies that can help manage agricultural systems more efficiently.
One such technology that has emerged as a game-changer in the field of agriculture is the
Internet of Things (IoT).
IoT is a network of interconnected devices, sensors, and other smart objects that can
communicate with each other through the internet. These devices collect and exchange
data, allowing for real-time monitoring, analysis, and control of various processes in
different industries, including agriculture.
The integration of IoT in agricultural systems has led to the development of smart
agriculture, also known as precision or digital farming.
By harnessing the capabilities of IoT, farmers can monitor and manage various
aspects of their agricultural systems, such as soil moisture, temperature, and nutrition
content, remotely and in real-time. This enables them to make data-driven decisions for
efficient resource management and optimal crop production.
The benefits of implementing IoT in agriculture are manifold. It allows for more
precise and accurate monitoring of crops, soil, and weather conditions, leading to better
predictions and management strategies.
By utilizing IoT-enabled sensors, farmers can gather data on soil fertility and crop
health across their entire farmland, rather than just a small portion, as done in traditional
farming methods.
With the help of IoT-powered irrigation systems, for example, water can be
delivered directly to the plants' roots, reducing water loss and increasing water-use
efficiency.

1
 Similarly, by utilizing smart fertilizer systems, farmers can apply nutrients in the
right quantities and at the right time, ensuring maximum uptake by the plants and
minimizing excess application, which can be harmful to the environment.
In addition to improving agricultural efficiency, IoT also has the potential to
optimize harvesting and post-harvest processes.
For instance, IoT-enabled devices can monitor and track the storage conditions of
produce, such as temperature and humidity levels, ensuring that they are maintained at
optimal levels to prevent spoilage.
IoT-powered supply chain management systems can also provide real-time data on
the location, quantity, and quality of produce, allowing for better planning and decision-
making, ultimately reducing waste and increasing profit.

Another significant advantage of IoT in agriculture is its ability to improve

sustainability and environmental conservation. By utilizing IoT sensors, farmers can
closely monitor and manage their energy consumption, reducing their carbon footprint.

Moreover, IoT-powered precision farming practices can help reduce the use of
harmful chemicals, promoting sustainable and organic farming methods. The efficient
management of resources through IoT can ensure food availability for the growing
population, mitigating the effects of food insecurity and poverty.

However, despite the numerous benefits of IoT in agriculture, there are also
challenges that need to be addressed for successful implementation.

The initial investment and maintenance cost of IoT devices can be a barrier for
small-scale farmers, especially in developing countries. Moreover, the lack of access to
reliable internet connectivity in rural areas can also hinder the adoption of IoT in
agriculture.

2
1.1 INTERNET OF THINGS (IoT)

1.1.1 IoT Overview

The ‘Thing’ in IOT can be any device with any kind of built-in-sensors with the
ability to collect and transfer data over a network without manual intervention.
The embedded technology in the object helps them to interact with internal states
and the external environment, which in turn helps in decisions making process.
IoT is a concept that connects all the devices to the internet and let them
communicate with each other over the internet. IoT is a giant network of connected
devices – all of which gather and share data about how they are used and the
environments in which they are operated.
Similarly, a room temperature sensor gathers the data and sends it across the
network, which is then used by multiple device sensors to adjust their temperatures
accordingly.
For example, refrigerator’s sensor can gather the data regarding the outside
temperature and accordingly adjust the refrigerator’s temperature. Similarly, your air
conditioners can also adjust its temperature accordingly. This is how devices can
interact, contribute & collaborate.
IoT systems allow users to achieve deeper automation, analysis, and integration
within a system. They improve the reach of these areas and their accuracy. IOT utilizes
existing and emerging technology for sensing, networking and robotics.
IoT has numerous applications across various industries, including smart homes,
smart cities, healthcare, agriculture, transportation, manufacturing, and environmental
monitoring. For example, IoT devices can automate home appliances, optimize energy
usage in buildings, track and monitor health parameters, improve crop yields through
precision agriculture, enhance transportation systems, and monitor and control industrial
processes.

3
OBJECTIVE

➢ To develop a comprehensive and automated agricultural management system by

utilizing advanced sensors, controllers, and IoT technology. To increase crop
production and sustainability by closely monitoring key parameters and making
informed decisions about irrigation and fertilizer application.

➢ To improve efficiency and reduce resource wastage by implementing remote

monitoring and control of agricultural systems through IoT integration.

➢ By effectively utilizing these technologies, farmers can optimize their irrigation

and fertilization practices, resulting in improved crop growth and higher yields.

4
1.2 TECHNOLOGY AND PROTOCOLS
IOT Connectivity

Implement Internet of Things (IoT) connectivity to enable communication between

the wheelchair system and other devices, facilitating remote monitoring, updates, and data
exchange.

Microcontroller/Processor

Use a powerful microcontroller or processor to process gesture data, execute control

algorithms, and manage the overall functionality of the smart agricultural system.
Microcontrollers are programmed to perform specific tasks using low-level
programming languages such as C or assembly language. Developers write software
known as firmware, which is then compiled and loaded onto the microcontroller's
memory.

Wireless Communication

Incorporate wireless communication protocols like Bluetooth or Wi-Fi for seamless

connectivity between the wheelchair and other devices, allowing for remote control and
monitoring.

Wi-Fi

Employ Wi-Fi for broader connectivity options, enabling integration with home
networks and facilitating communication with other IoT devices and services. Wi-Fi
enables devices like smartphones, laptops, tablets, smart TVs, and IoT devices to connect
to the internet and communicate with each other without the need for physical cables. It
uses radio frequency signals to transmit data wirelessly between devices and network
access points.

5
 CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE SURVEY
2.1 Rapid drought stress detection in plants using bio impedance measurements and
Analysis, Volume 1, Issue 2,2023
Smart farming is the targeted use of phenotyping for the rapid, continuous, and
accurate assessment of plant health in the field. Bio impedance monitoring can play a role
in smart farming as a phenotyping method, which is now accessible thanks to recent
efforts to commoditize and miniaturize electronics. Here, we demonstrate that bio
impedance measurements reflect the physiological changes in live plant tissue with
induced alterations in their environmental conditions. where the low frequency bio
impedance measurements increased by 25% within one hour. These preliminary results
suggest that bioimpedance can function as a phenotyping tool for continuous and real
time monitoring of plant stress to allow the development of strategies to prevent damage
from environmental stresses such as drought.

