Application of Integration Page |1

Chapter 09 Application of Integration

❖ “ One should study Mathematics because it is only through Mathematics that

nature can be conceived in harmonious form.” — BIRKHOFF

Introduction:
In geometry, we have learnt formulae to calculate areas of various geometrical figures including
triangles, rectangles, trapezius and circles. Such formulae are fundamental in the applications of
mathematics to many real-life problems. The formulae of elementary geometry allow us to calculate
areas of many simple figures. However, they are inadequate for calculating the areas enclosed by
curves. For that we shall need some concepts of Integral Calculus.
Here, in this chapter, we shall study a specific application of integrals to find the area under simple
curves, the area between lines and arcs of circles, parabolas and ellipses (standard forms only). We
shall also deal with finding the area bounded by the above-said curves.

Area Under Simple Curves:

We want to find the area of the region formed by two curves y1 = f1 ( x) , y2 = f 2 ( x) and two
vertical lines x = a & x = b . Consider the elementary rectangular area width is  x and length is
( y2 − y1 ) .So the elementary area of the rectangle is
( y2 − y1 )  x . If we breaking the whole region into the
rectangles and add up all areas then we get the total area of
the bounded region.
b
Therefore A =  ( y2 − y1 )  x
x= a

If we impose the restriction limiting on  x (that measure

the width of the elementary rectangle) as  x → 0 then we get the exact area of the bounded region.
b b b
lim A = lim
 x →0  x →0
 ( y2 − y1 )  x
x= a
= lim
 x →0
 ( y2 − y1 )  x =  ( y2 − y1 ) dx
x= a a

Prepared By,
Md. Mehedi Hasan, Senior Lecturer in Mathematics, Department of General Educational
Development (GED), FSIT, Daffodil International University (DIU), Dhaka, Bangladesh.
 Application of Integration Page |2

b
A =  ( Outer function − Inner function ) dx
a

Therefore the area of the region formed by two curves y1 = f1 ( x) , y2 = f 2 ( x) and two vertical lines
b

x = a & x = b is A =  ( y2 − y1 ) dx .
a

Note: The area of the region formed by two curves y1 = f1 ( x)

, y2 = f 2 ( x ) and two horizontal lines y = c & y = d is
d
A =  ( x2 − x1 ) dy
c

When the Inner function is x-axis the then area calculating

b

formula is A =  y dx where y is an Outer function.

a

Problem: Find the area bounded by the curve y = x 2 , the x − axis and the straight lines x = 1 and
x=3

Solution: We have, y = x 2 and x = 1 ; x = 3 .

The graph of the given curve is,

The area of the region is,
3 3
A =  y dx =  x 2 dx
1 1

3
 x3  1 3
=   =  x3 
 3 1 3 1

=
3
(
1 3
3 − 1) = ( 27 − 1)
1
3

26
 A= Square Units.
3

Problem: Find the area bounded by the curve y = sinx , the x − axis and the straight lines x = 0
and x =  .

Prepared By,
Md. Mehedi Hasan, Senior Lecturer in Mathematics, Department of General Educational
Development (GED), FSIT, Daffodil International University (DIU), Dhaka, Bangladesh.
 Application of Integration Page |3

Solution: We have, y = sin x and x = 0; x = 

The graph of the given curve is,

The area of the region is,
 
A =  y dx =  sin x dx
0 0

=  − cos x 0 = − cos  − ( − cos 0 )


= − ( −1) + 1 = 2

 A=2 Square Units.

Problem: Find the area bounded by the curve x = cos y , the y − axis and the straight lines y = 0
and y =  2 .

Solution: We have, x = cos y and y = 0; y =  2 .

The graph of the given curve is,

The area of the region is,
 
2 2
A= 
0
x dy =  cos y dy
0

( )

= sin y 0 2 = sin  − sin 0 = 1 − 0
2

 A =1 Square Units.

Problem: Find the area of the region bounded by the curve y 2 = 4ax from x = 0 and x = a .

Solution: We have, y 2 = 4ax and x = 0 ; x = a .

