INTRODUCTION TO HEALTH

COMMUNITY HEALTH • WHO (1958, p.1) defined health as “a state of

complete physical, mental and social well-being and
NURSING not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.”
• Murray- “a state of well-being in which the
person is able to use purposeful, adaptive, responses
COMMUNITY and processes physically, mentally, emotionally,
spiritually, and socially.”
Community is seen as a group of collection of
locality-based individuals, interacting in social units • Pender- “actualization of inherent and acquired
and sharing common interests, characteristics, human potential through goal-directed behavior,
values, and/ or goals. competent self-care, and satisfying relationship with
others.”
 In recent nursing literature, community has been
defined as “a collection of people who interact with • Modern Concept of Health- refers to optimum
one another and whose common interests or level of functioning of individual, family,
characteristics form the basis for a sense of unity or community optimum level of health is influenced by
belonging” (Allender et al., 2009, p. 60). the Ecosystem.

 “a group of people who share something in Ecosystem Factors

common and interact with one another, who may  Socio-economic status
exhibit a commitment with one another and may a
share a geographic boundary” (Lundy and Janes,  Hereditary factor
2009, p. 16)
 Health care delivery system
“a group of people who share common interests,
 Activities and Behavior
who interaction with each other, and who function
collectively within a defined social structure to  Environmental Factors
address common concerns” (Clark, 2008, p. 27).
Determinants of Health
“ a locality- based entity, composed of systems of
formal organizations reflecting society’s institutions, 1.Income and social status
informal groups and aggregates” (Shuster and
2.Education
Goeppinger).
3.Physical environment
Two Main Types of Community
4.Employment and working conditions
(Maurer and Smith (2009)
5.Social support networks
A. Geopolitical communities- also called as territorial
6.Culture
communities.
7.Genetics
• are most traditionally recognized.
8.Personal behavior and coping skills
• defined or formed by both natural and man-made
boundaries and include barangays, municipalities, 9.Health services
cities, provinces, regions and nations.
10.Gender
b. Phenomenological communities- also called as
functional communities. INDICATORS OF HEALTH

• Refer to relational, interactive groups, in which AND ILLNESS

the place or setting is more abstract, and people • National Epidemiology Center of DOH, Philippine
share a group perspective or identity based on Statistics Authority (PSA) and local health centers/
culture, values, history, interest and goals. offices/ departments- provide morbidity, mortality
and other health status related data.
• Local health centers/ offices / departments
• Nurses should participate in investigative efforts to 6.Human resources development and planning in
determine what is precipitating the increased disease public health.
rate and work to remedy the identified threat or
7.Health promotion, social participation and
risks.
empowerment.
DEFINITION AND FOCUS OF PUBLIC
8.Ensuring the quality of personal and population
HEALTH AND COMMUNITY HEALTH based health service.

C. E Winslow is known for the following classic 9.Research, development, and implementation of
definition of public health: innovative public health solution.

• “Public health is the science and art of 3P’s: WHAT IS NURSING?

• Preventing disease • Assisting sick individuals to become healthy and
healthy individuals achieve optimum wellness.
• Prolonging life
WHAT IS COMMUNITY HEALTH
• Promoting health and efficiency through
NURSING?
organized community effort for:
• “the synthesis of nursing practice and public
- sanitation of the environment;
health practice applied to promoting and preserving
- control of communicable infections; health of the populations (ANA, 1980).

