‫بسم اهلل الرحمن الرحيم‬

‫نحمده و نصلى على رسوله الكريم‬

SYNTAX ‫َّحو‬
ْ ‫اَلن‬

DEFINITION: Ilmun-Nahw is that branch of knowledge in the Arabic language which shows us how
to join an ‫( اسم‬noun), ‫( فعل‬verb) and ‫( حرف‬particle) to form a correct sentence as well as what the ‫اعراب‬
(diacritical mark) of the last letter of a word should be.

OBJECT : The object of learning this branch of knowledge is to save one from making any
mistakes in speaking and writing Arabic. For example, there are four words: ‫في دخل دار زيد‬. Joining
these words together to form a sentence and uttering them/writing them correctly is learnt in
Ilmun-Nahw.

SUBJECT MATTER : ‫( كلمة‬words) and ‫( كالم‬sentences)

___________________________________________

CHAPTER ONE
WORDS AND SENTENCES
‫الكلمة و الكالم‬
Whatever a person utters, is called ‫لَ ْفظ‬. If this utterance is meaningful, it is referred to as ‫ َم ْوض ْوع‬. If the
utterance has no meaning, then this is referred to as ‫م ْه َمل‬.
‫( َم ْوض ْوع‬A meaningful utterance) is of two types: a.) ‫ م ْف َرد‬b.) ‫م َرَّكب‬
a.) ‫ – م ْف َرد‬A single word which has a meaning. It is also called ‫كلمة‬.
‫ كلمة‬is of three types:
1. ‫( اسم‬Noun) 2. ‫( فعل‬Verb) 3. ‫( حرف‬Particle)
1. ‫( اسم‬Noun) – It is that ‫ كلمة‬which is independent in conveying its meaning and has no tense (past,
present or future) e.g. ‫( َرجل‬man), ‫( ِعلْم‬knowledge), ‫( ِم ْفتَاح‬key).

‫ اسم‬are of three types :

a.) ‫( جامد‬Primary noun) - That ‫ اسم‬which is neither derived from another word nor is any word
derived from it e.g. ‫( فَ َرس‬horse), ‫( َرجل‬man)
b.) ‫( مصدر‬Root noun) - That ‫ اسم‬from which many words are derived e.g. ‫ض ْرب‬ َ (to hit), ‫صر‬
ْ َ‫( ن‬to help)
c.) ‫( مشتق‬Derivative noun) - That ‫ اسم‬which is derived from a ‫ مصدر‬e.g.‫( ضاَ ِرب‬hitter) is derived from the
root noun ‫ض ْرب‬َ (to hit), ‫صر‬ِ َ‫( نا‬the helper) is derived from the root noun ‫صر‬
ْ َ‫( ن‬to help)

2. ‫( فعل‬Verb) – It is that ‫ كلمة‬which is independent in conveying its meaning and has tense (past, present

َ َ‫ ن‬and ‫ض ِرب‬
or future) e.g. ‫ص َر يَ ْنصر‬ ْ َ‫ب ي‬
َ ‫ض َر‬
َ
Verbs are of four types :
1. ‫ماضى‬ (Past tense) : e.g. ‫ب‬
َ ‫ض َر‬
َ He hit.
2. ‫مضارع‬ (Present and Future tense) : e.g. ‫ض ِرب‬ْ َ‫ي‬ He is hitting or will hit.
ِ
3. ‫امر‬ (Imperative Command) : ْ ‫ض ِر‬
e.g. ‫ب‬ ْ‫ا‬ Hit !
4. ‫نهى‬ (Negative Command) : ْ ‫ض ِر‬
e.g. ‫ب‬ ْ َ‫الَ ت‬ Don’t hit !

3. ‫( حرف‬Particle) – It is that ‫ كلمة‬which is dependent on either an ‫ اسم‬or ‫ فعل‬or both to convey its
meaning e.g. ‫( ِم ْن‬from), ‫( في‬in). As long as these words are not joined to either an ‫ اسم‬or ‫فعل‬, they
possess no independent meaning e.g. ‫س ِج ِد‬ ِ ِ ‫َخر‬
ْ ‫( َد َخ َل َع ْمرو ف ْي ال َْم‬Amr went into the masjid) and ‫ج م َن الدَّا ِر‬
ََ
(He came out from the house).

Particles are of two types.

1. ‫( عامل‬Causative Particle) - That particle which causes the ‫ اعراب‬to change in the following word e.g.
ِ
‫المسجد‬ ‫( زيد فِى‬Zaid is in the masjid.)

2. ‫( غير عامل‬Non Causative) - That particle which does not cause the ‫ اعراب‬to change in the following
word e.g. ‫( ث َّم‬then) ‫( َو‬and)

b.) ‫ – م َرَّكب‬It is that utterance made of two or more ‫ كلمة‬joined together. It is of two types:
1.) ‫ – م َرَّكب م ِف ْيد‬After the speaker has uttered these words, the listener comes to know of some
information or the desire of the speaker e.g. ‫ب َزيْد‬ ِ ِ ِ
َ ‫( َذ َه‬Zaid went.) ‫( ائت بال َْماء‬Bring the water.) In the
first sentence, some information was received, whilst in the second sentence, one learns of the speaker’s
desire for water. ‫ م َرَّكب م ِف ْيد‬is also known as ‫ جملة‬and ‫كالم‬.

‫( ج ْملَة‬Sentence) is of two types:

A. ‫ ج ْملَة َخبَ ِريَّة‬: that sentence which has the possibility of being true or false.

A. ‫ جملة خبرية‬is of two types :

َ ْ‫اال ْس ِميَّة ال‬

1. ‫خبَ ِريَّة‬ ِْ ‫اَلْجملَة‬
ْ
That sentence which begins with an ‫اسم‬. The second part of the sentence can be an ‫ اسم‬or a ‫ فعل‬e.g.
‫( َزيْد َعالِم‬Zaid is learned) and ‫( َزيْد َعلِ َم‬Zaid learnt). Both of these are ‫اال ْس ِميَّة‬
ِْ ‫اَلْجملَة‬. The first part of the
ْ
ِ
sentence is called ‫( م ْبتَدا‬subject) or ‫سنَد الَيه‬ ْ ‫ م‬. The second part of the sentence is called ‫( َخبَر‬predicate) or
‫( م ْسنَد‬the word giving the information). In this type of sentence, normally the words “is”, “are” or “am”
are found in the translation between the ‫ م ْبتَدا‬and ‫ َخبَر‬.
Note: The first ‫ اسم‬is called ‫م ْبتَدا‬, because this is the ‫( ابتدا‬beginning) of the sentence.
The second part is called ‫ َخبَر‬, since it conveys ‫( َخبَر‬information of the ‫)م ْبتَدا‬.

