ASSIGNMENT: 2

GOVERNMENT COLLEGE
WOMEN
UNIVERSITY FASILABAD

SUBMITTED BY:

NAME JUWAIRIA
KHALID
SEMESTER 3rd MA
DEP. MATH
SUBJECT: PROGRAMING
WITH PYTHON

SUBMITTED TO:
MAM MERISH
DATE OF SUBMISSION:
24 OCT. 2024
 NAME: JUWAIRIA KHALID
ROLL NO: 39
COURSE: PROGRAMING
WITH PYTHON

What is Python?
 Python is a popular programming language.
 It is often applied in scripting roles.
 It was created by Guido van Rossum, and released in 1991
 .It is scripting language.
 Is is also called interpreted language.

 web development (server-side),

 software development,
 mathematics,
 system scripting.

What can Python do?

 Web development
 Artifical intelligance
 Gaming
 Education
 Business
 Research
 Database managemant

Why Python?
 High demand in indrustry.
 Easy to learn
 Versatile applications
 Large community support
 Cross platfoam compatibility

Example: 1
 Num 1 = 6.5
Num 2 = .37
Sum = num1+num2
Print (‘The sum of {0} and {1} is {12}. format)
(*args num1,num2,sum))

Example:2

Num1=input(‘Enter 1 number:’)
Num2=input(‘Enter 2 number:’)
Sum=float(num1)+(num2)
Print(‘The sum of {0}and{1}is{2} ‘.
format(*args num1,num2,sum))

Python Syntax
Execute Python Syntax
As we learned in the previous page, Python syntax can be executed by
writing directly in the Command Line:

>>> print("Hello, World!")

Hello, World!

Or by creating a python file on the server, using the .py file extension, and
running it in the Command Line:

Python Indentation
Indentation refers to the spaces at the beginning of a code line.
 Where in other programming languages the indentation in code is for
readability only, the indentation in Python is very important.

Python uses indentation to indicate a block of code.

Example

Python Comments
Comments can be used to explain Python code.

Comments can be used to make the code more readable.

Comments can be used to prevent execution when testing code.

Creating a Comment
Comments starts with a #, and Python will ignore them:

Example

#This is a comment
print("Hello, World!")

Comments can be placed at the end of a line, and Python will ignore the
rest of the line:

Example

print("Hello, World!") #This is a comment

A comment does not have to be text that explains the code, it can also be
used to prevent Python from executing code:

Example

#print("Hello, World!")
print("Cheers, Mate!")
 Multiline Comments
Python does not really have a syntax for multiline comments.

To add a multiline comment you could insert a # for each line:

Example

#This is a comment
#written in
#more than just one line
print("Hello, World!")

Since Python will ignore string literals that are not assigned to a variable,
you can add a multiline string (triple quotes) in your code, and place your
comment inside it:

Example

"""
This is a comment
written in
more than just one line
"""
print("Hello, World!")

Python Variables
Variables
Variables are containers for storing data values.

Creating Variables
Python has no command for declaring a variable.

A variable is created the moment you first assign a value to it.

Example
x = 5
y = "John"
print(x)
print(y)

Variables do not need to be declared with any particular type, and can
even change type after they have been set.

Example

x = 4 # x is of type int
x = "Sally" # x is now of type str
print(x)

Casting
If you want to specify the data type of a variable, this can be done with
casting.

Example

x = str(3) # x will be '3'

y = int(3) # y will be 3
z = float(3) # z will be 3.0

Get the Type

You can get the data type of a variable with the type() function.

Example

x = 5
y = "John"
print(type(x))
print(type(y))

Single or Double Quotes?

String variables can be declared either by using single or double quotes:

Example
x = "John"
# is the same as
x = 'John'

Case-Sensitive
Variable names are case-sensitive.

Example

This will create two variables:

a = 4
A = "Sally"
#A will not overwrite a

Python Data Types

Built-in Data Types
In programming, data type is an important concept.

Variables can store data of different types, and different types can do
different things.

