SPECIFICATION

FUEL, AIR, WATER (OR STEAM) & COMPRESSOR CLEANING

FLUIDS FOR SOLAR® GAS TURBINE ENGINES

Data SPECIFICATION NO. ES 9-98 ISSUED: 10/29/82; ERL5670-1

Control (Date and ERL/PRD No.)
Level
REVISION HISTORY:
1 (Letter, Date and PRD/ECN No.)

A; 03/29/85; ERL8646-1 P; 06/27/08; CR20704

B; 01/29/87; ERL9338-1 R; 01/06/09; CR22506
C; 02/20/90; ERL0210-1 T; 02/23/09; CR22863
Release D; 05/24/93; ERL10900-1 U; 07/14/09; CR24384
Stamp E; 08/05/93; ERL11071-1 V; 12/16/09; CR24042
F; 08/10/03; PRD14724-1 W; 02/17/10; CR26201
G; 03/22/04; CR09269 Y; 05/25/10; CR26924
H; 07/09/04; CR09270 AA; 03/14/11; CR29413
J; 10/14/04; CR10321 AB; 12/01/11; CR37814
K; 01/18/05; CR10788 AC; 12/21/14; CR56424
L; 08/28/06; CR14043 AD; 06/21/16; ECN97760
M; 12/12/06, CR15195 AE; 04/28/17; ECN103363
N; 01/30/08; CR18878 AF; 11/21/19; ECN118860
AG;7/31/20; ECN122590

Rev. Ltr. ECR # Author(s) / Approver(s) Date

Prepared By:
Abdul Ahmed
Senior Principal Engineer

AH 89381 Approved By: 9-27-23

Jose Aurrecoechea
Manager, Materials & Processes

ATTENTION
This copyrighted work and the information herein is proprietary to Caterpillar Inc., Solar
Turbines Incorporated, and/or subsidiaries of either. Without express, written proprietor
permission, any copying, disclosure, or use except that for which it is loaned, is prohibited.

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 Specification No. ES 9-98AH

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Paragraph Page

1.0 SCOPE 1
1.1 Responsibility/Deviations 1

2.0 APPLICABLE DOCUMENTS 1

3.0 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 3

3.1 Undesirable Contaminants 3
3.2 Sources of Contamination 3
3.3 Determination of Total Contaminants 5
3.4 Additives 5
3.5 Customer Site Data Requirements 5
3.5.1 Sampling 5
3.5.2 Additional Site Data 6

4.0 AIR 6
4.1 Air Quality 6
4.1.1 Additional Limits 6
4.2 Concentration of Air Borne Contaminants 6
4.2.1 Concentration Guidelines for Air Borne Contaminants 7
4.3 Site Specific Contaminants in Air 7
4.4 Minimum Air Filter Particle Removal Efficiency Requirements 7

5.0 INJECTED WATER (OR STEAM) 8

5.1 Water Quality for Water Injection to Reduce NOx 8
5.2 Concentration of (Injected) Water Borne Contaminants 8
5.2.1 Concentration Guidelines for (Injected) Water Borne
Contaminants 8
5.3 Boiler Feed Water 8
5.4 Operation 8
5.5 Water for Injector Purge and Compressor Cleaning 9

6.0 EVAPORATIVE COOLER WATER 9

6.1 General 9
6.1.1 Evaporative Cooler Equipment 9
6.1.2 Deionized Water 9
6.1.3 Soft Water 10
6.2 Concentration of Contaminants in Water Carryover 10
6.2.1 Concentration Guidelines for Evaporative Cooler Water 10
6.2.2 Water Carryover Rate 10
6.3 Additional Limits for Evaporative Cooler Water 11
6.4 Other Contaminants 11

7.0 COMPRESSOR CLEANING FLUIDS 11

7.1 Compressor Cleaning Product Quality 11

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TABLE OF CONTENTS (Cont’d)

Paragraph Page

8.0 FUEL 11
8.1 Gaseous Fuels 11
8.1.1 Gaseous Fuel Suitability 13
8.1.2 Coke Oven Gas 13
8.1.3 Gaseous Fuel Supply Pressure 13
8.1.4 Gaseous Fuel Used for Pneumatic Start Systems 13
8.2 Distillate Fuels 13
8.2.1 Biodiesel 15
8.2.2 Distillate Fuel Supply Temperature 16
8.2.3 Distillate Fuels 16
8.3 Natural Gas Liquid Fuels 16
8.3.1 Natural Gas Liquid Supply Temperature 17
8.3.2 Natural Gas Liquid Fuels 17
8.4 Multiple Fuel Sources 17
8.5 Concentration of Fuel Borne Contaminants 17
8.5.1 Concentration Guidelines for Fuel Borne Contaminants 17
9.0 HANDLING AND STORAGE OF FUELS 17
9.1 Storage and Handling Equipment 17
9.2 Additional Information 17
10.0 NOTES 17
10.1 Significance of Limits 17
10.1.1 Sulfur 18
10.1.1.1 Hydrogen Sulfide 18
10.1.1.2 Elemental Sulfur Deposition 18
10.1.2 Sodium and Potassium 18
10.1.3 Vanadium 18
10.1.4 Mercury 18
10.1.5 Lead 19
10.1.6 Fluorine and Chlorine 19
10.1.7 Calcium and Magnesium 19
10.1.8 Other Trace Metals 19
10.1.9 Particulate in Air 19
10.1.10 Solids in Water 19
10.1.11 pH of Water 19
10.1.12 Fuel Gas Volume Ratio 19
10.1.13 Fuel Gas Mass Ratio 19
10.1.14 Hydrogen and Carbon Monoxide in Gas 20
10.1.15 Flammability 20
10.1.16 Flame Temperature 20
10.1.17 Siloxanes 20
10.1.18 Particulates in Gas 21
10.1.19 Fuel Supply Temperature 21
10.1.20 Viscosity 21
10.1.21 Relative Density of Distillate 21
10.1.22 Reid Vapor Pressure 22
10.1.23 Cloud and Pour Points 22

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TABLE OF CONTENTS (Cont’d)

Paragraph Page

10.1.24 Flash Point 22

10.1.25 Distillation 22
10.1.26 Aromatics and Olefins 22
10.1.27 Lower Heating Value (LHV) 22
10.1.28 Carbon Residue 22
10.1.29 Ash 22
10.1.30 Copper Strip Corrosion 22
10.1.31 Water and Sediment in Distillates 22
10.1.32 Combustibles in Air 23
10.1.33 Fuel Bound Nitrogen in Distillates 23
10.1.34 Lubricity of Liquid Fuels 23
10.1.35 Biodiesel/Fatty Acid Methyl Ester (FAME) 23
10.1.36 Oxidation Stability 23
10.1.37 Acid Number 24
10.1.38 Glycerin and Glycerides 24
10.1.39 Methanol 24

APPENDIX A - Total Site Contamination Worksheet 25

APPENDIX B - Derivation of Total Fuel Equipment Concentration Equation for

Undesirable Contaminants 30

B1.0 Derivation of Fundamental Expression for Total Fuel Equivalent

Concentration (For Directly Fired Applications Only) 30
B2.0 Derivation of Expression Used in Form 3091 31

APPENDIX C – Liquid Fuel Handling and Storage Requirements (Moved to PIL162) 34

APPENDIX D – Liquid Fuel Suitability Form 35

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TABLES

Table Page

1 Maximum Allowable Contaminant Concentrations 4

2 Guidelines for Contaminant Concentrations 7

3 Additional Quality Requirements for Water Injection 8

4 Contaminant Limits for Short Duration Water Ingestion Duties 9

5 Requirements for Cleaning Product Used in Ingestive Cleaning

of Solar Engines 11

6 Definitions of Gaseous Fuels for Use with a Standard Fuel System 12

7 Distillate Fuels - Physical and Chemical Requirements 14

8 Distillate Fuels - Contaminant Limits 15

9 Biodiesel Fuels – Physical and Chemical Requirements 15

10 Natural Gas Liquid Fuels – Physical and Chemical Requirements 16

11 Requirements for Hydrogen in Gaseous Fuels 20

12 Requirements for Carbon Monoxide in Gaseous Fuels 20

B1 Nomenclature for Fuel Equivalent Derivation 30

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 Specification No. ES 9-98AH

1.0 SCOPE - This specification establishes the quality requirements for the fuel, air, water (or
steam) and compressor cleaning solutions to be used in Solar gas turbine engines.
This specification supersedes all previous Solar fuel, air, or water specifications, including fuel
specification ES 1211, ES 9-247, and ES 9-251, for use in Solar gas turbine operation.

1.1 RESPONSIBILITY/DEVIATIONS - It is the responsibility of the end user to ensure that

where required by this specification, Solar Turbines’ approval has been sought for use of the fluids
cited. It is also the responsibility of the end user to ensure on a continuing basis that all fluids
entering the gas turbines are compliant with this specification. Deviations from the limits and
requirements herein shall not be considered without consultation and specific written approval from
Solar Engineering. These approvals can be attained through the Special Engine Request Process.

2.0 APPLICABLE DOCUMENTS - The following documents, of issue in effect on the date of
this specification, shall be a part of this specification to the extent specified herein.

