O LEVEL OGY YLUy mea GEOGRAPHY - P2 HANDBOOK #2 _ Hapa cal Via eee aCompiled By: Danyal MalikSOTSe TESTO SCOT Revision Notes-Geography MINERAL & POWER RESOURCES IMPORTANCE OF MINERALS: It increases GDP. © Encourages foreign investment ih di * Provides Raw materials for industry. Decreases imports * Save/earn foreign exchange @ Improves balance of payments Provides Power for Industry. Fuel for transport & homes. * Creates Employment opportuititties 3 * Reduces rural urban migration. + Encourages the development oflareas Where deposits are found. %. id eral: They are natural dccurrifig’ materials which are inorganic in nature. They are formed by the r sof lant and animals over thousand of years due to changes in earth pressure afd temperature. Fossil Fuels: They are minerals which are Potential energy sources formed thousand of years ago fromthe residue of small plants and animals buried beneath the earth’s face and these residues are subjected to pressure and temperature changes as result of the movement of the earth’s crust. The three main fossil fuels are crude oil, natural gas and coal. Compiled by: Danyal Mali DANYAL MALIKDANYAL MALIK Revision Notes-Geography a Ee Introduction of Pakistan’s Mineral Resource Pakistan is poor in metallic minerals but has rich deposits of a few non- metallic mineral. There are about 25 to 30 major mineral in some areas but their eg quality of @ has not been ascertained because many are located in inaccessible aréas where the infrastructure for their exploitation does not exist. This sector ely accounts of about». } AIRY seq y aa 0.5% of the GDP. ~. by ® PROBLEMS BEING FACED BY MINING INDUSTRY OF PAKISTAN: OG, r Mining sector has largely remained under developed due to, © Financial constraints ee * Poor planning * Heavy reliance on advanced countries for the discovery of mninerals due to lack of technology and finances. * There is also scarcity of trained) persons, inadequate planning & geological mapping. ‘ Problems of In Balochistan especially work is hindered by © Poor communication facilities, © “The terrain is rough and not easily accessible * The political and social conditions make for further problems in such work tribal chiefs do not want any development in their territori2s because in the long GE Learning ‘age 2 nhehr ero RRRHHH HHH Revision Notes-Geography National Mineral Development Policy First national’ mineral development policy was announced in 1995. It offered fiscal Incentives to attract foreign and local, private high risk investment in this sector. The new aot aims to increase the exploration and development of mineral resources. i = a. Byattracting multinational companies to explore and dev ft b, By reducing the cost of mineral exploration and developmen duties and taxes on imported machinery equipment a. pat pocaas & Govt is also taking measures to give a boost this sectoreby the, expansion of mineral based industries ee and scientific research. " lishment and % MINERAL & ENERGY RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT AGENCIES. RDC Resource Develophtient Corporation Sh ofl Pakistan Mineral Development Corporation (PMDC| Geological sdi¥8) of Pakistan(GSP Bowne Gemstone Corporation of Pakistan GEMCP Saindak Metals Limited (SML) (Semi Public) Lakhra Coal Deveploment Company (LCD, es Compiled by: Danyal Malik (0321-2058434 DANYAL MALIKDANYAL MALIK Revision Notes-Geography TYPES OF MINERALS Mettalic Mineral: ‘They are pure form minerals and do not contain any other element & ¢ For example: Gold, Copper, Silver, Bauxite and Antimony. a Non-Mettalic Minerals: “ie p They are impure form of minerals or compounds as they contain ane lggnoréiemett. For example: Coal, Limestone, Gypsum, Marble, Diamond & Ro¢ksalt, Differences: ee Metallic Minerals Non MetalliciMinerals ‘© Economically more valuable © Generally hard & shining | «Can change shape without breaking | © Can be stretched and compressed | © Good Electrical & Heat conductors, ‘* Will not change its chemicalproperties |___Wwhen twill reagtwith water of acid sae a ze “@ Economically le! valuable except for theiPower resources for ex oil, coal & gas. Soft and dull surface. Breaks away when shape is changed Can not be stretched and compressed Poor electrical conductors. There is a high*torrelation between energy consumption and standard of living. It also depends on the type of economy (urban or rural, industrial or Agricultural and also whether the country is a net importer or an fuel also affects the energy consumption. xporter of energy. Efficiency and quality of Compiled by: Danyal Malik (0321-2058434)-EDGE Learning Pag ATR A A OF ee aaHUGHES Cee COTE Revision Notes-Geography Name of Minerals Non Metallic RockSalt Chromite sum. = Copper gnesite ron Ore _| Soapstone Manganese Limestone ‘Antimony <| sulphur Marble Clays a) China Clay ‘ b) Fire Clay yy c) Fuller's earth 1. Gypsum: Plaster of Paris, fertilizer to neutralize alkaline soils, & in cheap Jewelry 2. Magnesite: In Furnaces as lining & insulator, flooring tiles, chemicals, cement, sugar refining, fertilizer. 3. Soap Stone: Architectural temple building, furnace lining, gas burner tips, sanitary wares, table tops & switch boards. Compiled by: Danyal Malik (0321-2058434)-EDG sarning, Page DANYAL MALIKDANYAL MALIK Revision Notes-Geography ime Stone: Cement manufacture, iron melting; asphalt coated road metal, tooth paste, bleaching powder & glass. 5. Marble: Ornamental, decorative, sculpturing, flooring, interes decoration. = | 6. Rock Salt: Cooking, preservative purposes and sodas for lalindriesjtextiles and’ dacs >, a inning. ~~ 4 > Uses of Metallic Minerals: 1. Bauxi Chief ore of aluminum, oil refining) water urification, paper making, tanning, ceramics, porcelain cement, chemigals. 2. Copper: Electrical wires, switches;ypipes and tanks. 3. Chromite: Construction of Bridges, raillway carriages, stainless steel and engineering tools. ie 4, Manganese: used in making of dry batteries, paints, steel & flash bulbs Environment Problems Rélated to Mineral Extractior ‘Huge amount of rocks are dug up to get small amount of oe eg 1000 tones of rockifraY produce just 05 tons of copper. e g FRPP RRR RRR '*.,, This leaves huge scars on the landscape or huge hole underground # Holes from underground mining cause land to sink or subside rE . * Waste material gets washed into streams and rivers. Ez © Thesediment that builds up then chokes rivers and alters their routes. = © Everything for miles around may get covered with dust * Poisonous compounds eg: lead, cadmium and arsenic are found in many ores aS These can get washed into the soil and streams from mining processor. They kill = fish and plant life r es a Compiled by: Danyal Malik (0321-2058434)-EDGE Learning ge 6 ae rr = urFOR SETTTTETE Tee Revision Notes-Geography Social and Economic Problems related to Mineral Extraction: «Native people may be forced off the land to make way for mining. * Government can’t afford to set up mines. They rely on deals with foreign mining = companies. © These companies have all the expertise which gives them lot of power. Mining does create jobs, but local people may not have thes (aaa %, Sustainable Extraction of Mineral i gm @ Sustainable Extraction can be carried out through the Ning : S Ge * The government should consider the concept of A le development when yeti Multerational company, then theprefieeest tiene the a, Most of the best jobs may be to outsiders igindustty. «The application of science anditechnology tonhance the industry's les ee making policies which affect the minerals ahd ieee = Ne a competitiveness and environmentakprotection. «The discharge of toxic substafi¢és and the release of heat, in such quantities or concentrations which is\harmfutito éhyironment, should be strictly checked in order to ensure that serious o1 sible damage is not inflicted upon ecosystems. Imported 1. Iron Oreritis imported from Australia & China 2. Coal: Especially coking coal or high-quality coal is imported from New Zealand, China, Australia and Malaysia. 