2.2 Towards continuous real - time plant and insect monitoring by miniaturized
THz Systems, Volume 3, Issue 3,2023
In this paper, new concepts for continuous 24/7 real-time monitoring of plants and
insects with miniaturized terahertz (THz) systems are described and experimentally
tested. Thus, for the first time, small-scale insights into the instantaneous plant health but
also in their long-term growth can be obtained. Using such compact THz systems, e.g.
water uptake, insect infestation and the behavior of pollinators (i.e. honey bees) and pests
can be measured dynamically and non-invasively at virtually any position in the close
biotope surrounding them. In addition to general understanding, this can be used to
optimize crop yield and reduce resource consumption as well as for identifying
characteristics of insect-plant interactions induced by potential environmental stressors.

6
2.3 A plant wearable system for its health monitoring by intra and inter plant
Communication, Volume 1, Issue 2,2023
A step forward in smart agriculture is moving to direct monitoring plants and crops
instead of their environment. Understanding plant status is crucial in improving food
production and reducing the usage of water and chemicals in agriculture. Here, we
propose a “plant-wearable,” low-cost, and low-power method to measure in-vivo green
plant stem frequency as the indicator for plant watering stress status. Our method is based
on measuring the frequency of a digital signal obtained with a relaxation oscillator where
the plant is a part of the feedback loop. The frequency was correlated with the soil water
potential, used as a critical indicator of plant water stress, and an 85% correlation was
found. In this way, the measuring system matches all the requirements of smart
agriculture and Internet of Things (IoT): ultra-low-cost, low-complexity, ultra-low-
power, and small sizes, introducing the concept of wear ability in plant monitoring.

2.4 Internet of things and wireless sensor networks for smart agriculture
applications, Volume 11,2023
The increasing food scarcity necessitates sustainable agriculture achieved through
automation to meet the growing demand. Integrating the Internet of Things (IoT) and
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) is crucial in enhancing food production across various
agricultural domains, encompassing irrigation, soil moisture monitoring, fertilizer
optimization and control, early-stage pest and crop disease management, and energy
conservation. Embracing advanced technology is imperative to ensure efficient annual
production. Therefore, this study emphasizes a comprehensive, future-oriented approach,
delving into IoT-WSNs, wireless network protocols, and their applications in agriculture
since 2019. It thoroughly discusses the overview of IoT and WSNs, encompassing their
architectures and summarization of network protocols. Furthermore, the study addresses
recent issues and challenges related to IoT-WSNs and proposes mitigation strategies.

7
2.5 A framework for blockchain based agricultural food supply chains in the Era
of fourth industrial revolution, Volume 11,2023
Blockchain, smart contracts, and the Internet of Things (IoT) are essential
technologies for the business process re-engineering of supply chains in the era of
Industry 4.0. The agricultural food supply chain is one of the research areas where these
disruptive technologies can play a crucial role in automating business processes,
providing real-time goods monitoring, and securing transactions. With the help of
blockchain, smart contracts, and the IoT, a product’s health and environment can be
monitored throughout the supply chain. In this study, we have critically examined the
relevance of these technologies through various activities of the agriculture supply chain
using the approach of Business Process Modeling (BPM). This enabled us to introduce
the IoT, blockchain, and smart contract based smart agriculture framework.

2.6 Intelligent Data-driven desition support for agricultural systems -ID3SDS,

Volume 11,16.10.2023
The agricultural sector worldwide faces serious problems regarding water scarcity,
which demands innovative management methods to optimise water use. In response, we
propose the Intelligent Data-Driven Decision Support for Agricultural Systems
(ID3SAS) methodology, which offers a scalable, flexible, and cloud-based decision
support system for real-time supervision and control in agricultural environments.
Aligned with the prevailing trends of Agriculture 4.0, ID3SAS integrates data
acquisition, cloud-based storage, machine learning, predictive analysis, and run-time
reasoning to facilitate decision-making processes, thereby assisting users in making
more informed and sustainable decisions. In a case study with tomato plants, ID3SAS-
irrigated plants showed 20.9% reduction in water consumption and 26.4% increase in
crop production compared to traditional methods, highlights the methodology’s
promising potential in addressing water scarcity and enhancing agricultural productivity.

8
2.7 Real- time seed dedection and germination analysis in precision agriculture: A
fusion model with U-NET & CNN on jetson Nano, Volume 1,5.12.2023
Precision agriculture involves the strategic utilization of resources, precise
application of inputs, and continuous monitoring of crop health with the aim of enhancing
productivity and sustainability in the field of agriculture. However, seed quality is
difficult since natural differences among seed batches may affect germination rates, vigor,
and crop performance. Hence, in this article, a novel fusion model for seed detection and
germination is proposed. The proposed model combines the U-Net and CNN architectures
for seed segmentation and classification, respectively. By harnessing U-Net's capabilities
in image segmentation and CNN's strengths in classification, the proposed approach
enables effective seed germination analysis. In addition, the model is specifically
optimized for real-time processing and applications by implementing it on the NVIDIA
Jetson Nano embedded GPU platform.

2.8 SWAP -Smart water protocol for the irrigation of urban gardens in smart
cities,Volume 10,2022
The implementation of Smart City projects has experimented a surge in the recent
years with examples such as Smart Santander or Barcelona Smart City. Among the
different domains that comprise the Smart City, water management has a great
importance, more so in areas with water scarcity. Furthermore, water from different
sources such as treated sewage water or collected rainwater can be utilized to address
water needs where the use of potable water is not necessary. Therefore, the
implementation of smart systems for the irrigation of urban gardens and other urban
vegetated areas is of great importance to manage both water needs and the available
resources. In this paper, a communication protocol for smart irrigation systems designed
within the context of the Smart City is presented.

9
2.9 Informative path planning to estimate quantiles for environmental analysis,
Volume 7, Issue 4,2022
Scientists interested in studying natural phenomena often take physical specimens
from locations in the environment for later analysis. These analysis locations are typically
specified by expert heuristics. Instead, we propose to choose locations for scientific
analysis by using a robot to perform an informative path planning survey. The survey
results in a list of locations that correspond to the quantile values of the phenomenon of
interest. We test our approach in four different environments using previously collected
aquatic data and validate it in a field trial. Our proposed approach to estimate quantiles
has a 10.2% mean reduction in median error when compared to a baseline approach which
attempts to maximize spatial coverage. Additionally, when localizing these values in the
environment, we see a 15.7% mean reduction in median error when using cross-entropy
with our loss function compared to a baseline.