Solar Specifications
ES 9-62 Ingestive Cleaning Solar Turbine Engines
ES 2069 Set-up, Installation, and Operating Instructions for Evaporative Coolers
ES 2707 Standard Air Sampling, Site and Laboratory Testing Requirements for
TAI Filtration System
Solar Forms
FORM 2594 Liquid Fuel Suitability Inquiry
FORM 2595 Gaseous Fuel Suitability Inquiry
FORM 3091 Total Site Contamination Worksheet
Product Information Letters
PIL 162 Recommendations and Requirements for the Sourcing, Handling, Storage
and Treatment for Gas and Liquid Fuels Used for Gas Turbines
American Society for Testing and Materials
ASTM D86 Method of Test for Distillation of Petroleum Products
ASTM D93 Method of Test for Flash Point by Pensky - Martens Closed Tester
ASTM D97 Method of Test for Pour Points
ASTM D130 Method of Test for Copper Corrosion by Petroleum Products, Copper Strip Test
ASTM D240 Method of Test for Heat of Combustion of Liquid Hydrocarbon Fuels by Bomb
Calorimeter
ASTM D323 Method of Test for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Products (Reid Method)
ASTM D445 Method of Test for Viscosity of Transparent and Opaque Liquids (Kinematic
and Dynamic Viscosities)
ASTM D482 Method of Test for Ash from Petroleum Products
ASTM D511 Tests for Calcium and Magnesium in Water
ASTM D512 Standard Test Method for Chloride Ion in Water
ASTM D664 Standard Test Method for Acid Number of Petroleum Products by
Potentiometric Titration
ASTM D524 Method of Test for Ramsbottom Carbon Residue of Petroleum Products
ASTM D808 Tests for Chlorine in New and Used Petroleum Products (Bomb Method)
ASTM D859 Tests for Silica in Water
ASTM D1072 Test for Total Sulfur in Fuel Gases
ASTM D1179 Standard Test Methods for Fluoride Ion in Water
ASTM D1253 Tests for Residual Chlorine in Water
ASTM D1266 Sulfur in Petroleum Products and liquefied Petroleum Gases (Lamp Method)
ASTM D1267 Vapor Pressure of Liquefied Petroleum Gases

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ASTM D1293 Tests for pH of Water

ASTM D1298 Density, Specific Gravity or API Gravity of Crude Petroleum and Liquid
Petroleum Products by Hydrometer Method
ASTM D1319 Method of Test for Hydrocarbon Types in Liquid Petroleum Products by
Fluorescent Indicator Absorption
ASTM D1657 Test Method for Density or Relative Density of Light Hydrocarbons by
Pressure Hydrometer
ASTM D1838 Copper Strip Corrosion by Liquefied Petroleum Gases
ASTM D2163 Analysis of Liquefied Petroleum Gases by Gas Chromatography
ASTM D2500 Method of Test for Cloud Point
ASTM D2598 Calculation of Physical Characteristics of Liquefied Petroleum Gases from
Compositional Analysis
ASTM D2622 Standard Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products by Wavelength
Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence
ASTM D3605 Trace Metals in Gas Turbine Fuels by Atomic Absorption and Flame Emission
Spectroscopy
ASTM D3373 Tests for Vanadium in Water
ASTM D3559 Tests for Lead in Water
ASTM D3868 Standard Test Methods for Fluoride Ion in Brackish Water, Seawater, and
Brines
ASTM D3919 Standard Practice for Measuring Trace Elements in Water by Graphite
Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry
ASTM D4052 Standard Test Method for Density and Relative Density by Digital Density
Meter
ASTM D4192 Standard Test Method for Potassium in Water by Atomic Spectrophotometry
ASTM D4294 Standard Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum and Petroleum Products by
Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry
ASTM D4418 Standard Practice for Receipt, Storage, and Handling of Fuels for Gas
Turbines
ASTM D4629 Standard Test Method for Trace Nitrogen in Liquid Petroleum Hydrocarbons
by Syringe/Inlet Oxidative Combustion and Chemiluminescence Detection
ASTM D5186 Test Method for Determination of Aromatic Content of Diesel Fuels by
Supercritical Fluid Chromatography
ASTM D5453 Determination of Total Sulfur in Light Hydrocarbons
ASTM D5673 Standard Test Method for Elements in Water by Inductively Coupled Plasma
Spectrometry
ASTM D5762 Standard Test method for Nitrogen in Petroleum and Petroleum Products by
Boat-Inlet Chemiluminescence
ASTM D5907 Standard Test Method for Filterable and non-Filterable Matter in Water
ASTM D6079 Evaluating Lubricity of Diesel Fuels by High-Frequency Reciprocating Rig
(HFRR)
ASTM D6217 Standard Test Method for Particulate Contamination in Middle Distillate Fuels
ASTM D6304 Standard Test Method for Determination of Water in Petroleum Products
ASTM D6584 Standard Test Method for Determination of Total Monoglycerides, Total
Diglycerides, Total Triglycerides, and Free and Total Glycerin in Biodiesel
Methyl Esters by Gas Chromatography
ASTM D6591 Standard Test Method for Determination of Aromatic Hydrocarbon Types
in Middle Distillates
ASTM D7111 Determination of Trace Elements in Middle Distillate Fuels by Inductively
Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry (ICP-AES).

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ASTM D7220 Standard Test Method for Sulfur in Automotive, Heating, and Jet Fuels by
Monochromatic Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry
ASTM D7371 Standard Test Method for Determination of Biodiesel (Fatty Acid Methyl
Esters) Content in Diesel Fuel Oil Using Mid Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR)
ASTM D7800 Standard Test Method for Determination of Elemental Sulfur in Natural Gas.

European/British Standards
EN 4110 Determination of Methanol Content (British Standard)
EN 14112 Determination of Oxidation Stability (Accelerated Oxidation Test) (British
Standard)
Air Filter Efficiency Test Specifications
ASHRAE 52.2 Method of Testing General Ventilation Air-Cleaning Devices for Removal
Efficiency by Particle Size
EN 779 Particulate Air Filters for General Ventilation ― Determination of the
Filtration Performance (ISO 16890 replaced EN 779)
EN 1822 High Efficiency Air Filters (EPA, HEPA and ULPA)
Natural Gas Processors Association
NGP 2140-70 Liquefied Petroleum Gas Specifications and Test Methods
Deutches Institute Fur Normung (DIN)
DIN 51850 Gross and Net Calorific Value of Pure Gaseous Fuels
US Bureau of Mines
Bulletin 627 Flammability Characteristics of Combustible Gases and Vapors
International Organization for Standardization (ISO)
ISO 8537-1 Compressed Air- Part 1: Contaminants and purity classes
ISO 16890 Air Filters for General Ventilation

3.0 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS - The requirements stated herein govern the quality of air,
fuel, and water (steam) entering the engine. Failure to meet the requirements in this specification
can result in a negative impact on the performance and life expectations of the engine and package.

3.1 UNDESIRABLE CONTAMINANTS - The contaminants listed here are known to be harmful
to engine components and must be controlled to within the maximum allowable limits specified for
each contaminant in order to attain maximum engine life. The total quantity of each contaminant
ingested by the engine must be limited regardless of whether it enters through the air, fuel, injected
water (steam), or as liquid water carryover from evaporative cooling.
The limits for each of the several critical contaminants from all possible sources are provided in
Table 1.

3.2 SOURCES OF CONTAMINATION – There are four major potential sources of

contamination - air, fuel (gas, liquid, or solid), injected water/steam (for continuous NOx control) and
liquid water carryover from the evaporative cooler (if used). Minor sources of contamination
include water for compressor cleaning, water for dual fuel injector purging, and compressor cleaning
fluids have also been identified.

In order to effectively control the quality of air, fuel, and water entering the engine as defined in this
Specification, Solar's Package Engineering Department shall be consulted in specifying treatment
and cleanup systems for the major sources, while the minor sources must meet the quality specified
in Tables 4and 5 of this document.

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 Specification No. ES 9-98AH

Table 1. Maximum Allowable Contaminant Concentrations

Limit(Note 1) in Fuel Equivalent

Contaminant Test Method
Concentrations
10,000 ppmw FEC (See note 5A, 5B,
Sulfur (see Notes 2, 3, & 5C & 6). ASTM D1072, D1266, D2622,
4) Additional restrictions apply for D4294, D5453 or D7220.
SoLoNOx liquid operation (See note 6)
Sodium + Potassium 0.5 ppmw FEC ASTM D3605 or D7111
Vanadium 0.5 ppmw FEC ASTM D3605, D3373 or D7111
Lead 1 ppmw FEC ASTM D3605, D3559 or D7111
Calcium + Magnesium 2 ppmw FEC ASTM D3605, D511 or D7111
Fluorine 1 ppmw FEC ASTM D1179, D3868
Chlorine 0.15 weight percent or 1,500 ppmw FEC ASTM D512, D808, D1253,
Others (See Notes 7 & 8) 0.5 ppmw FEC
Notes:
(1) The limits given are FUEL EQUIVALENT CONCENTRATIONS (FEC), i.e., the maximum allowable
concentration of each contaminant as if each contaminant is found solely in a fuel with LHV - 18,380
Btu/lb. (such as diesel #2). Instructions for performing calculations are provided in Appendix A, Form
3091, Total Site Contamination Worksheet.
(2) For installations with exhaust heat recovery equipment, it is important to maintain sulfur levels at below
the SO3 dew point. Because conversion from SO2, to SO3 in the combustor is a function of several
factors that are not readily definable, it is recommended that fuel sulfur is limited to less than 0.5%
weight FEC. This value is based on 60:1 air-to-fuel ratio at up to 17% conversion for an acid dew point
of 240F.
(3) If sulfur is present in the form of hydrogen sulfide, appropriate precautions must be taken to detect
leaks because of the highly toxic nature of this gas even in trace quantities. High sulfur fuels
(exceeding limits) may be used with special provisions; however, such fuels must be reviewed and
approved in writing by Engineering prior to use.
(4) U.S. Federal and local Air Pollution control districts may require lower limits for sulfur.
(5A) Harsh environment protection hardware and ancillary equipment is required for gas fuel with H2S
concentration greater than 3000 ppmw FEC or liquid fuel with sulfur concentration more than 2000
ppmw FEC.
(5B) Sites with alkali-laden air (Marine, salt beds, salt mines), poor ambient air quality or proximity to sulfur
sources require harsh environment protection hardware regardless of sulfur levels.
(5C) Higher sulfur levels (> 10,000 ppmw FEC) can be considered for a specific application and must be
approved in writing by engineering.
(6) Liquid fuel sulfur content limits and specific fuel handling and storage requirements are required for
SoLoNOx liquid fuel operation. Low emissions on diesel fuel require lower sulfur limits. Restrictions
do not apply to kerosene or jet fuel A. See section 10.1.
(7) The following contaminants are unlikely to be present except in unusual or accidental contamination
of air, fuel or water supplies. However, if detected at levels greater than 0.5 ppmw FEC fuel
equivalent, special treatment and precautions are required.
Mercury – Cadmium – Bismuth – Arsenic – Indium – Antimony – Phosphorous – Boron -
Gallium –Aluminum + Silicon.

(8) Any other trace element with concentrations over 0.5 ppmw FEC fuel equivalent should be discussed with,
and reviewed, by Engineering.

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3.3 DETERMINATION OF TOTAL CONTAMINANTS - The total concentration of each of the

major potential sources of contaminants entering the engine can be determined by using the
equations provided here.

