1
Computer Aided
Design Lecture 02
CAD
CAD Software and Hardware
Dr. Ragab Kamal
Dr. Ragab Kamal
Introduction
• Once a design is released for production, the cost of making
changes grows exponentially and flexibility is decreasing
• It is essential that the modification be considered early when
the design changes are flexible and the cost of changes is low
CAD /CAM/CAE Software
CAD Software Packages
CAD / CAM Applications
Material utilization
Material utilization one of efficiency measures of
design and manufacturing which is the key to
being successful
CAD Aspects
Three aspects of CAD
1.Modelling
2.Display and visualization
3.Application
1. Stress analysis (finite element analysis)
2. CAD / CAM
Modelling
• Define the object
Relate different features /objects
Input and Output devices
Principles of Computer Graphics
• Traditionally drawings are prepared on plane drawing
sheets. This has several limitations.
• The sketches have to be made only in two dimensions.
Though the depth can be represented by pictorial
projections like isometric and perspective projections, the
projections must be necessarily reduced to two dimensions.
• Use of computer graphics has possibilities for
the designer easy modifications and changes
Principles of Computer Graphics (cont.)
❑ The object is represented by its geometric model in three dimensions (X, Y and Z).
❑ Though the size of the screen is limited, there is no need to scale the drawings.
❑ Drawings can be made very accurate.
❑ The geometric models can be represented in color and can be viewed from any
angle.
❑ Sections can be automatically created.
❑ The associativity ensures that any change made in one of the related views will
automatically reflect in other views.
❑ Revision and revision control are easy.
❑ Drawings (geometric models) can be modified easily.
❑ More important than all, drawings can be reused easily .
❑ Storage and recovery of drawings are easy
Principles of Computer Graphics (cont.)
• Modern computer graphics displays are simple in construction.
• They consist of basically three components :
i. Monitor
ii. Digital Memory or Frame Buffer.
(A frame buffer (frame buffer, or sometimes frame store) is a
portion of RAM containing a bitmap that is driven to a video
display from a memory buffer containing a complete frame of
data. The information in the memory buffer typically consists
of color values for every pixel (point that can be displayed) on
the screen)
iii. Display Controller.
Most of the computer graphics displays use raster CRT which
is a matrix of discrete cells each of which can be made bright
RASTER SYSTEM ?
• The raster graphics developed in early 70’s.
• It is commonly used in CRT monitor.
• It is based on TV technology.
• In this system, electron beam swaps across the
screen one row at a time from top to bottom.
• Beam intensity vary (on or off) by the movement
of electron beam across each row.
A raster-scan system displays an object as a
set of discrete points across each scan line.
• Interactive raster graphic generally employ
several processing units.
• In addition to the CPU a special buffer processor
called video controller or display controller is used
to control the operations of display device.
• Frame buffer can be any where in the system
memory, and the video controller accesses the
frame buffer to refresh the screen.
• A fixed area of system memory is reserved for
the frame buffer.
• Video controller direct access the frame buffer.
• The video display screen is divided into very small rectangular elements called
a picture element or pixel.
• This happens to be the smallest addressable screen element. Graphic images
are formed by setting suitable intensity and color to the pixels which compose
the image.
• Depending upon the resolution screens may have varying number of pixels.
• For example, an SVGA monitor with a resolution of 1024 x 768 will have 1024
pixels in every row (X - direction) and 768 pixels in every column (Y-direction).
Monitors of larger size will have resolution of 1024 x 1024 or more.
• A raster scan system displays the image on a CRT in a certain fixed sequence
Drawing entities
A drawing is created by an assembly of points, lines, arcs, circles.
For example, drawing Sample consists of several entities.
In computer graphics also drawings are created in a similar manner. Each
of these is called an entity. The drawing entities that a user may find in a
typical CAD package include
• Point,
• line, construction line, multi-line, polyline
• circle
• spline
• arc
• ellipse
• polygon
• rectangle
Drawing entities
Drawing entities
Point Plotting
• The frame buffer display is an example of a point
plotting device.
• The smallest unit accepted by such displays is a
single pixel.
• To construct a useful picture on a point plotting
device, a picture must be built out of several
hundreds of pixels
Drawing entities
Straight line segments are used a great deal in computer generated
pictures.
The following criteria have been stipulated for line drawing
displays
i. Lines should appear straight
ii. Lines should terminate accurately
iii. Lines should have constant density
iv. Line density should be independent of length and angle
v. Line should be drawn rapidly
❑ The process of turning on the pixels for a line segment is called
vector generation.
❑ If the end points of the line segment are known, there are
several schemes for selecting the pixels between the end pixels.
❑ One method of generating a line segment is a symmetrical
digital differential analyzer (DDA).
Line drawing algorithm
Line drawing algorithm