2.10 NSGA-2 optimized fuzzy inference system for crop plantation correctness index
Identification,Volume 7, Issue 1,2022
Advanced technology in agriculture can help to know about suitable environmental
conditions, soil health status, water and fertilizer requirements, and crop monitoring at
every plant growth stage, resulting in higher yield. In the past few decades, many
countries have witnessed different rain and temperature patterns due to change in
environmental conditions. The plantation schedule imparts mark-able effects on the crop
yield. The correct and well-planned schedule can result in getting maximum productivity
with limited resources. This study presents rule-based fuzzy classification method, for
predicting the sowing fuzziness based on environmental conditions. The proposed study
is a three-step procedure that identifies the sowing time of Cotton, Maize, and Groundnut.
First, the knowledge and rule base of the fuzzy inference system is designed. In the second
step rule base of the fuzzy inference system is optimized using multi-objective
evolutionary algorithm NSGA-2, which helps maximize the accuracy and minimize the
number of fuzzy rules taken for classification.

10
2.11 A cloud-based Framework for agricultural data integration: a top-down-
bottom-up approach, Volume 10,2022
In recent years, growing use of information technology (IT) and the big data
revolution in agriculture have led many farms to adopt precision agriculture methods and
to accumulate large amounts of data. Exploiting these data for effective decision support
requires the ability to integrate data from various sources, to conveniently analyze the
data, and to infer valuable insights. This paper presents a framework for integrating and
analyzing agricultural data from various sources, which leverages cloud-computing, , and
maintainability of the solution compared to existing solutions. The framework defines a
functional infrastructure of cloud-based services that facilitate integration, analysis, and
data visualization. These services can be either end-user applications or services intended
as a platform for creating new services. To design the framework’s architecture, top-down
and bottom-up approach method is used. Based on the top-down analysis of information
collected through interviews, questionnaires, and literature review, we defined an initial
architecture of the framework.

2.12 A systematic review on monitoring and advanced control strategies in smart

agriculture, Volume 9, Issue 1,2021
Automation in agriculture nowadays is the main focus and area of development for
various countries. The population rate of the world is increasing rapidly and will be
double in upcoming decades and the need of food is also increasing accordingly. To meet
this rapid growth in demand, agriculture automation is the best solution. Traditional
strategies employed by farmers are not efficient enough to fulfill the rising demand.
Improper use of nutrients, water, fertilizers and pesticides disturbs the agricultural growth
and the land remains barren with no fertility. This research paper presents different
control strategies used to automate agriculture such as: IoT, aerial imagery, multispectral,
hyperspectral, NIR, thermal camera, RGB camera, machine learning, and artificial
intelligence techniques.

11
 2.13 A novel device for sustainable automatic disease prediction, crop selection and
irrigation, Volume21, Issue 16,2021
Agriculture Cyber-Physical System (A-CPS) is becoming increasingly important in
enhancing crop quality and productivity by utilizing minimum cropland. This paper
introduces the innovative idea of the Internet-of-Agro-Things (IOAT) with an explanation
of the automatic detection of plant disease for the development of ACPS. Majority of the
crops were infected by microbial diseases in conventional agriculture. Also, the
constantly mutating pathogens cannot be known to the knowledge of the farmer, due to
which, there arises a demand to develop a disease prediction system. The image capturing
along with continuous sensing and intelligent automation is performed by the solar sensor
node. The sensor node houses a developed soil moisture sensor which has a high longevity
compared to its peers. A real time implementation of the proposed system is demonstrated
using a solar sensor node with a camera module, a microcontroller and a smartphone
application using which a farmer can monitor the field.

2.14 How to feed a growing population -an IOT approach to crop health and growth,
Volume 11, Issue 3, 2021
Human kind consumes the planet's resources beyond what the Earth can provide
with estimations according 9.2 billion human beings in 2050 consuming yearly almost
twice the resources the Earth can provide. Crop production needs to increase by 70% to
be able to feed all the population. A convenient way to address this issue is to produce
efficiently respecting the planet. Non-invasive technology at a low cost is a solution to
monitor crop growth and health, helping small to medium farmers to increase their
productivity keeping in mind the conservation of the planet. Circuits and Systems offer
large range of possibilities. We propose to investigate IoT with medium cost sensors to
deliver real time, affordable and precise data processing for agriculture producing an
Automated Decision-Making Systems (ADMS). This paper is a detailed analysis of plant
parameters, sensors and their compatibility with affordable ADMS based IoT systems.

12
2.15 Artificial intelligence down on the farm, Volume 22, Issue 3,2020
Agriculture has become an information-intensive industry. In the production of
crops and animals, precision agriculture approaches have resulted in the collection of
spatially and temporally dense datasets by farmers and agricultural researchers. These big
datasets, often characterized by extensive nonlinearities and interactions, are often best
analyzed using machine learning (ML) or other artificial intelligence (AI) approaches.
These studies include modeling animal feeding behavior as a predictor of stress or
disease, providing information important for developing precise and efficient irrigation
systems, and enhancing tools used to recommend optimum levels of nitrogen fertilization
for corn .Taken together, these examples represent the current abilities and future
potential for AI applications in agricultural production systems.

2.16 An optimized water distribution model of irrigation district based on the

genetic backtracking search algorithm, Volume 7,2019
Improving irrigation efficiency in order to balance water supply and demand has
become an urgent need for social development in the northwest of China. In this paper,
we propose an irrigation water distribution model based on the genetic backtracking
search algorithm (GBSA). This algorithm is composed of two main modules, the vector
evaluation genetic algorithm (VEGA) and the backtracking search algorithm (BSA). We
applied the GBSA model in the Xijun irrigation district of Heihe River Basin. The VEGA
module was first used to optimize water distribution in the irrigation district, and ensure
a uniform flow rate and a minimum hydraulic loss in the main canal. Moreover, the
advantage of BSA module in rapid water distribution was utilized to further improve the
overall water distribution velocity of the GBSA model. To evaluate the performance of
the GBSA, both the grey relational analysis and the TOPSIS method were used to
comprehensively evaluate its various indicators. The results show that the GBSA can
meet the water distribution requirements of the whole canal irrigation system, maintaining
uniform flow rate, minimizing unused water and water distribution time to optimize
irrigation water distribution.
13
2.17 Feeding the World with Microwaves: How Remote and Wireless Sensing Can
Help Precision Agriculture, Volume20, Issue 12,2019
Precision agriculture is an increasingly hot topic. The world population is in constant
growth which means that global food production needs to rise to keep pace with the
projected demand. Although food production has increased by 100% in the last 30 years, it
must rise by another 60% by 2050 to reduce the risk of malnutrition. This can be achieved
only by improving productivity because, globally, the cultivated area is slowly contracting,
thus drastically reducing the amount of arable land per person.

