Bond formed by sharing of electrons between two
atoms either same or [Link] complete their octet
or
duplet
Three Types
a single CB formed by sharingof 2e
H H
H c H c
c
p ice p
c
µ
Q Double CB 7 formed
by sharing of 4 electrons
O x O
3 Triple CDs formed
by sharing of 6 electrons
iii iii iii
Covalency no
of bonds formed
by an atom the
in
compound no
of electrons shared by the
atom
In 2nd period maximum covalency 4 fs p
Be 214 B 3 4 N 3 4 O 2 3 F l C 4
BB Bff MHz NHtt H2O Hz0
In 3rd orhigher period covalency 24 S Pid
Ian expand their octet
Pg06 1104010 S 2,4 6 Cl 1.3.57
3 5
Coordinate Bond
special type of
covalent bond in which both the
electrons are atom and accepted
given by one by
another atom
electron acceptor atom must have vacant
orbital Lewis acids
electron donor atom must have done
pair
electron as well as a completedoctet Lewis
of
base
A B
Co ordinate is generally represented as covalent bond
CaseI element belongs to 2nd period
If an
C N O Be B
t
step't A B A B
StepI At B
element belongs to 3rd and higher
case 1
If an
period
y
A B AIB
Hzot HIT Ht H H
IH
H
NHtt HzN Ht H NEH
l f
nt H
Brat F Bfg F B F
one orbital 1
vacant f
40
803 jeezO 0 0
Properties of covalent Bonding
Physical state generally liquid or but some are
gas
soft solids
Iz Sg Pg solid
Melting point and Boiling point generally hare low MP
and BP But some have and BP
very high MP
even higher than ionic compounds
Diamond Sic
generally bad of electricitybut
conductors
Conductivity
some conduct electricity due to polar nature
may
self [Link] some free electrons in the
structure
Hel HBr Polar
H2O1 H2O HzOt T OH
Graphite mobile electron
Polar dissolve in polar solvents
Solubility compounds
and non polar in non polar solvents
Isomerism since covalent bond is directional in
nature hence these compounds show isomerism
CGHsoH and Clb O Ctb
Molecular Reactions bond dissociation as well as
bond formation finite time for completion
N z t 3Hz 2MHz
NE N HH H N H
l
y
d H1
BD BF
Theories related to covalent Bonding
lis Lewis Theory
Iii NBT Valence Bond Theory
Ciii vsEPR Valence shell electron pair repelsion
Civ MOT Molecular orbital
Theory
Lewis Theory
Covalent bond is formed between atoms so that each
atom can complete its octet except hydrogen Duplet
only valence shell electrons are involved in bond
formation
Lewis Dot structure
Rules to Draw LDS
Calculate total valence electrons in a compound
More electropositive atom will be central atomexcept
hydrogen C Least no of atoms can form multiplebonds
HN03 Bfg Cfp HzP004 1931002
Ne
CA
d
two
Oxygen
when in middle will forma
single bond but at
terminal it will form double bond
negatively charged oxygen will present at corner
and form single bond
is present on the compound then
If positive charge
it will be present at CA If negative then it
will be present at terminal atom generally
electronegative
3rd period elements can expand their octet
O
a
p
VE It 5 118 24
Shared electron 10
H
NHI I 142504
H NO H O
I 11
H H O S Oo H
y
O
soft
O Has
H
O 0
9
o te j te
Pals e
1131004
[Link] O
e 11C 11
ee P H O P oH
y c o
I
ice O
l
H
1131003 O
H O bi o y
Ye ipso y
H 14
Drawbacks of LT
Existence ofhypovalent compounds hypovalent means
compounds having incompleted octet 1
Betz F Be F Bfg F F
B
Hypervalent compounds having expanded octet 1
F F
1
Pals Sfs I Ff F I F
f f Iif
Existence of odd electron species
NO N02 ClOz
D
ni O
od Iko
Existence
of compounds of Xe already havingcompleted
octet
XeOz XeOzFz XeOf4
Xefa Xefp XeFf
could not explain structure of the compound
could not tell anything about bond length
bond
angle bond energy etc
Resonance
Forcertain compounds it is not possible to predict
all of their properties with the help of single structure
0 more than one structure is required to explain
all of the properties
TheseStructures are called
resonating structures and
actual structure is known as resonance hybrid
1
2 2 i
i
Resonance Hybrid
Resonating structures
Bond order Bo Total no of bonds between 2 atoms in all
molecule
Total no of structures
130 21 I5
2
Rules
for considering stability of Resonating structures
Neutral structure is always more stable than charged
structure Cstructure having higher no of bond is
more stable
structure in which all atoms have completed
octet is more stable
Negative charge on more electronegative atom will
be more stable
Higher is the bond order of the molecule more
will be the bond energy hence greater will be
the stability shorter bond length
Boa B E X I
BL
130 1
single bond
Double bond 130 2
Triple bond 130 3
Bond length co coz
CIO 0 0 0
130 3 130 2
o
032 o
o
c e d a
to
8 of o
130 2111
3
Bl Cos coz LC 032
Calculate 130
of Pop clop Sofi 0
o_O O O
I l l
00 P O 0 0 0 0 5 0
p l
00 If O_O
130 I 25 130 175 130 9 15
152 7,2 6
bond character double bond
average
bond
single
character character
Formal charge
In any polyatomic e'on charge is present on the complete
any individual
e'on and not on atom
To calculate charge on any individual atom concept of
formal charge is introduced
Concept of FC is helpful in drawing Lewis structure
It is defined as difference of valence electrons
available and no of e available with the atom
in the structure
FC Valence electrons 2 40 BP
O to
Oz O
I
O O
to to
oxygen
cannot
expand its octet
io ii o s o o o
I 6 6 1 1
to
6 4 2 2
0 11
a 0
c CEO Helot
432 6 3 2 O
fl 11 11
OIL O H
O 6 4 2 0 O O
o Il e
O dei e H O Ce OH
C C 111O
7 4 f GI 0 0
f g 6 4 2 0
O
O
I 11
Helo O ee o H 0
9 I H
I
7 2 3
12