For direct fired applications:

Total Contaminant = 18,380 x [(AFR)A + F + (WFR)W + (CFR)C]

LHV
For indirect fired applications:

Total Contaminant = 65 x [A + (WAR)W + (CAR)C]

Where:

Total Contaminant = total concentration of that particular contaminant, ppmw fuel equivalent (for
indirect fired applications, total contaminant is expressed as ppmw air
equivalent concentration, normalized to 65 air-to-fuel ratio.
LHV = lower heating value of fuel, Btu/lb
AFR* = air-to-fuel mass ratio
A = concentration of that particular contaminant in air entering the engine, ppmw
in air
F = concentration of that particular contaminant in fuel, ppmw in fuel
WFR* = water-to-fuel mass ratio
W = concentration of that particular contaminant in injected water, ppmw in water
CFR* = carryover water-to-fuel mass ratio
C = concentration of that particular contaminant in evaporative cooler water (or
feed water), ppmw in water
WAR = water-to-air mass ratio
CAR = carryover water-to-air mass ratio
* Fuel ratios are based on actual fuel rather than combustible fuel

A worksheet (Form 3091) with instructions for performing the above calculation is provided in
Appendix A. (Derivation of the above equation for directly fired applications and the functional
equation used in Form 3091 are included in Appendix B.)

3.4 ADDITIVES - Chemicals can be added to fuel and water treatment systems for specific
purposes, e.g., softening, settling out of particulates, inhibition of organic growths, etc. Caution
should be exercised to ascertain that the additives are not comprised of critical elements listed in
Table 1 and that the maximum allowable limits specified are complied with.

3.5 CUSTOMER SITE DATA REQUIREMENTS - Information as to the condition and quality of
the air, water (including steam), and fuel to be ingested by the engine, and other environmentally
influenced conditions such as ambient temperature and humidity ranges is required by Solar to
adequately define the necessary combustion system configuration, engine controls, settings,
protective coatings, devices and operating procedures.

3.5.1 SAMPLING - Sampling and analyses of air, fuel, and water must be performed according to
the specified test methods. Unless specifically instructed otherwise, all sampling should be
performed at locations just upstream of the engine.

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3.5.2 ADDITIONAL SITE DATA - The following information, if available, is required for all
installations:

• Ambient temperature range

• Ambient humidity range
• Altitude
• Type of environment (rural, agricultural, residential, arctic, industrial, offshore, marine,
coastal, desert, semi-arid, or tropical)
• Fuel conditions (fuel temperature and pressure ranges)

4.0 AIR

4.1 AIR QUALITY - Air borne constituents such as gases, liquid droplets and solid particles, can
contain undesirable contaminants that are considered harmful. Adequate air filtration must be used
to remove the bulk of such air borne constituents including water carryover from evaporative cooler
applications. The combined concentration of contaminants from air, fuel and water (steam) shall
meet the requirements of paragraph 3.1 and the maximum limits specified in Table 1.

4.1.1 ADDITIONAL LIMITS - Air used for pulsing self-cleaning air cleaner shall meet the
requirements of ISO 8573, Class 4.

4.2 CONCENTRATION OF AIR BORNE CONTAMINANTS - Air borne contaminants constitute

only one of several means by which contaminants enter the turbine engine. The minimum air
quality allowed depends on the quality of the other fluids, such as injected water, fuel, and water
carryover (if applicable). In order to assess the impact of air borne contaminant(s) on the total
concentration present in the engine, the fuel equivalent concentration (FEC) of each air borne
contaminant can be calculated using the following function.

Concentration in air, ppmw FEC = AFR x 18380 x A (1-N)

LHV
Where: AFR = air-to-fuel ratio
LHV = lower heating value, Btu/lb.
A = concentration in ambient air, ppmw
N = air cleaner efficiency, expressed as value 0.999 (99.9%)

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4.2.1 CONCENTRATION GUIDELINES FOR AIR BORNE CONTAMINANTS - In general, air

borne contaminants are expected to contribute less than 20% of the total concentration allowed
except when air and fuel are the two fluids present. Depending on the type of application involved
and the potential for system upsets, Table 2 serves as an approximate guideline for air borne
contaminants, recognizing that variations in fluid quality can significantly change the balance
implied in this guideline.

Table 2. Guidelines for Contaminant Concentrations

(for nominal operating conditions with natural gas fuel)

(Inj.) Water Contaminants

Air Borne Fuel Borne Borne From E/C
Available Sources Contaminants Contaminants Contaminants Carryover
(% of Total) (% of Total) (% of Total) (% of Total)
Air + Fuel <70 <10 0 0
Air + Fuel + Inj. Water <20 <10 <50 0
Air + Fuel + Inj. Water
<20 <10 <20 <30
+ E/C
Air + Fuel + E/C <20 <10 0 <50
Note: These values are provided only as guidelines and they are based on experience at Solar.
Because of the inexactness of some of the values involved in the calculations, a 20% margin is
built in to the numbers provided here.

4.3 SITE SPECIFIC CONTAMINANTS IN AIR - If ambient air at a particular site is known to be
of poor quality, based on prior experience or influence of industries and/or activities in the vicinity,
consult with Package Engineering to ascertain compliance with all the requirements of this
specification.

4.4 MINIMUM AIR FILTER PARTICLE REMOVAL EFFICIENCY REQUIREMENTS - Filters

used in air cleaners installed in the combustion air inlet systems of Solar gas turbine packages must
meet a minimum airborne particle removal efficiency of ISO ePM1 85 % (ISO 16890 replaced
European standard EN 779, Grade F9) or MERV 15 (U.S. standard ASHRAE 52.2). In harsh
environments having air borne and fuel borne contaminant concentrations too high to meet the
guidelines in Table 2 using ISO ePM1 85 % or MERV 15 filters, filters must have a minimum particle
removal efficiency of E10 (European standard EN 1822). Note that this information is provided for
the purpose of considering filters based on their efficiency in the context of calculations employed to
evaluate the contaminant concentration limits expressed in this Engineering Specification. It does
not imply that any filter meeting these particle removal efficiencies also meets other filter
performance requirements of Solar Turbines Incorporated.

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5.0 INJECTED WATER (OR STEAM)

5.1 WATER QUALITY FOR WATER INJECTION TO REDUCE NO x - The quality of water
injected into the combustor for NOx control must meet the general requirements defined in Section
3.1 as well as the specific requirements described in Table 3.

Table 3. Additional Quality Requirements for Water Injection

Parameter Requirement Test Method

pH 5.5 to 8.5 ASTM D1293
Suspended Solids <2.6 mg/liter of sediment, solid or hard
contaminants, 90% of the 2.6 mg shall
ASTM D5907; ISO 11923
be less than 5 micron in size. Max
allowable size < 10 micron.
Dissolved Silica <0.1 ppmw SiO2 (<0.1 mg/l) ASTM D859
Electrical Conductivity <5 µS/cm ASTM D5391

5.2 CONCENTRATION OF (INJECTED) WATER BORNE CONTAMINANTS - Water borne

contaminants from injected water/steam constitute only one of several means by which
contaminants enter the turbine engine. The minimum water quality allowed depends on the quality
of the other fluids, such as air, fuel, and water carryover (if applicable). In order to assess the
impact of water borne contaminant(s) from injected water/steam on the total concentration present
in the engine, the fuel equivalent concentration (FEC) of each water borne contaminant can be
calculated using the following function.

Concentration in water, ppmw FEC = WFR x 18380 x W

LHV
Where: WFR = water-to-fuel ratio
LHV = lower heating value, Btu/lb
W = concentration of contaminant in injected water, ppmw

5.2.1 CONCENTRATION GUIDELINES FOR (INJECTED) WATER BORNE CONTAMINANTS -

In general, water borne contaminants from injected water are expected to contribute less than 50%
of the total concentration allowed. Depending on the type of application involved and the potential
for system upsets, Table 2 serves as an approximate guideline for injected water (steam) borne
contaminants, recognizing that variations in fluid quality can significantly change the balance
implied in this guideline.

5.3 BOILER FEEDWATER - In general, boiler feed water is not suitable for use in water
injection; additional treatment to remove dissolved and suspended contaminants is usually required
to satisfy all the requirements of this specification.

5.4 OPERATION - It is recommended that Package Engineering is consulted in selecting

appropriate equipment for treatment water. Continuous monitoring of water quality is strongly
recommended with an alarm or automatic shutdown device installed between the final stage of
treatment and the fuel injector manifold. The trip point shall be set to ensure that water entering the
combustor is within the allowable limits of this specification.

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5.5 WATER FOR INJECTOR PURGE AND COMPRESSOR CLEANING – Water is used in
small quantities from time to time (not continuous operation), to either aid cleaning the compressor
or to purge liquid fuel passages in dual fuel injectors during fuel transfers and liquid fuel shutdown.
It has been determined that the contaminant limits for the water can be higher for these duties
because the consumption is small and Table 4 shows the limits for the particular application.

Table 4. Contaminant Limits For Short Duration Water Ingestion Duties

Max. Limits
Max. Limits for Max. Limits for Dual Fuel
On-Crank for On-Line Injector
Test Method Cleaning Cleaning Water Purge

Sodium + Potassium ASTM D1428 105 ppmw 1.9 ppmw 1.9 ppmw

Fluorine ASTM; D1179 100 ppmw 1.9 ppmw 1.9 ppmw

Chlorine ASTM D512 100 ppmw 40 ppmw 40 ppmw
Lead ASTM D3559 2 ppmw 0.70 ppmw 0.70 ppmw
Vanadium ASTM D3373 2 ppmw 0.35 ppmw 0.35 ppmw
Iron, Tin, Silicon, Aluminum, ASTM D857,
Copper, Manganese, D858, D1068, 10 ppmw 3.8 ppmw 3.8 ppmw
Phosphorus D1688
ASTM D3605,
Calcium + Magnesium 100 ppmw 3.8 ppmw 3.8 ppmw
D511
Total Dissolved Solids ASTM D1888 350 ppmw 5 ppmw 30 ppmw
Suspended solids ASTM D5907 2.6 mg/l 2.6 mg/l 2.6 mg/l
Maximum particle size 10 microns 10 microns 10 microns
90% of particles 5 microns 5 microns 5 microns
Dissolved Silica 0.1 mg/l SiO2 0.1 mg/l SiO2 0.1 mg/l SiO2
PH ASTM D1293 6-9 6-9 6-9
Electrical Conductivity 540 µS/cm 8 µS/cm 50 µS/cm

6.0 EVAPORATIVE COOLER WATER

6.1 GENERAL - For operation in hot and dry environments, evaporative cooling is commonly
employed for power augmentation. The design/selection, installation and maintenance of
evaporative cooler equipment are critical to engine operation and longevity and also affect the
extent of water carryover into the airstream. Appropriate treatment of feed water must be specified
in order to comply with the total requirements of this specification.

6.1.1 EVAPORATIVE COOLER EQUIPMENT - Instructions for set-up, installation and operation
of evaporative coolers are provided in Engineering specification ES 2069.