Since only even power of y occurs in the given curve so the curve is
symmetric about the x-axis.
The graph of the given curve is,
Also, the given curve can be written as,

y 2 = 4ax

 y =  2 ax

Prepared By,
Md. Mehedi Hasan, Senior Lecturer in Mathematics, Department of General Educational
Development (GED), FSIT, Daffodil International University (DIU), Dhaka, Bangladesh.
 Application of Integration Page |4

The area of the region is,

a a
A = 2 y dx = 2 2 ax dx  Neglecting negative sign
0 0

a
a  x 32  a
 = 8 a x 2 
3
= 4 a x dx = 4 a 
3  3   0
0
 2 0

( )
3
8 a 32 8 a a 2 8a 2
= a −0 = =
3 3 3

8a 2
A= Square Units.
3

Problem: Prove that the area of the circle x 2 + y 2 = a 2 is  a 2 Square Units.

Answer: The equation of the circle is x 2 + y 2 = a 2 . Clearly, the given equation represents a circle
its centre is in ( 0, 0 ) and radius is “ a ” units.

The graph of the given circle is as follows:

We have, the equation of the circle is x 2 + y 2 = a 2 .

Now, x 2 + y 2 = a 2

y 2 = a2 − x2

y =  a2 − x2

In the question (from the figure), we take the limit, 0 to a .

So, the area of the region is

( )
a
A = 4 a 2 − x 2 dx [Since a circle have four symmetric part]
0

Say x = a sin 
Limit: When x = 0 then  = 0 .
d
 1 = a cos  
dx When x = a then  = .
2
 dx = a cos d

Prepared By,
Md. Mehedi Hasan, Senior Lecturer in Mathematics, Department of General Educational
Development (GED), FSIT, Daffodil International University (DIU), Dhaka, Bangladesh.
 Application of Integration Page |5

( )
2
Now, A = 4 a 2 − a 2 sin 2  a cos  d
0

 

 A = 4a  a 2 (1 − sin 2  ) cos  d = 4a  a 2 cos 2  cos  d

2 2

0 0

 
2 2
 A = 4a  a cos  .cos  d = 4a 2  cos 2  d
0 0


2
 A = 4a 2  sin 0  cos 2  d
0

0 +1 2 +1   m +1 n +1 
 
2 
2
 A = 4a 2  2 0
2 m n
= 2
 sin x cos x dx 
0+2+2  m+n+2 
2 2
2  2 

1 3
 A = 4a 2  2 2
22

1 1 1 1
   
 A = 4a 2  2 2 2 = 4a 2  2 = 4a 2 
2 1 2 4

 A =  a2 Square Units (Proved)

x2 y 2
Problem: Prove that the area of the ellipse + = 1 is  ab Square Units.
a 2 b2

x2 y 2
Solution: The equation of the ellipse is + = 1 . Clearly,
a 2 b2
the given equation represents an ellipse its vertex is in ( 0, 0 )
, the length of major axis is “ 2a” and minor axis is “2b”.
The graph of the given ellipse is as follows:

x2 y 2
We have, the equation of the ellipse is + = 1.
a 2 b2

Prepared By,
Md. Mehedi Hasan, Senior Lecturer in Mathematics, Department of General Educational
Development (GED), FSIT, Daffodil International University (DIU), Dhaka, Bangladesh.
 Application of Integration Page |6

x2 y 2
Now, + =1
a 2 b2

y2 x2 a2 − x2
 = 1 − =
b2 a2 a2

a2 − x2 b2
 y 2 = b2  =  ( a2 − x2 )
a2 a2

b 2
y = a − x2
a
In the question (also from the figure), we get the limit 0 to a .

So, the area of the region is

b 2 2 
a
A = 4  a − x  dx [Since the ellipse have four symmetric part]
0 
a
a
4b
a 0
 A= a 2 − x 2 dx

Limit: When x = 0 then  = 0 .

Say x = a sin 

When  =0 then  = .
d 2
 1 = a cos 
dx

 dx = a cos d
a
4b
Now, A =
a 0 a 2 − x 2 dx

4b 2
 A= 
a 0
( )
a 2 − a 2 sin 2  a cos  d

 

 a  a 2 (1 − sin 2  ) cos  d
2 2
4b
 A= = 4b  a 2 cos 2  cos  d
a 0 0

 
2 2
 A = 4b  a cos  .cos  d = 4ab  cos 2  d
0 0

Prepared By,
Md. Mehedi Hasan, Senior Lecturer in Mathematics, Department of General Educational
Development (GED), FSIT, Daffodil International University (DIU), Dhaka, Bangladesh.
 Application of Integration Page |7


2
 A = 4ab  sin 0  cos 2  d
0

0 +1 2 +1   m +1 n +1 
 
2 
2
 A = 4ab  2 0
2 m n
= 2
 sin x cos x dx 
0+2+2  m+n+2 
2 2
2  2 

1 3 1 1 1 1
  
 A = 4ab  2 2 = 4ab  2 2 2 = 4ab  2
22 2 1 2


 A = 4ab 
4
 A =  ab Square Units (Proved)

The Area of the Region Bounded by a Curve and a Line:

In this subsection, we will find the area of the region bounded by a line and a circle, a line and a
parabola, a line and an ellipse.