3. Manganese: It is imported from Australia and China. Compiled by: Danyal Malik (0321-2058434)-EDGE Learning DANYAL MALIKDANYAL MALIK Revision Notes-Geography ST Diagram to show how cement is made Limestone or chalk Gypsum Coayoi is used as fuel Clay (lin mm Chalk Rotary kiin | Cement 1. The raw materials are crushediground and mixed, 2. They are heated in a rotary kiln eal or oil is us#d.as fuel. 3. The kiln products are ground with gypsum to make cement which prevents it from setting too quickly aftet'Water is atided Power Minerals/Resources: There are two types of power'resources. 1) Non-Renewable: These resolifces can not be recycled or r2sused and they are founda limited quantities and eventually will run out. The consist of Fossil Fuels ( Cal, Crude Oi! & Natural Gas) and Uranium (Nuclear) 2) Renewable: These resources are recyclable and are found in abundant quantities and they will not run out if they are used in fair quantities. They include Water Sunfight, Wind and Wave. GE Learning TRA RRR RR PRACCTs e ooo ooo e ooo eee eee Revision Notes-Geography NON-RENEWABLE RESOURCES: Goal: derived from vegetation. There are different types of coal. Qualities of Coal: oe The general name given to stratified accumulation of carbonaceous material Peat: vegetative matter, low carbon low heating value, hi & ae carbon. 2, Lignite or Brown coal: High moisture & ash low nents loWgarbon used ? > for generating electricity. Sub bituminous: Black coal high heating, Moderate ¢ Jon content used for 4, Bituminous: Dark Black High heating value 80%.) Anthracite: Jet black high carb@n, 80-95% heating value, used for melting iron & steel for domestic use in cen| heating systems and steam engines. % The higher the carbon content nd lower the Sulphur content, determines how good the coal is, Coke : if the coal isfeated in a fuPnace the gases and impurities are removed and what is left is known as coke. Introduction about Pakistan’s coal deposi The cdal found in our country is of poor quality; its coal seams are thin. The coal found in Pakistanis of lignite to sub bituminous quality. It has low carbon content high Sulphur, high volatile matter and it is of low heating value. If the Sulphur content is high then more ash will be produced during the burning of coal. Coal mining in our country mainly in the hands of private sector which accounts for 85% of the total production: mining is MDC a public sector organization which is operat coalmines three in Balochistan and one in Punjab. piled by: Danyal Malik (0321 DANYAL MALIKDANYAL MALIK Revision Notes-Geography en LCDC Use: The major use'of Coal is in Brick Kiln Industry Thermal power generation oie Industrial (Cement, Glass & Steel) 4. Domestic (Heating & Cooking) Impact of Coal Consumption on Environmental and Human Health. Carbon released by coal combustion cause increase ingeg in the at ere. This lphur zndinitrogen present in causes global warming and the green house effect. The the coal form oxides during combustion and @ataguse fotmpatotigs acid rain. Coal mining is dangerous to people because it causes lung di8ases like T.B and other health problems. Factors affecting coal 4 © Demand © Competition * Grade of coal * Geological cénditions © Availability of capital * Technology, © Environment Impact Page 10 Sr R RRR RRR RRR RRR RR RRR RRR RRRCOSC SH eo Soe "This method is used where the coal seams are near the surface. Th Steger ; Revision Notes-Geography Methods of Coal Mining © Open cast mining © Adit mining © Shaft mi _ % ¢ Open Cast Mining ae & by mechanical excavators. *, Problems > Open cast mining produces a lot of dust and large amoufitof so pollution & rain can cause flooding, " Adit Mining When horizontal or géntlyisioping coalseams are found along the hill side, this method is used. A horizontal tUnnel i dUgithrough the coal bed, after which coalis excavated. Then the coals transported to the surface using rail carts, push carts, donkey/mules or manual labour. Shaft Mining, Where the coal seams are found at a great depth below the surface, vertical shafts/tunnel need to be dug into the ground. As the coal seems are dug out horizontal tunnels called galleries, are formed coal is transferred to the surface by passage ways called drifts through elevators or pulleys. Compiled by: Danyal Malik (0321 4)-EDGE Learning Page 11 DANYAL MALIKDANYAL MALIK Revision Notes-Geography Neen eee ee nn LE Extraction Proces: Once the coal is transported to the surface after mining, then it is sorted out into different qualities and sold to the middle-man or broker. Then itis loaded into trucks, lorries, dumpers or in rail and then transported to users. Problems of Coal Mining in Pakistan “a SS Poot quality of coal is found so companies are not interested in investigin thifsector People do not select this profession because its tough, risk of life beeause offcaving/health hazards, no proper safety measure, some time dangerodsiexplosions w the coal or gas. Old technology is used to excavate coal. Access routes to coal fields are not proper that is why new coal fields are not being explored & exploitediGoal is difficult}iq mine because the topography is very complex. Coal Producing Regions Salt Range ‘Quetta Coal Field Lower Sindh |__ (Pana) (Balochistan) ” (Sindh) | (kPk) ~ Makerwal 1. Salt Range ~ Punjab Salt Range Coal field is located In Potwar Plateau and Salt Range. The main coal mine is © Dandot cer * Pidh 2. Makafwal Gullakhel KPK it’sdocated near, Peshawar. The main coal mine is Makerwal 3.Quetta Coal Field Balochistan Sor Range Degarimines | Khost Shahrig & Harnai mines 4 Lower Sindh Coal Fields Lakhra Coal mines mines | Sonda & Thatta - Mines eer rm O00 Compiled by: Danyal Malik (032 Leaming Page 12 vrhbrhn th PRR RRR RRR RR urCeCe SoC e eT Revision Notes-Geography Crude Oil Mineral Oil was formed from organism called crustacean about 300 milli Oil and Gas indus Up stream( exploration & extraction) Down streams (refining ag dlitgibution) Up streams Down streams Vi Total NRL 4 LASMO oil PRL S [Geo service = PARCO ui PPL Attock refinery es POL Pso L oGpc Caltex Gy ] omv 1, o w BHP [ee 4 ISES OF Oth o Lubricant for Uses of by products |, Source of Power. | ‘Fuel machines 1. ParaffiiWax | )1. Thermal 1. Diesel | 2. Plastics electricity. 