6.1.2 DEIONIZED WATER - Do not use deionized water unless the evaporative cooler has been
specially designed for it. The use of deionized water will require the use of stainless steel
construction and binder reinforced media.

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6.1.3 SOFT WATER - Soft water is usually high in sodium salts and low in calcium and
magnesium salts. Therefore, soft water cannot be used for evaporative cooling unless it can be
proven that sodium + potassium (and any other dissolved salts present) are in compliance with the
requirements of Section 3.1.

6.2 CONCENTRATION OF CONTAMINANTS IN WATER CARRYOVER - Contaminants from

evaporative cooler water carryover constitute only one of several means by which contaminants
enter the turbine engine. The minimum evaporative cooler water quality allowed depends on the
quality of the other fluids, such as air, fuel, and injected water. In order to assess the impact of
contaminant(s) from evaporative cooler water carryover on the total concentration present in the
engine, the fuel equivalent concentration (FEC) of each contaminant can be calculated using the
following function.

Concentration in water carryover, ppmw FEC = C x R x 9.2

f
Where: C = concentration in water delivered to header of evaporative cooler, ppmw (for
recirculating system, C = concentration in reservoir; for non-recirculating
system, C = concentration of feed water)
R = carryover rate, gallons per minute (see Section 6.2.2)
f = fuel flow rate, MBtu/hour (106 Btu/hour)

6.2.1 CONCENTRATION GUIDELINES FOR CONTAMINATION IN EVAPORATIVE COOLER

WATER - In general, contaminants from evaporative cooler carryover are expected to contribute
less than 50% of the total concentration allowed. Depending on the type of application involved and
the potential for system upsets, Table 2 serves as an approximate guideline for water carryover
contaminants, recognizing that variations in fluid quality can significantly change the balance
implied in this guideline. (Refer to ES 2069 for details on evaporative cooler installation and
operation.)

6.2.2 WATER CARRYOVER RATE - Water carryover rate is the rate of water entering the
combustion air inlet ducting through the evaporative cooler mist eliminator. An evaporative cooler
that is properly designed, manufactured, installed, maintained, and operated, will not contribute
water droplets to the combustion inlet air. However, experience has demonstrated that small
amounts of water will enter the air stream from the evaporative cooler media, so all evaporative
coolers used by Solar Turbines Inc. include a mist eliminator on the downstream side of the cooler.
Mist eliminators used on these evaporative coolers supplied by Solar Turbines Incorporated have a
drop limit size of 50 micron, which means that they are 99.9% efficient in removing water droplets
as small as 50 microns. Because of the low air flow rate through the media (nominally 625 ft/min.)
water droplets entrained in the air leaving the media surface are much larger than 50 micron. The
recommended water carry over rate to be used in these calculations for all product lines is given
below. The water carry over rates given in the table assume that a mist eliminator having an
efficiency of not less than 99.9% on 50 micron water droplets is installed on the evaporative cooler.
Nevertheless, the general requirements in Paragraph 3.1 include evaporative cooler water
carryover as a potential source of contamination. Evaporative coolers without a mist eliminator
having an efficiency of at least 99.9% on 50 micron water droplets are not approved for use on gas
turbines manufactured by Solar Turbines Incorporated. The estimated evaporative cooler water
carry over rate for all packages (C40, C50, M50, T60, T65, T70, M90, M100, T130 and T250) is 0.1
gallons per minute (GPM).

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6.3 ADDITIONAL LIMITS FOR EVAPORATIVE COOLER WATER

Limits
pH 6-9
Turbidity <5,000 turbidity units (also known as Jackson units)
Hardness 160 ppmw CaCO3

6.4 OTHER CONTAMINANTS - Algae, aromatic hydrocarbons, oils, grease and wetting/
dispersing agents such as phosphates can be harmful to the evaporative cooler media pad.
Precautions must be exercised to prevent the formation or introduction of these contaminants into
the feed water.

7.0 COMPRESSOR CLEANING FLUIDS

7.1 COMPRESSOR CLEANING PRODUCT QUALITY – Composition and physical properties

of cleaning products must comply with the limits defined in Table 5. Failure to comply with these
limits can cause corrosive attack and/or other harmful effects resulting in rapid engine deterioration.
When the cleaning product consists of a mixture of cleaning solution concentrate and water, the
limits in Table 5 apply to the resulting cleaning product.

Table 5. Requirements for Cleaning Product Used in

Ingestive Cleaning of Solar Engines

Max. Limits for Max. Limits for

On-Crank On-Line
Test Method Solutions Solutions
Sodium + Potassium ASTM D1428 105 ppmw 1.9 ppmw
Fluorine ASTM D1179 100 ppmw 1.9 ppmw
Chlorine ASTM D512 100 ppmw 40 ppmw
Lead ASTM D3559 2 ppmw 0.70 ppmw
Vanadium ASTM D3373 2 ppmw 0.35 ppmw
Iron, Tin, Silicon, Aluminum, Copper, ASTM D857, D858,
10 ppmw 3.8 ppmw
Manganese, Phosphorus D1068, D1688
ASTM D3605 ASTM
Calcium + Magnesium 100 ppmw 3.8 ppmw
D511
Ash ASTM D482 0.25 wt. % 0.01 wt. %
Flash Point ASTM D93 >140oF >140oF
PH ASTM D 1293 6-9 6-9

8.0 FUEL

8.1 GASEOUS FUELS - In general, gaseous fuels, which meet the limits in Table 6, can be
used in standard fuel systems. The fuels must be free from condensed hydrocarbons, oils or water.
Fuels, which do not meet these limits, must be reviewed by Solar. If judged suitable for use, control
and/or combustor modifications will generally be required.

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Table 6. Definitions of Gaseous Fuels for Use with a Standard Fuel System
Physical and Chemical Descriptions ES9-98 Limits
Fuel Volume Ratio (1220/WOBBE Index*) 0.9 to 1.1
Fuel Mass ratio (21550/LHV Btu/lb) <5
Hydrogen Content <4% by volume
Carbon Monoxide Content** <12.5% by volume
Hydrogen Sulfide** 10,000 ppmw Max. (See Table 1)
Ratio of Flammability Limits
Upper flammability limit *** >2.2 for Saturn
Lower flammability limit >2.8 for Centaur and Mars
Stoichiometric Flame Temperature with Air >3600F (1980C)
Temperature Equal to Compressor Discharge
Temperature at Design Point
Total Particulates <30 ppmw x (LHV/21500)
Maximum Particle Size 10 micron
Fuel Gas Supply Temperature1 (at inlet flange No less than the greater of dew point
of package) temperature + 50°F for natural gas liquids or
dew point temperature + 20°F for water.
Greater than or equal to - 20°F and less than or
equal to 200°F.
Greater than or equal to 130°F for fuels
containing elemental sulfur.
Greater than or equal to 130°F for Titan 250
and Titan 350 SoLoNOx combustion systems.
*WOBBE Index = Lower Heat Value (use ASTM 3588 or DIN 51850 for
individual component heating values) in Btu/Scf divided by the square root of the
relative density (specific gravity).
**If carbon monoxide or hydrogen sulfide are present in the fuel gas, precautions must be taken to
detect leaks.
***Flammability limits at 1 atm and 25C as defined by M.G. Zabetakis, US
Bureau of Mines Bulletin 627.
1) Note: If the required fuel temperature is above ambient air temperature, adequate thermal
insulation and heat tracing of fuel lines and fuel control system is required to avoid condensation. If
condensates form during shutdown or are otherwise introduced, provisions should be made to
drain fuel lines just before start up to ensure that gas fuel condensation is completely eliminated.

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8.1.1 GASEOUS FUEL SUITABILITY - A fuel composition should be provided to determine the
gas fuel suitability for Solar products. In addition, any entrained solid contaminants should be
identified, along with their concentrations and size. For gaseous fuels, if water is known to be
present, even in minute quantities, the concentration of salts dissolved in this water must be
included when calculating the total amount of contaminants. It is also required that a gas analysis
including all heavy hydrocarbons beyond C6 be provided during the proposal stage of the project.

8.1.2 HYDROGEN IN PIPELINE NATURAL GAS – The concentration of hydrogen up to 20% by

volume in pipeline natural gas is generally acceptable for SoLoNOx Combustion Systems. Higher
concentrations of hydrogen are acceptable for Conventional Combustion Systems. Contact Solar
Engineering for evaluation of your specific application.

8.1.3 COKE OVEN GAS – Coke Oven Gas (COG) is the gas released in the process that
converts coal into coke. COG is a medium heating value fuel containing mainly hydrogen,
methane, water, oxygen, carbon monoxide, nitrogen and carbon dioxide. However, COG also has
extreme levels of harmful contaminants including:
• Tar
• Light oil vapors (aromatics), mainly Benzene, Toluene and Xylene (BTX)
• Naphthalene vapor
• Ammonia gas
• Hydrogen sulfide gas
• Hydrogen cyanide gas
• Calcium carbonate from direct water cooling of COG
• Trace metals
The contaminants found in COG must be controlled to levels listed in Tables 1 and 6. Contact Solar
for recommendations on Balance of Plant equipment to remove or reduce the contaminants to
levels acceptable for gas turbine operation. The superheat level specified in Table 6 is also required
for COG to ensure remaining naphthalene and heavy hydrocarbons do not precipitate out in the fuel
system.

8.1.4 GASEOUS FUEL SUPPLY PRESSURE - Fuel supply pressure should be maintained at
constant level to minimize wear damage to the fuel control system caused by fluctuating and
unstable fuel pressures.
8.1.5 GASEOUS FUEL USED FOR PNEUMATIC START SYSTEMS - When gaseous fuel is
used to supply the turbine pneumatic start system, it must meet the same quality requirements
shown in Table 6.

8.2 DISTILLATE FUELS - Distillate fuel shall be a homogeneous mixture of hydrocarbon

compounds. The fuel, when received, shall be clear, bright, and free of any haze, as viewed in
ordinary light through a clear vessel. Technical requirements shall be as specified in Tables 7
and 8.