Problem: Find the area of the region bounded by the curve y = x 2 and the line y = 4 .

Solution: The equation of the given curve is y = x 2 and also the straight line is y = 4 .

The graph of the given curve and straight lines are as follows:

We have, y = x 2 and y = 4

Now, 4 = x2
So, x = 2

Therefore, the given point of the intersection of curve

and straight lines are (2, 4) and (−2, 4) .

In the question (also from the figure), a = −2, b = 2,

y2 = 4 and y1 = x 2

So, the area of the region is

Prepared By,
Md. Mehedi Hasan, Senior Lecturer in Mathematics, Department of General Educational
Development (GED), FSIT, Daffodil International University (DIU), Dhaka, Bangladesh.
 Application of Integration Page |8

b 2
A =  ( y2 − y1 ) dx =  ( 4 − x ) dx
2

a −2

23   ( −2 )  32
2
 x3 
3

=  4 x −  =  4  2 −  −  4  ( −2 ) − =
 3  −2  3  3  3
 

32
So the required area bounded by the region is square unit.
3

Problem: Obtain the area of the region enclosed by y = x 2 and y = x .

Solution: The equation of the given curve is y = x 2 and also the straight line is y = x .

The graph of the given curve and straight lines are as follows:

We have, y = x 2 and y = x

Now, x = x2

or, x2 − x = 0

or , x ( x − 1) = 0

Therefore, x = 0 or ( x − 1) = 0
x=0 or x =1

For real x = 0 & 1 we get respectively y = 0 & 1 .

Therefore, the given point of the intersection of curve and straight lines are (0,0) and (1,1) .

In the question (also from the figure), a = 0, b = 1, y2 = x and y1 = x 2

So, the area of the region is

b 1
A =  ( y2 − y1 ) dx =  ( x − x 2 ) dx
a 0

1 1
=  x dx −  x 2 dx
0 0

1 1
 x 2   x3  1 1 1 1
=   −   =  x 2  −  x3 
 2 0  3 0 2 0 3 0

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Md. Mehedi Hasan, Senior Lecturer in Mathematics, Department of General Educational
Development (GED), FSIT, Daffodil International University (DIU), Dhaka, Bangladesh.
 Application of Integration Page |9

1 1 1 1
= (1 − 0 ) − (1 − 0 ) = (1) − (1)
2 3 2 3

1 1 3− 2 1
= − = =
2 3 6 6

1
So the required area bounded by the region is square unit.
6

Problem: Find the area of the region enclosed by the straight line y = 2 x the curve y 2 = 4 x .

Solution: Given that, y = 2 x …………. (i)

y2 = 4x ………… (ii)

Put (i) in (ii) we get, ( 2 x ) = 4 x

2

 4 x2 − 4 x = 0

 4 x ( x − 1) = 0

So, 4 x = 0 And,

x=0

So we get the limit of x is 0 to 1 .

For real x = 0 & 1 we get respectively y = 0 & 2 .

Therefore, the given point of the intersection of curve and straight lines are (0,0) and (1, 2) .

In the question (also from the figure), a = 0, b = 1, y2 = 4 x = 2 x and y1 = 2 x

So, the area of the region is

( ) ( )
b 1 1
A =  ( y2 − y1 ) dx =  2 x − 2 x dx = 2 x − x dx
a 0 0

1
 x 2 x2   1 1 2 1 1
3

= 2  −  = 2 −  = 2 −  =
 2 2 0
3
 2 2
3
3 2 3

1
So the required area bounded by the region is square unit.
3

Prepared By,
Md. Mehedi Hasan, Senior Lecturer in Mathematics, Department of General Educational
Development (GED), FSIT, Daffodil International University (DIU), Dhaka, Bangladesh.
 Application of Integration P a g e | 10