َ ْ‫الف ْعلِية ال‬

2. ‫خبَ ِريَّة‬ ِ ‫اَلْجملَة‬
ْ
That sentence which begins with a ‫فعل‬. The second part of the sentence is called the ‫( فاعل‬the subject or
doer of the action) e.g. ‫( َعلِ َم َزيْد‬Zaid learnt), ‫س ِم َع بَ ْكر‬ ِِ
َ (Bakr heard.). Both are ‫الْج ْملَة الف ْعلية‬. The first part,
the ‫سنَد‬ ِ
ْ ‫ م‬is called the ‫فعل‬, and the second part, the ‫م ْسنَد الَيه‬, is called the ‫فاعل‬.

‫ م ْسنَد اِلَيه‬is that word regarding which information is given, whilst the ‫ م ْسنَد‬gives information.
An ‫ اسم‬can be ‫سنَد‬ ِ ِ ِ
ْ ‫ م‬or ‫ م ْسنَد الَيه‬. For example, in the sentence ‫ َزيْد َعالم‬, ‫ َزيْد‬is the ‫ م ْسنَد الَيه‬since
information regarding him is conveyed, and ‫ َعالِم‬is the ‫سنَد‬ ْ ‫ م‬since it is conveying the information.
A ‫ فعل‬can only be ‫سنَد‬ ِ ِ
ْ ‫م‬. It can never be ‫ م ْسنَد الَيه‬. For example, in the following sentences ‫ َزيْد َعل َم‬and
‫( َعلِ َم َزيْد‬Zaid knows), the word ‫ َعلِ َم‬conveys the information. So in both cases, it is the ‫م ْسنَد‬, whilst ‫ َزيْد‬is
the ‫سنَد اِلَيه‬ ْ ‫ م‬, since information is conveyed regarding him.

The ‫( حرف‬particle) can neither be ‫سنَد‬ ِ

ْ ‫ م‬nor ‫م ْسنَد الَيه‬.
ِْ ‫اَلْجملَة‬, the ‫ تَركِيب‬is as follows: ‫ َزيْد‬is ‫ م ْبتَدا‬and ‫ َعالِم‬is ‫ َخبر‬.
‫ – تَ ْركِيب‬In a ‫اال ْس ِميَّة‬ ْ ْ َ
Together, they become ‫خبَ ِريّة‬ َ ْ‫اال ْس ِميَّة ال‬
ِْ ‫ اَلْجملَة‬.
ْ
In a ‫الْج ْملَة الف ْعلية‬, the ‫ تَ ْركيب‬is as follows, ‫ َعلِ َم‬is ‫ فعل‬and ‫ َزيْد‬is ‫فاعل‬. Together, they form a ‫الف ْعلِية‬
ِ ِ ِ ِ ‫اَلْجملَة‬
ْ
‫الْ َخبَ ِريَّة‬.

EXERCISE

Do the ‫ تَ ْركِيب‬for the following sentences:

ِ ‫ الطَّعام ح‬2.) ‫ الْماَء با ِرد‬3.) ‫االنْسان حاَكِم‬
1.) ‫اضر‬ ِ ِ ْ ‫ َش ِرب‬7.) ‫ أ َكل َخالِد‬8.) ‫نَصر ب ْكر‬
َ َ َ َ ْ 4.) ‫س َزيْد‬
َ َ‫ َجل‬5.) ‫ب َع ْمرو‬
َ ‫ ذَ َه‬6.) ‫ت ه ْند‬ َ َ َ ََ

B. ‫شائِيَّة‬ ِ
َ ْ‫ ج ْملَة ان‬: that sentence which does not have the possibility of being true or false. “Insha” means to
create. This sentence tells one to do something. There is no possibility of that sentence being true or
false.

B. ‫ جملة انشائية‬is of ten types :

ِ
1. ‫امر‬ (Imperative Command) ْ ‫ض ِر‬
e.g. ‫ب‬ ْ‫ا‬ Hit !
2. ‫نهى‬ (Negative Command) ْ ‫ض ِر‬
e.g. ‫ب‬ ْ َ‫الَ ت‬ Don’t hit !
3. ‫استفهام‬ (Interrogative) e.g. ‫ب َزيْد‬
َ ‫ض َر‬
َ ‫َه ْل‬ Did Zaid hit ?
4. ‫تمنّى‬ ِ ‫ت َزيدا‬
e.g. ‫حاضر‬
(Desire) ْ َ ‫ل َْي‬ If only Zaid was present!
NB. ‫ت‬
َ ‫ ل َْي‬is generally used for something unattainable.
5. ‫رجى‬
ّ ‫ت‬ (Hope) e.g ‫ل َع ْمرا غَائِب‬
َّ ‫ل ََع‬ Hopefully Amr is a absent.
NB. ‫ل‬َّ ‫ ل ََع‬is generally used for something attainable.
6. ‫نداء‬ (Exclamation) e.g. ‫يَا اَللّه‬ O Allaah !
7. ‫عرض‬ (Request) َ َ‫اَالَ تَاْتِْينِ ْي فَا ْع ِطي‬
e.g. ‫ك ِديْ نَارا‬ Will you not come to me so
that I may give you a coin.
NB. It is a mere request - no answer is anticipated.
8. ‫قسم‬ e.g. ‫ض ٍربَ َّن َزيْدا‬ ِ ‫و‬
ْ ‫اهلل ََل‬
(Oath) َ By Allaah ! I will definitely hit
Zaid
9. ‫عجب‬
ّ ‫ت‬ (Amazement) e.g. ‫سنَه‬
َ ‫َما اَ ْح‬ and ‫أح ِس ْن بِ ِه‬
ْ How good he is !
ِ
10. ‫عقود‬ (Transaction) e.g. The seller says ‫اب‬َ َ‫ بِ ْعت ه َذا الْكت‬- I sold this book.
and the buyer says ‫اِ ْشتَ َريْ ته‬ - I bought it.
NB. Because Islaamically contracts are binding on both parties, there is no question of truth or
falsehood. If on normal occasions (not during a transction), a person says, ‫( اِ ْشتَ َريْ ته‬I bought) or ‫( بِ ْعت‬I
sold), then this will be ‫خبَ ِريَّة‬
َ ْ‫اَلْج ْملَة ال‬.