2. Petrol 3. Syptheti¢) | 2. Heating rubber oy | | Insecticides | 4. Chemnical & / “Products | | 5. Bitumen | Se 6. Tar | a 7. Furnace Oil The Production and Consumption of Petroleum In 2000-10 crude oil production 56,723 bb/day, daily consumption of il 0.25-3 million bb/Dc. Out of oil consumed, Pakistan produces 30% and Imported Oil 70% 790.22 million US dollars were spent for oil at the end of 20" century Compiled by: Danya 21-2058434)-ED DANYAL MALIKDANYAL MALIK Revision Notes-Geography SS Factors affecting Oil Drilling © Climate variation © Cost and availability of energy ‘* Substitution of other products for e.g, gas for oil Oil & Gas Extraction Proces: Oil & Gas is extracted through Exploration and Drilling. * First an anticline oil trap isocated in earth’s surface using seismic surveys. * Once the quantity of oil andlgas reserves is ascertained and then an exploration well is set up. © Then the Drilling process takes place in which a hole is drilled deep into the ground to. reach the oifeposit. * For this,purpose an Oil Rig or an Oil Derrick is setup © Once'the drilling is done then a pipeline is installed to pump the oil or gas to the surface, * Then the oil is transported mpiled by: Dan RHR ARRAS nrerrarrrnnahRevision Notes-Geography GIL PRODUCING REGIONS 60% Lower Sindh Northern region 40% Largest oil Fields Dhurnal (Punjab) © Smallest oil field Khaur (1999-2000) Northern jar Plateau) Oil Fields Dharnal field Meyal oil field . Toot oil field . Joya Mair oil field . Adhi oil field Sindh Oil Fields Laghari oil field Tando Adam oil Field Dhabi Oil field Mazari oil field Attock oil PakArab | | National Pakistan Bosicor Oil] refinery refinery{PARCO}, | refinery Ltd. refinery Ltd. Refinery. Morgah, Mohmood ket, | Korangi Karachi | Korangi Karachi | Hab Rawlpindi Multan”) a White Oil Pipeline Proj Its @ pipeline constructed to transport Imported oil from Port Qasim to PARCO Refinery at Mahmood Kot near Multan which is the largest refinery. Natural Gas Total gas reserves 24.93 trillion cubic feet original recoverable reserves 38-99 trillion cubic feet with in 50 years Pakistan has consumed 13.77 cubic feet 1999-2000 consumption of gas 715 ic Feet daily production 2-238 million cubic feet. COC OCC TTT e eee eco | “f f DANYAL MALIKRevision Notes-Geography ee Advantages: DANYAL MALIK Natural gas consumption by Different sectors ._ It burn cleanly in furnaces &boilers 2. It produce less air pollution 3. It does less damage to the environment compared to all the other fossil fuels, 4, Itis used in thermal electricity production. = Power 32.2% © Domestic 19.6% A © Commercial 30% “ © Gen Industries 18.9% © Cement 1.2% .% © Fertilizer 24.8% i © Transport 0.3% Source Pakistan energy year book ~ 2001 1. Domestic Use Cooking, room heating 2. Commercial Purpose Trades centers, hotels, restaurant 3. General industries * Chemical, glass,.ceramics, textile, rubber, Iron foundries 4, Power Sector Falsalabad, Kotri, Kot Addu, Shahdara (Lahore) Hyderabad, ‘Suddu 5. Fertilizer Industries ‘Daud Khel in Mainwali ‘an Fert Fauji Fertilizer Machi Got Pak Saudi Fertilizer Sindh RY khan nn creer Compiled by: Danyal Malik (0 58434)-EDGE Learning Page 16 RAR RRRSRRRRHRRRRPReeeee ae bee be beCORO Revision Notes-Geography 6. Transport CNG Natural Gas Transmission & Dis n Network Sui Northern gas pipeline Ltd. SNGPL fe Sui Southern gas pipeline Ltd. SSGCL ® ‘ VANS SNGPL © This gas pipeline was incorporated in 1963 ‘© The function of this company is transmission puriiaton AN * SNGPL serves Punjab & KPK Soon after the discovery, a pipeline was installed y, ‘Maitan h, upply gas to the IPS and fertilizer plant. This pipeline has beer Recerca here another gas power station has been set up and it vai, tended to Lahore it was also taken to Rawalpindi, Islamabad and Peshawar. * Northern Mountains (Chitral, Sgicu & Gilgit)’ % not ‘served Gas by pipelines due to rugged landscape. ‘ie, * Itserves Sindh and Balochistan. « Apipeline also goes to Queha fie + Central and Southern Balochistan is not served by gas pipeline, Gas Fields Lower Sindh East central Balochistan and | Power Plateau ] Upper Sindh Largest gas field Sui Balochistan Second largest gas field Maripur Sindh East Central Balochistan Sui gas field located at the foot hills of Marri Bugti Hills. # Pirkoh gas field © Zinand Uch erence ence nn ae ene ene ann Compiled by: Danyal Malik (0321-205: EDGE Learning Page 1 DANYAL MALIKDARYAL MALIK Revision Notes-Geography ——— Upper Sindh Marri gas field is used in the production of fertilizer at Deharki & Machi Goth Kandhkot Supplies gas to the Guddu thermal plant & khairpur Lower Sindh 2" Largest region khore wah, south Buzdar, Turk, Bhatti Potwar Plateau 3° largest region Adhi, Pindovi, Meyal Sectoral Consumption of gas 4 & Energy sector 32% ‘ Fertilizer Industry 26.8% Households 19.6% i ‘t Other Industries 18.9% Commercial Sector 3% How is Natural Gas supplied to areas not served by Pipelines? For this purpose Natural Gas is cooled down at temperature below \) degrees. As a result gas turns into liquid and then it is stored,into eylinders. Its known as Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG). Then it is transported to'remote areas through trucks, lorries and pick-ups. Q) How natural gas it tratisported and state that advantages and disadvantages. Ans. * 1. Pipelings, 2. Tanker 32 )Gylinders Advantages Pipeline: fast/continuous supply, cheapest method. Compiled by: Danyal Malik (0321-2058434)-EDGE Learning age 18CRE Oe TEE Revision Notes-Geography Disadvantages Pipeline: limited access/loss through leaks, fire hazards, if broken difficult to repair under ground, problem of theft. Tankers: Only small amount, fire hazard if accident takes place, slow & expensive. tv @: %i eget & @& Ye, y % % Nuclear ® “Solar oa Fuels eh € a Coal, Furnace oil, sun, Uranium, Water, Gas Hydroelectricity Thermal ‘Transportation * Cables © Grid, National and local grid Power Resources Rate in Pakistan % share Mineral Oil 40% % ¢ )> Hydet 18% a sti Coal 206% “%y, Nuclear 0.6% Other O%, 0.4% Province wise consumption Punjab 56% Sindh 31% KPK 10% Balochistan 3% led by: Dany: DARYAL MALIKDARYAL MALIK Revision Notes-Geography ee % Production of Electricity Hydro- electricity 29% Thermal 70% Nuclear and other: 01% Hydroelectricity “ Source: Water : Production: Dams ae © Dams Large or Multipurpose 2.SmallCorporations: WAPDA (Water & Power ®é¥elopmentiAuthojity) DO (Small Dams Organization) What are Dams Dams are created to control the flow of water, They are solid walls built across a valley to create reservoirs that store water. How Dams Produce Electricity 4 Water cannot be turnedlinto electricity. Water passing through on HEP station flows on unchanged. The water rotates the turbine & rotation of turbines in en HEP station converts mechanical energy into electrical energy Funetions of Mufti Purpose Dams. Generate electricity rrigation Control floods Innpfove inland water transport. 5. Fishing Recreation Tourist attraction eo ee Compiled by: Danyal Malik (0321 DGE Learning RRR TIMI eeRevision Notes-Geography Advantag 1. Water is a renewable resource which is used to generate HEP and it will not exhaust. 2, Running cost is low. 3. Environmental friendly, Disadvantages » | . HEP stations have certain physical and climatic requirement for thé dev Per. The initial cost for the construction is very high. NN ye Differences between small dams and large dam: % “1. Large dams (L.D) store water mainly for irrigation, LD serves near and far flung areas but Small Dar ) only serve: “ong area. Reservoir of $.D and L.D provides domestic and industriahwateriya’ LD is more multipurpose than S.0. 