EXERCISE

1. Find the area bounded by the curve x = sin y , the y − axis and the straight lines y = 0 and
y = .

2. Find the area bounded by the curve y = x3 , the x − axis and the straight lines x = 1 and x = 4 .

3. Find the area of the region bounded by the curve x = 4ay ; from y = 0 and y = a .
2

4. Find the area of the region enclosed by x2 + y 2 = 25 .

5. Find the area of the region bounded by the parabola y = x 2 and y = x .

Area Between Two Curves:

Intuitively, true in the sense of Leibnitz, integration
is the act of calculating the area by cutting the region
into a large number of small strips of the elementary
area and then adding up these elementary areas.
Suppose we are given two curves represented by
y = f ( x ) , y = g ( x ) , where f ( x )  g ( x ) in [a, b]
as shown in Figure-1. Here the points of intersection
of these two curves are given by x = a and x = b
obtained by taking common values of y from the given equation of two curves. For setting up a
formula for the integral, it is convenient to take elementary area in the form of vertical stripes. As
indicated in the Figure-1, elementary strip has height f ( x ) − g ( x ) and width dx so that the
elementary area.

dA =  f ( x ) − g ( x )  dx and the total area A can be taken as

b
A =   f ( x ) − g ( x ) dx
a

Again, If f ( x)  g ( x) in [a, c] and

f ( x )  g ( x ) in [c, b], where a  c  b as
shown in the Figure-2, then the area of the
regions bounded by curves can be written as
Total Area = Area of the region ACBDA + Area
of the region BPRQB

Prepared By,
Md. Mehedi Hasan, Senior Lecturer in Mathematics, Department of General Educational
Development (GED), FSIT, Daffodil International University (DIU), Dhaka, Bangladesh.
 Application of Integration P a g e | 11

c b
A =   f ( x ) − g ( x )  dx +   g ( x ) − f ( x ) dx
a c

Problem: Determine the area of the region enclosed by y = x 2 and y = x .

Solution: The equation of the given curves are y = x 2 and y = x .

The graph of the given curves are as follows:

We have, y = x 2 and y = x

Now, x 2 = x

 ( x2 ) = ( x)
2 2

 x4 = x

 x4 − x = 0

 x ( x3 − 1) = 0

Therefore x = 0 and x3 − 1 = 0

 ( x −1)( x2 + x + 1) = 0

( x −1) = 0 or ( x2 + x + 1) = 0

x =1 or ( x2 + x + 1) = 0

−1  12 − 4.1.1
x=
2.1

−1  −3
x=
2

For real x = 0 & 1 we get respectively y = 0 & 1

Therefore the given curves intersect each other in two-point at (0,0) and (1,1) .

In the question, a = 0, b = 1, y2 = x and y1 = x 2 .

So, the area of the region is

Prepared By,
Md. Mehedi Hasan, Senior Lecturer in Mathematics, Department of General Educational
Development (GED), FSIT, Daffodil International University (DIU), Dhaka, Bangladesh.
 Application of Integration P a g e | 12

( )
b 1
A =  ( y2 − y1 ) dx = x − x 2 dx
a 0

1 1 1 1 1
 A =  x dx −  x 2 dx =  x 2 dx −  x 2 dx
0 0 0 0

1
 3 1
 x 2   x3 
1
2 3 1 1
 A=   −  =  x 2  −  x3 
3
   3 0 3  0 3 0

 2 0

2 1 2 1 2 −1 1
 A= (1 − 0 ) − (1 − 0 ) = − = =
3 3 3 3 3 3

1
A=
3
1
So the required area bounded by the region is square unit.
3

Problem: Find the area lying above the x-axis and included between the circle x 2 + y 2 = 8 x and
the parabola y 2 = 4 x .

Solution: The equation of the given curves are x 2 + y 2 = 8 x and y 2 = 4 x .

Now rewrite the equation of the circle x 2 + y 2 = 8 x by using

the parabola y 2 = 4 x , then we get

x 2 + 4 x = 8x

 x2 = 8x − 4 x  x 2 = 4 x

 x2 − 4x = 0  x ( x − 4) = 0

 x = 0, x = 4

Now we put the value of x = 0 and x = 4 in the equation of the parabola y 2 = 4 x , then we get
points of intersection of these two curves are O(0, 0) and P(4,4) above the x-axis.
From the Figure, the required area of the region OPQCO included between these two curves above
the x-axis is
= (area of the region OCPO) + (area of the region PCQP)

Prepared By,
Md. Mehedi Hasan, Senior Lecturer in Mathematics, Department of General Educational
Development (GED), FSIT, Daffodil International University (DIU), Dhaka, Bangladesh.
 Application of Integration P a g e | 13