‫ – م َرَّكب غير م ِف ْيد‬This refers to an incomplete sentence or phrase, wherein a person does not acquire
complete information of a certain matter or a desire from the speaker. It is of three types:

1. ‫مركب اضافى‬ (Possessive Phrase) - This refers to a phrase wherein the second word ( ‫ ) مضاف اليه‬is
related or connected to the first ( ‫ ) مضاف‬e.g. ‫( غالَم َزيْ ٍد‬the slave of Zaid). In this phrase, ‫ غالَم‬is connected
to ‫ َزيْ ٍد‬. Therefore, ‫ غالَم‬is the ‫مضاف‬, and ‫ َزيْ ٍد‬is the ‫مضاف اليه‬.

2. ‫( مركب بنائى‬Numerical Phrase) This refers to a phrase wherein two numerals are joined to form a
single word (number) A ‫ حرف‬originally linked the two. This phrase is found only in numbers 11 - 19
e.g. ‫ش َر‬
َ ‫ اَ َح َد َع‬eleven ( was ‫شر‬ َ ‫ ( تِ ْس َعةَ َع‬was ‫شر‬
َ ‫ اَ َحد َو َع‬originally) and ‫ش َر‬ َ ‫ تِ ْس َعة َو َع‬originally) Both parts of this
phrase will be ‫ مفتوح‬except the number 12 ( ‫ش َر‬ ِ
َ ‫) اثْ نَا َع‬, whose I’raab will change.

3. ‫( مركب منع الصرف‬Indeclinable Phrase). This refers to a phrase wherein two words are joined to form a
ُّ َ‫بَ َعلَب‬Name of a city. It
single word. There was no ‫ حرف‬linking the two originally. An example of this is ‫ك‬
is composed of two words ‫ل‬َ ‫ بَ َع‬which was the name of an idol and ‫ك‬ ُّ َ‫ ب‬bakk which was the name of the
king who founded the city. The first part of this phrase will be ‫مفتوح‬, whilst the second part will change
according to the ‫عامل‬.

All of these phrases will not be complete sentences, but part of a sentence. Examples of this are:
‫ غالَم َزيْ ٍد‬in the sentence ‫اضر‬
ِ ‫غالَم َزي ٍد ح‬
َ ْ
‫ش َر‬
َ ‫أح َد َع‬َ in the sentence ‫ش َر َرجال‬ َ ‫أح َد َع‬
َ ‫اء‬ َ ‫ َج‬.
ُّ َ‫ اِبْ َر ِاه ْيم َساكِن بَ ْعلَب‬.
ُّ َ‫ بَ ْعلَب‬in the sentence ‫ك‬
‫ك‬
The ‫ تَ ْركِيب‬of these sentences will be as follows:
ِ
‫ غالَم‬is ‫ضاف‬ َ ‫م‬, ‫ َزيْ ٍد‬is ‫ضاف ال َْيه‬ ِ ‫ ح‬is the ‫ َخبر‬. They form a ‫االس ِميَّة‬
َ ‫ – م‬together they become the ‫م ْبتَدا‬. ‫اضر‬ َ َ ْ ِْ ‫اَلْج ْملَة‬
‫الْ َخبَ ِريَّة‬.
‫اء‬
َ ‫ َج‬is ‫فعل‬. ‫ش َر‬ َ is ‫ م َميَّز‬and ‫ َرجال‬is ‫تَ ْميِْيز‬. ‫م َميَّز‬and ‫ تَ ْميِْيز‬together become ‫فاعل‬. ‫ فعل‬and ‫ فاعل‬form a ‫اَلْج ْملَة‬
َ ‫أح َد َع‬
‫الف ْعلِية الْ َخبَ ِريَّة‬
ِ .
 ‫ اِبْ َر ِاه ْيم‬is ‫م ْبتَدا‬, ‫ َساكِن‬is ‫ضاف‬ ُّ َ‫ بَ ْعلَب‬is ‫ضاف اِل َْيه‬
َ ‫ م‬and ‫ك‬ َ ‫م‬. The ‫ضاف‬
ِ
َ ‫ م‬and ‫ضاف ال َْيه‬
َ ‫ م‬join together to form ‫ َخبَر‬.
‫ م ْبتَدا‬and ‫ َخبَر‬join together to form ‫اَلْج ْملَة ا ِْال ْس ِميَّة الْ َخبَ ِريَّة‬.

EXERCISE
Do the ‫ تَ ْركِيب‬for the following sentences:
1. ‫قَلَم َزيْ ٍد نَِف ْيس‬. 2. ‫ش َر َرجال‬
َ ‫ام أ ْربَ َعةَ َع‬ ِ َ‫ َخالِد ت‬.
َ َ‫ ق‬3. ‫ت‬
َ ‫ض َرَم ْو‬
َ ‫اجر َح‬

CHAPTER 2
THE TYPES OF SENTENCES WITH REGARDS TO ITS ESSENCE AND MEANING

Know well that no sentence comprises of less than two ‫(كلمة‬words), whether these two words are
ِ
apparent e.g. ‫ب َزيْد‬
َ ‫ض َر‬ ْ ‫ض ِر‬
َ (Zaid hit.) or hidden e.g. ‫ب‬ ْ ‫( ا‬hit), in which the word ‫ت‬
َ ْ‫( أن‬you) is concealed in
the verb, and is not outwardly visible. There can be more than two ‫(كلمة‬words) in a sentence, and
there is no limit to the maximum number of ‫(كلمة‬words) in a sentence. Since many ‫ كلمة‬are found in a
sentence, it is necessary to differentiate as to which word is an ‫( اسم‬noun) and a ‫( فعل‬verb.) A person
must recognize which word is ‫ معرب‬and which word is ‫مبني‬, which word is the ‫ عامل‬and which word is
the ‫معمول‬. A person must also know the relationship of the words in the sentence, so that he can know
which is the ‫سنَد‬ ِ
ْ ‫ م‬and which is the ‫ م ْسنَد الَيه‬, thus conveying the correct meaning of the sentence.

With regards to essence, sentences are of four types:

1.) ‫ اسمية‬e.g. ‫َزيْد قَائِم‬
2.) ‫ام َزيْد – فعلية‬
َ َ‫ق‬
ِ
َ ‫ا ْن ت ْك ِرْمنِ ْي أ ْك ِرْم‬
3.) ‫ك – شرطية‬
4.) ‫ي َمال – ظرفية‬ ِ ِ
ْ ‫ع ْند‬
These four types are called ‫( أصل الجملة‬the root of the sentence.)

