D.

PHARMA 1ST YEAR | PHARMACOGNOSY | MODEL PAPER

A. Each question carries equal marks (Any 6) 6×5 = 30 marks
1. Explain in detailed about the history of Pharmacognosy.
Answer
 History of Pharmacognosy is as old as history of human civilization. The primitive
men and women had used animal and plants as their food material.
 In India four Vedas (Atharvaveda, Rigveda, Yajurveda and Samaveda) were written
by Brahma about 5000 years ago regarding the religious advice to live in the society,
uses of the crude drugs etc. In each Vedas use of many plants are described as
medicine.
 In Rigveda: 67 herbs are described
 In Atharvaveda: 290 herbs are described
 In Yajurveda: 81 herbs are described
 In Samaveda: no herbs are described
 The language used in the Vedas is difficult for a common man to understand so about
3000 years ago Charak Rishi wrote a treatise called as "Charak Samhita"
 Charak Samhita describes uses of the different crude drugs from about 350 plants,
animals, and mineral kingdom.
 It also describes how to collect them, how to use them, how to live etc. Later, about
2500 years ago Sushrut Rishi wrote another treatise based on Vedas, it is called as
"Sushrut Samhita" It describes uses of about 395 plants.
 Egyptians were also familiar with human anatomy and uses of different plants which
are described in "Papyrus Ebers" it is a very big written document (3500 years ago)
found from Egyptian mummies. Different plants and plants parts are also found from
the mummies.
 Greeks have also contributed a lot of knowledge regarding the plant and animal
kingdoms.
 Hippocrates (460-370 BC) is referred to as a "Father of Medicine"
Ayurveda

 The doctrine of Ayurveda aims to keep structural and functional entities in a

functional state of equilibrium, which signifies good health.
 Any imbalance due to internal and external factor causes disease and restoring
equilibrium through various techniques, procedures, regimes, diet, and
medicine constitute treatment.
Siddha

 Siddha system of medicine emphasizes that medical treatment is oriented not

merely to disease, but also must consider the patient, environment, age, habits,
physical condition.
 Siddha literature is in Tamil and it is largely practiced in Tamil speaking parts
of India and abroad.
Unani
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 Unani System of medicine is based on established knowledge and practices
relating to promotion of positive health and prevention of diseases.
 Unani system originated in Greece, passed through many countries, Arabs
enriched it with their aptitude and experience and the system was brought to
India during Medieval period.
 Unani System emphasises the use of naturally occurring, most herbal
medicines, though it uses ingredients of animal and marine origin.
Homeopathy
 Homeopathy is a system of medicine, which believes in a specialized method of
treatment of curing diseases by administration of potency drugs, which have been
experimentally proved to possess the power of producing similar artificial
systems on human beings.
Yoga and Naturopathy

 Yoga is a way of life, which has the potential for improvement of social and
personal behaviour, improvement of physical health by encouraging better
circulation of oxygenated blood in the body, restraining sense organs, and thereby
inducing tranquillity and serenity of mind.
 Naturopathy is also a way of life, with drugless treatment of diseases. The system
is based on the ancient practice of application of simple laws of nature. The
advocates of naturopathy focus on eating and living habits, adoption of
purification measures, use of hydrotherapy, baths, massage etc.

2. Describe in short the various systems of classification of crude drugs.

Answer
In Pharmacognosy, the crude drug may be classified according to:
1. Alphabetical status,
2. Taxonomy of plants and animals from which they are derived,
3. Morphology,
4. The chemical nature of their active constituents,
5. Chemotaxonomical status,
6. Pharmacological actions and therapeutics applications.

1. Alphabetical classification
 The crude drugs are arranged according to the alphabetical order of their Latin
and English names.
 This arrangement is employed for some reference books, dictionaries,
pharmacopoeias etc.
 This are suitable for quick reference it gives no indication of inter-relationships
between drugs.
 Some of pharmacopoeias and reference books which classify crude drugs
according to this system are as follows:
 Indian Pharmacopoeia (IP)
 British Pharmacopoeia (BP)
 British Herbal Pharmacopoeia (BHP)
D. PHARMA 1ST YEAR | PHARMACOGNOSY | MODEL PAPER
 United State Pharmacopoeia and
National Formulary (USP)
 British Pharmaceutical Codex (BPC)
 European Pharmacopoeia (Latin
title)
 Encyclopedia of common natural ingredients used in drugs and cosmetics.