4 8
=  y dx +  y dx
0 4

4 8
= 2 x dx +  8 x − x 2 dx  y 2 = 4 x, so y = 2 x ; and x 2 + y 2 = 8 x, so y = 8 x − x 2 
0 4
 

4 8
= 2 x dx +  42 − ( x − 4 ) dx
2

0 4

 y = 8 x − x 2 = − x 2 + 8 x = 42 − x 2 + 2  x  4 − 42 
 
4
2 3 4 x 4 8
= 2   x 2  +  42 − t 2 dt Let, x − 4 = t , so dx = dt and limit
3 0
0
t 0 4


2 3
4
=  4 +  16 − 16sin 2  4cos  d
2
Let, t = 4sin  , so dt = 4cos  d and limit
3 0


t 0 4
3  0 

( ) ( )
2
4 2
=  22 2 + 4  16 1 − sin 2  cos  d
3 0


2
4
=  23 + 4  4  cos 2  cos  d
3 0

 
2
32 32 12
= + 16  cos 2  d = + 16   2cos 2  d
3 0
3 20


32 2
= + 8 (1 + cos 2 ) d
3 0

  
32  sin 2  2 32   sin   32  
= + 8  +  = +8 +  = + 8  + 0
3   0 3  2 
2  3
 2 

32
= + 4
3

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Md. Mehedi Hasan, Senior Lecturer in Mathematics, Department of General Educational
Development (GED), FSIT, Daffodil International University (DIU), Dhaka, Bangladesh.
 Application of Integration P a g e | 14

 32 
So the required area bounded by the region is  + 4  square unit.
 3 

EXERCISE

1. Find the area bounded by the parabolas x 2 = 4 y and y 2 = 4 x .

2. Find the area of the region enclosed by x2 + y 2 = 25 and x = 3 .

3. Find the area bounded by the parabolas x 2 = 4ay and y 2 = 4ax .

Finding the Volume:

We sometimes need to calculate the volume of a solid which can be obtained by rotating a curve
about the x -axis. There is a straightforward technique which enables this to be done, using
integration. Solid volume is “the amount of space occupied by a solid object”. The volume of solid
is expressed as cubic units. The method to determine the volume of a solid object depends on the
shape of the objects.

Volumes of Solids of Revolution:

Suppose we have a curve, y = f ( x ) . Imagine that the part of the

curve between the ordinates x = a and x = b is rotated about the x
-axis through 3600 . The curve would then map out the surface of a
solid as it rotated. Such solids are called solids of revolution. Thus
if the curve was a circle, we would obtain the surface of a sphere. If
the curve was a straight line through the origin, we would obtain the
surface of a cone.

Prepared By,
Md. Mehedi Hasan, Senior Lecturer in Mathematics, Department of General Educational
Development (GED), FSIT, Daffodil International University (DIU), Dhaka, Bangladesh.
 Application of Integration P a g e | 15

Finding Formula of Finding Volume:

Now we already know what the formulae for the volumes of a sphere
and a cone are, but where did they come from? How can they calculate?
If we could find a general method for calculating the volumes of the
solids of revolution then we would be able to calculate, for example,
the volume of a sphere and the volume of a cone, as well as the volumes
of more complex solids. To see how to carry out these calculations we
look first at the curve, together with the solid it maps out when rotated
through 3600 .

Now if we take a cross-section of the solid, parallel to the y -axis,

this cross-section will be a circle. But rather than take a cross-
section, let us take a thin disc of thickness  x , with the face of
the disc nearest the y -axis at a distance x from the origin.

The radius of this circular face will then be y . The radius of the
other circular face will be y +  y , where  y is the change in y
caused by the small positive increase in x,  x . The disc is not a cylinder, but it is very close to
one. It will become even closer to one as  x , and hence  y , tends to zero. Thus we approximate
the disc with a cylinder of thickness, or height,  x , and radius y .

The volume V of the disc is then given by the volume of a cylinder is  r 2 h , so that, V =  r 2h

So the volume V of the solid of revolution is given by

x =b
V = lim   V
 x →0
x=a

x =b
= lim   y 2 x
 x →0
x=a

b
 V =   y 2 dx
a

where we have changed the limit of a sum into a definite integral, using our definition of
integration. This formula now gives us a way to calculate the volumes of solids of revolution
about the x -axis.

Example: Find the volume of the solid that is obtained when the region under the curve y = x
over the interval [1, 4] is revolved about the x-axis.