With regards to qualities (meaning), sentences are of six types:

1.) ‫ – مبَ يِّ نَة‬That sentence which clarifies the previous sentence e.g.
‫س ٍام اِ ْسم َو فِ ْعل و َح ْرف‬ ِ ِ
َ ْ‫الْ َكل َمة َعلى ثََالثَة أَق‬
(Words are of three types: nouns, verbs and particles.)
In this example, the first sentence is not clear in explaining the three types. The second sentence
clarifies and explain the three types.

2.) ‫ – م َعلِّلَة‬That sentence which mentions the cause of the previous sentence e.g.
‫ب َو ِذ ْك ِر اللَّ ِه َع َّز َو َج َّل‬
ٍ ‫ فَِإنَّ َها أَيَّام أَ ْك ٍل َوش ْر‬،‫ام‬ ِِ
َ َّ‫َال تَصوموا َهذه ْاَلَي‬
(Do not fast on these (five) days, as these are days of eating, drinking and remembering Allaah.)
In the first sentence of this hadeeth, the prohibition of fasting on these days is sounded. The second
sentence explain the reason for the prohibition, as these are the days for one to feast and enjoy oneslf.

َ ‫ – م ْعتَ ِر‬That sentence which appears between two sentences, without being connected to them e.g.
3.) ‫ضة‬

‫ش ْر ٍط‬
َ ِ‫ت ب‬
ْ ‫س‬ ِ ِ ِ ِ
َ ‫ال أب ْو َحن ْي َفةَ َرح َمه اللّه النِّ يَّة ف ْي الْوض ْوء ل َْي‬
َ َ‫ق‬
 (Imaam Abu Haneefah (May Allaah shower His mercy on him!) said, “Intention in wudhu is not
compulsory.”)

In this sentence, ‫( َرِح َمه اللّه‬May Allaah shower His mercy on him!) is a ‫ضة‬
َ ‫ م ْعتَ ِر‬, since it has no contact
with the previous as well as the ensuing sentence.

4.) ‫ستَأنَِفة‬
ْ ‫ – م‬That sentence in which a new subject matter is discussed e.g.
‫ْس ٍام‬ ِ ِ
َ ‫الْ َكل َمة َعلى ثََالثَة أَق‬
(Words are of three types.)
This is also called ‫جملة ابتدائية‬.

5.) ‫ – َحالِيَة‬That sentence which occurs as ‫حال‬. e.g.

‫اءنِ ْي َزيْد َو ه َو َراكِب‬
َ ‫َج‬
(Zaid came to me whilst he was mounted on a horse.)
6.) ‫ – َم ْعط ْوفَة‬That sentence what is conjuncted to another e.g.
‫ب َع ْمرو‬ ِ ‫ج‬
َ ‫اءن ْي َزيْد َو ذَ َه‬
ََ
(Zaid came to me, and Amar went.)

CHAPTER 3
SIGNS OF A NOUN
ِْ ‫َع َالمات‬
‫اال ْس ِم‬ َ

1. Preceded by an ‫اَ ْل‬ e.g. ‫ح ْمد‬ َ ْ‫ال‬

2. Preceded by a ‫حرف جر‬ e.g. ‫بَِزيْ ٍد‬
3. ‫ تنوين‬on the last letter. e.g. ‫َرجل‬
4. ‫سنَد اِلَْيه‬
ْ ‫ مبتدا ( م‬or ‫) فاعل‬ e.g. ‫َزيْد قَائِم‬
5. ‫ضاف‬
َ‫م‬ e.g. ‫غالَم َزيْ ٍد‬
6. ‫صغَّر‬
َ‫م‬ e.g. ‫ر َج ْيل‬, ‫ق َريْش‬
7. ‫َم ْنس ْوب‬ e.g. ‫ ِه ْن ِدي‬,‫ادي‬
ِ ‫ب غْ َد‬
َ
8. Dual ( ‫) تثنية‬ e.g. ‫َرج َال ِن‬
9. Plural ( ‫) جمع‬ e.g. ‫ِر َجال‬
10. ‫َم ْوص ْوف‬ e.g. ‫َرجل َك ِريْم‬
11. Ending with a round ‫ة‬ e.g. ‫ضا ِربَة‬
َ
Note: Verbs are said to be dual and plural in respect of their doers (‫ )فاعل‬....the action is one, thus dual
and plural are signs of a noun and not a verb e.g. ‫( يَ ْف َعالَ ِن‬those two men are doing or will do), ‫( يَ ْف َعل ْو َن‬all
those men are doing or will do.) The action is one in these examples, but the number of people doing
them are two or more. Remember this well!

SIGNS OF A VERB
‫َع َال َمات ال ِْف ْع ِل‬
1. Preceded by ‫قَ ْد‬ e.g. ‫ب‬
َ ‫ض َر‬
َ ‫قَ ْد‬ Definitely he hit.
2. Preceded by ‫س‬ e.g. ‫ض ِرب‬ْ َ‫َسي‬ He will soon hit.
3. Preceded by ‫ف‬
َ ‫َس ْو‬ e.g. ‫ض ِرب‬
ْ َ‫ف ي‬
َ ‫ َس ْو‬He will hit after a while.
4. Preceded by ‫حرف جزم‬ e.g. ‫ب‬ْ ‫ض ِر‬
ْ َ‫َم ي‬
ْ‫ل‬
5. Preceded by ‫حرف نصب‬ َ ‫ض ِر‬
e.g. ‫ب‬ ْ َ‫َن ي‬
ْ‫ل‬
6. ‫ضمير متصل‬ e.g. ‫ض َربْت‬َ
7. Ends with ‫ت‬
ْ e.g. ‫ت‬
ْ َ‫ض َرب‬
َ
ِ
7. Imperative command ( ‫) امر‬ ْ ‫ض ِر‬
e.g. ‫ب‬ ْ‫ا‬
8. Negative command ( ‫) نهى‬ e.g. ْ ‫ض ِر‬
‫ب‬ ْ َ‫َال ت‬

SIGNS OF A PARTICLE
ِ ‫ع َالمات الْحر‬
‫ف‬ َْ َ َ

That word which has no sign of a noun or verb is a particle (a particle has no sign of its own). The harf
is not an objective in the speech, but merely serves as a connecting tool between:
a.) two ‫اسم‬s e.g. ‫( َزيْد فِ ْي ال ّدا ِر‬Zaid is in the house)
b.) an ‫ اسم‬and ‫ فعل‬e.g. ‫( َكتَْبت بِالْ َقلَ ِم‬I wrote with the pen),
c.) or between two ‫فعل‬s e.g. ‫صلِّي‬
َ ‫( ا ِريْد أ ْن ا‬I want to perform salaah).
َ

CHAPTER 4
DECLINABLE AND INDECLINABLE NOUNS
‫اَلْم ْع َرب َو ال َْم ْبنِ ُّى‬

Words are of two types with regard to the ‫ اعراب‬changes which takes place at its end.