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Table 7. Distillate Fuels - Physical and Chemical Requirements (see Note 2)

Physical and Chemical ES9-98 Limits Test Methods

Descriptions
Sulfur See Table 1 D2622, D4294, D5453 or
D7220.
Aromatics 35% by volume maximum. ASTM D1319 and D6591
(see Note 1)
Carbon residue on 10% < 0.35%. ASTM D524
distillation residue
Cloud point At least 10oF (6oC) below expected minimum ASTM D2500
ambient temperature.
Copper strip corrosion No 3 (3hr at 122oF (50oC)). ASTM D130
Distillation 90% distillation temperature from 540F (282oC) ASTM D86
to 640oF (338oC).
End point at 690oF (366oC) maximum.
Flash point > 100oF (38oC) or > legal limit. ASTM D93
Fuel Bound Nitrogen Measurement required for liquid emissions ASTM D4629 or D5762
guarantees
LHV >18,000 Btu/lb, >41838 kJ/kg. ASTM D240
Lubricity, HFRR @ 60oC 520 micron maximum. ASTM D6079
Olefins and Diolefins 5% by volume maximum. ASTM D1319
Pour point At least 10oF (6oC) below cloud point. ASTM D97
Reid vapor pressure < 3 psia, < 20.6 kPa ASTM D323
Specific Gravity 0.775 - 0.875 ASTM D1298
Viscosity, Kinematic 1 - 12 centistokes at 100oF (38oC) ASTM D445
Notes:
1) Use ASTM D5186 for fuels having final boiling points over 600F.
2) These fuel properties are established at the refinery. If the project fuel exceeds these limits, it
will not be treatable through centrifuge or filtration at site. If any property deviates from these
limits, approval from Solar is required.

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Table 8. Distillate Fuels - Contaminant Limits (see Notes 1 & 2)

Description of Contaminants ES9-98 Limits Test Methods

Ash (see Note 2) < 0.01 % maximum. ASTM D482
Liquid, Water < 0.25 cc free water per liter at an ambient ASTM D6304
temp of 80oF (27oC)
Sodium & Potassium See Table 1. ASTM D3605 or
D7111
Solids <2.6 mg/liter of sediment, solid or hard ASTM D6217
contaminants, 90% of the 2.6 mg shall be less
than 5 micron in size. Max allowable size < 10
micron
Calcium & Magnesium See Table 1. D3605, D511 or
D7111
Chlorine See Table 1. ASTM D512
Fluorine See Table 1. ASTM D1179
Lead See Table 1. ASTM D3605,
D3559 or D7111
Vanadium (see Note 2) See Table 1. ASTM D3605,
D3373 or D7111
Others – Aluminum + Silicon, Antimony, See Table 1. ASTM D7111
Arsenic, Bismuth, Boron, Cadmium, Gallium,
Indium, Mercury and Phosphorous

Notes:
1) If the project fuel exceeds these contaminant limits, fuel must be treated to achieve full contaminant
quality compliance.
2) Non-compliant fuel-bound organometallic contaminants are not treatable by centrifuge
a. Multiple Fuel Sources - If more than one fuel source is available, individual fuel
analyses of all fuel sources must be submitted to review to ensure proper fuel
handling.
8.2.1 BIODIESEL - Biodiesel is a fuel that is typically made from various sources including
vegetable oils, animal fat and used cooking oils. The oils or animal fats are chemically processed to
form a fatty acid methyl ester (FAME). Raw oils from vegetables, animal fats and/or waste cooking
oils are not considered to be a biodiesel fuel. The biodiesel is typically blended with the diesel fuel
and the fuel blend should not exceed 20 percent (%) by volume and this is referred as B20 biodiesel
fuel. Any biodiesel blend above B20 must be reviewed by Solar. The fuel quality must meet the
requirements listed in Table 7, 8 and 9.
Table 9. Biodiesel Fuels - Physical and Chemical Requirements
Biodiesel (B20) Properties Test Method Limits
Biodiesel/Fatty Acid methyl Ester ASTM D7371 20% by volume maximum
(FAME)
Methanol EN 14110 0.05% wt maximum
Oxidation Stability EN 14112 6 hours minimum
Acid Number ASTM D664 0.3 KOH/g maximum
Monoglyceride ASTM D6584 0.1% wt maximum
Diglyceride ASTM D6584 0.05% wt maximum
Triglyceride ASTM D6584 0.05% wt maximum
Free Glycerin ASTM D6584 0.005 % wt maximum
Total Glycerin ASTM D6584 0.05% wt maximum

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8.2.2 DISTILLATE FUEL SUPPLY TEMPERATURE - Distillate fuel supply temperature at turbine
package fuel inlet shall be no lower than the temperature at which the viscosity is 12 centistokes or
cloud point temperature plus 10F, whichever is higher. The fuel supply temperature shall not be
lower than -65F, nor higher than +140F.

8.2.3 DISTILLATE FUELS – The Solar Fuel Suitability Inquiry Form in Appendix D must be
completed.

8.3 NATURAL GAS LIQUID FUELS - Natural gas liquid fuels shall consist primarily of saturated
paraffinic hydrocarbons such as ethane, propane, butane, pentane, hexane and heptane either
individually or mixtures of some or all of the above. Technical requirements shall be as specified in
Table 10.

Table 10. Natural Gas Liquid Fuels - Physical and Chemical Requirements

Property Allowable Limits Test Method

Composition percent by Report ASTM D2163

volume

Vapor pressure at 100F 780 psia maximum ASTM D1267 or

(38C) ASTM D2598

Relative density at 0.37 to 0.68 ASTM D1657 or

60F/60F (15C/15C) ASTM D1298

Copper strip No. 1 minimum ASTM D1838

Moisture content for fuels Pass Use one of the methods for
with relative density 0.37 moisture content as described in
to 0.51 the Commercial Propane Dryness
Test, Cobalt Bromide Method or
Dew Point Method of the Natural
Gas Processors Association
Publication 2140
Free water content for None ASTM D1657 - The presence or
fuels with relative density absence of water shall be
of 0.51 to 0.68 determined by inspection of the
sample on which the relative
density is determined
Solid contaminants Less than 2.6 mg of sediment per liter ASTM D6217
of fuel. 90% of sediment shall be less
than 5 microns in size. Maximum size
of any solid sediment particle shall be
less than 10 microns.
Lower Heating Value 18,000 Btu/lb. Minimum ASTM D240

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8.3.1 NATURAL GAS LIQUID SUPPLY TEMPERATURE - Liquid gas supply temperature at the
fuel inlet to the package shall be between -65F and +90F and shall be in a liquid phase only.

8.3.2 NATURAL GAS LIQUID FUELS - The following information is required to determine the
suitability of natural gas liquids:

- Composition on volumetric gases - Vapor pressure at 100F

- Relative density at 60F - Viscosity at 100F

8.4 MULTIPLE FUEL SOURCES - If more than one fuel source is available, individual fuel
analyses of all fuel sources must be submitted to review to ensure proper fuel handling.

8.5 CONCENTRATION OF FUEL BORNE CONTAMINANTS - Fuel borne contaminants

constitute only one of several means by which contaminants enter the turbine engine. The
minimum fuel quality allowed depends on the quality of the other fluids, such as air, injected water
and water carryover (if applicable). In order to assess the impact of fuel borne contaminants on the
total concentration present in the engine, the fuel equivalent concentration (FEC) of each fuel borne
contaminant can be calculated using the following function.

Concentration in fuel, ppmw FEC = 18380 x (1-K) x F

LHV
Where: LHV = lower heating value, Btu/lb

K = fuel cleanup (if applicable), expressed as value <1.0

F = concentration in fuel entering combustor, ppmw

8.5.1 CONCENTRATION GUIDELINES FOR FUEL BORNE CONTAMINANTS - In general,

contaminants from fuel are expected to contribute less than 10% of the total concentration allowed.
Depending on the fuel of application involved and the potential for system upsets, Table 2 serves as
an approximate guideline for fuel borne contaminants, recognizing that variations in fluid quality can
significantly change the balance implied in this guideline.

9.0 HANDLING AND STORAGE OF FUELS

9.1 STORAGE AND HANDLING EQUIPMENT – The selection of equipment for storage and
handling is a crucial part of ensuring that liquid fuel contaminants generally conform to ES 9-98
when it reaches the engine. Cleanup devices will always be required because contamination
frequently occurs during transportation. Solar has identified the types of equipment that are required
to ensure that liquid fuel being supplied to an engine will be cleaned up to specification. Product
Information Letter PIL 162 outlines recommendations for various liquid fuel applications.

9.2 ADDITIONAL INFORMATION - Refer to PIL 162 and ASTM D4418 for more information on
handling and storage of fuels.

10.0 NOTES

10.1 SIGNIFICANCE OF LIMITS - Total contaminants should comply with Table 1. The
following subparagraphs explain the significance of limits in the specification.

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10.1.1 SULFUR – Sulfur and sulfur compounds can have an impact on the fuel system life and
maintenance, turbine hot section life, exhaust system life and a pollutant emissions signature. The
presence of sulfur in the combustor will burn or oxidize to form sulfur dioxide. In the presence of
even minute quantities of sodium and potassium in the combustor environment (excess oxygen and
high thermal load), sodium and potassium sulfates are readily formed. These salts if condensed
onto turbine airfoil surfaces will react with the base metal, resulting in hot corrosion degradation.
Gas turbines with waste heat recovery equipment must operate above the sulfuric acid dewpoint,
which may require additional sulfur control to prevent cold end corrosion. Additionally, US Federal
and certain local air pollution regulations require more restrictive limits on sulfur. Fuel bound sulfur
in diesel fuel has been found to promote carbon deposition on hot surfaces of lean premix
SoLoNOx® injectors leading to the build-up of deposits in the premix duct that left unchecked can
result in injector or even engine damage. As a result, the sulfur content is being limited for
SoLoNOx liquid fuel operation for applications based on a complete analysis of the diesel fuel by
Solar Engineering.

10.1.1.1 HYDROGEN SULFIDE - Hydrogen sulfide can occur both in natural gas, processed and
manufactured gases. It is corrosive to some materials such as bronze and brass used in fuel gas
systems, the corrosiveness being more severe in the presence of water and at high pressure. If the
sulfur exceeds the limit then the fuel system materials must be upgraded. Hydrogen sulfide burns
to sulfur dioxide and sulfur trioxide, which results in the corrosion described above. Some
manufactured gases also contain organic sulfur compounds, which are corrosive to some control
system materials. Since hydrogen sulfide is toxic, if it is present in the gas, precautions must be
taken to detect leaks.

10.1.1.2 ELEMENTAL SULFUR DEPOSITION - Aside from H2S, natural gas may contain other
sulfur compounds or sulfur vapor that even in very low concentrations (ppbw) can form solid
elemental sulfur. In sufficient quantities, elemental sulfur can impede operation of fuel valves and
gas flow measurement devices on the gas turbine package. ASTM D7800 provides a test method
to determine if elemental sulfur is contained in a gas fuel. If deposition takes place, the solution is
to heat the gas fuel prior to the skid edge. The temperature that the gas must be heated to will
depend on the concentration of the sulfur in the gas supply. For standard pipeline gas with low
concentrations of total sulfur, fuel heating in the range of 130F to 160F (55C to 70C) has proven
effective at preventing sulfur deposition.