Prepared By,
Md. Mehedi Hasan, Senior Lecturer in Mathematics, Department of General Educational
Development (GED), FSIT, Daffodil International University (DIU), Dhaka, Bangladesh.
 Application of Integration P a g e | 16

Solution: According to the question we get the volume,

b 4 2
V =   [ f ( x)]2 dx =    x  dx
a 1

4
4  x2   16 1 
=   x dx =    =   − 
1
 2 1  2 2

15 
V =
2

Problem: Find the volume of the solid that is obtained when the region under the curve y = sin x
over the interval x = 0 and x =  is revolved about the x-axis.

Solution: Given that the curve y = sin x over the interval x = 0 and x =  also it’s revolved about
the x-axis. So that the volume of y = sin x over the interval x = 0 and x =  will be,
 
V =   y dx 2
=   sin 2 x dx
0 0

 
2 2
= 2  sin = 2  sin
2 2
x dx x cos0 x dx
0 0

1 3
= 2  2 2
2+0+2
2
2

1 1 1
2 2
= 2  2
22

2  1 = 
V =
2  2 

Problem: Find the volume of the solid that is obtained when the region under the curve y 2 = 4ax
over the interval 1, 2 is revolved about the x-axis.

Solution: Given that the curve y 2 = 4ax over the interval 1, 2 and it’s revolved about the x-axis.
So that the volume of y 2 = 4ax over the region x = 1 and x = 2 will be,

Prepared By,
Md. Mehedi Hasan, Senior Lecturer in Mathematics, Department of General Educational
Development (GED), FSIT, Daffodil International University (DIU), Dhaka, Bangladesh.
 Application of Integration P a g e | 17

2 2
V =   y 2 dx =   4ax dx
1 1

2
2
 x2 
= 4a  x dx = 4a  
1  2 1

 22 12   1 3
= 4a  −  = 4a  2 −  = 4a
 2 2  2 2

 V = 6a

Problem: Find the volume of the solid generated when the region between the graphs of the
1
equations f ( x ) = + x 2 and g ( x ) = x over the interval [0, 2] is revolved about the x-axis.
2
Solution: First sketch the region (Figure ‘a’); then imagine revolving it about the x-axis (Figure
‘b’). So the volume will be,

a
b
(
V =    f ( x )  −  f ( x )  dx
2 2
)
 1
2
2
2

=     + x  − x 2  dx
0 2  
 

2 1  2 1 
=    + x 2 + x 4 − x 2  dx =    + x 4  dx
0
4  0
4 
2
 x x5   2 32  69
=  +  =  +  =
 4 5 0  4 5  10

69
V =
10

Example: Find the volume of a sphere, x2 + y 2 = r 2 .

Prepared By,
Md. Mehedi Hasan, Senior Lecturer in Mathematics, Department of General Educational
Development (GED), FSIT, Daffodil International University (DIU), Dhaka, Bangladesh.
 Application of Integration P a g e | 18

Solution: The equation x2 + y 2 = r 2 represents the equation of a

circle centred on the origin and with radius r . So the graph of
the function y = r 2 − x 2 is a semicircle.

We rotate this curve between x = −r and x = r about the x-axis

through 3600 to form a sphere.

Now x2 + y 2 = r 2 , and so y 2 = r 2 − x2 . Therefore

( )
b r
V =   y 2 dx =   r 2 − x 2 dx
a −r

r
 x3 
=  r 2 x − 
 3 −r

 r3   r 3  
=   r 3 −  −  −r 3 +  
 3  3  

 r3 r3   2r 3   6r 3 − 2r 3 
=   r 3 − + r 3 −  =   2r 3 −  =   
 3 3  3   3 

4 r 3
V =
3
This is the standard result for the volume of a sphere.

EXERCISE
1. Find the volume of the solid that is obtained when the region under the curve y = cos x over

the interval x = 0 and x = is revolved about the x-axis.
2

2. Find the volume of the solid that is obtained when the region under the curve y = 32 x over
the interval  2, 4 is revolved about the x-axis.

3. Find the volume of the solid generated when the region between the graphs of the equations
f ( x ) = x 2 and g ( x ) = 2 x over the interval [1, 3] is revolved about the x-axis.

Prepared By,
Md. Mehedi Hasan, Senior Lecturer in Mathematics, Department of General Educational
Development (GED), FSIT, Daffodil International University (DIU), Dhaka, Bangladesh.