1. ‫ معرب‬: that word in which the ‫ اعراب‬of the last letter changes.
e.g. ‫اء َرجل‬
َ ‫َج‬ ‫َراَيْت َرجال‬ ‫َم َرْرت بَِرج ٍل‬

NB. The ‫ اعراب‬of ‫ رجل‬kept on changing according to the requirement of the ‫عامل‬
That which changes on the last letter is called ‫اعراب‬, and ‫ عامل‬refers to the governing particle.

‫ اعراب‬are of two types:

1.) ‫ اعراب بالحركة‬i.e. ‫فتحة‬, ‫ضمة‬
ّ , ‫كسرة‬
2.) ‫ اعراب بالحرف‬i.e. ‫الف‬, ‫واو‬, ‫يا‬
The last letter of the word is called ‫( محل االعراب‬the place of the ‫)اعراب‬.
An example to illustrate these concepts:
In the sentence ‫اء َزيْد‬
َ ‫ َج‬, ‫اء‬
َ ‫ َج‬is the ‫ عامل‬and ‫ َزيْد‬has a ‫ضمة‬
ّ on the ‫د‬.
In the sentence, ‫ َرأيْت َزيْدا‬, ‫ َرأيْت‬is the ‫عامل‬, and ‫ َزيْد‬has a ‫ فتحة‬on the ‫د‬.
In the sentence, ‫ َم َر ْرت بَِزيْ ٍد‬, ‫ ب‬is the ‫عامل‬, and ‫ َزيْد‬has a ‫ كسرة‬on the ‫د‬.
‫ َزيْد‬is therefore ‫( معرب‬declineable), and the last letter of ‫ َزيْد‬, the ‫ د‬is the ‫محل االعراب‬. The ‫فتحة‬, ‫ضمة‬
ّ , ‫كسرة‬are
the ‫اعراب‬.

2. ‫ مبنى‬: that word in which the ‫ اعراب‬of the last letter remains constant. It never changes even though
the ‫ عامل‬changes.
e.g. ‫اء ه َذا‬
َ ‫َج‬ ‫َراَيْت ه َذا‬ ‫َم َرْرت بِه َذا‬

NB. The ‫ اعراب‬of ‫ ه َذا‬remained constant without changing according to the ‫ عامل‬requirement.

Types of ‫ مبنى‬:
1.) All ‫( حروف‬Particles) are ‫مبنى‬.
2.) The following ‫( فعل‬verbs) are ‫مبنى‬. a.) ‫( فعل ماضى‬past tense) b.) ‫( امر حاضر معروف‬command) c.) the ‫جمع‬
‫ غائب ( مؤنث‬and ‫ ) حاضر‬and the ‫ ثقيلة ( نون تاكيد‬and ‫ ) خفيفة‬of ‫فعل مضارع‬
3.) Only ‫ اسم غير متمكن‬are ‫مبنى‬.
‫ اسم متمكن‬are ‫ معرب‬on condition that they occur in a sentence. If they appear alone, they will be ‫مبنى‬.
(e.g. ‫ الْبَ ْيت‬on its own, out of a sentence, will have a ‫) رفع‬

‫ متَ َم ِّكن‬- Those (many) ‫ اسم‬which accepts any ‫ اعراب‬. ‫ تمكن‬means to give place. Since they give place to
differet ‫اعراب‬, these nouns are called ‫متَ َم ِّكن‬. They do not resemble ‫مبنى االصل‬.

‫ فعل مضارع‬besides the ‫ جمع مؤنث‬and the ‫ نون تاكيد‬is also ‫ معرب‬.
So, only two types of words are ‫ معرب‬. 1.) Those nouns which do not resemble ‫مبنى االصل‬. 2.) ‫فعل مضارع‬
besides the ‫ جمع مؤنث‬and the ‫نون تاكيد‬

‫ غَْي ر الْمتَ َم ِّكن‬- Those nouns which resemble ‫ حروف ( مبنى االصل‬or ‫ فعل ماضى‬or ‫) امر حاضر معروف‬.
This resemblance can be in any one of the following ways :
a : In meaning... e.g the noun ‫( رَويْ َد‬give grace/respite) resembles the word ‫ل‬ ْ ‫ اَ ْم ِه‬which is ‫امر حاضر معروف‬
(one of the ‫)مبنى االصل‬. The noun ‫( اَيْ َن‬where) resembles a ‫ همزة‬in meaning, which is a ‫( حرف‬one of the ‫مبنى‬
‫)االصل‬.. The word ‫ات‬
َ ‫ َه ْي َه‬resembles the ‫( فعل‬verb) ‫بَع َد‬, which is ‫( فعل ماضي‬one of the ‫)مبنى االصل‬.
b : In dependency... e.g. the noun ‫ ) اسم اشارة ( ه َذا‬which is dependent on a ‫ مشار اليه‬to give meaning,
resembles a ‫( حرف‬one of the ‫ )مبنى االصل‬which is also dependent on another word to give meaning.
c : Less than three letters... e.g. the noun ‫ َم ْن‬and ‫ ذا‬which is less than three letters resembles a ‫حرف‬
(e.g. ‫ ) َو‬which is also generally less than three letters.
d : Having had a ‫ حرف‬originally... e.g. the noun ‫ش َر‬
َ ‫ اَ َح َد َع‬resembles a ‫ حرف‬in the sense that originally it
contained a ‫ش َر ( حرف‬
َ ‫) اَ َحد َو َع‬.