2.18 IOT based smart agriculture toward making the fields talk, Volume 7,2019
Humankind consumes the planet's resources beyond what the Earth can provide with
estimations according 9.2 billion human beings in 2050 consuming yearly almost twice the
resources the Earth can provide. Crop production needs to increase by 70% to be able to feed
all the population. A convenient way to address this issue is to produce efficiently
respecting the planet. Non-invasive technology at a low cost is a solution to monitor crop
growth and health, helping small to medium farmers to increase their productivity keeping
in mind the conservation of the planet. Ensure reliable power sources, such as solar panels
or long-lasting batteries, for IoT devices, especially in remote agricultural areas. Finally,
implement robust security measures to protect sensitive data and prevent unauthorized
access to the system. By combining these components effectively, you can develop an
IoT-based smart agriculture system that improves productivity, reduces resource
consumption, and enhances sustainability in farming practices.
To propose and investigate IoT with medium cost sensors to deliver real time, affordable
and precise data processing for agriculture producing an Automated Decision-Making
Systems (ADMS).

2.19 Technology assisted decision support system for efficient water utilisation a
real time test bed for irrigation using wireless sensor networks, Volume 6, 2018
Scientific organizations and researchers are eager to apply recent technological

14
advancements, such as sensors and actuators, including environmental monitoring, and
precision agriculture. Technology-assisted irrigation for agriculture is a major research
innovation which prevents water wastage. Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are used
as sensor nodes that directly interact with the physical environment and provide real-
time data that are useful in identifying regions in need. The proposed DSS can assist
farmers in their manual or automate irrigation activities. Water-deficient sites in both
scenarios are identified by using soil moisture and environmental data sensors.

2.20 Agricultural cyber physical system in situ moisture and salinity estimation
by dielectric mixing, Volume 6,2018
Integration of cyber technologies with agriculture provides opportunities for
precision agriculture. It requires buried underground sensors to provide useful content
information to the end-user for crop management. In our earlier studies, we developed
an impedance measurement-based in-situ wireless soil moisture and salinity sensor, an
electro phoretic sensor for measuring soil ions/nutrients, and nano-patterned plasmonic-
resonance, as well as guided-mode resonance-based optical sensors for the plant, released
volatile organic compounds. Here the physics-based approach to infer the moisture and
ionic concentration in the soil from in-situ, multi-frequency measurements of the
impedance of a meta material-inspired sensing element buried underground.

The subsequent part elucidates the intricacies of methodology, proposed system; it

includes information on data collection, experimental design, material used and analytical
techniques employed. In the proposed system architecture, algorithms and models. The
hardware components used in the project are described. It also includes information on how
the hardware was configured into the system. Then about the programming languages,
framework, libraries and tools used in software. Data analysis, interpretation of result,
graphs are discussed.

15
 CHAPTER 3
EXISTING SYSTEM

The design of Internet of-Things (IoT)-based dynamic irrigation scheduling

system for efficient water management of irrigated crop fields. The AgriSens provides
real time, automatic, dynamic as well as remote manual irrigation treatment for
different growth phases of a crop’s life cycle using IoT. A low-cost water-level sensor
is designed to measure the level of water present in a field. We propose an algorithm
for automatic dynamic-cum-manual irrigation based on farmer requirements.

Figure 3.1 Pin diagram of the sensor node

The AgriSens has a farmer friendly user interface, which provides field
information to the farmers in a multimodal manner—visual display, cell phone, and
Web portal. It achieves significant results with respect to different performance metrics,
such as data validation, packet delivery ratio, energy consumption, and failure rate in
various climatic conditions and with dynamic irrigation treatments. Experimental
results show that the AgriSens helps improve the crop productivity by at most 10.21%
over the traditional manual irrigation method.

16
 In addition, Figure3.1 is a need for a versatile irrigation system for managing water
in the heterogeneous crop fields (e.g., rice, sesame, and sweet corn), where each crop
has different irrigation requirements.
Bluetooth is used as a communication protocol between the sensor node and the
base station, the system suffers from the problems of communication range of intra
band (max 10 m), a number of sensor nodes with a base station (max 7 slaves), energy
consumption, and reconnectivity. Additionally, sprinklers are used as actuators to
irrigate the field limiting its application to multiple crop fields.The failure of the
AgriSens can occur due to the failure of hardware, firmware, energy harvesting, and
the network.
The time to failure or life length (t) of a sensor node, IoT gateway, and server are
random in nature due to the environmental ramification, network fallout, and
unavailability of Gobal System for Mobile communication technology (GSM) signal.

3.1 DRAWBACKS OF EXISTING SYSTEM

• The system might be complex to setup, requiring technical expertise

for installation, configuration and troubleshooting.
• Farmers without adequate knowledge or support might struggle to operate the
equipment effectively.
• The system might not care to all types of crops or diverse agricultural
practices.

• Implementing an IoT based system can be expensive due to network

infrastructure data management system. This could be a significant
barrier for small scale farmers with limited resources.

17
 CHAPTER 4
PROPOSED SYSTEM

4.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM

The PIC controller processes the data received from the sensors and makes
decisions based on programmed algorithms and set thresholds.

POWER
SUPPLY Server
HUMIDITY LCD

WATER ESP826 cloud

LEVEL 6
PIC dd
CONTROLLER
WIND RELAY WATER
FLOW 1 PUMP

MOISTURE RELAY FERTILIZER

2 PUMP
NPK
LM35
SENSOR
Figure 4.1Proposed block diagram of IoT enabled system for crop
health and water efficiency
Figure 4.1 make a decisions and then transmitted to the relays, which control
the actions of the fertilizer and water pumps. For instance, if the humidity levels
drop below a certain threshold, the PIC controller will send a signal to the relay,
which will activate the water pump to irrigate the crops.
Similarly, if the moisture levels are low, the fertilizer pump will be activated
to supply the necessary nutrients to the crops.