Python has the following data types built-in by default, in these categories:

Text Type: str

Numeric Types: int, float, complex

Sequence Types: list, tuple, range

Mapping Type: dict

Set Types: set, frozenset

Boolean Type: bool

Binary Types: bytes, bytearray, memoryvi

ew

None Type: NoneType

Getting the Data Type

 You can get the data type of any object by using the type() function

Example

Print the data type of the variable x:

x = 5
print(type(x))

Setting the Data Type

In Python, the data type is set when you assign a value to a variable:

Example Data
Type

x = "Hello World" str

x = 20 int

x = 20.5 float

x = 1j complex

x = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"] list

x = ("apple", "banana", "cherry") tuple

x = range(6) range

x = {"name" : "John", "age" : 36} dict

x = {"apple", "banana", "cherry"} set

x = frozenset({"apple", "banana", frozenset

"cherry"})

x = True bool

x = b"Hello" bytes

x = bytearray(5) bytearray

x = memoryview(bytes(5)) memoryv
iew
 x = None NoneTyp
e

Setting the Specific Data Type

If you want to specify the data type, you can use the following constructor
functions:

Example Data
Type

x = str("Hello World") str

x = int(20) int

x = float(20.5) float

x = complex(1j) complex

x = list(("apple", "banana", "cherry")) list

x = tuple(("apple", "banana", tuple

"cherry"))

x = range(6) range

x = dict(name="John", age=36) dict

x = set(("apple", "banana", "cherry")) set

x = frozenset(("apple", "banana", frozenset

"cherry"))

x = bool(5) bool

x = bytes(5) bytes

x = bytearray(5) bytearray

x = memoryview(bytes(5)) memoryv
iew

Python Numbers
Python Numbers
There are three numeric types in Python:
  int
 float
 complex

Variables of numeric types are created when you assign a value to them:

Example

x = 1 # int
y = 2.8 # float
z = 1j # complex

To verify the type of any object in Python, use the type() function:

Example

print(type(x))
print(type(y))
print(type(z))

Int
Int, or integer, is a whole number, positive or negative, without decimals,
of unlimited length.

Example

Integers:

x = 1
y = 35656222554887711
z = -3255522

print(type(x))
print(type(y))
print(type(z))

Float
Float, or "floating point number" is a number, positive or negative,
containing one or more decimals.
Example

Floats:

x = 1.10
y = 1.0
z = -35.59

print(type(x))
print(type(y))
print(type(z))

Float can also be scientific numbers with an "e" to indicate the power of
10.

Example

Floats:

x = 35e3
y = 12E4
z = -87.7e100

print(type(x))
print(type(y))
print(type(z))

Complex
Complex numbers are written with a "j" as the imaginary part:

Example

Complex:

x = 3+5j
y = 5j
z = -5j

print(type(x))
print(type(y))
print(type(z))
 Type Conversion
You can convert from one type to another with the int(), float(),
and complex() methods:

Example

Convert from one type to another:

x = 1 # int
y = 2.8 # float
z = 1j # complex

#convert from int to float:

a = float(x)

#convert from float to int:

b = int(y)

#convert from int to complex:

c = complex(x)

print(a)
print(b)
print(c)

print(type(a))
print(type(b))
print(type(c))

Random Number
Python does not have a random() function to make a random number, but
Python has a built-in module called random that can be used to make
random numbers:

Example

Import the random module, and display a random number between 1 and 9:

import random

print(random.randrange(1, 10))
 In our Random Module Reference you will learn more about the Random
module.

Python Casting
Specify a Variable Type
There may be times when you want to specify a type on to a variable. This
can be done with casting. Python is an object-orientated language, and as
such it uses classes to define data types, including its primitive types.

Casting in python is therefore done using constructor functions:

 int() - constructs an integer number from an integer literal, a float

literal (by removing all decimals), or a string literal (providing the
string represents a whole number)
 float() - constructs a float number from an integer literal, a float
literal or a string literal (providing the string represents a float or an
integer)
 str() - constructs a string from a wide variety of data types,
including strings, integer literals and float literals

Example

Integers:

x = int(1) # x will be 1
y = int(2.8) # y will be 2
z = int("3") # z will be 3

Example

Floats:

x = float(1) # x will be 1.0

y = float(2.8) # y will be 2.8
z = float("3") # z will be 3.0
w = float("4.2") # w will be 4.2

Example
Strings:

x = str("s1") # x will be 's1'

y = str(2) # y will be '2'
z = str(3.0) # z will be '3.0'

Python Strings
Strings
Strings in python are surrounded by either single quotation marks, or
double quotation marks.

'hello' is the same as "hello".