10.1.2 SODIUM AND POTASSIUM - Sodium and potassium can combine with vanadium to form
eutectic, which melts at temperatures as low as 1050F (566C) and can combine with sulfur in the
fuel to yield sulfates with melting points in the operating range of the gas turbine. These
compounds produce severe corrosion in the turbine hot section. Accordingly, the sodium plus
potassium level must be limited, but each element must be measured separately. These elements
can be removed by water washing and subsequent removal with a centrifuge or electrostatic
precipitator.

10.1.3 VANADIUM - Vanadium can form low melting compounds such as vanadium pentoxide
which melts at 1275F (691C), and alkali metal vanadates which melt as low as 1050F (566C)
which can cause severe corrosive attack on all of the high temperature alloys in the gas turbine hot
section.

10.1.4 MERCURY - Mercury compounds are corrosive to aluminum, copper, lead, and silver;
therefore, these materials are to be avoided if mercury is present. Mercury compounds are not
known to be corrosive to the hot section of a gas turbine. Mercury in the exhaust of the turbine
must be limited to comply with local regulations.

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10.1.5 LEAD - Lead can cause corrosion and in addition, it can spoil the beneficial effect of
magnesium additives on vanadium corrosion. Since lead is rarely found in significant quantities in
crude oils, its appearance in fuel oils is primarily the result of contamination during processing or
transportation.

10.1.6 FLUORINE AND CHLORINE - Halides such as fluorine and chlorine as well as
alkali/mixed halides and alkali sulfates can attack the protective oxide scale on hot turbine
components, thus accelerating the rate of oxidation.

10.1.7 CALCIUM AND MAGNESIUM - Calcium and magnesium are not harmful from a corrosion
standpoint; in fact, it serves to inhibit the corrosive action of vanadium. However, calcium can
produce hard bonded deposits that are not self-spalling when the gas turbine is shut down. These
hard bonded deposits are not readily removed by water washing of the turbine (Ref. ES 9-62). The
fuel washing systems used to reduce the sodium and potassium levels will also reduce calcium
levels.

10.1.8 OTHER TRACE METALS - Oxides of other trace metals with or without other impurities
can be deposited on blades and vanes forming extremely hard and difficult-to-remove deposits.
The presence of these oxides will also increase the rate of oxidation of blade and vane alloys at
high temperatures.

The limits for aluminum and silicon are equal to 0.5 ppmw FEC, which is same as that of other trace
metals. The source of aluminum and silicon is typically found to be aluminum silicates catalyst used
in the catalytic cracking process that may end up in the fuel. The amount of aluminum and silicon in
the fuel should be reduced to acceptable levels. These contaminants could cause abrasive wear of
various engine parts. These can be reduced by centrifuge.

10.1.9 PARTICULATES IN AIR - Inert particulates in the turbine inlet air cause erosion and/or
fouling of the compressor section. By limiting the size of the particulates, erosion is minimized.
Contamination of the compressor blading is caused by smaller particulates. Factors such as
humidity, presence of oil or soot and dust particle composition affects the rate of fouling.

10.1.10 SOLIDS IN WATER - Inert solid particles in water can cause wear and plugging of control
components and fuel injectors. Malfunctions of the control system and damage to the combustor
and turbine section would be the result.

10.1.11 pH OF WATER - The pH of water is limited from slightly acidic to slightly basic. Strong
bases or acids would attack various components in the water control and injection system.

10.1.12 FUEL GAS VOLUME RATIO - The fuel gas volume ratio is an indication of the capability
of the fuel control to properly schedule the fuel flow. If this ratio is within the specified limits, the
standard system without modifications can be used. Ratios with values up to 2 can be handled with
minor modifications to the fuel injection system. If the ratio is between 2 and 4, the modifications
are substantial and if the ratio is above 4, a redesign of the combustor is required.

10.1.13 FUEL GAS MASS RATIO - The fuel gas mass ratio is an indication of the effects of the
fuel mass flow on the performance and matching of the turbine. Ratios up to 5 are acceptable
without modification. If the ratio is between 5 and 10 then a fuel meeting the standard requirements
must be used for start and acceleration to avoid compressor surge. If the ratio is above 10,
extensive turbine redesign is required to accommodate larger turbine mass flow.

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10.1.14 HYDROGEN AND CARBON MONOXIDE IN GAS - The presence of hydrogen and/or
carbon monoxide in the fuel gas above the specified levels can cause safety and materials
problems and the requirements in these tables may apply. For low concentrations of hydrogen
mixed with pipeline quality natural gas (20% or less) exceptions to these requirements are often
available with approval by Solar engineering.

Table 11. Requirements for Hydrogen in Gaseous Fuels

H2 LEVEL REQUIREMENTS

i) Review of fuel system materials for hydrogen embrittlement

ii) Special safety precautions may be required such as detectors in the package,
H2 > 4% separation of the engine and generator compartments, and leak free piping joints
iii) Special sequenced start & purge system required

i) Starts and accelerations may be required on a standard fuel with transfer to

the high H2 fuel at idle power or greater
H2 > 9% ii) Fuel system purge of the high H2 fuel may be required following each
shutdown
iii) Control system fuel control software may need modifications

Table 12. Requirements for Carbon Monoxide in Gaseous Fuels

CO LEVEL REQUIREMENTS

CO > 0% Since CO is toxic, precautions must be taken to detect leaks.

i) Special safety precautions must be taken such as detectors in the package,

separation of the engine and generator compartments, and leak free piping joints
CO > 12.5%
ii) Special sequenced start & purge system required

Starts and accelerations must be made on a standard fuel with transfer to CO

CO > 18%
rich fuel at idle or above

10.1.15 FLAMMABILITY - The ratio of the upper-to-lower flammability limits is an indication of

whether the gas will allow engine starting and adequate range of operation, in particular on single
shaft generator sets.

10.1.16 FLAME TEMPERATURE - The adiabatic flame temperature of gas fuels is used to
determine its suitability. If the value is below the limit, major combustion system modifications
and/or changes to operating procedures may be required.

10.1.17 SILOXANES – The presence of siloxanes in fuel gas is known to result in silicon-based
deposition in the gas turbine flow path that can cause damage, high rates of performance

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 Specification No. ES 9-98AH

degradation, and higher overhaul costs. The rate of deposition is a function of the type and quantity
of silicon-based material contained in the fuel, and is thus produced from the combustion process.
As such damage and performance loss is preventable only by control of siloxane levels in the fuel,
such damage is not covered by Solar's warranty. It is, therefore, the customer’s responsibility to
monitor and minimize as appropriate siloxane content through the use of a reliable siloxane removal
system.

Based on engine operating experience to date, Solar considers that limiting the amount of silicon,
as measured by the Jet-Care SiTest method, to no more than 5 mg Si/Nm3 CH4 for the Mercury
50TM and 10 mg Si/Nm3 CH4 for all other turbines should result in target time between overhaul with
normal performance degradation.

10.1.18 PARTICULATES IN GAS - Solid particles in gas can cause wear and plugging of control
components and fuel injectors. Malfunctions of the control system and damage to the combustor
and turbine section would be the result.

10.1.19 FUEL SUPPLY TEMPERATURE - For gas fuels, there are four considerations. The most
restrictive of the requirements shall apply. 1) The fuel must be supplied at the inlet flange to the
package to ensure that no liquids can enter the fuel control and injection system. Liquids in a gas
system cause malfunction and serious thermal damage to the engine if liquid is injected with the
gas into the engine. 2) The thermal capability of the materials in the fuel delivery system must not
be exceeded. 3) The fuel must be supplied at the inlet flange to the package to ensure elemental
sulfur de-sublimation does not occur for installations where elemental sulfur is present. 4) The fuel
must be supplied at the inlet flange to the package to ensure combustion stability. High
performance, high pressure ratio combustion systems as used on the Titan 250 SoLoNOx
configuration can be sensitive to changes in fuel density.

For distillate fuels, the temperature must be above the cloud point to prevent plugging of the filters
and control components. It must also be above the temperature that corresponds to a viscosity of
12 centistokes to ensure satisfactory atomization required for starting performance. The range of
allowable temperatures is determined by the thermal capabilities of the materials in the control
system.

For natural gas liquid fuels, the allowable temperature range is determined by the control system
materials and the critical point of the lightest fuel. This latter constraint is to limit the vapor pressure
on the fuel.

10.1.20 VISCOSITY - Viscosity of a fluid is a measure of its resistance to flow. In distillate fuel it is
highly significant since it indicates both the relative ease with which the fuel will flow or may be
pumped and a measure of atomization by the fuel injectors. Minimum viscosity is limited because
standard fuel pumps will not perform satisfactorily if viscosity reaches too low a value. Maximum
viscosity is limited since too high a viscosity can cause excessive pressure losses in the piping
system and poor fuel atomization.

10.1.21 RELATIVE DENSITY OF DISTILLATE - Relative density alone is of no significance as an

indication of the burning characteristics of fuel oil. However, when used in conjunction with other
properties, it is of value in weight-volume relationships and in calculating the heating value of the
fuel.

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10.1.22 REID VAPOR PRESSURE - The Reid vapor pressure is a criterion of freedom from
foaming and fuel slugging due to vaporization of the fuel. Special fuel systems are required if the
Reid vapor pressure is above the specified level.

10.1.23 CLOUD AND POUR POINTS - Cloud point is the temperature at which a cloud or haze of
wax crystals appears. Operation at temperatures below the cloud point causes plugging of filters.
Pour point is an indication of the lowest temperature at which a fuel can be stored and still be
capable of flowing under gravitational forces. The cloud and pour points are prescribed in
accordance with the conditions of storage and use. Heated tanks and lines may be required where
ambient temperature is below the cloud and pour points of the proposed fuels.

10.1.24 FLASH POINT - Flash point is an indication of the maximum temperature at which a fuel
can be stored and handled without serious fire hazard. The minimum permissible flash point is
usually regulated by Federal, State, or Municipal laws and is based on accepted practices in
handling and use.

10.1.25 DISTILLATION - The distillation test indicates the volatility of a fuel and the ease with
which it can be vaporized and burned. It also indicates the possibility of carbon deposition and
smoke formation.

10.1.26 AROMATICS AND OLEFINS - Combustion of highly aromatic fuels can result in
increased smoke. Carbon or soot deposition and increased combustor metal temperature resulting
in exhaust particulate emissions, opacity violations, and reduced engine life. Use of fuels with
excessive olefin content can result in decomposition of the fuel, which causes plugging of fuel
system components including the fuel injectors.