18
 This automation of irrigation and fertilizer application ensures that the crops
receive optimal care and resources for their growth.
The system also includes an LCD display that provides real-time data and alerts
about the status of the agricultural system. Farmers can easily monitor the temperature,
humidity, water levels, and other parameters through the LCD, enabling them to make
informed decisions about the management of their crops.
The integration of IOT technology further enhances the functionality of this
system, enabling farmers to remotely monitor and control their agricultural systems
through a mobile application or a web interface. This feature allows farmers to keep
track of their crops progress, make necessary adjustments, and optimize their resources,
all from the convenience of their smart phones or computers.
The LCD will display an irregular temperature if it is above 40 and a low
moisture level if it is below 20. The water pump will activate automatically when
the soil's moisture level is low and the temperature is high.
The NPK sensor is used to measure the nutrition level of the soil; if the value
drops below 30, the NPK low will be shown, and the fertilizer pump will activate.
When the humidity falls below 40, it indicates low humidity. When the water level
falls below 20, it indicates low water level.
The sensor collect the information and send to the ESP 8266 an IOT module
and it send to the cloud it will store the value for every 15 seconds and send it to
the server. In the thing speak, server information are represented in the graphical or
analytical representation.

19
4.2 HARDWARE DESCRIPTION
4.2.1 PIC Controller
PIC is a family of modified Harvard architecture microcontrollers made by
Microchip Technology, derived from the PIC1650 originally developed by General
Instrument's Microelectronics Division. The name PIC initially referred to "Peripheral
Interface Controller" now it is "PIC" only.

Figure 4.2 PIC Controller

Figure 4.2 shows that Pic controller, PICs are popular with both industrial
developers and hobbyists alike due to their low cost, wide availability, large user base,
extensive collection of application notes, availability of low cost or free development
tools, and serial programming (and re-programming with flash memory) capability.

As it has been mentioned before, there are 40 pins of this microcontroller IC. It
consists of two 8 bit and one 16 bit timer. Capture and compare modules, serial ports,
parallel ports and five input/output ports are also present in it.

The PIC microcontroller PIC16f877 is one of the most renowned

microcontrollers in the industry. This microcontroller is very convenient to use, the
coding or programming of this controller is also easier. One of the main advantages
is that it can be write-erase as many times as possible because it uses FLASH memory
technology. It has a total number of 40 pins and there are 33 pins for input and output.
PIC16F877A is used in many PIC microcontroller projects.

20
4.2.2 SENSORS

4.2.2.1 Humdity Sensor

Humidity is the presence of water in air. The amount of water vapour in air can
affect human comfort as well as many manufacturing processes in industries. The
presence of water vapour also influences various physical, chemical, and biological
processes.

Figure 4.3 Humidity Sensor

Figure 4.3 shows that humidity sensor, humidity sensors work by detecting
changes that alter electrical currents or temperature in the air. There are three basic
types of humidity sensors: capacitive, resistive and thermal. All three types will
monitor minute changes in the atmosphere in order to calculate the humidity in the
air.
A capacitive humidity sensor measures relative humidity by placing a thin strip
of metal oxide between two electrodes. The metal oxide’s electrical capacity changes
with the atmosphere’s relative humidity. Weather, commercial and industries are the
major application areas. Resistive humidity sensors utilize ions in salts to measure the
electrical impedance of atoms. As humidity changes, so does the resistance of the
electrodes on either side of the salt medium. Two thermal sensors conduct electricity
based upon the humidity of the surrounding air. One sensor is encased in dry nitrogen
while the other measures ambient air. The difference between the two measures the
humidity.

21
4.2.2.2 Water Level Sensor

A water level sensor is an electronic device that is used to measure the level of
water in a tank, pond, lake, or other body of water. The sensor can be used for a
variety of purposes, such as monitoring water levels for irrigation systems, controlling
water levels in swimming pools, and detecting leaks in pipes. Water level sensors are
typically composed of two parts: a sensing element and a transducer. The sensing
element is advice such as a pressure gauge or float switch that detects changes in the
water level. The transducer is an electronic device that converts changes in the water
level into an electrical signal. The signal is then sent to a controller, which can be
used to automatically adjust the water level, activate alarms, or take other actions.

Water level sensors can be used in a variety of applications. For example, they
can be used to monitor water levels in sewage systems, to detect leaks in irrigation
systems, to control water levels in swimming pools, and to detect floods in low-lying
areas. They can also be used to measure the water levels in ponds, lakes, and rivers
for environmental monitoring purposes.

Water level sensors come in a variety of types, including ultrasonic, laser, radar,
and float switch sensors. Ultrasonic sensors use sound waves to measure the water
level, while laser sensors measure the level using a laser beam. Radar sensors measure
the level using radio waves, and float switch sensors measure the level using a float
switch.

It is also important to consider the accuracy and reliability of the sensor. Water
level sensors should be able to accurately and reliably measure the water level in a
range of conditions. Some sensors are designed to be more accurate and reliable than
others, so it is important to select the most appropriate sensor for the application.The
cost of the sensor should be weighed against the benefits it provides. Water level
sensors are an essential tool for monitoring water levels in a variety of applications.

22
 4.2.2.3 Wind Flow Sensor
Wind sensors are devices used to measure wind speed, direction and gusts. They
are typically used in weather forecasting, to measure the performance of wind turbines,
to monitor air pollution levels, and to provide data for wind energy research. Wind
sensors are typically placed on towers, buoys, ships, aircraft, and other structures.
They can be used in both urban and rural locations.
Wind sensors measure wind speed through the use of anemometers, which
measure the force of the wind as it passes across a rotating cup or vane. The
anemometer measures the changes in wind speed as air passes across the cup or vane,
and then converts this into a numerical value.
Wind direction is measured using a wind vane. This device is a type of compass
that points in the direction of the wind. Wind direction is measured in degrees, and is
usually measured relative to North. Wind gusts can be measured using a wind gust
recorder. This device records the maximum speed of a gust over a certain period of
time. This data can be used to analyze the intensity of storms, or to measure the
performance of wind turbines.
Wind sensors are also used to measure air pollution levels. They measure the
concentration of pollutants in the air, such as particulate matter, ozone, carbon dioxide,
and nitrogen dioxide. This data is used by scientists to study air quality and air
pollution levels. It is also used in the research and development of wind energy. They
provide data on wind speed and direction, which is used to determine the best locations
for wind turbines and other forms of renewable energy.