CHAPTER 5
 ‫مبنى ‪ or‬اسم غير متمكن ‪Types of‬‬

‫‪:‬مبنى ‪ or‬اسم غير متمكن ‪There are eight types of‬‬

‫مركب بنائى ‪ h.‬اسماء الكنايات ‪ g.‬اسماء الظروف ‪ f.‬اسماء االصوات ‪ e.‬اسماء االفعال ‪ d.‬اسماء االشارة ‪ c.‬االسماء الموصولة ‪ b.‬مضمرات ‪a.‬‬

‫مضمرات ‪1. PERSONAL PRONOUNS‬‬

‫‪ ) or third‬حاضر ( ‪ ) or second person‬متكلِّم ( ‪: those words which indicate towards the speaker‬مضمرات‬
‫‪ ). They are of five types:‬غائب ( ‪person‬‬

‫‪. They are 14 in total:‬فعل ‪ joined to the‬فاعل ‪ - This is the pronoun of the‬ضمير مرفوع متصل )‪1.‬‬
‫ض َربْ نَا‬
‫ض َربْت َ‬
‫ض َربْ ت َّن َ‬
‫ض َربْ ت َما َ‬ ‫ضربْ ِ‬
‫ت َ‬ ‫ض َربْ ت ْم َ َ‬
‫ض َربْ ت َما َ‬
‫ت َ‬
‫ض َربْ َ‬
‫ض َربْ َن َ‬
‫ض َربَتَا َ‬
‫ت َ‬
‫ض َربَ ْ‬
‫ض َرب ْوا َ‬
‫ض َربَا َ‬
‫ب َ‬
‫ض َر َ‬
‫َ‬

‫‪. They are 14 in total:‬فعل ‪ separated from the‬فاعل ‪ - This is the pronoun of the‬ضمير مرفوع منفصل )‪2.‬‬
‫ت اَنْ تما اَنْ تم اَنْ ِ‬
‫ت اَنْ ت َما اَنْ ت َّن اَنَا نَ ْحن‬ ‫ِ‬
‫ه َو ه َما ه ْم ه َى ه َما ه َّن اَنْ َ َ ْ‬

‫)‪َ , etc.‬خبَر ‪,‬م ْبتَدا ‪ as well (e.g.‬مرفوعات ‪ , but for other‬فاعل ‪Note: This pronoun does not only come for the‬‬

‫‪. They are 14 in‬فعل ‪) joined to the‬منصوبات ‪ (and other‬مفعول ‪ - This is the pronoun of the‬ضمير منصوب متصل )‪3.‬‬
‫‪total:‬‬
‫ض َربَنِ ْى َ‬
‫ض َربَنَا‬ ‫ض َربَك َّن َ‬
‫ض َربَك َما َ‬ ‫ضرب ِ‬
‫ك َ‬ ‫ض َربَك ْم َ َ َ‬
‫ض َربَك َما َ‬
‫ك َ‬
‫ض َربَ َ‬
‫ض َربَه َّن َ‬
‫ض َربَه َما َ‬
‫ض َربَ َها َ‬
‫ض َربَه ْم َ‬
‫ض َربَه َما َ‬
‫ض َربَه َ‬
‫َ‬
‫ض َربَنِ ْى ‪ as in‬اعراب ‪ to protect an‬ى ضمير ‪ ) is added before the‬نون الوقاية ( ن ‪(Note: Sometimes a‬‬
‫‪َ which would‬‬
‫ض َربِ ْى ‪otherwise incorrectly read as‬‬
‫)) مبنى على الفتح ‪ is‬ماضى ‪ of‬ل ‪ -‬كلمة ‪َ ( the‬‬

‫‪:‬ض َربَنِ ْى ‪ of‬تَ ْركِيب‬

‫ب َ‬ ‫‪ and‬فاعل ‪,‬فعل ‪. The‬مفعول ‪ is the‬ي ‪, the‬الوقاية ‪ is‬نون ‪, the‬فاعل ‪ is the‬ه َو ‪, the pronoun‬فعل ‪َ is‬‬
‫ض َر َ‬
‫الف ْعلِية الْ َخبَ ِريَّة ‪ join together to form‬مفعول‬
‫‪.‬اَلْجملَة ِ‬
‫ْ‬

‫‪. They‬فعل ‪) separated from the‬منصوبات ‪ (and other‬مفعول ‪ This is the pronoun of the‬ضمير منصوب منفصل )‪4.‬‬
‫‪are 14 in total:‬‬

‫اى اِيَّانَا‬ ‫ِ ِ‬ ‫ِ ِ ِِ‬ ‫اِيَّاه اِيَّاهما اِيَّاهم اِيَّاها اِيَّاهما اِيَّاه َّن اِيَّ َ ِ‬
‫اك ايَّاك َما ايَّاك ْم ايَّاك ايَّاك َما ايَّاك َّن ايَّ َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ْ َ‬ ‫َ‬
‫‪ as well. For the sake of ease,‬منصوبات ‪, but for other‬مفعول ‪Note: This pronoun does not only come for the‬‬
‫‪ was mentioned.‬مفعول ‪only the‬‬

‫‪ is before this pronoun:‬حرف الجر ‪ : A‬ضمير مجرور بحرف الجر )‪5.‬‬

‫َك لَك َما لَك َّن لِ ْى لَنَا‬
‫َك لَكما لَكم ل ِ‬
‫لَه لَه َما لَه ْم ل ََها لَه َما لَه َّن ل َ َ ْ‬
‫‪ is before this pronoun.‬مضاف ‪ : A‬ضمير مجرور بِاالضافة )‪6.‬‬
‫َداره َداره َما َداره ْم َدارَها َداره َما َداره َّن َدار َك َدارك َما َدارك ْم َدار ِك َدارك َما َدارك َّن َدا ِر ْى َدارنَا‬

‫‪Note:‬‬
A ‫ مذكر غائب ضمير‬sometimes appears at the beginning of a sentence without a ‫( َم ْر َجع‬an earlier word that
it refers to). The sentence after it clarifies such a ‫ ضمير‬e.g. ‫ اِنَّه َزيْد قَائِم‬This pronoun is called ‫الشاْ ِن‬
َّ ‫ض ِم ْي ر‬
َ

A ‫ مؤنث غائب ضمير‬sometimes appears at the beginning of a sentence without a ‫( َم ْر َجع‬an earlier word
ِ َ‫ اِنَّها ف‬This pronoun is called ‫ض ِمي ر‬
that it refers to). The sentence after it clarifies such a ‫ ضمير‬e.g. ‫اط َمة قَائِ َمة‬ َ ْ َ
َّ ‫ال ِْق‬
‫ص ِة‬