- education of the individual in personal hygiene; • encompasses subspecialties that include public
health nursing, school nursing, occupational health
- organization of medical and nursing services for nursing, and other developing fields of practice,
the early diagnosis and preventive treatment of such as home health, hospice care, and independent
disease nurse practice.
• Hanlon- “development of the social machinery to Public Health Nursing (PHN)- the term used
ensure everyone a standard of living adequate for
before for Community Health Nursing (broader and
the maintenance of health, so organizing these
includes independent nursing practice)
benefits as to enable “every citizen to realize his
birthright of health and longevity”. Ultimate Goal of CHN
• Jacobson- achievement of OLOF (Optimum Level • “To raise the level of health of the citizenry”
of Functioning) through health teaching.
- To enhance the capacity of individuals, families
and communities to cope with their health needs.
• PUBLIC HEALTH- key phrase definition: MISSION OF PUBLIC HEALTH
“through organized community effort” • is a social justice that entitles all people to basic
necessities, such as adequate income and health
- connotes organized, legislated, and tax-supported
protection, and accepts collective burdens to make
efforts that serve all people through health
possible.
departments or related governmental agencies.
PUBLIC HEALTH NURSING (Freeman)
9 ESSENTIAL PUBLIC HEALTH
FUNCTIONS (WHO) • The field of professional practice in which
technical nursing, interpersonal, analytical, and
1.Health situation monitoring and analysis.
organizational skills are applied to problems of
2.Epidemiological surveillance/ disease prevention health as they affect the community.
and control.
• These skills are applied in concert with those of
3.Development of policies and planning in public other persons engaged in health care, through
health. comprehensive nursing care of families and other
groups and through measures for evaluation or
4.Strategic management of health systems and control of threats to health, for health education of
services for population health gain. the public and for the mobilization of the public for
5.Regulation and enforcement to protect public. health action.
Community Health Nursing (Maglaya et al) TYPES OF SOURCES
INFORMATION
• The utilization of the nursing process in the Demographic Vital Statistics; census
different levels of clientele, individual, family, Groups at high risk Health Statistics;
community ad population groups concerned with the disease statistics
Promotion of health Services/ providers City directors, phone
available books, local/ regional
Prevention of disease social workers, list of
and Disability and Rehabilitation low income providers,
CH nurse
COMMUNITY-BASED NURSING
• application of the nursing process in caring for 3 IMPORTANT ELEMENTS OF CHN
individuals, families and group where they live, work,
go to school, or they move through the health care 1.It is population-based/ focused
system. - Population- focused nursing care means providing
• setting-specific such as home health nursing. care based on the greater need of the majority of the
population.
COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING vs
2. It contains 3 levels of clientele (IFC)
COMMUNITY BASED NURSING
- Individual
• Community Health Nursing
- Family (basic unit of care)
- Emphasizes preservation and protection of health.
- Community (patient)
- The primary client is the community.
3. It identifies and defines 12 Public Health
• Community-based Nursing
Intervention
- Emphasizes on managing acute and chronic
• Surveillance- monitors health events
- The primary clients are individual and the family.
• Disease and other health investigation
POPULATION- FOCUSED NURSING • Outreach- locates populations of interests or
• Concentrates on specific groups of people and populations at risk
focuses on health promotion and disease prevention, • Screening- identifies individuals with unrecognized
regardless of geographical location. health risk factors
• Focused practice: • Case finding- identifies risk factors and connects
1.Focuses on the entire population them with resources

2.Is based on assessment of the populations health • Referral and follow-up- assist to identify and access
status necessary resources

3.Considers the broad determinants of health • Case management- optimizes self-care capabilities
of individuals and families
4.Emphasizes all levels of prevention
• Delegated functions- direct care tasks that the nurse
5.Intervenes with communities, systems, carries out
individuals, and families • Health teaching- communicates facts, ideas and
skills that change knowledge, attitudes, values,
TYPES OF DATA IN CHN
behaviors and practice.
• The epidemiology or body of knowledge of a
• Counseling- establishes an interpersonal
particular problem and its solution
relationship with the intention of increasing and
• Information about the community enhancing their capacity for self-care and coping.
• Consultation- seeks information and generates
optional solutions to perceived problems.
• Collaboration- commits two or more persons or an ROLES OF THE PUBLIC HEALTH NURSE
organization
REMEMBER: Generalist never Specialist
• Coalition building– develops alliances among
organizations. • Clinician, who is a health care provider, taking care
of the sick people at home in the RHU.
TYPES OF FAMILY IN THE COMMUNITY
• Health Educator, who aims towards health
a. Nuclear Family- consists of father, mother, and promotion and illness prevention through
children (either adopted or biological). dissemination of correct information; educating
people (knowledge, skills, attitude- KSA).
b. Extended- consists of father, mother, and children
with other relatives. • Facilitator, who establishes multi-sectoral linkages
by referral system.
c. Single- Parent- single with children
• Supervisor, who monitors and supervises the
d. Binuclear/ Reconstituted- extended family
performance of midwives.
consisting of 2 or more separate household from
separated or divorced parents with children. • Leader, Role Model, and Change Agent
e. Step Family- remarriage of a widowed person with • Researcher
children.
OBJECTIVES OF PUBLIC HEALTH CODES
f. Compound Family- one man/ woman with several
spouses Control of Communicable Diseases