You can display a string literal with the print() function:

Example

print("Hello")
print('Hello')

Quotes Inside Quotes

You can use quotes inside a string, as long as they don't match the quotes
surrounding the string:

Example

print("It's alright")
print("He is called 'Johnny'")
print('He is called "Johnny"')

Assign String to a Variable

Assigning a string to a variable is done with the variable name followed by
an equal sign and the string:

Example
a = "Hello"
print(a)

Multiline Strings
You can assign a multiline string to a variable by using three quotes:

Example

You can use three double quotes:

a = """Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet,

consectetur adipiscing elit,
sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt
ut labore et dolore magna aliqua."""
print(a)

Or three single quotes:

Example

a = '''Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet,

consectetur adipiscing elit,
sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt
ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.'''
print(a)

Strings are Arrays

Like many other popular programming languages, strings in Python are
arrays of bytes representing unicode characters.

However, Python does not have a character data type, a single character
is simply a string with a length of 1.

Square brackets can be used to access elements of the string.

Example

Get the character at position 1 (remember that the first character has the
position 0):
a = "Hello, World!"
print(a[1])

Looping Through a String

Since strings are arrays, we can loop through the characters in a string,
with a for loop.

Example

Loop through the letters in the word "banana":

for x in "banana":
print(x)

String Length
To get the length of a string, use the len() function.

Example

The len() function returns the length of a string:

a = "Hello, World!"
print(len(a))

Check String
To check if a certain phrase or character is present in a string, we can use
the keyword in.

Example

Check if "free" is present in the following text:

txt = "The best things in life are free!"

print("free" in txt)
 Use it in an if statement:

Example

Print only if "free" is present:

txt = "The best things in life are free!"

if "free" in txt:
print("Yes, 'free' is present.")

Check if NOT
To check if a certain phrase or character is NOT present in a string, we can
use the keyword not in.

Example

Check if "expensive" is NOT present in the following text:

txt = "The best things in life are free!"

print("expensive" not in txt)

Use it in an if statement:

Example

print only if "expensive" is NOT present:

txt = "The best things in life are free!"

if "expensive" not in txt:
print("No, 'expensive' is NOT present.")

Python Booleans
Booleans represent one of two values: True or False.

Boolean Values
 In programming you often need to know if an expression is True or False.

You can evaluate any expression in Python, and get one of two
answers, True or False.

When you compare two values, the expression is evaluated and Python
returns the Boolean answer:

Example

print(10 > 9)
print(10 == 9)
print(10 < 9)

When you run a condition in an if statement, Python

returns True or False:

Example

Print a message based on whether the condition is True or False:

a = 200
b = 33

if b > a:
print("b is greater than a")
else:
print("b is not greater than a")

Evaluate Values and Variables

The bool() function allows you to evaluate any value, and give
you True or False in return,

Example

Evaluate a string and a number:

print(bool("Hello"))
print(bool(15))
Example

Evaluate two variables:

x = "Hello"
y = 15

print(bool(x))
print(bool(y))

Most Values are True

Almost any value is evaluated to True if it has some sort of content.

Any string is True, except empty strings.

Any number is True, except 0.

Any list, tuple, set, and dictionary are True, except empty ones.

Example

The following will return True:

bool("abc")
bool(123)
bool(["apple", "cherry", "banana"])

Some Values are False

In fact, there are not many values that evaluate to False, except empty
values, such as (), [], {}, "", the number 0, and the value None. And of
course the value False evaluates to False.

Example

The following will return False:

bool(False)
bool(None)
bool(0)
bool("")
bool(())
bool([])
bool({})

One more value, or object in this case, evaluates to False, and that is if
you have an object that is made from a class with a __len__ function that
returns 0 or False:

Example

class myclass():
def __len__(self):
return 0

myobj = myclass()
print(bool(myobj))

Functions can Return a

Boolean
You can create functions that returns a Boolean Value:

Example

Print the answer of a function:

def myFunction() :
return True

print(myFunction())

You can execute code based on the Boolean answer of a function:

Example

Print "YES!" if the function returns True, otherwise print "NO!":

def myFunction() :
return True
if myFunction():
print("YES!")
else:
print("NO!")

Python also has many built-in functions that return a boolean value, like
the isinstance() function, which can be used to determine if an object is
of a certain data type:

Example

Check if an object is an integer or not:

x = 200
print(isinstance(x, int))

Python Operators

Python Operators
Operators are used to perform operations on variables and values.