2. THE RELATIVE PRONOUNS ‫ْم ْوص ْولَة‬ َ ‫اَْالَ ْس َماء ال‬

‫ اسم موصول‬: that noun which is followed by an independent sentence which relates to it.
These are:
‫ان اَللَّتَ ْي ِن اَ َّلالتِ ْى اَللَّ َواتِ ْى َما َم ْن اَي اَيَّة اَ ْل بمعنى اَلَّ ِذ ْى ذ ْو بمعنى اَلَّ ِذ ْى‬
ِ َ‫ان اَللَّ َذي ِن اَلَّ ِذين اَلَّتِى اَللَّت‬
ْ َْ ْ
ِ ‫اَلَّ ِذى اَللَّ َذ‬
ْ
Masculine

‫واحد‬ ‫ اَلَّ ِذ ْى‬: who, that, which

‫تثنية‬ ِ ‫ اَللَّ َذ‬: those two who, that, which ...........
‫ان‬ ‫حالة رفع‬
‫تثنية‬ ‫ اَللَّ َذيْ ِن‬: those two who, that, which ........... ‫حالة نصب و جر‬
‫جمع‬ ‫ اَلَّ ِذيْ َن‬: those who, that, which

Feminine

‫واحد‬ ‫ اَلَّتِ ْى‬: who, that, which

‫تثنية‬ ِ َ‫ اَللَّت‬: those two who, that, which ...........
‫ان‬ ‫حالة رفع‬
‫تثنية‬ ‫ اَللَّتَ ْي ِن‬: those two who, that, which ........... ‫حالة نصب و جر‬
‫جمع‬ ‫ اَ َّلالتِ ْى‬: those who, that, which
‫جمع‬ ‫ اَللَّ َواتِ ْى‬: those who, that, which

‫ اَ ْل‬which appears before an ‫ اسم فاعل‬and an ‫ اسم مفعول‬will have the effect of an ‫ اسم موصول‬e.g. ‫اَلضَّا ِرب‬
would have the meaning of ‫ب‬ َ ‫ اَلَّ ِذ ْى‬and ‫ضرْوب‬
َ ‫ض َر‬ ْ ‫ اَل َْم‬would have the meaning of ‫ب‬ ِ
َ ‫اَلَّذ ْى ض ِر‬.
‫ ذ ْو‬according to the dialect of the tribe ‫ بَن ْو طَ ْى‬is an ‫ اسم موصول‬e.g. ‫ك‬
َ َ‫ض َرب‬
َ ‫اء ذ ْو‬
َ ‫ َج‬would have the meaning
of ‫ك‬ َ ‫اء اَلَّ ِذ ْى‬
َ َ‫ض َرب‬ َ ‫ َج‬.

‫ اَي‬and ‫ اَيَّة‬: they are generally ‫ معرب‬and are only used with ‫اضافت‬

Note: An ‫ اسم موصول‬on its own cannot form a complete part of a sentence. It must have a ‫ صلة‬which
would relate (refer back) to it. The sentence following the ‫ اسم موصول‬is called the ‫ صلة‬and will be a ‫جملة‬
‫ خبرية‬which will have a ‫( ضمير‬visible or hidden) which would refer to the ‫اسم موصول‬
The ‫ تَ ْركِيب‬for the sentence ‫ى اَب ْوه َعالِم‬ ِ
ْ ‫اء الَّذ‬
َ ‫( َج‬The boy whose father is learned came) will be done as
follows:
‫اء‬ ِ َّ
َ ‫ َج‬is ‫فعل‬, ‫ الذ ْى‬is ‫اسم موصول‬, ‫ اَب ْو‬is ‫مضاف‬, ‫ ه‬is ‫مضاف اليه‬. The ‫ مضاف‬and ‫ مضاف اليه‬joins together to form
‫مبتدا‬. ‫ َعالِم‬is ‫خبر‬. The ‫ مبتدا‬and ‫ خبر‬join to form ‫ الجملة االسمية‬which then becomes the ‫صلة‬. The ‫اسم موصول‬
and ‫ صلة‬join to become the ‫فاعل‬. ‫ فعل‬and ‫ فاعل‬join to become ‫الجملة الفعلية الخبرية‬.

Do the ‫ تَ ْركِيب‬for the following sentences:

a.) ‫ك‬ َ ‫اء اَلَّ ِذ ْى‬
َ َ‫ض َرب‬ َ ‫َج‬
b.) ‫اك‬ َ ‫َراَيْت اللَّ َذيْ ِن‬
َ َ‫ض َرب‬
َ ‫َم َرْرت بِاَلَّ ِذيْ َن‬
c.) ‫ض َرب ْو َك‬

َ ‫اَ ْك ِرْم َم ْن أ ْك َرَم‬

d.) ‫ك‬
e.) ‫ت‬
َ ‫قَ َراْت َما َكتَْب‬

3. THE DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUN ِ‫ارة‬ ِ

َ ‫اَ ْس َماء ْاال َش‬

‫اسم االشارة‬: that noun which is used to point out something. They are of two types ......
‫ قريب‬.... for pointing out something near.
‫ بعيد‬.... for pointing out something far.

‫قريب‬ ‫بعيد‬
Masculine Masculine
‫واحد‬ = ‫ ه َذا‬this ‫ك‬َ ِ‫ذل‬ that
‫تثنية‬ ِ ‫ ه َذ‬these two ...
‫ان‬ = ‫حالة رفع‬ ‫ك‬َ ِ‫َذان‬ those two ... ‫حالة رفع‬
‫ ه َذيْ ِن = تثنية‬these two ... ‫حالة نصب و جر‬ ‫ك‬َ ِ‫ذَيْن‬ those two ... ‫حالة نصب و جر‬
‫ هؤالَ ِء = جمع‬these َ ِ‫اوالَئ‬
‫ك‬ those

Feminine Feminine
‫= واحد‬ ِ‫هذه‬
ِ this َ ‫ تِل‬that
‫ْك‬
‫= تثنية‬ ِ َ‫ َهات‬these two ...
‫ان‬ ‫حالة رفع‬ ‫ك‬َ ِ‫ تَان‬those two ... ‫حالة رفع‬
‫= تثنية‬ ‫ َهاتَ ْي ِن‬these two ... ‫حالة نصب و جر‬ ‫ك‬ َ ِ‫ تَ ْين‬those two ... ‫حالة نصب و جر‬
‫= جمع‬ ‫ هؤالَ ِء‬these َ ِ‫ اوالَئ‬those
‫ك‬