g. Cohabiting Family- lived-in unmarried couple Organization of Medical and Nursing Services

h. Dyad- husband and wife without children Development of Social Machineries

i. Homosexual family- female-female or male-male, Education of IFC on personal hygiene

gay or lesbian with or without children - Health Education is the essential task of every
j. Communal Family- e.g. bahay-ampunan, home for health worker
the aged, kumbento Sanitation of the environment
k. No-Kin- have no legal or blood tie to each other PUBLIC HEALTH WORKERS (PHW)
Compound Family • Medical Officer (MO)- Physician
• where a man has more than one spouse; approved • Public Health Nurse (PHN) – Registered Nurse
by Philippine authorities only among Muslims by
virtue of Presidential Decree No. 1083, or also known • Rural Health Midwife (RHM)- Registered
as the Code of Muslim Personal Laws of the Midwife
Philippines (Office of the President, 1977).
• Dentist
BASIC PRINCIPLES OF CHN • Nutritionist
• The community is the patient in CHN, the family is • Medical Technologist
the unit of care and there are four levels of clientele:
individual, family, population group (those who • Pharmacist
share common characteristics, developmental
• Rural Sanitary Inspector (RSI) – must be a
stages and common exposure to health problems-
sanitary engineer
e.g. children, elderly), and the community.
• The client is considered as an ACTIVE partner
NOT PASSIVE recipient of care. COMPETENCY STANDARDS IN
• CHN practice is affected by developments in health COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING
technology, in particular, changes in society, in
general. • Safe and quality nursing care

• The goal of CHN is achieved through multi- • Management of resources and environment
sectoral efforts.
• Health education
• Legal responsibility  An improved state of health and quality of life
for all people attained through SELF- RELIANCE.
• Ethico-moral responsibility
PILLARS/ CORNERSTONE OF PUBLIC
• Personal and professional development
HEALTH CARE
• Quality improvement
Support Mechanism made available
• Research
Community Participation Action
• Records management
Appropriate Technology
• Communication
Multi-sectoral Linkages
• Collaboration and teamwork
Support Mechanism made available
 There are 3 major resources:
PRIMARY HEALTH CARE People
IN THE PHILIPPINES Government

PRIMARY HEALTH CARE (PHC) Private Sectors (e.g. NGO,

 Is an “Essential Health Care” based on practical church…)

and socially acceptable methods and technology.
 Community participation- a process in which
 Made universal accessible to individual, family, people identify problems and needs and assumes
and community. responsibilities themselves to plan, manage, and
control.
 MISSION
Appropriate technology
Strengthening the health system wherein people
will manage their own health care.  Method used to provide a socially and
environmentally acceptable level of service or
 KEY/ CORE STRATEGY
quality product at the least economic cost.
“PARTNERSHIP with and EMPOWERMENT of
 Health technology includes tools, drugs, methods,
the people”.
procedures and technique, people’s technology, and
HISTORY OF PUBLIC HEALTH CARE indigenous technology.

 WHAT: Alma Ata Conference, first international Multi- sectoral Linkages

conference on PHC
 Intrasectoral linkages (Two- way referral system)
 WHEN: September 6-12, 1978 – communication, cooperation and collaboration
within the health sectors.
 WHERE: Alma Ata, USSR/ RUSSIA
 Intersectoral linkages- between the health sector
 WHO: WHO/ UNICEF and other sectors like education, agriculture and
 Legal Basis for PHC in the Philippines:(Letter of local government officials.
Instruction) LOI 949 KEY PRINCIPLES IN APPROPRIATE
 Signed by: Pres. Ferdinand Marcos on October TECHNOLOGY (Acronym ACCEFS)
19, 1979
 A’s (Four As)
GOAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH CARE
 Cost wise – economical IN NATURE
 HEALTH FOR ALL FILIPINOS in 2000 and
 Complex procedures which provide a simple
HEALTH IN THE HANDS OF THE PEOPLE by
outcome
year 2020.
 Effective
 Filipinos are among the healthiest people in
Southeast Asia by 2022, and Asia by 2040.  Feasibility of use = possibility of use at all times
 Scope of technology is safe and Secure
 A’s (Four As)  Take adequate fluids