4.2.2.4 Moisture Sensor

Soil moisture sensors measure the volumetric water content in soil. Since the
direct gravimetric measurement of free soil moisture requires removing, drying, and
weighing of a sample, soil moisture sensors measure the volumetric water content
indirectly by using some other property of the soil, such as electrical resistance,

23
dielectric constant, or interaction with neutrons, as a proxy for the moisture content.
The relation between the measured property and soil moisture must be calibrated and
may vary depending on environmental factors such as soil type, temperature, or electric
conductivity. Reflected microwave radiation is affected by the soil moisture and is
used for remote sensing in hydrogen and agriculture.

Figure 4.4 Moisture Sensor

Figure 4.4 shows that moisture sensor, soil moisture sensors typically refer to
sensors that estimate volumetric water content. Another class of sensors measure
another property of moisture in soils called water potential, these sensors are usually
referred to as soil water potential sensors and include densitometers and gypsum
blocks.
A resistive soil moisture sensor works by using the relationship between electrical
resistance and water content to gauge the moisture levels of the soil. You’ll observe
these sensors to possess two exposed probes that are inserted directly into the soil
sample.

4.2.2.5 LM35

Temperature sensors are simple devices that sense the degree of cold or heat and
transform it into a simple unit. We employ them in various applications in our daily
lives, such as domestic water heaters, refrigerators, microwaves, or in the form of
thermometers. Generally, they have a wide range of usages, and the geotechnical
controlling area is one of them.

24
 They are utilized in this field to control the condition of concrete structures,
bridges on soil or water, etc., for structural variations in them according to seasonal
changes.

Temperature sensors are constructed to monitor a regular check on special

structures like highway bridges, railway tracks, concrete or soil dams, etc.
Thermometer is the most common form of them applied to sense the degree of
temperature everywhere.

Figure 4.5 LM35

Figure 4.5 shows that LM35, series are precision integrated-circuit temperature
sensors, whose output voltage is linearly proportional to the Celsius (Centigrade)
temperature The LM35 thus has an advantage over linear temperature sensors
calibrated in ° Kelvin, as the user is not required to subtract a large constant voltage
from its output to obtain convenient Centigrade scaling.
The LM35 does not require any external calibration or trimming to provide typical
accuracies of ±¼°C at room temperature and ±¾°Cover a full -55 to +150°C
temperature range. The LM35 disrated to operate overa0°to+100°C temperature range.

4.2.2.6 NPK Sensor

The soil NPK sensor is suitable for detecting the content of nitrogen, phosphorus,
and potassium in the soil, and judging the fertility of the soil by detecting the content
of N, P, and K in the soil.

25
 The stainless steel probe of the soil npk sensor can be buried in the soil for a
long time and is resistant to long-term electrolysis, salt, and alkali corrosion, vacuum
potting, and completely waterproof. It is widely used in soil nitrogen, phosphorus and
potassium detection, precision agriculture, forestry, soil research, geological
prospecting, plant cultivation and other fields.

Figure 4.6 Soil NPK Sensor

Figure 4.6 shows that soil npk sensor, simple to use, few operation steps,
fast measurement, no reagents, unlimited detection times.

1. High measurement accuracy, fast response speed, and good inter change ability.
2. The electrode is made of specially treated alloy material, which can withstand
strong external impact and is not easy to damage.
3. Completely sealed, resistant to acid and alkali corrosion, and can be buried in soil
for long-term dynamic testing.
4. The probe plug-in design ensures accurate measurement and reliable performance.

SOIL NPK SENSOR PARAMETERS

Power supply: 5-30VDC

Maximum power consumption: ≤0.15W
Operating temperature: -40~80℃
NPK parameters:
Range: 0-1999 mg/kg(mg/L)

26
Resolution: 1 mg/kg(mg/L)
Precision: ±2%FS
Response time: ≤1S
Protection grade: IP68
Probe material: 316 stainless steel
Sealing material: Black flame-retardant epoxy resin
Default cable length: 2 meters, cable length can be customized
Dimensions: 45*15*123mm
Output signal: RS485/4-20ma/0-5v/0-10v

The soil NPK sensor is suitable for detecting the content of nitrogen, phosphorus,
and potassium in the soil. It helps in determining the fertility of the soil thereby
facilitating the systematic assessment of the soil condition. The sensor can be buried
in the soil for a long time. It has a High-quality probe, rust resistance, electrolytic
resistance, salt & alkali corrosion resistance, to ensure the long-term operation of the
probe part. Therefore, it is suitable for all kinds of soil. It is suitable for the detection
of alkaline soil, acid soil, substrate soil, seedling bed soil & coconut bran soil.

4.2.3 ESP8266

The Node MCU is an open source programming and equipment developed

environment created on the ESP8266, a small system-on-a-chip. CPU, RAM,
networking (WiFi), and SDK. That makes it an incredible decision for IoT ventures,
if all other factors are equal.

The ESP8266 WiFi Module is a self contained SOC with integrated TCP/IP
protocol stack that can give any microcontroller access to your WiFi network.

27
 The ESP8266 is capable of either hosting an application or offloading all WiFi
networking functions from another application processor.

Each ESP8266 module comes pre-programmed with an AT command set

firmware. The ESP8266 module is an extremely cost effective board with a huge and
ever growing, community.

Figure 4.7 ESP8266

Figure 4.7 shows that ESP8266, this module has a powerful enough on-board
processing and storage capability that allows it to be integrated with the sensors and
other application specific devices through its GPIOs with minimal development up-
front and minimal loading during runtime. Its high degree of on-chip integration.

4.2.4 Power Supply

A power supply (sometimes known as a power supply unit or PSU) is a device

or system that supplies electrical or other types of energy to an output load or group
of loads. The term is most commonly applied to electrical energy supplies, less often
to mechanical ones, and rarely to others.