4p. LD also has the purpose of providing water to iiflecanas, Tarbela ad Mangia dams take water from Indus and Jhelum rivers & tratigfer water to eastern rivers, 6. All major dams are major supplierSiag HEP but S. Dupply litte or no HEP. 7. The reservoirs behind both L.D and S.Dlare used for fishing and recreation 8. L.Dis more important for fog coho thal S.D as they have a large reservoir x an yrer capacity. o a Le 9. Shorter distances for electricity & atission if small dams exist in more areas of the country. Factors for the Loc EP Deep valleysiprovide alhigher land for draining the turbines. * Narrowvalleys for. dams can store more water & also reduce the rate of transpiration. Firm foundation/solid rock for dams to hold the weight of the dam. Large basins for water storage so that water is available throughout year * Impervioustocks for reservoir prevent water losses. Large catchments areas for rainfall so that more water can be stored in the reservoirs to drain the turbines Areas of heavier rainfall provide continuous flow of water. Rivers having high or reliable discharge. Forested valley sides hold the soil & slow down the rate of siltation. Transport facilities Local land use mainly non residential ee tenner ni ttn ntarn Compiled by: Danyal Malik (0321-2058434)-EDGE Learning Page HHHHRHHEREEE DARYAL MALIKi OPPO OPO P PPO DANYAL MAL Revision Notes-Geography Problems caused by the storage of Water and its use for Agriculture: ‘© People have to be moved from the areas which have to be f ooded for storage. © Silting of reservoirs. © Loss of silt downstream for agri * Loss of water downstream for irrigation by inundation # Water logging in irrigated areas © Salinity in irrigated areas. 2 ¥ ‘© So much water used in Punjab that parts of singh are sufferingligom water. gly > ‘© Natural habitats are drowned by the constructior fei e. © If the rocks beneath the reservoirs have faults then water may seg through. This may lubricate masses of rocks whose stress push them in gppasite diréétions. The weight of the water may cause one side of the ‘alia infelatiohito the other i.e produce an earth quake. * ture. 4 te Siltation t Deposition/ accumulation of silt/mud.sand/sediments in reservoirs ‘Rivers erode material from bed or sides. + Large load of sediments éarried iy river © Processes assisted by steep, slopes/deforestation which causes soil erosion due to heavy rainfall * Deposited in stil water of reservoir Problems of siltation. +. Decreaseswater holding capacity of the reservoir. + Linits HEP production/water for irrigation * May block intake pipes ©). May damage.machinery / tribunes are jammed: # Inerdases risk of floods © May shorten life of reservoir «May make the water muddy for drinking © Expensive/difficult to remove. i i ut Conpledby Daya MIK[SQSGG EDEL Page 2? at Compiled by: Danyal Malik (0321 34)-EDGE Learningi 1. Kurrum Garhi Project Its located on)kUrram rivér and Banu rivers in Bannu district, It irigates 114000 hectares. itstnstalled Capacity is 4 MW and was completed in 1958. 2. Hab Project, ‘tis located on Hab river in south of Balaochistan. It irrigates 9700 hectares of land, 3. Rawal Project It is located on river kurrang in Islamabad it irrigates 5000 hectares. 4. Chashma Hydel Project Itislocated on river Indus in Mianwali Malakand: It has been built on river Swat. Compiled by: Danyal Malik (0321-2058434) DGE Learning Page 2 Revision Notes-Geography Hyde! Projects of Pakistan. Pakistan has 13 hydel power stations with installed capacity of 5,010 MW. => Large Hidel Projects — 1 Tatbela Dam = % — =< Tarbela dam has the largest capacity and generation. This slo ct has been constructed at Tarbela on River Indus located in Hazara a i ware _2. Mangla Hydel Project 5 aiaissiui ie ae. The dam has been constructed at Mangla on river jhelum al ~ away form the city of Jhelum. Yt cm, % 3. Warsak Hydel Project . ° Itis largest hydel projecti@{t is located On the Kabul river about 32 KM from Peshawar. % “i Small Hydel Projects. ¢ DANYAL MALIKDANYAL MALIK Revision Notes-Geography = Why Government should Construct small Hydel Projects ‘* Large hydel projects take about 15 years to complete from the preparation of feasibility report to the commissioning of the plan * They involve heavy investment and rate of return takes a lore time. © Small plants can be completed in a much shorter time. * Require less investment. , © Rate of return is fast. ‘ _ ‘* Less displacement of population in any one area if smaller reseivoirs. ie ee ad My, ‘© Large scale afforestation especially on the foot hills of Himalayas. ‘+ Installation of sit trap before the water flows to thedamé,, How to Control siltation Thermal Power Source: Furnace oil, natural gasi& coal. Production: Thermal power stations. Production: Discussed in class Advantages » * Thermal power stations can'be developed at any place where fossil fuels are available. © TPs are less expensive tolbuild than HEP stations. Disadvantages © Fossil fuels, will eventually be exhausted so it will stop the production of thermal electricity, + Fossil fuels cause pollution when they are burnt, non environmental friendly. * Prices of fossil fuels especially f oil fluctuate so the stable, * High running cost —_— a piled by: Danyal Malik (0321-2058434)-EDGE Learnin = = ee = tJ & - = = = = *r Revision Notes-Geography Thermal Power Stations in Pakistan. Most of the electricity in the country is produced by thermal power plants. Now thermal power generation capacity is more than 12,762 MW which is 2 time more than hydel power. Bin Qasim Thermal Power Station Karachi. Korangi Thermal Power Station Karachi HUBCO Thermal Power Station Balochistan. country, _.The main centre for the production of TPS is Karachi... neil ‘The main reason behind this is the encouragements oy the covt thelprivate sector to produces thermal electricity. ad Thermal Electricity by WAPDA The total installed capacity of thermal power by WapDAi A921 MW. Thirteen TPS have been installed at differentjparts of Pakistan which are being run by coal natural gas and furnace oil. 4 Faisalabad TPS run by gas located’in pubjob Shahdara gas turbine (Punjab). Multan steam (Punjal . Guddu steam thermal lanlsindk) = Sukkar steam thermal plant (Sindh) Lakhar coal thermal:plant (Sindh) Quetta)steam thérmal plant (Balochistan) Pasni diesel set thermal plant (Balochistan) DANYAL MALIKDANYAL MALIK Revision Notes-Geography a ‘Thermal Electricity by KE (Karachi Electric). KE generates transmits and distributes power to Karachi. It capacity is 1756 MW. The KE is also purchasing power from KANUPP, Pakistan steel, WAPDA and private sector to meet the increased demand. 1 by Private Sector Installed ee cof power generation by private sector is 5670 MW. UAder priate sector 4 ‘TPS are working in Punjab, Sindh and Balochistan. = Kot Addu TPS: At Muzaffargarh in Punjab. 4 Ys HUBCO (Hub Power Project) located near Hub in Balochistan. om i ‘Tapal Energy and Gul Ahmed located at Karachi. os om, r Power Enery g iy Source Uranium Production Nuclear Power station, Corporation: KANUPP (Karachi Nucleat'Power Project). CHASNUPP (ChashmajNuciear Power Project). In Favor i” @ * Pakistan is deficient inipil and-coal so Nuclear energy can solve our energy problems. + Acheap reliable'and abundant source of electricity ‘* Unlike the f0Ssil fuel idoes not ¢auses air pollution. ‘© Pakistanis a developing country which is in the process of industrialization, Nuclear energy can speed up this process Against 1. The fuel rods in reactors produce dangerous rays which are harmful 2. Nuclear waste can remain radioactive for many years. There are problems with reprocessing and storing nuclear waste 3, Pakistan does not have enough financial resources to build more nuclear power station: Pakistan has enough renewable resources like wind water and sunlight. Instead of developing nuclear energy we should rely on renewable resources. ‘Compiled by: Danyal Malik (0321-2058434)-EDGE Learning Page 26 aor Fe eeeRevision Notes-Geography 5, Commissioning of Nuclear technology requires the developments of qualified man power, research and design institutes and advanced manufacturing facilities, which Pakistan lacks. 