In the example below, we use the + operator to add together two values:

Example

print(10 + 5)

Python divides the operators in the following groups:

 Arithmetic operators
 Assignment operators
 Comparison operators
 Logical operators
 Identity operators
 Membership operators
 Bitwise operators

Python Arithmetic Operators

Arithmetic operators are used with numeric values to perform common
mathematical operations:

Operato Name Example

r

+ Addition x+y

- Subtraction x-y

* Multiplication x*y

/ Division x/y

% Modulus x%y

** Exponentiatio x ** y
n

// Floor division x // y

Python Assignment Operators

Assignment operators are used to assign values to variables:

Operato Example Same As

r

= x=5 x=5

+= x += 3 x=x+3

-= x -= 3 x=x-3

*= x *= 3 x=x*3

/= x /= 3 x=x/3

%= x %= 3 x=x%3

//= x //= 3 x = x // 3

**= x **= 3 x = x ** 3

&= x &= 3 x=x&3

|= x |= 3 x=x|3

^= x ^= 3 x=x^3

>>= x >>= 3 x = x >> 3

 <<= x <<= 3 x = x << 3

:= print(x := 3) x=3
print(x)

Python Comparison Operators

Comparison operators are used to compare two values:

Operato Name Example

r

== Equal x == y

!= Not equal x != y

> Greater than x>y

< Less than x<y

>= Greater than or equal to x >= y

<= Less than or equal to x <= y

Python Logical Operators

Logical operators are used to combine conditional statements:

Operato Description Example

r

and Returns True if both statements are true x < 5 and x < 10

or Returns True if one of the statements is x < 5 or x < 4

true

not Reverse the result, returns False if the not(x < 5 and x <
result is true 10)

Python Identity Operators

Identity operators are used to compare the objects, not if they are equal,
but if they are actually the same object, with the same memory location:

Operato Description Example

 r

is Returns True if both variables are the same object x is y

is not Returns True if both variables are not the same x is not y
object

Python Membership Operators

Membership operators are used to test if a sequence is presented in an
object:

Operato Description Example

r

in Returns True if a sequence with the x in y

specified value is present in the object

not in Returns True if a sequence with the x not in y

specified value is not present in the
object

Python Bitwise Operators

Bitwise operators are used to compare (binary) numbers:

Operato Name Description Example

r

& AND Sets each bit to 1 if both bits are 1 x&y

| OR Sets each bit to 1 if one of two bits is 1 x|y

^ XOR Sets each bit to 1 if only one of two x^y

bits is 1

~ NOT Inverts all the bits ~x

<< Zero fill Shift left by pushing zeros in from the x << 2
left shift right and let the leftmost bits fall off

>> Signed Shift right by pushing copies of the x >> 2

right shift leftmost bit in from the left, and let
the rightmost bits fall off

Operator Precedence
Operator precedence describes the order in which operations are
performed.
Example

Parentheses has the highest precedence, meaning that expressions inside

parentheses must be evaluated first:

print((6 + 3) - (6 + 3))

Example

Multiplication * has higher precedence than addition +, and therefor

multiplications are evaluated before additions:

print(100 + 5 * 3)

The precedence order is described in the table below, starting with the highest
precedence at the top:

Operator Description

() Parentheses

** Exponentiation

+x -x ~x Unary plus, unary minus, and

bitwise NOT

* / // % Multiplication, division, floor

division, and modulus

+ - Addition and subtraction

<< >> Bitwise left and right shifts

& Bitwise AND

^ Bitwise XOR

| Bitwise OR

== != > >= < <= is is Comparisons, identity, and

not in not in membership operators

not Logical NOT

and AND
 or OR

If two operators have the same precedence, the expression is evaluated

from left to right.

Example

Addition + and subtraction - has the same precedence, and therefor we

evaluate the expression from left to right:

print(5 + 4 - 7 + 3)

Python Lists
mylist = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]

List
Lists are used to store multiple items in a single variable.

Lists are one of 4 built-in data types in Python used to store collections of
data, the other 3 are Tuple, Set, and Dictionary, all with different qualities
and usage.

Lists are created using square brackets:

Example

Create a List:

thislist = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]

print(thislist)

List Items
List items are ordered, changeable, and allow duplicate values.

List items are indexed, the first item has index [0], the second item has
index [1] etc.
 Ordered
When we say that lists are ordered, it means that the items have a defined
order, and that order will not change.

If you add new items to a list, the new items will be placed at the end of
the list.

Note: There are some list methods that will change the order, but in general: the
order of the items will not change.