 Accessibility – distance/ travel time required to  Avoid over exposure to sunlight

get to a health care facility/ services.
 Maintain ideal body weight
 the home must be within 30 min. from the Brgy.
 Complete Immunization Program
Health Stations.
 Worksite Wellness (e.g. wear hazard devices at
 Affordability – consideration of the individual,
work site)
family, community and government can afford the
services.  Information Dissemination ( e.g. sex education
among youth)
 the out-of-pocket expense determines the
affordability of health care.  Environmental Control Programs (e.g. clean and
green program)
 in the Philippines, government insurance is
covered through Philhealth. SECONDARY PREVENTION
 Acceptability- health care services are compatible  curative, prevention of complications thru
with the culture and traditions of the population. screening, early diagnosis and treatment
 Availability- is a question whether the health  mass screening (e.g. operation timbang, operation
service is offered in health care facilities or is BP)
provided on a regular and organized manner.
 case finding
Examples:
 contact-tracing
• Botika ng Bayan- ensures the availability and
accessibility of affordable essential drugs. It sells  surveillance
low priced generic home remedies, OTC and
BEHAVIOR ASSOCIATED WITH
common antibiotics.
SECONDARY PREVENTION
• Ligtas sa Tigdas ang Pinas- mass door-to-door
mesles immunization campaign.  Have annual physical exam
- target age: 9 months to below 5 years old.  Regular Pap Smear test for women
THREE LEVELS OF DISEASE  Monthly Breast Self- Exam (BSE) for women
PREVENTION who are 20 years old and above

 Primary Prevention  Testicular Self- Examination after a warm bath

for men
 Secondary Prevention
 Sputum exam for tuberculosis
 Tertiary Prevention
 Annual rectal examination for clients over age 50
PRIMARY PREVENTION years
 Most desirable form of prevention (mostly TERTIARY PREVENTION
provided in BHS/ Health Center, Rural Health Unit
(RHU)).  Rehabilitative, prevention of disability

 Focus is on health promotion and disease  Continuing health supervision during

prevention. rehabilitation to restore an individual to an optimal
level of functioning
BEHAVIOR ASSOCIATED WITH PRIMARY
PREVENTION  Minimizing residual disability and helping the
client learn to live productively with limitations.
 Quit smoking
BEHAVIOR ASSOCIATED WITH
 Avoid/ limit alcohol intake TERTIARY PREVENTION
 Exercise regularly  Self- monitoring of blood glucose among
 Reduce fat and increase fiber in diet diabetics
 Physical therapy after CVA SENTRONG SIGLA MOVEMENT (SSM)
 Participate in cardiac rehabilitation after MI Level Category Description
 Attend self- management education for diabetes
1 Basic Minimum
 Undergo speech therapy after laryngectomy Certification input,
process and
REFERRAL SYSTEM IN PUBLIC HEALTH
output
CARE standards for
 Barangay Health Station (BHS) is under the integrated
management of Rural Health Midwife (RHM). public health
services for 4
 Rural Health Unit (RHU) is under the core
management or supervision of PHN programs
 Public Health Nurse (PHN) caters to 1:10, 000 (Family
population, acts as managers in the implementation Planning,
of the policies and activities of RHU, directly under EPI,
the supervision of MHO (who acts as Maternal
administrator). Programs, &
TB
QUALITY ASSURANCE: SENTRONG Program),
SIGLA MOVEMENT (SSM) facility
systems,
 SSM is a quality improvement initiative through regulatory
a certification/ recognition program. Health
functions and
facilities are certified based on a set of standards.
basic
 SSM also promotes continuous quality curative
improvement as a complementing strategy. services.
2 Specialty Second level
 Was established by DOH with LGUs having a Award quality
logo of a Sun with 8 rays. standards for
STEPS IN THE SSM CERTIFICATION selected
PROCESS public health
programs
 Philippines Department of Health (DOH) (includes
provides copies of quality standards to local other health
government units (LGUs). programs in
addition to
 Mayor/ Governor sends letter of intent to
Level 1 core
participate.
programs)
 DOH SS teams conducts assessment and
facility
 LGU facility gets certified, receive SS seal systems.
 Certified facility gets monitored twice a year and 3 Award of Highest level
tries to strive for higher level standards. Excellence quality
standards for
4 PILLARS OF SSM maintaining
 Health Promotion level 2
standards for
 Grants and technical the 4
assistance core public
health
 Quality assurance
programs
 Awards: Cash, plaque, and level 2
certificate facility
 systems for  Establish close contact with the village and
at least 3 intermediate level health workers to promote the
consecutive continuity of care from hospital to community to
years. home.
 Provide back- up health services for cases
FOUR CONTRIBUTIONS OF PHC TO DOH requiring hospital or diagnostic facilities not
AND ECONOMY available in health care.