2. Taxonomical (Biological) Classification

 The taxonomical classification for few crude drugs derived from dicot plants is as
follows:
Example Example
Phylum Spermatophyta Phylum Spermatophyta
Division Angiospermae Division Angiospermae
Class Dicotyledons Class Dicotyledons
Order Rosales Order Rutales
Family Leguminosae Family Rutaceae
Genus Glycyrrhiza Genus Atropa, Datura
Species Glycyrrhiza Species Atropa belladonna,
glabra Datura
stramonium

3. Morphological Classification
 Here, the crude drugs are grouped according to the part of the plant or animal
represented into organized and unorganized drugs.
 Some of the examples of crude drugs under this type of classification are as:
Parts Drugs Parts Drugs
Seeds Isabgol, Castor Fruits Fennel, Coriander
Leaves Senna, Eucalyptus Entire drugs Ephedra, Belladonna
Bark Cinchona, Cinnamon Dried latex Opium, Papain
Woods Sandalwood, Quassia Dried extracts Gelatin, Agar
Roots Rauwolfia, Jalap Dried juices Aloe
Rhizomes Turmeric, Ginger Resins Asafoetida

Flowers Clove, Saffron Gums Acacia, Tragacanth

4. Chemical Classification
 Here, the crude drugs are divided into different groups according to the chemical
nature of their most important constituent.
 Since the pharmacological activity and therapeutic significance of crude drugs are
based on - the nature of their chemical constituents, it would appear that chemical
classification on crude drugs is the preferred method of study.
 The crude drugs belonging to different morphological or taxonomical categories
may be brought together, provided there is some similarities in the chemical
nature of active principle.
Chemical Classification Crude drugs
Glycosides Digitalis, Senna, Liquorice
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Alkaloids Cinchona, Nux-vomica, Datura
Tannins Ashoka, Amla
Volatile oils Peppermint, Eucalyptus, Gaultheria
Lipids Castor oil, Cod liver oil, Bees wax
Carbohydrates Acacia, Agar, Pectin, Honey
Resins Jalap, Balsam of Tolu

5. Pharmacological (Therapeutic) Classification

 An outline for pharmacological classification of crude drugs is as follows:
1. Drug Acting on Skin and Mucous Olive oil, Wool fat, Bees Wax, Sesame
Membrane- oil,
2. Drugs Acting on Gastro-intestinal Tract (GIT)
Bitters Cinchona, Gentian
Carminatives Mentha, Cardamom
Emetics Ipecacuanha
Anti- amoebics Kurchi, Ipecac
Bulk Laxative Agar, Ispaghula
Purgatives Senna, Castor oil
Peptic Ulcer Liquorice (Glycyrrhetinic)
3. Drugs Acting on Respiratory System
Expectorants Liquorice, Vasaka
Antitussives Opium (Codeine , Noscapine)
Bronchodilators Ephedra, Tea (Theophylline)
4. Drugs Acting on Cardio-vascular System (CVS)
Cardiotonics Digitalis, Squill
Cardiac depressant Cinchona (quinidine)
Vasoconstrictors Ergot (ergotamine), Ephdra
Antihypertensive Rauwolfia
5. Drugs Acting on Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
Adrenergics Ephedra
Cholinergics Physostigma, Pilocarpus
Anticholinergics Belladonna, Datura
6. Drugs Acting on Central Nervous System (CNS)
Central analgesics Opium (Morphine)
CNS Stimulants Coffee (Caffeine)
Analeptics Nux-vomica, Camphor
CNS Depressants Opium (Morphine, Codeine),
Hyoscymus
Hallucinogenics Cannabis, Poppy Latex
7. Antispasmodics
Smooth muscle relaxants Opium (Papavarine), Datura
Skeletal muscle relaxants Curare
Antimalarials Cinchona, Artemisia
Anticancer Vinca, Camptotheca, Taxus
Antirheumatics Aconite, Colchicum
Anthelmintics Quassia, Vidang
Astringents Myrobalan, Artemisia
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Local Anaesthetics Coca
Immuno-modulatory agents Ashwagandha, Tulsi, Ginseng
Immunising agents Vaccines, Toxoids, Sera
Drugs acting Chemotherautically Antibiotics

6. Chemotaxonomic Classification
 In this system of classification, the equal importance is given for taxonomical
status and chemical constituents.
 The knowledge of chemotaxonomy could serve as the basis for the classification
of crude drugs.
 There are certain types of chemical constituents which are characteristics of
certain classes of plants.
 E.g., Tropane alkaloids generally occur in most of the members of Solanaceae.
E.g. Volatile oils occur in the membrane of Umbelliferae and Rutaceae.