6. The cost of building and maintaining @ nuclear reactor is three times more than to generate the same amount of electricity from coal or oil. ‘Nuclear Power Projects. e » KANUPP: Nuclear power technology was introduced in Pakistan in 1971. li capacity was 137 MW was installed at Karachi with Canadian’ CHASNUPP: Started operating on September 15, 2000. It has been constructed with the help of China National Nuclear Corporation. At Present eg slagecy of 325 MW. Itis located near Chashma Barragélllstrict Mi Punjab. Electricity Consumption by Economie Groups ‘ee DANYAL MALIK Solar Panels have photovoltaic cells which convert sunlight into electric current and then itis stored into batteries: Why is Pakistat ible location for solar power © Pakistan has an abundance of sun shine all over the country. © Less cloud cover. ‘* Days in Pakistan are normally long, even the length of the shortest day of the year in Pakistan is about % hours. * The number of cloudy days even in the rainiest areas is very few © Continue occurrence of cloudy conditions may interfere with the solar electric generation but this condition is rare in Pakistan. Compiled by: Danyal Malik (03: 8434)-EDGE Learnin; Page 27 Year Domestic Pindustrial ae Public Lighting us | | 1997 — 98 up | 41.00% 25.91% | 18.2% 10.35% to Feb 98 | “~ “Solar PowerDANYAL MALIK Revision Notes-Geography SEES eee Advantage: * Itcan be used for water heating water pumping (tube wells) and for cooking purpose + Itis not hazardous to health like Nuclear power. + Itdoes not cause air pollution. + Itis perpetual source of energy. s *- Itcan be used for rural electrification at remote places. * Lowrunning cost. Disadvantage * Cost of installing solar panels is very high * Solar generated electricity costs several limes mofthan + Requires batteries to store electricity. * Energy cannot be stored if there is no st * Disposal of batteries may cause land be + Placement of batteries cover a large area biRiprod yaw output Bio Gas Bio gas energy is cheapest source of energy anditechnology involved is also cheap and simple. Raw material is free of cost {. animal dung and plant wast2, ral llage Electrification © Before 1960 only. 600 villages had electricity. * Novillage of Balochistan and Sindh had electricity until 1960. Advantages of Village Electrification The installation of electrically operated tubes wells for irriga:ion Control of water logging and salinity Small-scale ind, ies can be developed to provide employment and to meet the demand for industrial goods 4, “Standard of living will be increased 5. People ronic media and access information technology SP PP Oe ee ee eeRevision Notes-Geography Constraints to village Ele ation ‘© Many of the small village especially in KPK and Balochistan are after transmission lines. The cost of laying and maintaining transmission lines is high. Villages with small population cannot be electrified because of high cost. Some places are located in very remote areas and they are cut off by high mountains or deserts. q Power loss due to long transmission lines. Poor maintenance is a hindrance. Pak has insufficient power. 1-4 Not economical to provided electricity to areas- ‘* Extension of national grid XY , Construction of dams to increase electri¢ity eutput. ™ ‘Small hydel scheme built where large rivers te not avallable. Use of small turbines on canals fom HEP ~ Increase in thermal power stations. Government programs. _ Villages with in 1-5 km of thé distribltion linés and with a population of 1000 in Punjab and 1000 Sindh and 300 th Balochistan and SOO in KPK are selected for electrification. ‘Government ee i enterprise involvement. ka a Solar energy, or bio gas being used. The Grid system Pakistan) To make maximum use of the generating facilities. * Various thermat and hydro electric stations have been grouped into four zones, * In eachof these zones the stations are inter connected by a grid system. These grid systems are: a) Northern Grid System 'b) Upper Sindh Grid System ) Lower Sindh Grid System d) Quetta Grid System Karachi is excluded from above grid system it has been tied into the system vial Jamshoro: i Compiled by: Danyal Malik (0321-2058434)-EDGE Learning Pag DANYAL MALIKDANYAL MALIK Revision Notes-Geography Advantages of Grid System How. The power can be evenly distributed if one power stations breaks down the other can substitute it in the interim period why there has been increase in the Production of Power Resources New oil field-discovered e.g. Dhabi Lagari ete. ~~ | New gas field discovered e.g. Pirkoh, Khandhkot etc. ® bates, New coal field developed at Sonda — Thatta Increasing production of HEP at large dams More small dams built Government encouragement. Me Private sector now allowed playing a part. International funding has assisted development.» Increase demand » " Due to increase in population Rural electrification programme Increase in standard of living Expansion of industry Increase in road transport. Mechanization in agriculture. Increase in use of tube wells Shortage of Energy.Supplies . _ Many of the Power plants are not working to their full capacity due to financial constedints\lack of technical expertise and maintenance fac lities. ‘During thelwinter season the hydel power generation decreased with the reduced flow of water in the rivers. Long transmission lines causes loss of electricity Siltation in the reservoirs of dams also causes disruption in electricity by reducing the flow of water. son larg high price of furnace oil increases the cost of electricity generation Industrialization, urbanization and rural electrification have ncreased de DGE Learning BPP PPR PPP PPP ReRevision Notes-Geography SECONDARY & TERTIARY INDUSTRIES _@ PRIMARY SECTOR: In this sector, the economic activities are involved in the extraction of nat “Taw materials for eig, Fishing, Mining, and Farming & Forestry. ® DANYAL MALIK SECONDARY SECTO! Init, the economic activities are involved in processing the Raw Material = finished goods. This is also known the manufacturing process. F; TERTIARY SECTOR: N In this sector the economic activities are involved in providing insurance transportation, health, education & t ul % SECONDARY INDUSTRIES FACTORS AFFECTING THE. LOgA’ 1ON OF INDUSTRIES: Natural factors ¢ ~ eS, a) Site Requirements: Flatland, large & unused land is required. b) Natural routes: Seaports , passes & plain area a, Human Factors: . 