 Training of Health Workers CREATION OF “BOTIKA SA BARYO &

BOTIKA SA HEALTH CENTER”
 Creation of Botika sa Baryo & Botika sa Health
Center  From Administrative Order 144 of 2004

 Herbal Plants  Refers to a drug outlet managed by a legitimate

community organization (CO/ non- government
 ORESOL organization (NGO and/ or the Local Government
Unit (LGU), with a trained operator and a
A. TRAINING OF HEALTH WORKERS
supervising pharmacist.
(Primary Health Workers)
BOTIKA SA BARYO & BOTIKA SA HEALTH
 3 LEVELS OF TRAINING
CENTER
 Grassroot/ Village Health Workers
 Goal: To promote equity in health in ensuring
Intermediate the availability and accessibility of affordable, safe,
and effective quality essential drugs to all, with
First Line Personnel – the specialist
priority for marginalized, critical, and hard to
Grassroot/ Village Health Workers reach areas.

 Includes Barangay Health Volunteers (BHV) and  Refers to a drug outlet wherein primary, non-
Barangay Health Workers (BHW) prescription generic drugs listed in the Philippine
National Drug Formulary (PNDF) and selected
 Nonprofessionals, didn’t undergo formal prescription drugs (Cotrimoxazole, Amoxicillin,
training, receive no salary but are given incentive in Metoprolol, Captopril, Metformin, Glibenclamide,
the form of honorarium from the local government and Salbutamol) are sold/ made available.
since 1993 (health auxiliary volunteer; Traditional
Birth Attendant).  The BnBs serves a total population of
approximately 90, 457, 200.
 Initial link, 1st contact of the community.
 RA 6675: Generics Act of 1988
 Work in liaison with the local health service.
 Father of Generics Act: Dr. Alfredo Bengzon
 Provide elementary curative preventive health
care measures. Oplan Walang Reseta Program

Intermediate  Solution to the absence of a medical officer who

prescribed the medicines so PHN are given the
 These are professionals including the 8 members responsibility to prescribe generic medicines.
of the PHWs (e.g. General Medical Practitioners,
Public Health Nurses, Midwives).
 1st source of professional health care.
 Attend to health problems beyond the
competence of village health workers.
 Provide support to the frontline health workers
in terms of supervision, training, referral services
and supplies thru linkages with other sectors.

First Line Personnel – the specialist Walong Wastong Gamot Program

 Available generics in “Botika sa Baryo” &  A management for diarrhea to prevent
Health Center (Acronym CARIPPON) dehydration under the Control of Diarrheal
Diseases (CDD) Program.
COTRIMOXAZOLE
AMOXICILLIN
RIFAMPICIN
ISONIAZID
PYRAZINAMIDE
PARACETAMOL
ORESOL (Oral Rehydration Solution)
NIFEDIPINE

Cotrimoxazole
 It’s a combination of 2 generics of drugs which is
antibacterial Trimethoprim (TMP).
 Has a bacteriostatic action that stops/ inhibits
multiplication of bacteria.
 (TMP combined with SMX) Sulfamethoxazole
(SMX)
 Has bactericidal action that kills bacteria.
 For GUT, GIT, URTI, and Skin Infections

Amoxicillin
Nifedipine
 An antibacterial drug that comes from the
Penicillin family.  An anti-hypertensive drug.