28
 Figure 4.8 Power Supply

Figure 4.8 shows that power supply, the transformer steps up or steps down the
input line voltage and isolates the power supply from the power line.
The RECTIFIER section converts the alternating current input signal to a
pulsating direct current. However, as you proceed in this chapter you will learn that
pulsating dc is not desirable. For this reason a FILTER section is used to convert
pulsating dc to a purer, more desirable form of dc voltage.
The final section, the REGULATOR, does just what the name implies. It
maintains the output of the power supply at a constant level in spite of large changes
in load current or input line voltages. Now that you know what each section does,
let's trace an ac signal through the power supply.

At this point you need to see how this signal is altered within each section of the
power supply. Later on in the chapter you will see how these changes take place .In
view B, an input signal of 115 volts ac is applied to the primary of the transformer.
The transformer is a step-up transformer with a turn’s ratio of 1:3.

29
 You can calculate the output for this transformer by multiplying the input voltage
by the ratio of turns in the primary to the ratio of turns in the secondary; therefore,
115 volts ac´3 = 345 volts ac (peak-to-peak) at the output.
Because each diode in the rectifier section conducts for 180 degrees of the 360-
degree input, the output of the rectifier will be one-half, or approximately 173 volts
of pulsating dc.
The filter section, a network of resistors, capacitors, or inductors, controls the
rise and fall time of the varying signal; consequently, the signal remains at a more
constant dc level.
You will see the filter process more clearly in the discussion of the actual filter
circuits. The output of the filter is a signal of 110 volts dc, with ac ripple riding on
the dc.
The reason for the lower voltage (average voltage) will be explained later in this
chapter. The regulator maintains its output at a constant 110- volt dc level, which is
used by the electronic equipment (more commonly called the load).
The 12-volt DC power supply is the most common voltage used in most
applications. It is usually found in the majority of household appliances, such as
computers, microwaves, and TV sets. This voltage is also used in large-scale
commercial and industrial equipment.
Its low power consumption makes it ideal for both short bursts of energy or
sustained use over an extended period of time.
One major benefit of the 12-volt power supply is that it can be easily adjusted to
meet specific requirements and load demands. Additionally, this type of voltage has a
high tolerance for temperature fluctuations, making it highly reliable and long-lasting.
This makes it great for powering up more sensitive equipment like medical
devices or sophisticated machinery that requires precise output control.

30
 4.2.5 Relay Driver
A relay driver circuit is a circuit which can drive, or operate, a relay so that it
can function appropriately in a circuit. The driven relay can then operate as a switch
in the circuit which can open or close, according to the needs of the circuit and its
operation.
In this project, we will build a relay driver for both DC and AC relays. Since
DC and AC voltages operate differently, to build relay drivers for them requires
slightly different setup. We will also go over a generic relay driver which can operate
from either AC or DC voltage and operate both AC and DC relays.

Figure 4.9 Relay

Figure 4.9 shows that relay, all relays come with a voltage rating. This is called
on a relay's datasheet its rated coil voltage. This is the voltage needed in order for the
relay to be able to operate and be able to open or close its switch in a circuit.
In order for a relay to function, it must receive this voltage at its coil terminals.
Thus, if a relay has a rated voltage of 9VDC, it must receive 9 volts of DC voltage
to operate.
If the flow of current through a coil is suddenly interrupted, for example, a switch
opening, the coil will respond by producing a sudden, very large voltage across its
leads, causing a large surge of current through it.

31
4.2.6 LCD
LCD is a type of display used in digital watches and many portable computers.
LCD displays utilize to sheets of polarizing material with a liquid crystal solution
between them. An electric current passed through the liquid causes the crystals to align
so that light cannot pass through them.
LCD technology has advanced very rapidly since its initial inception over a
decade ago for use in lap top computers. Technical achievements has resulted in
brighter displace, higher resolutions, reduce response times and cheaper manufacturing
process.
The liquid crystals can be manipulated through an applied electric voltage so that
light is allowed to pass or is blocked. By carefully controlling where and what
wavelength (color) of light is allowed to pass, the LCD monitor is able to display
images. A backlight provides LCD monitor’s brightness. Over the years many
improvements have been made to LCD to help enhance resolution, image, sharpness
and response times.

Figure 4.10 LCD

Figure 4.10 shows that LCD, a liquid crystal display (commonly abbreviated
LCD) is a thin, flat display device made up of any number of color or mono chrome
pixels arrayed in front of a light source or reflector. It is often utilized in battery-
powered electronic devices because it uses very small amounts of electric power.

32
4.3 SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION
4.3.1 Pickit-2

Pickit-2 is a software solution that provides users with an automated, intuitive,

and cost- effective tool for programming microcontrollers. It is a development
environment that works in concert with the highly popular and widely used Microchip
PIC microcontrollers. It is designed to be easy to use for the novice programmer, yet
powerful enough for the advanced user.

It is a software- based development environment that allows the user to create,

compile, and debug applications for the PIC microcontrollers. It provides a simple,
intuitive programming interface that is easy to use and understand.

Pickit-2 is based on the popular Microchip PIC microcontroller architecture,

which is well known for its low-cost, low-power, and minimal instruction set. This
makes it ideal for low-power applications such as remote control systems, industrial
automation, and consumer electronics.

It provides a simple and intuitive programming environment that allows the user
to quickly and easily create applications. The programming interface is based on a
simple drag-and-drop interface, which makes it easy to create, compile, and debug
applications.

Pickit-2 also has a wide range of development tools and libraries. It comes with
a suite of libraries, such as the C compiler, assembler, linker, HEX file editor, and
more. These libraries make it easy to develop applications quickly and easily.

Additionally, it includes support for debugging, as well as source-level

debugging.This makes it easy to debug applications, as well as analyze the source
code to make sure that the application is running correctly.

33
 The Pickit-2 software also provides an extensive collection of sample projects.
These projects are designed to help the user learn the basics of programming the PIC
microcontrollers.

4.3.2 PIC C Compiler

PIC C Compiler software is a powerful and reliable C compiler and IDE

(Integrated Development Environment) for the Microchip PIC (Peripheral Interface
Controller) microcontrollers.

It is designed to provide the user with an easy to use and efficient development
environment for the embedded system development. The Pic C Compiler software is
a comprehensive suite of tools that enables the user to quickly and efficiently develop,
debug and deploy applications on the PIC microcontroller.