10.1.27 LOWER HEATING VALUE (LHV) - The lower heating value is used to calculate actual
fuel consumption. Also, if the value for distillate fuels is below the limit, it is an indication of a heavy
fuel, which may have other properties exceed in the limits.

10.1.28 CARBON RESIDUE - Carbon residue is a measure of the carbonaceous material left in a
fuel after all the volatile components are vaporized in the absence of air. It is a rough approximation
of the tendency of a fuel to form carbon deposits in the combustion system of the gas turbine.

10.1.29 ASH - Ash is the noncombustible material in a fuel. Ash-forming materials may be present
in fuel in two forms: (1) solid inert particles and (2) oil or water-soluble metallic compounds. The
solid particles are for the most part the same material that is designated as sediment in the water
and sediment test. Depending on their size, these particles contribute to wear in the fuel system
and to plugging of fuel filter and fuel injectors. The soluble metallic compounds have little or no
effect on wear or plugging, but may contain elements that produce hot section corrosion and
deposits as described above.

10.1.30 COPPER STRIP CORROSION - This test provides an indication of possible corrosive
attack of non-ferrous metals such as copper, brass, and bronze.

10.1.31 WATER AND SEDIMENT IN DISTILLATES - Appreciable amounts of water and sediment
in fuel tend to cause fouling of the fuel-handling facilities and to give trouble in the fuel system of the
turbine. An accumulation of sediment in storage tanks and on filter screens may obstruct the flow of
fuel from the tank to the package. Water in distillate fuels may cause corrosion of tanks and
equipment. Water in the fuel also provides a place for microbiological growths to occur. These
growths can plug filters and screens and can promote corrosion of fuel tanks.

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10.1.32 COMBUSTIBLES IN AIR - If combustibles are ingested into the engine inlet, the
hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide levels in the exhaust will be increased assuming none of the
combustibles complete combustion.

10.1.33 FUEL BOUND NITROGEN - Fuel Bound Nitrogen (FBN) found in distillate fuels causes
NOx in the exhaust to increase. In order to offer liquid emissions guarantee, FBN must be
determined by fuel analysis.

10.1.34 LUBRICITY - Low sulfur diesels tend to have a reduced lubricity and that could affect
the life and reliability of the fuel pumps. The processes used to remove the sulfur from fuel also
remove the natural occurring lubricity compounds in the fuel. Special fuel pumps are required
when fuels do not meet the requirement listed in Table 7.

10.1.35 BIODIESEL/FATTY ACID METHYL ESTER (FAME) – Biodiesel fuels are produced
from vegetable oil, animal oil/fats and waste cooking oil. Any biodiesel blend above B20 (20%
by volume of biodiesel blended with diesel fuel) must be reviewed by Solar.

10.1.36 OXIDATION STABILITY – It is important that the biodiesel blend properties do not change
over time during the recommended period of storage and usage. Oxidation Stability is a measure of
fuel storability and its deposits formation propensity. The biodiesel fuels contain esters chemical
group (contains two oxygen atoms) and unsaturated (double bonds) compounds that can vary
based on the feedstock. Due to the esters chemical group and the unsaturation, the oxidation
stability of biodiesel fuels is typically lower than that of the diesel fuel. Oxidation of fuel can cause
deposits in storage tank, fuel system and fuel injectors and can cause filter clogging.

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10.1.37 ACID NUMBER – The acid number is an indicator of the concentration of acids (such as
free fatty acids or processing acids) present in the biodiesel or fuel oil when produced, and acids
that are formed upon aging. Biodiesel blends with an acid number exceeding the specification have
been shown to increase fuel system deposits and can increase the likelihood for corrosion.

10.1.38 GLYCERIN AND GLYCERIDES – Free glycerin and bonded glycerin (mono-, di- and tri-
glycerides) are contaminants in biodiesel fuels that get into the fuel during the manufacturing
process. Total glycerin is the sum of free glycerin and glycerin portion in glycerides. Free glycerin is
a major byproduct of biodiesel production, which is removed during the fuel cleanup. High contents
of total glycerin may adversely affect the cold weather properties of the fuel and can cause injector
deposits and filter plugging.

10.1.39 METHANOL – Methanol/alcohol is a contaminant which gets into biodiesel during the
manufacturing process. Methanol content is analyzed in conjunction with the flash point to meet
the safety requirements.

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APPENDIX A

TOTAL SITE CONTAMINATION WORKSHEET

FORM 3091

(Blank form and Sample Calculation)

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 Specification No. ES 9-98AH

INQUIRY NO. Q.R. NO./S.O. NO.

TOTAL SITE CONTAMINATION WORKSHEET
CUSTOMER DATE ISSUED DATE REQUIRED

ENGINE MODEL FUEL FREQUENCY OF STARTS RUNNING TIME PER START

EQUIPMENT LOCATION LOAD CONDITIONS

HIGH LOW STEADY CYCLIC

ALTITUDE AMBIENT TEMPERATURE RANGE AVERAGE HUMIDITY
FEET F MAXIMUM; F MINIMUM %

INSTRUCTIONS - Enter best known values. Explanations and helpful information are provided on the reverse side. Perform
calculations as indicated to obtain total site contamination for each (or all) species of interest.
EVAPORATIVE COOLER YES NO WATER INJECTION YES NO

Concentrations, ppmw Na + K S F V Pb Ca + Mg

1 Ambient Air, ppmw

2 Fuel, ppmw
3 Injected Water, ppmw

4 Evaporative cooling water, ppmw

5 LHV, Btu/lb
6 Compute: 18,380/[5]

7 Air-to-Fuel Ratio
Air 8 1 - N (Correction Factor)

9 Compute: [1] x [6] x [7] x [8], ppmw FEC

10 1 - K (Fuel Factor)
Fuel
11 Compute: [2] x [6] x [10], ppmw FEC

12 Water-to-fuel Ratio
Water 13 Compute: [3] x [6] x [12], ppmw FEC

14 E.C. Carryover Rate, GPM

15 Fuel Flow rate, million Btu/hr
Evaporative Compute: [4]x[5]x[6]x[14]x5x10-4 ppmw FEC
16
Cooling [15]

17 Total Contaminants, ppmw FEC

[9] + [11] + [13] + [16]
18 Max. Allowable Limits, ppmw FEC per ES 9-98 0.5 10,000 1 0.5 1 2

COMMENTS:

PREPARED BY: ______________________________________ DATE:_____________

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 Specification No. ES 9-98AH

Row # Term Explanation Typical Values

1 Concentration of contaminant Unless available for site of interest, select most appropriate value for S and Na+K from ranges given below.
in ambient air, expressed as All other contaminants are assumed to be zero unless specifically known to be present.
ppmw in air
S(ppmw) Na+K(ppmw)
0.001 Moderately clean >0.001 Arctic
0.050-0.007 City >0.010 Agricultural/Residential
0.100 Industrial 0.003-0.010 Industrial
>0.100 Processing/Chemical 0.007-0.260 Coastal (less than 1 mile)
Plant 0.010-0.136 Desert
0.010-3.600 Offshore platform

2 Concentration of contaminant For gas fuels, and residual liquid water from processing can be very high in dissolved salts. If possible,
in fuel supply expressed as analyses of trace water present in gas fuel is the best method for obtaining reliable data. For liquid fuels,
ppmw in fuel direct measurement for contaminants is recommended. Some APPROXIMATE values for S and Na+K are
provided here:

S(ppmw) Na+K(ppmw)
 0.1 pipeline gas
>10,000 >3.0 process gas
>10,000 >3.0 biomass gas
>10,000 >1.0 distillate liquid fuel

3 Concentration of contaminant Contaminants in treated water at entry into combustor should be known, either based on actual water
in injected water, expressed analyses or equipment specifications (auto shut down limit).
as ppmw in water

4 Concentration of contaminant Contaminants in reservoir (for recirculating systems) or feedwater (for non-recirculating systems) should be
in water delivered to header known, either based on actual water analyses or equipment specifications.
of evaporative cooler,
expressed as ppmw

5 Lower heating value, Available from fuel analysis report.

expressed as 106 But/hr

6 FUEL LHV ADJUSTMENT FACTOR USING 18,380 BTU/# AS REFERENCE FUEL PER ES 9-98.

7 Air-to-fuel ratio Use actual value -generated by FASTE run at site-

specific conditions with project fuel.
Otherwise: Multiply by LHV Btu/pound
60.04 for Mars 100 20,000
60.05 64.08 for Mars 90
71.58 for Centaur 40
58.07 for Centaur 50
62.94 for Saturn 20
60.61 for Mercury 50
57.21 for Taurus 60
57.21 for Taurus 70
57.74 for Titan 130
59.06 for Titan 250

8 Correction factor for air Use N = 0.99

cleanup system, N

9 CONTAMINANTS FOUND IN AIR ENTERING ENGINE, [1] x [6] x [7] x [8], PPMW, FUEL EQUIVALENT CONCENTRATION

10 Fuel factor to account for fuel Use K = 0.95 unless instructed otherwise. If no fuel treatment is applicable between supply and engine,
cleanup system, K use 0 here.

11 CONTAMINANTS FOUND IN FUEL ENTERING ENGINE, [2] x [6] x [10], PPMW, FUEL EQUIVALENT CONCENTRATION

12 Water-to-fuel ratio Use actual value. Range is typically from 0.5 to 1.0.

13 CONTAMINANTS FOUND IN INJECTED WATER, [3] X [6] X [12], PPMW, FUEL EQUIVALENT CONCENTRATION

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Row # Term Explanation Typical Values

14 Rate of liquid water carried It is expected that during the duty cycle of the engine, liquid water can accidentally enter the air steam.
off the evaporation cooler Use the following values unless otherwise instructed by Package Engineering.
(carryover) into air steam,
expressed as gallons per 0.1 GPM for Titan 250
minute 0.1 GPM for Titan 130
0.1 GPM for Taurus 70
0.1 GPM for Taurus 65
0.1 GPM for Taurus 60
0.1 GPM for Centaur 40
0.1 GPM for Centaur 50
0.1 GPM for Mercury 50
0.1 GPM for Saturn 20

Adjustment factor for mist Mist eliminators are required for evaporative cooler installations. Use the following values unless otherwise
eliminator if applicable, E instructed.
No mist eliminator: evaporative cooler cannot be used
Mist eliminator efficiency: 99.9% on 50 micron water droplets (Confirm with evaporative cooler
manufacturer that mist eliminator drop limit size is 50
micron or smaller.)

15 Fuel flow rate expressed in Conversion from million Btu/hour to pounds per sec of fuel flow is included in the expression in the final
million Btu per hour expression in [16].