1. Nearness to the source of raw material: Bulky goods (are heavy) so its imp that the source near the factory to reduce transportation time & cost. For e.g. for cement, limestone, gypsum are bulky goods Compiled by: Danyal Mal EDGE Learn Page 31 HHHRREHEE EE EER ERE RRRDANYAL MALIK Revision Notes-Geography 2. Power: The sources of power are Coal, electricity, natural gas & oil products (The industry should be near the coal or gas field or near an oil refinery or the area of the industry should be __ connected to the national gird if its source of powers electricity) 3. Labo > Skilled Labour ( for ex: carpenter) » Unskilled labour ( for ex: manual labour) | 4. Water supply : River Dams Lake . The industries should be located near *ygatove mentioned water resources. vvY 5. Government Polices: Govt. Policies includes different method8)of providing ifigentives to industries for example: Tax holidays , tax exemptions , grants , subSides , infrastfuicture(aiqort, water. dry port, railway station , road electricity, gas . highwey) industtial zones, industrial estates, Export Processing Zones and Dry Ports. 6. Nearness To Market . The industry should be neairthe market to reduce cost & time 7, Communications: er Telephone, internet, toads, highways, motorways, airports, railways. TYPES OF INDUSTRIES: The maniifacturing industries are divided in to > Large Scale Indi > Small Scale indi > Cottage Industry LARGE SCALE INDUSTRIES Are those industries which combine the use of power, machinery & large amounts of cotton labour for e.g. cemen ar . iron & stee! & oil refinen Compiled by: Danyal Malik ( i eeRevision Notes-Geography aS Small Seale Industry: These are labour intensive & they use less machinery & power compared do a large- scale industry. They mostly use hand tools & require less amount of capital eg. Brick industries;'sports goods, surgical instruments. Cottage Industries: comprising mostly of women & children, manufacture handicrafts f¢ weaving, pottery, bangles, embroidery, woodwork & traditional textile Principle Large Scale Industries : Learning objectives. Inputs / RM. Manufactory process Outputs Main locations 1, CEMENT INDUSTRY > RM (rawmaterials) 9 Gypsum, coal, clay, tim ‘ “ag > Manufacturing process : discussed in power resources > Outputs, Gement & conerete mixture only use in domestic market, ~ MAIN LOCATIONS: Near Karachi / outskirts of Karachi Potwar Plateau near Chakwal, Jhelum, Islamabad EDGE Learning THRU NER CRE CREE REESE OCS ee 2 DANYAL MALIKDANYAL MALIK Revision Notes-Geography — Eee 2. TEXTILE INDUSTRY: > Inputs: Raw Cotton > Manufacturing process a. Ginning -> cotton seeds & lint are separated from the cotton boll. b. Spinning -> lint in spun / processed into cotton yarn. . Weaving -> cotton yarn is woven into cloth. d. Dyeing -> cloth is dyed > gurpur: Readymade Garments, Bed Sheets , Towels ,Linen, Fabrics. > MAIN LOCATIO! i, Karachi ji, Hyderabad iii, Faisalabad i, Site Requirement: Karachi has flat land that the: govt has a located for industries for ex: S.1.T.E As it is part of Indus plain, il. Nearness to R.M: It is near to SANGHAR & NAWABSHAH , HYDERABAD which are the main growing areas of catton il, Natural routes: Karachi has two sea ports and is connected! with other parts of the country as Karachi is part of Indus Plain, iv. Government Policies: "Karachi export processing zone. * SitévKITE f Nooriabad a % v. Nearness To Market im, Karachi itself is a large market because cotton is preferred fabric as the - climateiis hot Karachi is a port -> export vi. Power + Korang = KANUPP * BIN-QASIM T.P.P vii, Water Supply jermal PP Compiled FATA RAPP OROPPHHH RMU UK ae viii. Metropolitan City (both skilled & unskilled labour available) ix, vvvv vv Refining Process: yw vey 3. = USAR INDUSTRIES Revision Notes-Geography Labour Communication National highway Jinnah intemational airport Raliways lines Seaport Telecommunication M-9 motorway DANYAL MALIK ugar Cane First Sugarcane is rubbed with ¢halk to remove smell ® gir. Then itis crushed to obtain sugartane juice» Then it goes through crystallization process. As a result Gur is obtained (rawisugar) uri refined gas a result we get ‘brown & white sugar (outputs) By-Products are obtainedias a fesult of the Manufacturing Process Molasses. Bagasses i, Main Areas of Sugar industries : Peshawar. Mardan Faisalabad Rahimyar khan Nawabshah Badin Thatta Main Factor Affecting Location of Sugar Industry: 1) Compiled by: Danyal Malik (0321-2058434)-EDGE Learning Nearness to Raw Material 2) PowerDANYAL MALIK Revision Notes-Geography a 4, FERTILIZER INDUSTRIES InputRaw Materials: > Natural gas > Capital > Sulpher > Phosphate > Gypsum Output: Chemical fertilizer e.g : nitrogenous fertilizer Main Are: " > Dharki > Multan - > Sheikhupura a Duad Khel y Factors Effecting Location of Fertilizer Industries: a) Availability of power : b) Neamess to source of Raw Material especially Natural Gas c} Neamess to the market Oo e.g Engro Fertilizer (Ohérki) , Fauji Fertilizer (Daud Khel) 5. IRON & STEEL INDUSTRY: Input/Raw Materials: ¥ iiton ore Coking coal Mangane Limestone Freshwater yyy Outputs: > Raw stee| Galvanized stee! Compiled by: Danyal Malik (0 AANA 0 Ae eeeHOH KHHHHKM MMMM Revision Notes-Geography Note: ‘ Coke : tis a solid product resulted from distillation of coal. It is also known as the purest form of coal consisting only of carbon. It is mainly used as a fuel to reduce metallic oxides to metals. Location of Pakistan Steel Mill: ‘Pak steel mill is located at GHARO creek in PIPRI on the outskirts of XI Dale port ‘Qasim before Thatta ~. Y Factors Affecting Location of PSM: a Gharo creek , flat , unused la oes > b) ral Rout port (port qasim), It is also pat in soits linked sb with other parts of Pakistan. c) Nearness To The Source Of Raw Material: ‘© Port Qasim Se \! ‘+ Limestone obtained Which is nearby. + Fresh water, jodtained frotfHalejilake which also nearby. ~, d) Power: electricity from Pipri themnilipower plant.” ), Labour: Steel town (small tow Interior Sindh f) Govt Policies: Govt. arranged capital. tethnology from USSR g) Nearness To Market: Kaige. iM. avy Mechanical Complex) Taxila near Islamabad h) Communications: N-6: fighthey goes from Karachi to Peshawar, Pak steel is linked with rail sane gar ‘Kot Junction ee Compiled ge 3 tabled for labour working in steel mills), Karachi, DANYAL MALIKDANYAL MALIK DIVISION OF SECONDARY SECTOR: 1) FORMAL SECTOR: Formal sector includes those business which are legal & registered by the govt. They mainly Consist of male workforce & it's a capital intensive industry where machines are used more than labour, It basically includes all jobs, normal hours & regular wages Taxes are/also paid the formal sectc a by the formal sector, @ “A 2) INFORMAL SECTOR : “o Q % Informal sector includes those businesses which are not nosed yithe gee! mainly Consist of female or children as a workforce & it's @ labotinintensive i ere labour & hand tools are used more than machines. These industries are located in homes, streets or Small workshops. It includes allobs with irregular working houtS\& wages. Taxes are not Paid by the informal sector. tiie % 4 Importance of Formal Sector: » Formal sector provides industrial goods which me@ts the requirements of the domestic market % » They provide employment opportunities: ‘They contribute to the economy by paying faxes to the govt. Their output is also counted in GDP. Hence it will encourage economic growth. Industries in the formal settor makes uusé of modem technology, follow international standards & produce standardize g66ds. Hence the formal sector plays an important ‘ole in the industrial expansion of Pakistan , moe S) areas domestic R.Ms hence if does not act. As a burden on vvy imp ‘atpets, rugs) produces by |.S are exported hence it eams foreign JE for the country, labour intensive so it does not require imported technology hence it ‘Saves foreign exchange in Pakistan. > AS reduces rural to Urban Migration Disadvaritage of LS for the Development of Pakistan: 7 Informal Sector does not pay taxes. Hence it acts as a loss fo" the govt * They produce substandard industrial products & because of poor quality exports can be rejected & Pak may There is no stan Compiled by: Danyal Malik (0 AA RAAAA AAT POPP eaePHH RHEUM Revision Notes-Geography Examples of Cottage Industry in Pak: Carpet Weaving Pottery Embroidery Traditional Textiles Jewelry /. Bangles Ceramics Metal Work Small Scale Industry: TYPES OF SMALL SCALE INDUSTRIES: VVVVVVV 1) Sports Goods o Raw materials required: = Wood | Rubber | Thread | Leather | Mage ey , Outputs: ‘tb * Footballs | Cricket Bats |" Beeps © Main Areas: i = Sialkot Main Purpose: = Exports: Its exported 161U.S.A & Europe Problems faced by sport’ goods Industries: = Use of Child fg fp a + Use of Unstilied i + Poor Workingicon 2) Surgical instruments: e e “th o Raw Materials jt. Stainless Steel of Output: ® Scissors, forceps, surgical blades, cutters, dental instruments Main Areas: + Sialkot & Lahore Problems faces by Industry: * Same as sports goods Industry © Main Purpose: * Exports (exported to Afghanistan, Egypt, Eastem Europe, U.S.A) ° ~ ° Compiled by: Danyal Malik (0321-2 EDGE Learning DANYAL MALIKDANYAL MALIK Revision Notes-Geography = 3) Brick Kiln Industry: ‘o Raw Material: * Clay, Water, Coal © Output: = Red Bricks © Main Areas: bs ‘= On the outskirts of main cities (in Sindh & Punjab) this mostly inrural areas © Process: ~% %, “te * Clay & water is mixed Ss % = The mixture is put into rectangular molds & then.dried'ip the sun. * Then the mixture is baked in the kiln. to PM aka The kiln in powered by coal, ~ . © Main Purpose * To supply domestic markets for constfuction, iningidf canals & for construction of sewage draii@iy,. Th © Problems: » ° + Buming of Brick Kins produces glutBMa uch 2s Carbon Monoxide, Sulphur dioxide & Soot. This causes ,air pollution and also is hazardous to health as it can cauge,asthma, cancer or bronchitis, * Brick kilns also ame ge sees because «extraction of clay may lead to formato ‘depression and these depressions may fill with water causing water: x & salinity Problems of Small Scale & Cottage Industries: > These industries experince lack of capital hence are unabl2 expand, > They are unable to benefits from economies of scale as a result products are unable to compete tithe international market & are unable to meet the requirement of some countries, > Thesetindustries follow old technology or hand tools are a result their production methods are out dated + ‘itural ateas electricity supply is not reliable & some areas do not have electricity so collage industries are difficulty to set up Government Policies For Encouraging Small Scale & Cottage ndustries: + ‘Thegovt has set up Pakistan Small Industries Co-operation (PSIC) this organization provides marketing and technical facilities to such industries. + Govis. can provide interest free loans to these industries for their estabii ‘expansion * Providing pre-investment counselling and guidance to new cwners + Establishment of indu Compiled by: Danyal Malik (0: 1434)-EDGE Learning Page 40 Ban anata oe oo o-oo 0 2 8— = =a — a a “4 a =a Fl Revision Notes-Geography Other ways for promotion of Small. Industrial estates Special industrial zones EPZ's to encourage Dry port (Lahore, Sialkot, Faisalabad, Quetta, Peshawar) Wy vv Export Processing Zones: They are especially designated are; oa iene industries in order to encourage exports & industrial growah for éxampl ei Processing Zone. > Should be near a seaport “hy > Should be near an international aiffiort Favorable govt polices “e Transport facilities such as ye, highways & motorways. Tertis Tourism: There are three types: ‘of touristin Pakistan jlbome On, vacation } Those whg come on business trips Those who come to visit families Mainly majority of foreign visitor come from U.K , Germany , Central Asian States , China & Turkey. ‘Compiled by: Danyal Malik (0321-2058434)-EDGE Learning DANYAL MALIKDANYAL MALIK Revision Notes-Geography ee TYPES OF TORRIST ATTRACTIONS: 1) Natural attraction: Murree , Swat valley , Skardu , Gilgit , Hunza , Chitral (northern areas) Because of the scenic beauty, snowcapped peaks, meadows, forests, fast flowing rivers & trekking 2) Cultural Attraction: Quaid e Azam (mausoleum) , Miner-e-Pakistan , Faisal Mosque 3) Historic Attractions: Badshahi mosque, Mohenjo-Daro, Harappa, Taxila, Khyber vas Shar garden, Chowkandi tombs near Karachi. ‘ * Advantages of Tourism: a as, , 2. Through tourism foreign exchange can be éamned'which will improve the balance of ayments of Pakistan, b,, ifwill create employment opportutities ¢." Tourism industry promotes cottage industry as tourists purct ase handicrafts for souvenir, ton d_ Tourism will fead to increasein demand of services such as ‘otels, restaurant's & ransports ©. Tourism is 4 sustainable industry .e the tourist attractions will continue to exist. Disadvantages of Tourism : . The no of tourists, are, highly dependent on political & economic situation in Pakistan. A litte bit e¢oROmic instability may lead to decline in the no cf tourist b. Increase in-tourism may also lead to degradation of the environment & pollution c. Tourism only, creates seasonal employment. d.. Tourism may algo lead to social problems such as drugs, critne & terrorism €. During tourism season the prices of basic necessities also Increase. CALL CENTER: {t's an office equipped to handle a large volume of telephone calls fdr an organization (such as retailer, bank, or marketing firm) especially for taking orders or for providing from 1 of more compan npany or from anot (0 & from the customer of the Call center can handle a large volume of calls at the same time with the iter systems & then agents handle these calls a mpl Malik (0321-2058434)-EDGE Learning, Page RENAN DORET ED 8s Pe eeePHHRRHEHUUR EE eee 1. Fish is one of our most valuable sources of protein food, and “tnd 10% to 12% fat also fulfils the needs of calcium, iron and vitaming A andi o Revision Notes-Geography FISHING ‘A fish is a vertebrate a cold blooded animal with a backbone that lives in water. Ithas scales that cover its body. Ithas gill to breathe in water and fins to swim. FISH FOOD: Fish feed on Plankton, minute plant and animal organisms that float in the = og oa on the sea bed. ’ IMPORTANCE OF FISH Xe % th 0% 6f vitamin dy. 2. Oilis extracted from big fish which is used for chemicals a gsrotmone purposes, 3. ‘The waste of fish can be used for making ris, soa Niger feed 4. __Fsh and marine products ar use as cose peregyubems, varnishes, soap and margarine. % he Sy FISHING IN PAKISTAN gm, “%& Fishing is the one of the oldest ‘occupation ie ‘Who lives near lakes, rivers and the sea, with the progress of civilization, fishing communi d breeding fish. This is called fish farming or aquaculture and in Pakistan there are fish nd in rivers and lakes Marine fishing now includes some modern developments inthe processing aiid exporting of the catch. ‘The fishing industry gen a development although is share of the GDP is 0.9% Pakistan cars 6 % off ign exchange earings by exporting fish, shrimps