3. Name the various methods of evaluation of crude drugs. Mention the organoleptic
evaluation.
Answer
Methods of Drug Evaluation
 The crude drug can be identified on the basis of their-
1. Morphological or Organoleptic Evaluation
2. Histological or Microscopic Evaluation
3. Chemical Evaluation
4. Physical Evaluation
5. Biological Evaluation

Morphological or Organoleptic Evaluation

 It refers to evaluation of drugs by colour, odour, taste, size, shape and special
feature like touch texture etc.
 It is a technique of quality evaluation based on the study of morphological
and sensory profiles of whole drugs.
 Organoleptic evaluation (Sensory)- conclusion drawn from studies resulted
due to impression on organs of senses.
 Example –
 The fractured surfaces in cinchona, quillia, and cascara bark are
important characteristics.
 Aromatic odour of umbelliferous fruits and sweet taste of liquorice.
 Disc-shaped structure of Nux-vomica
 Conical shape of Aconite

4. What are alkaloids? Write about the distribution and tests of identification of
alkaloids.
Answer
Alkaloids
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 The term is derived from the word ‘alkali-like’ hence, they resemble some of
the characters of naturally occurring complex amines so termed as ‘alkaloids’.

Distribution of Alkaloids
 Alkaloids occur in 15% of all vascular terrestrial plants and in more than 150
different plants families.
 The promising families with alkaloidal content are Apocynaceae, Berberidaceae,
Euphorbiaceae, Leguminosae, Loganiaceae, Liliaceae, Papaverceae, Rubiaceae,
Rutaceae, Solanaceae.
 The major distribution of alkaloids occurs in the angiosperms. But their presence
is also detected in microorganisms, marine organisms, insects, animals and some
of the lower plants.
 Examples-
1. Animal kingdom – Castoramine from Canadian Beaver.
2. Bacteria - Pyocyanine from Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
3. Lower plants –Lycopodine from lycopodium (a club moss).

Identification test of Alkaloids

5. Write the biological source, Chemical constituents and therapeutic uses of any two
of the following.
a) Aloe
Answer
 Biological Source - Aloe is the dried juice collected by incision, from the leaves of
various species of Aloe. Aloe perryi Baker, Aloe vera , or Aloe barbadensis Mil and
Aloe ferox
 Family - Liliaceae.
 Chemical Constituents - Aloins, Barbaloin, β-barboloin and Isobarbaloin.
 Therapeutic uses – Laxative and Purgative.
b) Coriander
Answer
 Synonyms- Fructus coriandri, Coriander fruits, Cilantro, Chinese parsley.
 Biological Source - Coriander consists of dried ripe fruits of Coriandrum sativum
 Family - Umbelliferae.
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 Chemical Constituents- borneol, p-cymene, camphor, geraniol, limonene, and
alpha-pinenes.
 Therapeutic Uses –
o Aromatic, carminative, stimulant, alterative, antispasmodic, diaphoretic and
flavouring agent.
o It is also used as refrigerant, tonic, appetizer, diuretic, aphrodisiac, and
stomachic.
c) Clove
Answer
 Synonyms - Clove buds, Clove flowers.
 Biological Source - Clove consists of the dried flower buds of Eugenia
caryophyllus.
 Family – Myrtaceae
 Therapeutic Uses –
o It is used as aromatic stimulant, carminative, spice and antiseptic.
o The antiseptic property is due to the presence of eugenol.