 Effect is generally bacteriostatic (when source of  According to DOH, 16% of population belonging
infection is bacterial). to 25 years old and above in the community are
hypertensive.
 These 2 drugs provide the least sensitivity
reaction (rashes & GI) and the adverse effect of HERBAL PLANTS (Acronym LUBBY SANTA)
other antibiotics is anaphylactic shock.
 RA 8423: Traditional and Alternative Medicine Act
Tuberculosis Drug of 1997 (Juan Flavier)

 R- IFAMPICIN  A program where patient may opt to use herbal

plants especially for drugs that are not available in
 I- SONIAZID dosage form or patients has no financial means to
buy the drug.
 P- YRAZINIAMIDE
 Traditional Medicine
Paracetamol
 Use of herbal plants
 Has an analgesic & anti- pyretic effect.
 Acetyl Salicylic Acid (ASA) or Aspirin never kept
in the “Botika” because of its side effects:
 Anticoagulant- highly dangerous to dengue
patients that’s why it’s not available in “Botika” &
Health Center.

ORESOL (Oral Rehydration Solution) L- Lagundi

U- Ulasimang Bato/ Pansit- pansitan
B- Bayabas Scientific Name: Allium Sativum
B- Bawang Indications: Hypertension, lowering cholesterol,
toothache
Y- Yerba Buena
Parts used: Clove/ Bulb
S- Sambong
Preparation: Eaten raw or sauted (eat 2 pieces per
A- Ampalaya
day)
N- Niyug- niyogan
Boil for minutes
T- Tsaang gubat
Apply on affected tooth
A- Akapulko
YERBA BUENA
LAGUNDI Herbal Meds: Yerba Buena
Herbal Meds: Lagundi
Scientific Name: Mentha Cordifelia
Scientific Name: Vitex Negundo
Indications: Pain (headache, toothache, swollen
Indications: Asthma, cough, (ASCOF), dysentery, gums, menstrual pain), coigh, colds, fever
pain, and inflammation
Parts used: Leaves
Parts used: Leaves
Preparation: Decoction (Chop leaves- then boil in
Preparation: Decoction (Tea without bag) (Chop two glasses of water for 15 minutes)
leaves (2 glasses of leaves) – then boil in two glasses
Poultice ( Pound the leaves & apply on affected
of water for 15 minutes).
area)
ULASIMANG BATO/ PANSIT- PANSITAN SAMBONG
Herbal Meds: Ulasimang Bato/ Pansit-Pansitan
Herbal Meds: Sambong
Scientific Name: Peperonia Pellucida
Scientific Name: Blumea Balsamifera
Indications: Lowers blood uric acid (rheumatism
Indications: Anti-edema (manas), Anti-urolithiasis,
(arthritis) and gout).
diuretic
Parts used: Leaves
Parts used: Leaves
Preparation: Decoction (Boil 1 ½ glasses of leaves in
Preparation: Decoction (Chop leaves (2 glasses of
two glasses of water for 15 minutes)
leaves) – then two glasses of water for 15 minutes)
Eaten raw as salad
AMPALAYA
BAYABAS Herbal Meds: Ampalaya
Herbal Meds: Bayabas
Scientific Name: Momordica Charantia
Scientific Name: Psidium Guajava
Indications: Diabetes Milletus ( mild noninsulin
Indications: Washing wounds, Diarrhea, gargle to dependent)
relieve toothache
Parts used: Leaves
Parts used: Leaves
Preparation: Decoction (Chop leaves (2 cups or 6
Preparation: Decoction (Two glasses of leaves into tablespoons of leaves) then boil in two glasses of
four glasses of water) water for 15 minutes