The PIC C Compiler software is a fully-featured C compiler and IDE. It includes

all the features required for embedded system development, such as syntax
highlighting, code completion, code navigation, debugging, and optimization.

The PIC C Compiler software also includes a comprehensive library of libraries

and functions for use with the PIC microcontroller. These libraries and functions are
designed to simplify the development process for the user. The libraries are designed
for different purposes such as I/O, timers, interrupts, communications, and more. These
libraries help the user to quickly and easily develop applications for the PIC
microcontroller.

The PIC C Compiler software also includes a simulator which allows the user to
simulate the operation of the PIC microcontroller. This simulator helps the user to
debug and develop applications quickly and efficiently. In addition, the user can also
use the simulator to test and verify the functionality of the code before it is deployed
on the target device.

34
4.3.3 Thingspeak-Web Software

Thing Speak is an open-source software written in Ruby which allows users to

communicate with internet enabled devices. It facilitates data access, retrieval and
logging of data by providing an API to both the devices and social network websites.
Thing Speak provides instant visualizations of data posted by your devices to Thing
Speak. With the ability to execute MATLAB® code in Thing Speak you can perform
online analysis and processing of the data as it comes in. Thing Speak is often used
for prototyping and proof of concept IoT systems that require analytics. Thing Speak
is IoT Cloud platform where you can send sensor data to the cloud.

Figure 4.11 Thingspeak web software

Figure 4.11 shows that Thingspeak server, analyze and visualize the data with
MATLAB or other software, including making your own applications. The Thing
Speak service is operated by Math Works.

35
 CHAPTER 5
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Figure 5.1(a) Proposed system of IOT enabled system for crop

health and water efficiency

Figure 5.1(b) Over view of the proposed system

Figure 5.1(a) and Figure 5.1(b) shows the perspective utilizes various sensors
connected to the PIC microcontroller. The data collected by the sensors is sent to the
PIC microcontroller.
The PIC microcontroller processes the data received from the sensors and makes
decisions based on programmed algorithms and set thresholds. These decisions are then
transmitted to the relays, which control the actions of the fertilizer and water pumps.
The measured data from the sensor are send to thingspeak server for every 15
seconds and download the result.

36
 Figure 5.2 Value of temperature

Figure 5.3 Analysis of temperature

Figure 5.2 displays the value of temperature in the field. The proposed IoT-
enabled system presents a holistic framework for analyzing real-time environmental
temperature fluctuations. The figure 5.3 depicts a detailed temperature analysis, with
the y-axis representing temperature data and the x-axis indicating the corresponding
dates. This visual representation enables farmers to make informed decisions based on
the observed highs and lows in temperature over time.

37
 Figure 5.4 Detector Readouts

Figure 5.5 Analysis of Humidity

The figure 5.4 illustrates detector readouts of various parameters, including

temperature, humidity, moisture, and NPK values, depicted in LEDs corresponding to
climatic conditions. Additionally, the figure 5.5 presents an analysis of humidity
fluctuations over time, with the x-axis representing dates and the y-axis indicating
humidity values. This graphical representation showcases the highs and lows of
humidity levels. It captures precise humidity data, allowing for in-depth analysis of
moisture content variations.

38
 Figure 5.6 Reading value of Wind Flow

Figure 5.7 Analysis of Wind flow

The figure 5.6 displays the value of Wind Flow, which represents the wind flow
level in the atmosphere. It offers an analysis of wind patterns, with the y-axis in figure
5.7 represents the wind levels and the x-axis indicating dates, highlighting instances
of both high and low wind flow over time. This graphical representation facilitates the
observation of wind dynamics, aiding in understanding fluctuations and patterns for
effective decision-making based on atmospheric conditions.

39
 Figure 5.8 Detector of Moisture level

Figure 5.9 Output of moisture level

By utilizing moisture sensors, the system detects moisture levels and

displays them using LEDs, as depicted in the figure 5.8, indicating whether
it is low or high moisture levels. Additionally, farmers can interpret the
graphical representation to analyze moisture level fluctuations over time.
From 5.9 the x-axis denotes dates, while the y-axis represents moisture
content, enabling users to identify dates with both low and high moisture
levels.

40
 Figure 5.10 Water Outflow

Figure 5.11 Analysis of Water Level

When the moisture is low and temperature is high, it triggers the activation of the
water pump. The water pump status is depicted in the figure 5.10. The water pump
will only be turned on when the water level is high. To monitor the water level, the
graph in the figure 5.11 illustrates the dates and corresponding water levels in the well.
If the water level is high , prompting the need to turn on the water pump, it will be
activated. Conversely, if the water level remains low, the water pump will not be
turned on.

41
 Figure 5.12 Dispensed Fertilizer

Figure 5.13 Analysis of npk concentration

From figure 5.12, the fertilizer pump is activated based on the NPK (Nitrogen,
Phosphorus, Potassium) levels detected by the NPK sensor, as depicted in the figure.
When the NPK level is low, signaling a deficiency, the fertilizer pump is turned on
automatically. Additionally, farmers can analyze the NPK levels from the graph figure
5.13 to determine when fertilizer application is required and when it's sufficient. The
x-axis displays dates, while the y-axis denotes NPK levels, facilitating the
determination of optimal dates for fertilizer application and evaluating the need for
additional fertilizer.

42
 CHAPTER 6
CONCLUSION

The enhancement of crop growth is facilitated by the implementation of precise

concepts in crop disease prevention and irrigation systems. Early identification of
diseases and adjustment of the irrigation system to match climatic conditions are ensured.
Fertilizers are applied in agricultural fields, leading to the production of high-yield crops.
Informed decisions about irrigation and fertilizer levels for crops are empowered to be
made by farmers, resulting in improved crop growth and yields. The utilization of IoT
technologies to remotely monitor and control agricultural systems is adopted. saving time
and money for farmers while increasing the efficiency and convenience of farming. As
the cultivated fields, a symphony of integrated pest management, early disease detection,
and judicious use of fertilizers orchestrates a harmonious defense against threats to our
crops. Overall, the proposed IOT based system for prevention of crop disease and
irrigation can help farmers to improve crop yields reduce water usage and minimize the
impact of disease on the crops. In future, we aim to use UV rays on the yield to protect
crops from insect attacks.

43
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46
5/5/24, 10:45 AM PATENT eFiling

Controller General of Patents, Designs & Trade

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