6. Discuss in brief the role of medicinal plants in national economy.

Answer
Role in National Economy
 India is a hub of medicinal and aromatic plants.
 Ministry of Environment and forest has reported around 9500 plants species
having medicinal value.
 These important plants species should be preserved and also cultivated to meet
the demand of domestic industries and to exploit the bright prospect for export.
Medicinal Plants
 India is blessed with an expensive wealth of medicinal plants, which have
contributed to the development of ancient Indian material medica.
 The Charak Samhita (1000 B.C.) is one of the earliest treatises on Indian
medicine.
 It records the utilization of over 340 herbal medicines. Most of these herbals
are still collected from wild plants to satisfy the demand of medical
profession.
 The therapeutic properties off drugs are due to the presence of complex
chemical substances (secondary metabolites) in one or more parts of these
plants.
 Based on their composition, these plant metabolites are categorized as
alkaloids, glycosides, corticosteroids, essential oils, etc.
 Alkaloids form the largest group, and includes morphine and codein (poppy),
strychnine and brucine (nux vomica), quininne (cinchona), ergotamine
(ergot), hyoscyamine, (belladonna), scopolamine (datura), emetine (ipecac),
cocaine (coco), ephedrine (ephedra), reserpine (rauwolfia), caffeine (tea
dust), aconitine (aconite), vaccine (vasaka), santonin (artemisia), lobelin
(lobelia), etc.
 Glycosides form another important group, and includes digoxin (foxglove),
stropanthin (strophanthus), glycyrrhizin (liquorice), barbaloin (aloe),
sennosides (senna), etc.
 D. PHARMA 1ST YEAR | PHARMACOGNOSY | MODEL PAPER
 Corticosteroids have recently gained importance, and include diosgenin
(dioscorea), solasodin (solanum sp.) etc.

7. Explain the basic principles involved in Ayurvedic and Homeopathic system of

medicine.
Answer
Basic Principles involved in Ayurvedic System of medicine
AYURVEDIC SYSTEM OF MEDICINE
 Ayurveda is the 'Science of Life’.
 The word Ayurveda has been derived from two words; Ayush-Life and Veda-
Knowledge. It is a natural healing system of India.
 Ayurveda includes herbal medicines, dietetics, body work, surgery, psychology
and spirituality.
 Ayurvedic concept of human being consist of:
Sharira = Body
Indriya = Perceptory organs
Satwa = Mind
Atma= Soul

Principles
 Basic principles of Ayurveda involve two theory, one is Panchamahabhutas theory
and other is the Tridosha theory.
 According to Ayurvedic philosophy all the living and non-living matters are made
up of five basic elements in various proportions, they are Prithvi (Earth), Jala
(Water), Teja (Fire), Vayu(air), Aakash (ether).
 Even the human body is made up of these elements known collectively as the
Panchamahabhutas.
 There are three basic constituents of the physiological systems known as "Doshas"
which are responsible for governing and maintaining the proper health. This
concept is known as "Tridoshic concept.“
VATA (Air) – Biological air
PITA (Bile) - Biological fire humor
KAFA (Phlegm) - Biological humor or phlegm

Basic Principles involved in Homeopathic System of medicine

HOMOEOPATHY SYSTEM OF MEDICINE
 Dr. Samuel Hahnemann (1755-1843AD), a German scientistis known as father of
Homoeopathy.
 This system is based on the fundamental concept of "likes be treated by likes".

Principles of homeopathy
1. Concept of individualization: It stated that no two individuals in the world are
alike and the disease affecting the two individual cannot be similar.
2. Principle of similar/law of similar: It stated that the treatment of a disease by a
medicine which produces similar symptoms in the healthy individual.
 D. PHARMA 1ST YEAR | PHARMACOGNOSY | MODEL PAPER
3. Principle of simplex: This principle states the use of only single, simple medicine
at one time.
4. Principle of minimum dose: It stated that lower the dose of the medication,
greater is its effectiveness.
5. Law of proving: The method used for determining which remedies were suitable
for specific disease was called proving.
6. Law of Dynamization and Dilution: Dr. Hahnemann recognized that the use of
substances that cause symptoms similar to an existing disease.
7. Law of Vital force: It stated that “Life” depends on an important and
undetectable “Vital Force”. Homeopathy medicine restores the vital energy
balance and stimulates the body’s own healing response.