BAWANG NIYUG- NIYOGAN

Herbal Meds: Bawang Herbal Meds: Niyug-niyogan

Scientific Name: Quisqualis Indica METHODS OF DRYING
Indications: Intestinal parasitism/ nematodes, anti-  Air Drying- best method for drying flowers and
helminthic (Ascariasis) leaves.
(Not for children below 4 years old)  Sun Dried- best method for drying fruits, seeds,
bark, branches, and roots.
Parts used: Seeds
 Oven Dried- used during the rainy season, 40%
Preparation: Use newly-opened, mature and dried
of the medical value is lost during the process.
seeds (eat the seeds 2 hours after dinner).
Effectiveness is 3-4 weeks. FORMS OF PREPARATION
TSAANG- GUBAT A. DECOCTION
Herbal Meds: Tsaang- gubat  Gather leaves and wash thoroughly, place in a
container the washed leaves and add water.
Scientific Name: Carmona Retusa
 Let it boil without cover to vaporize/ steam to
Indications: Diarrhea, or dental caries, stomache,
release toxic substance and undesirable taste.
infantile colic (kabag)
 Use extracts for washing.
Parts used: Leaves
B. POULTICE
Preparation: Decoction (Chop leaves (2 glasses of
leaves) – then boil in two glasses of water for 15 o Done by pounding or chewing leaves used by
minutes herbolaryo.
AKAPULKO o Example: Akapulko leaves-when pounded, it
releases extracts coming out from the leaves
Herbal Meds: Akapulko
contains enzyme (serves as anti-inflammatory) then
Scientific Name: Cassia Alata apply on affected skin or spewed it over skin.

Indications: Antifungal/ Tinea infections (buni, o For treatment of skin diseases.

alipunga, an-an, hadhad), scabies
C. INFUSION (TSAA)
Parts used: Leaves
o To prepare a tea (use Lipton bag), keep standing
Preparation: Poultice (pound the leaves and apply for 15 minutes in a cup of warm water where a
on affected part) brown solution is collected, pectin which serves as
an adsorbent and astringent.
GUIDELINES IN USING HERBAL PLANTS
D. SYRUP
 Be sure that the right kind of plant is used
according to the intended purposes. o To prepare a papaya juice, use ripe papaya and
mechanically mashed then put inside a blender and
 Avoid insecticides on plants add water.
 Use a clay pot and remove cover while boiling at o To produce it into syrup, add sugar then heat to
low heat. dissolve sugar and mix it
 Use only the part of the plant being advocated. E. CREAM/ OINTMENT (Ungguwento)
Follow accurate dosage suggestions.
o Start with poultice (pound leaves) to turn it semi-
 Use only one kind of herbal plant for each kind solid.
of symptom.
o Add flour to keep preparation pasty and make it
 Stop giving herbal medication if untoward adhere to skin lesions.
reaction occurs.
o To make it into an ointment: add oil (mineral,
baby oil or any oil – serves as moisturizer) to the
prepared cream to keep it lubricated while being
 If signs and symptoms are not relieved after 2-3
massage on the affected area.
days, consult a doctor.
OTHER ALTERNATIVE HEALTH CARE
MEDICINES
ACUPUNCTURE- uses needles to puncture and
stimulate specific part of the body.
AROMATHERAPY - combines essential oils then
applied to the body.
NUTRITIONAL THERAPY- “nutritional healing”,
this improves health by enhancing the nutritional
value to reduce the risk of the disease.
REFLEXOLOGY- application of pressure on the
body’s reflex joints to enhance body’s natural
healing.
ACCUPRESSURE- a method of maintaining health,
treating disease, and alleviating pain by applying
pressure or massaging certain points on the body
surfaces.
o Traditional Chinese medicine believes that life is a
result of Qi or life energy, which has two aspects: (1)
YIN (negative force) and the (2) YANG (positive
force).
o Imbalance in the two aspects results to illness.

APPLICATION OF ACCUPRESSURE
1. Posture- Lying down or sitting-up, must be relax.
2. Manipulation- thumb pressure must be bearable,
firm but not heavy.
3. Frequency- as frequent as every 4 hours; usually
once a day; 2-3 times per week.
 Room must be warm and well-ventilated.
 Use prescribed acupressure points; use ahshi
points (painful spots or modes which appear when a
person has an illness).