16 CONTAMINANT FOUND IN WATER CARRYOVER FROM EVAPORATIVE COOLER, IF USED

[4] x [5] x [6] x [14] x [15] x 5 x 10-4 PPMW, FUEL EQUIVALENT CONCENTRATION.
[15]

17 TOTAL CONTAMINANT FROM ALL SOURCES, [9] + [11] + [13] + [16], PPMW, FUEL EQUIVALENT CONCENTRATION.

18 MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE LIMITS FOR EACH CONTAMINANT PER ES 9-98, PPMW, FUEL EQUIVALENT CONCENTRATION

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INQUIRY NO. Q.R. NO./S.O. NO.

TOTAL SITE CONTAMINATION WORKSHEET

CUSTOMER DATE ISSUED DATE REQUIRED

EXAMPLE
FUEL FREQUENCY OF STARTS RUNNING TIME PER START
ENGINE MODEL CENTAUR T4000
Diesel Monthly 500 hours
LOAD CONDITIONS
EQUIPMENT LOCATION San Diego, California
HIGH LOW STEADY CYCLIC
ALTITUDE AMBIENT TEMPERATURE RANGE AVERAGE HUMIDITY
100 FEET 90F MAXIMUM; 40F MINIMUM 50% RH
INSTRUCTIONS - Enter best known values. Explanations and helpful information are provided on the reverse side. Perform
calculations as indicated to obtain total site contamination for each (or all) species of interest.
EVAPORATIVE COOLER NO WATER INJECTION YES NO

Concentrations, ppmw Na + K S V Pb F Ca + Mg
1 Ambient Air, ppmw 0.03 20 0 0 0 0
2 Fuel, ppmw 0.1 500 0.05 0 0 0

3 Injected Water, ppmw 0.2 0.1 0 0 0 0

4 Evaporative cooling water, ppmw 10 100 0 0 0 0

5 LHV, Btu/lb 20,100

6 Compute: 18,380/[5] 0.914

7 Air-to-Fuel Ratio 68

Air 8 1 - N (Correction Factor) 0.01

9 Compute: [1] x [6] x [7] x [8], ppmw FEC 0.019 12.4 0 0 0 0

10 1 - K (Fuel Factor) 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

Fuel 11 Compute: [2] x [6] x [10], ppmw FEC 0.09 457 0.05 0 0 0

12 Water-to-fuel Ratio 0.8

Water 13 Compute: [3] x [6] x [12], ppmw FEC 0.15 0.08 0 0 0 0

14 E.C. Carryover Rate, GPM 0.1

15 Fuel Flow rate, million Btu/hr 40
Evaporative Compute: [4]x[5]x[6]x[14]x5x10-4 ppmw FEC
16 0.22 2.3 0 0 0 0
Cooling [15]
Total Contaminants, ppmw FEC
17 0.48 472 0.05 0 0 0
[9] + [11] + [13] + [16]
18 Max. Allowable Limits, ppmw FEC, per ES 9-98 0.5 10,000 0.5 1 1 2

COMMENTS

PREPARED BY: ______________________________________ DATE:_____________

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APPENDIX B

DERIVATION OF TOTAL FUEL EQUIVALENT CONCENTRATION

EQUATION FOR UNDESIRABLE CONTAMINANTS

The expression given in paragraph 3.1.3 for directly fired applications is derived from first principles
in section 1. Section 2 explains the incorporation of system efficiencies into this fundamental
expression and its use in the Total Site Contamination Worksheet, Form, 3091, with the appropriate
unit conversions.

B1.0 Derivation of Fundamental Expression for Total Fuel Equivalent Concentration

(For Directly Fired Applications Only)

Solar's air, fuel, and water specification is based on FUEL EQUIVALENT CONCENTRATIONS, i.e.,
the concentration of a given contaminant as if that given contaminant were present in the fuel alone,
with the fuel having a LHV of 18,380 Btu/lb or 10,212 kcal/kg.

Nomenclature used in the derivation is given in Table B-1.

Table B1. Nomenclature for Fuel Equivalent Derivation

Input Steam to Mass Concentration of Mass Flow Ratios of

Gas Turbine Flow Rate ith Contaminant Each Steam or Fuel

Reference Fuel r Ri 1
Fuel f Fi 1
Air a Ai a/f or (AFR)
Water w Wi w/f or (WFR)
Steam s Si s/f or (SFR)
Carryover c Ci c/f or (CFR)

(LHV) = lower heating of a given fuel, Btu/lb

i = Na, K, V, Pb, etc.
Ti = Fuel equivalent for the reference fuel which has a lower heating value of
18,380 Btu/lb (10,212 kcal/kg)

The mass flow of the ith contaminant in the combustion products burning the reference fuel is:

rRi + aAi + wWi + sSi + cCi (1)

The total mass flow of the combustion product is:

r + a + w + s + c (2)

The concentration of the ith contaminant in the combustion products is:

rRi + aAi + wWi + sSi + cCi (3)

r + a + w + s + c

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 Specification No. ES 9-98AH

Next suppose that the total mass flow of the i th contaminant in the combustion products came from
the reference fuel alone. Let Ti equal the reference fuel equivalent concentration of the ith
contaminant. Then, the concentration of the i th contaminant in the combustion products, the
environment of the hot section components, would be:

rTi (4)
r + a + w + s + c

Equating Eq. (3) with Eq. (4) and dividing through r gives:

Ti = Ri + (a/r) Ai + (w/r) Wi + (s/r) Si + (c/r) Ci (5)

In order to have an expression that gives the Fuel Equivalent, T i, for the cases where a fuel, f, of
any heating value (LHV) are used, Eq. (5) must be modified. It is required that, regardless of the
LHV of either fuel, the flow of each fuel be such that the same thermal input is provided to the
engine. Therefore,

r (18,380 Btu/lb) = f (LHV) (6)

or
r = f (LHV)
18,380 Btu/lb

In addition, it is required for the same Ti that the contribution of the contaminant to the total from
either fuel r of fuel f be the same.

rRi = fFi (7)

Combining Eq. (6) and Eq. (7) gives:

Ri = 18,380 Fi (8)
(LHV)

Substituting Eq. (6) and Eq. (8) into Eq. (5) gives:

Ti = 18,380 Fi + a Ai + w Wi + s Si (9)
(LHV) f(LHV/18,380) f(LHV/18,380) f(LHV/18,380)

+ c Ci
f(LHV/18,380)

Finally, rearranging and substituting the nomenclature in the fourth column of Table B-1 gives:

Ti = 18,380 [Fi + (AFR)Ai + (WFR)Wi + (SFR)Si + (CFR)Ci] (10)

(LHV)

B2.0 Derivation of Expression Used in Form 3091

Taking Eq. (10) and assigning units to the variables result in the following definition of terms. (The
steam term is dropped from the basic expression because it is currently not applicable to Solar
engines.)

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 Specification No. ES 9-98AH

Ti = 18,380 [Fi + (AFR)Ai + (WFR)Wi + (SFR)Si + (CFR)Ci]

(LHV)
where

Ti = fuel equivalent concentration of contaminant i, in ppmw

LHV = lower heating value of fuel, in Btu/lb
Fi = concentration of contaminant i in fuel entering combustor, in ppmw
AFR = air-to-fuel mass ratio
Ai = concentration of contaminant i in air entering compressor, in ppmw
WFR = water-to-fuel mass ratio
Wi = concentration of contaminant i in water injected into combustor, in ppmw
CFR = carryover water-to-fuel mass ratio
Ci = concentration of contaminant i in carryover water (same as evaporation
cooler feedwater), in ppmw

Examining each term in greater detail:

Fuel Term: Fi

Let K = overall efficiency rating for fuel cleanup system

(11)
Adjusted fuel term = Fi (1 - K)

Air Term: (AFR)Ai

Ai is concentration air entering compressor

Ai = (1 - N)Aiamb

where N = efficiency of air filter

Aiamb = concentration of contaminant i in ambient air, in ppmw

(12)
Adjusted air term = (AFR)(1 - N)Aiamb

Water Term: (WFR)Wi

Wi is concentration in water injected into combustor, ALSO THE SET POINT FOR
AUTOMATIC SHUTDOWN

Carryover Term: (CFR)Ci

Let water carryover rate = R gal/min x 8.337 lb/gal

= 8.337 R lb/min

Let fuel flow rate = f MBtu/hr

f MBtu x 1 hr x lb x 106 Btu = 16,700f lb/min

hr 60 min. LHV Btu MBtu LHV

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 Specification No. ES 9-98AH

Let E = efficiency of mist eliminator

Carryover rate = (8.337R) lb/min

CFR = 8.337R (LHV) (1 - E)

16,700f
(13)
= 4.99 x 104R (LHV) (1 - E)/f

Substitute in Equation (10),

Ti = 18,380 [Fi (1 - K) + (AFR) (1 - N)Aiamb + (WFR)Wi

LHV

+ [4.99 x 10-4R (LHV) (1 - E)] Ci]

f (14)

or

Ti = (18,380) (1 - K)Fi + (18,380) (AFR) (1 - N)Aiamb

LHV LHV
(15)
+ (18,380) (WFR)Wi + (18,380) (5 x 10-4)R (LHV) (1 - E) Ci
LHV LHV f

where (18.380) (1 - K)Fi = fuel equivalent concentration of ith contaminant in fuel, ppmw
LHV

(18,380) (AFR) (1 - N)Aiamb = fuel equivalent concentration of ith contaminant

LHV in air, ppmw

(18,380) (WFR)Wi = fuel equivalent concentration of ith contaminant in injected

LHV water, ppmw

(18,380) (5 x 10-4)R (LHV) (1 - E) Ci = fuel equivalent concentration of ith contaminant

LHV f in evaporation cooler feedwater, ppmw

Ti = sum of fuel equivalent concentration of i th contaminant from all sources, ppmw

Equation (15) is used in Form 3091.

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APPENDIX C

LIQUID FUEL HANDLING AND STORAGE REQUIREMENTS

(MOVED TO PIL 162)

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 Specification No. ES 9-98AH

APPENDIX D

LIQUID FUEL SUITABILITY FORM

The table below contains the allowable limits for liquid fuel characteristics and contaminants.
Solar’s Liquid Fuel System Assessment form should be filled out with the Solar Sales Engineer
to specify project information that will identify liquid fuel filtration requirements. In addition to
requirements listed in the Liquid Fuel Suitability Form, the properties of the Biodiesel fuels must
be tested per the requirements in Table 9.

Liquid Fuel
Suitability Form.doc

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