B. Each question carries equal marks (Any 10) 10×3 = 30 marks

1. Discuss the present status of pharmacognosy.
Answer
1. Cultivation And Collection of Medicinal Plants:
 Clove,
 Cinchona,
 Cinnamon,
 Senna,
 Opium

2. Isolation Or Analysis of Phytochemical:

Pharmacognosy has broad scope in the field of pharmacy such as:
 Examples: Strong acting substances such as
 Glycosides from digitalis leaves.
 Alkaloids from the plants of Belladonna, Hyoscyamus, Rauwlofia.
 Morphine and other alkaloids from the plant opium were isolated
and clinical uses studied.

3. Natural Products as Models for Synthesis of New drugs:

 Example:
 Morphine is the model of a large group of potent drugs.
 Cocaine for local anaesthetic.
 Atropine for certain spasmolytics

4. Drugs Of Direct Therapeutic Uses:

 Among the natural constituents which even now cannot be replaced are
important group of antibiotics, steroids, ergot alkaloids, vincristine etc.

2. What is adulteration? Describe in brief the adulteration of crude drugs with

examples.
Answer
Adulteration
 D. PHARMA 1ST YEAR | PHARMACOGNOSY | MODEL PAPER
Adulteration is a practice of substituting original crude drug partially or wholly
with other similar looking substances but is either free or inferior in chemical
and therapeutic properties.
Methods of Adulteration/ Types of Adulterants –
 The different methods of adulterantion found in market are given here,
1. Substitution with substandard commercial varieties-
 The adulterants used here may resemble original crude drug by
• morphological,
• chemical or
• therapeutic characters,
 The example are –
• Presence of Strychnous nux –blanda or S. potatorum in place of S.
Nux-vomica.
• Indian senna substituted with Arabian senna and Dog senna.
2. Substitution with superficially similar inferior drugs: -
 These inferior drugs used may or may not be having any chemical or
therapeutic value as that of original natural drug.
 Due to their morphological resemblance to authentic drug, they are
marketed as adulterants.
 Examples-
• Belladonna leaves are substituted with Ailanthus leaves,
• Saffron is admixed with dried flower of Carthamus tinctorius,
• Mother cloves and clove stalks are mixed with clove,
• Beeswax is substituted by japan wax.

3. Substitution with artificially manufactured substances: -

 It has been also observed that substances artificially prepared to
resemble original drugs are used as substitutes.
 Generally, this practice is followed for much costlier drugs.
 Examples -
• Compressed chicory in place of coffee,
• Paraffin wax made yellow colored and substituted for beeswax.

3. What do you know about herbal cosmetics?

Answer
 The herbal cosmetics are the preparations containing phytochemicals from a
variety of botanical sources, which influence the structure and functions of skin,
hair, scalp, lips and nails
 These provide nutrients that are necessary for the healthy skin and hair.
 Examples –
o Aloevera Gel
o Lavender oil
o Almond oil
o Herbal Toothpaste
o Herbal oils
 D. PHARMA 1ST YEAR | PHARMACOGNOSY | MODEL PAPER
4. Write the tests of identification of glycosides.
Answer
S. Test name Procedure Observation
No.
A. Chemical Tests for Anthraquinone Glycosides
1. Borntrager’s test 1gm of drug + 5–10 ml of dilute Formation of pink or
HClBoil on water bath for 10 min red colour in
and filterFiltrate was extracted ammonical layer is
with CCl4/ benzeneThen add equal due to presence of
amount of ammonia solution to anthraquinone
filtrate and shake moiety

B. Chemical Tests for Saponin Glycosides

1. Haemolysis test A drop blood on slide + few drops of RBC’s becomes
aq. Saponin solution ruptured in presence
of saponins
C. Chemical Tests for Steroid and Triterpenoid Glycosides
1. Libermann Alcoholic extract of drug was Formation of violet
burchard test evaporated to drynessExtracted to blue coloured ring
with CHCl3Then add few drops of at the junction of two
acetic anhydride + conc. H2SO4 from liquid, indicate the
side wall of test tube to the CHCl3 presence of steroid
extract moiety

5. Write the biological source and therapeutic uses of any two of the following.
a. Punarnava
Answer
Biological source: Punarnava consists of fresh as well as dried whole plant of
Boerhoavis diffusa Linn.
Family: Nyctaginaceae
Therapeutic efficacy
 Punarnava possess potent antifibrinolytic, anti-inflammatory, and diuretic
properties.
b. Ashwagandha
Answer
Biological source: It consists of dried roots and stem bases of Withania somnifera.
Family: Solanaceae
Therapeutic efficacy
 Ashwagandha is used for arthritis, anxiety, bipolar disorder , tumors,
tuberculosis, asthma, (leukoderma), bronchitis, menstrual problems, hiccups,
Parkinson's disease, and chronic liver disease.
c. Belladonna
Answer
Biological source: It consists of fresh or dried leaves and flowering tops of Atropa
belladonna, European Belladonna.
Family: Solanaceae
Therapeutic activity
 Parasympathetic depressant (which decreases the secretions of salivary glands,
gastric secretions and check the respiration).
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 Used in gastro-enteritis, hyperacidity and ulcers.