Changeable
The list is changeable, meaning that we can change, add, and remove
items in a list after it has been created.

Allow Duplicates
Since lists are indexed, lists can have items with the same value:

Example

Lists allow duplicate values:

thislist = ["apple", "banana", "cherry", "apple", "cherry"]

print(thislist)

List Length
To determine how many items a list has, use the len() function:

Example

Print the number of items in the list:

thislist = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
print(len(thislist))

List Items - Data Types

List items can be of any data type:

Example

String, int and boolean data types:

list1 = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]

list2 = [1, 5, 7, 9, 3]
list3 = [True, False, False]

A list can contain different data types:

Example

A list with strings, integers and boolean values:

list1 = ["abc", 34, True, 40, "male"]

type()
From Python's perspective, lists are defined as objects with the data type
'list':

<class 'list'>

Example

What is the data type of a list?

mylist = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]

print(type(mylist))

The list() Constructor

 It is also possible to use the list() constructor when creating a new list.

Example

Using the list() constructor to make a List:

thislist = list(("apple", "banana", "cherry")) # note the double

round-brackets
print(thislist)

Python Collections (Arrays)

There are four collection data types in the Python programming language:

 List is a collection which is ordered and changeable. Allows

duplicate members.
 Tuple is a collection which is ordered and unchangeable. Allows
duplicate members.
 Set is a collection which is unordered, unchangeable*, and
unindexed. No duplicate members.
 Dictionary is a collection which is ordered** and changeable. No
duplicate members.

When choosing a collection type, it is useful to understand the properties

of that type. Choosing the right type for a particular data set could mean
retention of meaning, and, it could mean an increase in efficiency or
security.

Python Tuples
mytuple = ("apple", "banana", "cherry")

Tuple
Tuples are used to store multiple items in a single variable.

Tuple is one of 4 built-in data types in Python used to store collections of

data, the other 3 are List, Set, and Dictionary, all with different qualities
and usage.

A tuple is a collection which is ordered and unchangeable.

Tuples are written with round brackets.

Example
Create a Tuple:

Tuple Itemsthistuple = ("apple", "banana", "cherry")

print(thistuple)

Tuple items are ordered, unchangeable, and allow duplicate values.

Tuple items are indexed, the first item has index [0], the second item has
index [1] etc.

Ordered
When we say that tuples are ordered, it means that the items have a
defined order, and that order will not change.

Unchangeable
Tuples are unchangeable, meaning that we cannot change, add or remove
items after the tuple has been created.

Allow Duplicates
Since tuples are indexed, they can have items with the same value:

Example

Tuples allow duplicate values:

thistuple = ("apple", "banana", "cherry", "apple", "cherry")

print(thistuple)

Tuple Length
To determine how many items a tuple has, use the len() function:

Example
Print the number of items in the tuple:

thistuple = ("apple", "banana", "cherry")

print(len(thistuple))

Create Tuple With One Item

To create a tuple with only one item, you have to add a comma after the
item, otherwise Python will not recognize it as a tuple.

Example

One item tuple, remember the comma:

thistuple = ("apple",)
print(type(thistuple))

#NOT a tuple
thistuple = ("apple")
print(type(thistuple))

Tuple Items - Data Types

Tuple items can be of any data type:

Example

String, int and boolean data types:

tuple1 = ("apple", "banana", "cherry")

tuple2 = (1, 5, 7, 9, 3)
tuple3 = (True, False, False)

A tuple can contain different data types:

Example

A tuple with strings, integers and boolean values:

tuple1 = ("abc", 34, True, 40, "male")

type()
From Python's perspective, tuples are defined as objects with the data
type 'tuple':

<class 'tuple'>

Example

What is the data type of a tuple?

mytuple = ("apple", "banana", "cherry")

print(type(mytuple))

The tuple() Constructor

It is also possible to use the tuple() constructor to make a tuple.

Example

Using the tuple() method to make a tuple:

thistuple = tuple(("apple", "banana", "cherry")) # note the double

round-brackets
print(thistuple)

Python Collections (Arrays)

There are four collection data types in the Python programming language:

 List is a collection which is ordered and changeable. Allows

duplicate members.
 Tuple is a collection which is ordered and unchangeable. Allows
duplicate members.
 Set is a collection which is unordered, unchangeable*, and
unindexed. No duplicate members.
 Dictionary is a collection which is ordered** and changeable. No
duplicate members.