and fish product. Finish is the main occupation is thé'goastal areas of Sindh and Balochistan. The total number of people employed in sis 404, 1500 ‘out of which 113,850 are engaged in marine fishing and 290,650 are employed it ing. Although the number of people employed in marine fishing are under half of those employed in inland fishing. This is because of the quality of the fish and the more efficient marine fishing techniques Types of Fishing Industry 1. Marine Fishing 2. Inland Fishing nanan eeeiieneemeeeemmeeee Compiled by: Da Page DANYAL MALIKDANYAL MALIK Revision Notes-Geography aS 1. MARINE FISHING ™ E FISHING: * Subsistence Fishing © Commercial Fishing SUBSISTENCE FISHING: ~ eee Fish Caught and consumed by fishermen on board the vessel and their ‘id also uses @onventional includes fish caught and consumed for their personal pleasure. The fishe | farto sea and methods like traditional net made up of nylon, small wooden boats whig/tida, : are powered by oars or sails COMMERCIAL FISHING: This method is carried out on large scale for profit sh is sole in thigmarket A number of fishing communities depend on fishing as the sole source of theit itiegme. In this the fishermen uses modern motor boats having large on-board storage capacity and refrigeration facilities. They also use large and mechanized nets. Commercial fishing is done, both in shallowand deep sea. There are two main centres Karachi and Gwadaty, The Government has developed the Korangi fish harbor where storage and packing facilitiesiare available to fishermen. Marine Fishing Areas: ; Pakistan has about 1000 Km of coastlabe abou!950 Km of which are in Sindh and rest in Balochistan IMPORTANCE OF SINDELCOAST: ‘The Sindh coast is more importantfor fish catch, it accounts for 68% of the total marine catch though it comprises les§'than 30% of Pakistan's coast because’ NattifabRactor * If hs the advantage of « wider continental shelf « It hastthe additional advantage of receiving the water of the Indus Rive through Indus Delta whieh brings a sufficient quantity of fish food in form of silt and other material + Presence of mangrove forests Human Factors it has a beter expor In Sindh, Karachi is the main fishing centr © Larger Market for fish due to more population. © Developed province with better infrastructure * Developed Harb Compiled by: Danyal Malik (0321-2058434)-EDGE Learning Page 44 DRBBURRAULREOODOOE 2888888a alle da i \ halal = = = aaa ! Revision Notes-Geography Continental Shelves Are gently sloping areas fringing the continents and marked on the seaward side by a steep slope to the ocean floor. Such areas are characterized by shallow water which allows the penetration of sun light. This together with the accumulation of dead organic matter on the sea bed, encourages the growth of plankton. As. result, fish and shellfish are abundant in such areas. ‘BALOCHISTAN tL ly por en la number of uantities of fish ‘The Balochistan Coast which covers 70% of the country’s coast accounts catch, The continental shelf is about 30 ~ 50 Km wide. The Balochistan co: streams like Hab and the Dasht but they are relatively small streams and food. sae a In Balochistan the fishing centres are Sonmiani, Ormara, Past Jini andG rac FISHING PERIODS: ~ AN ‘The peak periods are a November to January for Fish!) b. October — November for Shrimps June “lyly isthe breeding time which isthe leanest period for cach ofthe total marine catch 90% ish and 84 is Shrimp. METHODS OF MARINE FISHING Line Fishing (Subsistence): a Line fishing makes use flags to whiigh hooks are attached. The fish are attracted by live or artificial baits. This is one ofthe oldestjand simplest forms of fishing but it remains an important method of fishing particularly for eoastal fithermen, even though it cannot match the catching capacity of net fishing. Line fishing is a cheap method which can be used in both deep and shallow waters. Net Fishing (Commercial): A large variety of nets are used for net fishing. However, we shall be Jooking at three main types of net fishing namely trawling, purse seining and drift netting Trawling: Trawling makes use of a traw] net. both sides of which are attached to one or more finish vessels which drag or traw| it through deep water. Trawl net vary greatly’ in size the largest is about | Km long and more than 120 meters at its mouth, large enough to swallow a 40 storey apariment block! Trawling is used primarily to catch fish that live n he bottom of the sea a a nnn ta ympiled by: Dany DANYAL MALIKDANYAL MALIK Revision Notes-Geography ee Purse Seining: Purse seining uses a large net called a purse seine. The boats called seiners, surrounded schools of fish with a curtain of netting and then quickly close the bottom of the net such nets may be hauled by one or two boats, This is used to catch fish in the middle depths or at the surface of the sea. Drift Netting: . ‘Makes use of a long net set vertically across the path of migrating fish. When the ate their way through the net, they become entangled in it. Such nets are used to’Gaich fisthat all depths. and may either be anchored in a fixed position or allowed to driftFISHING CRAFTS: Revision Notes-Geography ES, Pon gill netters and mechanized have made it possible to move far from the coast to the deep waters, Compiled by: Danyal Malik ( 8434)-EDGE Learning Page 47 DANYAL MALIKDANYAL MALIK Revision Notes-Geography ——— 2. INLAND FISHING The rivers, dams, ponds dhandh( abandoned river channels), dhorus(small ponds on river banks) and lakes are the sources of fish PERCENTAGE OF INLAND FISH CAUGH' Sindh 60% &, “ig Punjab 39% ty th NWEP 1% - Belochistan Nil FISHING CENTER: Manchar lake in Dadu Kalri Lake near Karachi Keenjhar lake north of Karachi Haleji lake near Karachi Mangla and Tarbela dams Sukkur& Kotri Barrages and Thatta, ' Aqua Culture and Fish hatcheries are where fish, shellfish, and crustaceans are artificially bred. hatched, and reared through the early stages of their life amid teats afe'transferred to fish farms to support the aquaculture industry where they grow to harvest size and are’ marketed, Fish Farms are man-made rectangular ponds which are constructed in plair areas where fish are grown to harvest size, Trees are plated around toiprevent evaporation and mud banks are built o prevent over flowing. Canals or. ingffells ArGused to fillthe ponds. The methods used in fish farms are simple 1. First ponidare prepared and they are halt filled initially. 2. _ Hatching of eggs takesiplace in hatcheries or the owner may buy sinelt (small fishes) and then breeding takes place 3. Mostly rearing of single species or improved type of stock takes place. 4 (Regular) feeding {with poultry or animal waste) takes place. 5. Health care / reguiar check 6. ‘Top up ponds / check water levels & clean water 7. “Transfer between ponds by size 8. Catch fully grown fish / fish of market size ete by net In Sindh, the fish farms are mainly in the Thatta, Badin. and Dadu districts which are in the course o the Indus River. In Punjab the irrigated areas with alluvial soil are preferred for fish farming. Trout anc arp farms are located in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Aqu can fill the gap berw ’ supply of fish for local and export markets, provide jobs. rease expert earnings ne Compiled by: Danyal Malik (0321-2058434)-EDGE Learning age 4 APRA AD AA ARR RRR RRR