6. Define any three of the following:

a. Cardiotonic
Answer
 These are substances that affect the tone and force of cardiac muscle
contraction. They may have direct or indirect effect on the performance of
heart.
b. Laxative
Answer
 Laxatives are used for curing acute and chronic constipation, (hemorrhoids),
treating anorectal and preparing the bowel for colonoscopy.
c. Diuretic
Answer
 Drug promoting urine output are known as diuretic drugs.
d. Astringent
Answer
 Astringent are the substances which precipitate protein by forming complex. It
causes shrinkage of mucous membranes or exposed tissues and are often used
internally to check discharge of blood serum or mucous secretions.
e. Carminative
Answer
 These are the aromatic substances used to expel gases from the gastro
intestinal tract and help to relieve flatulence.

7. Write the biological source and chemical constituents of an oxytocic drug.

Answer
Ergot
Biological source: Ergot is the dried sclerotium of a fungus Claviceps purpurea. Family:
Clavicipitaceae developing in the ovary of rye plant, Secale cereale.
Family: Gramineae
Chemical constituents
 Contains 0.1 – 0.25% of indole alkaloids which are derivative of lysergic acid
 Lysergic acid is present in its peptide derivative form and hence the alkaloids are
also called as peptide alkaloids

8. Write in a short note on any two of the following.

a. Ispaghula
Answer
Biological source: It consists of dried ripe seeds of Plantago ovata; Plantago indica;
Plantago psyllium.
Family: Plantaginaceae
Chemical constituents
 The chief constituent of seed husk is mucilage which is a hydro-colloidal
polysaccharide (20-30%), known as pentosan.

b. Podophyllum
 D. PHARMA 1ST YEAR | PHARMACOGNOSY | MODEL PAPER
Answer
Biological source: Podophyllum resin is a mixture of resins obtained from the dried
rhizomes and roots of Podophyllum hexandrum Royle.
Family: Berberidaceae
Chemical constituents
 The composition of resin is made up of lignans which contain at least 40% of
podophyllotoxin.
 American podophyllum resin contains only 10 % of podophyllotoxin.

c. Myrrh
Answer
Biological source: It is an oleo-gum-resin obtained from the of Commiphora molmol.
Family: Burseraceae
Chemical constituents
 It consists of upto 40% of resins, volatile oil (3-6%) and gum (55-60%).
 It also contains β-heerabe myrrholic acid, α, β and γ commiphoric acid and few
phenolic acids.

9. Write the therapeutic and cosmetic uses of any two of the following.
a. Sandalwood Oil
Answer
Therapeutic uses
1. It is used in aromatherapy due to fragrance.
2. It is added to soaps and cosmetics.
Cosmetic uses
 It is also used in Ayurvedic medicine for the treatment of common colds,
bronchitis, fever, urinary tract infections, and inflammation.
b. Aloevera gel
Answer
Therapeutic uses
 Anti-tumor
 Anti-inflammatory
 Boosts immune system
 Anti-bacterial
Cosmetic uses
1. Used in the formulation of soap and gels.
2. As an antiagening gel.
3. As a protectant in lotions.

Olive Oil
Answer
Therapeutic uses
1. Olive oil has demulcent, emollient and laxative properties.
2. It is used as a vehicle for oily parenteral preparations.

Cosmetic uses
 D. PHARMA 1ST YEAR | PHARMACOGNOSY | MODEL PAPER
 It is also used in the preparation of lubricants, plasters, textiles, soaps,
cosmetics and sulphonated oil.
 When used externally it is an emollient and soothing.

10. Explain any two of the following:

a. Nutraceuticals
Answer
 Nutraceutical can thus be defined as food or part of diet that improve health or
decrease the incidence of diseases.
 Example: Ascorbic acid, cellulose, pectin, β-carotene, Allicin Plants Animals
Lecithin, Calcium, Bifidobacterium bifidum, etc.
b. Dietary fibres
Answer
 Dietary fibers are mainly helpful in keeping the digestive system healthy.
 In other words it is it also known as roughage that is obtained from plant
derived food.

 It can divided into two parts :

1. Soluble fiber - which dissolves in water (e.g., pectin, gums, mucilage, which
are mainly found in plant).
2. Insoluble fiber - which doesn't dissolve in water (e.g. cellulose,
hemicelluloses, and lignin are the components of plant cell wall).
c. Omega-3 fatty acids
Answer
 Fatty acids are an important part of human body.
 Unsaturated fatty acids are particularly useful for regenerative and cognitive
functions in the body.
 Commonly known as PUFA. Cod liver oil, halibut liver oil, shark liver oil, olive
oil, nuts and seeds are some of the common sources of PUFA.

11. Write in short note on any two of the following.

a. Organised and Unorganised drugs
Answer
 Organized drug- those drugs materials which represent a part of the plant
(made up of cells). The organized drugs divided into parts of plants like leaves,
flowers, fruits, seeds, roots and rhizomes.
 Unorganized drug- are diverse group of solid and liquid materials which do not
consist of parts of plants (obtained from natural sources by a variety of physical
processes such as incision, drying or extraction). E.g., dried latex, gums, extracts,
etc.
b. Chromatography
Answer
 Chromatography is based on the principle where molecules in mixture applied
onto the surface or into the solid, and fluid stationary phase (stable phase) is
separating from each other while moving with the aid of a mobile phase.
c. Tannins
Answer
 Tannins are secondary metabolite of plant, non-nitrogenous and polyphenolic in
nature and are present in cell sap and vacuoles.
D. PHARMA 1ST YEAR | PHARMACOGNOSY | MODEL PAPER

C. MCQs/ Fill in the blanks (Answer all questions) 20×1 = 20 marks

1. The term 'Pharmacognosy' was coined by:
a) R. N. Chopra b) Pedanius Dioscorides
c) C.A Seydler d) Alexander Flemming
2. Which of the following is an unorganised drug?
a) Vinca b) Arjuna
c) Nutmeg d) Asafoetida
3. Which of the following crude drug contains alkaloid?
a) Ginger Senna b) Belladonna
c) Senna d) Gelatin
4. Which of the following is diuretic?
a) Punarnava b) Ipecacuanha
c) Ephedra d) Vasaka
5. Who coined the term 'Nutraceutical"?
a) Stephen Hawking b) Stephen Defelice
c) Stephen Fleming d) Stephen King
6. The main chemical constituent of Garlic is.
a) Colchicine b) Vasicine
c) Myristicin d) Allicin
7. Which of the following is not an Ayurvedic formulation?
a) Asava b) Cream
d) Bhasma e) Gutika
8. Which of the following is an organised drug.
a) Acacia b) Benzoin
c) Ginger d) Opium
9. Who is the father of Homeopathy
a) Dhanvantari b) Hakim Ajmal Khan
c) Ghiya Suddin Balban d) Samuel Hahnemann
10. Sterile threads used to tic up a blood vessel are known as:
a) Ligatures b) Sutures
c) Surgical Dressings d) None of the these
11. is the synonym of Fennel.
Answer - Sauf
12. is a class of drugs which are used to treat high blood pressure.
Answer - Antihypertensives
13. are a combination of living beneficial bacteria and yeasts that naturally live
in ourbody.
Answer - Probiotics
14. Absorbent cotton is the epidermal hairs of the seeds of species of .
Answer - Gossypium
15. Cinchona is an
drug.
Answer - Antimalarial
16. Goldbeater's skin test is done for the identification of .
Answer - Tannins
D. PHARMA 1ST YEAR | PHARMACOGNOSY | MODEL PAPER

17. Tea leaves are obtained from the plant .

Answer – Thea sinensis
18. Withania somnifera belongs to the family .
Answer - Solanaceae
19. In Hindi Cinnamon is known as .
Answer - Dalchini
20. Shark liver oil is the source of Vitamin .
Answer – Vitamin A