The word pointed out is called ‫مشار اليه‬. An example of this is the following sentence:
‫ه َذا الْ َقلَم نَِف ْيس‬
In this sentence, the word ‫ الْ َقلَم‬is the ‫مشار اليه‬.
The ‫ تَ ْركِيب‬for the above sentence will be done as follows:
‫ ه َذا‬is ‫اسم االشارة‬, ‫ الْ َقلَم‬is ‫مشار اليه‬. The ‫ اسم االشارة‬and ‫ مشار اليه‬will join together to become ‫مبتدا‬. ‫ نَِف ْيس‬is ‫خبر‬.
The ‫ مبتدا‬and ‫ خبر‬will join to form ‫الجملة االسمية الخبرية‬.
‫الجملة‬
EXERCISE
1.Translate and make ‫ تَ ْركِيب‬of the following sentences.
a. ‫ه َذا الْبَ ْيت قَ ِديْم‬
b. ‫س ِع ْي ٍد‬ ِِ
َ ‫هؤالَء ا ْخ َوان‬
c. ‫حة‬ ِ ‫هذهِ الْمرأة‬ ِ
َ ‫صال‬ َ
ِ َ‫ان أ ْخت‬
d. ‫ان‬ ِ َ‫ان الْبِْنت‬
ِ َ‫َهات‬
e. ‫س ِة‬ َ ِ‫اوالَئ‬
َ ‫ك ط َّالب ال َْم ْد َر‬

ِ ‫اَ ْسماء ْاالَفْ َع‬

‫ال‬
4. THOSE NOUNS WHICH HAVE THE MEANING OF VERBS. َ
They are of two types a.) Nouns which have the meaning of ‫ ( فعل ماضى‬would give the noun after it a
‫ضمة‬
ّ ) e.g.
‫ات‬
َ ‫( َه ْي َه‬far from)
‫( َشتَّا َن‬what a difference)
‫( َس ْر َعا َن‬hastened)

b.) Nouns which have the meaning of ‫ ( امر حاضر‬would give the noun after it a ‫ ) فتحة‬e.g.
‫( رَويْ َد‬give respite, let him be slow)
َ‫( بَلْه‬leave, give up)
‫( َحيَّ َه ْل‬come)
‫( َهل َّم‬come)
‫ك‬ َ َ‫( د ْون‬take)
‫ك‬َ ‫( َعلَْي‬hold firm)
‫( َها‬catch hold of)

ِ ‫صو‬
‫ات‬
5. THOSE NOUNS WHICH DENOTE A SOUND. َ ْ َ‫اَ ْس َماء ْاال‬
‫ا ْح ا ْح‬ : To denote a cough.
‫ف‬ْ ‫ا‬ : To denote pain.
‫بَ ْخ‬ : To denote happiness, pleasure.
‫نَ َّخ‬ : To make a camel sit.
‫غَا َق‬ : To denote the cawing of a crow.

ِ ‫اَسماء الظُّرو‬
6. ADVERBS ‫ف‬ ْ َْ

The noun that gives us an idea of the place or time when (or where) some work is done.

They are of two kinds :

1. ‫ ظرف زمان‬: the adverb of time. These are:
ُّ َ‫س م ْذ م ْنذ ق‬
‫ط َع ْوض قَ ْبل بَ ْعد‬ ِ ‫ف اَيَّا َن اَ ْم‬ ِ ِ
َ ‫ا ْذ اذَا َمتى َك ْي‬
‫( اِ ْذ‬when) - This ‫ ظرف‬gives the meaning of past tense even though it appears before ‫فعل مضارع‬.The
sentence after ‫ اِ ْذ‬could be a ‫ جملة اسمية‬or a ‫ جملة فعلية‬e.g. ‫الش ْمس طَالِ َعة‬
َّ ‫ك اِ ْذ‬
َ ‫ ِج ْئت‬or ‫الش ْمس‬
َّ ‫ت‬ِ ‫ك اِ ْذ طَلَع‬
َ َ ‫( ِج ْئت‬I
came to you when the sun was rising.)

‫( اِذَا‬when) - This ‫ ظرف‬gives the meaning of future tense even though it appears before ‫ فعل ماضى‬e.g.
ِ ‫صر‬ ِ ِ َّ ‫ك اِذَا‬
‫اهلل‬ ْ َ‫اء ن‬
َ ‫( ا َذا َج‬When the help of Allaah will come) or ‫الش ْمس طَال َعة‬ َ ‫( اتِْي‬I will come to you when the
sun rises.)
Sometimes ‫ اِذَا‬gives the meaning of suddenness (‫اجاة‬ ِ
َ ‫ )م َف‬e.g. ‫السبع َواقف‬
ِ
ّ ‫) َخ َر ْجت فَاذَا‬I came out and
suddenly a wild animal was standing.)

‫( َمتى‬when) – This ‫ ظرف‬is used as an interrogative ( ‫ ) استفهام‬e.g. ‫سافِر‬

َ ‫( َمتى ت‬When will you travel ?)
It is used as a conditional noun in which case the ‫ شرط‬and ‫ جزا‬will get a ‫ جزم‬e.g. ‫َمتى تَص ْم اَص ْم‬
(When you fast I will fast.)

‫ف‬
َ ‫( َك ْي‬how) – This ‫ ظرف‬is used to enquire condition e.g. ‫ك‬
َ ‫ف َحال‬
َ ‫( َك ْي‬How are you ?) ( In what condition
are you? )

‫( اَيَّا َن‬when) – This ‫ ظرف‬is used to enquire time e.g. ‫اَيَّا َن يَ ْوم الدِّيْ ِن‬ (When will the day of recompense
be?)
NB. ‫ اَيَّا َن‬is used to enquire of great events of the future as compared to ‫ َمتى‬which is commonly used.

ِ ‫( َجائَنِ ْى َزيْد اَ ْم‬Zaid came to me yesterday.)

ِ ‫( اَ ْم‬yesterday) e.g. ‫س‬
‫س‬

‫ م ْذ‬/ ‫( م ْنذ‬since, from) – This ‫ ظرف‬is used to show a whole time period or the beginning portion of that
period e.g.
e.g. ‫ م ْذ يَ ْوِم الْجم َع ِة‬- ‫َما َراَيْ ته م ْنذ‬ (I did not see him since Friday.)
or ‫ م ْذ يَ ْوَم ْي ِن‬- ‫َما َراَيْ ته م ْنذ‬ (I did not see him for two days.)

ُّ َ‫( ق‬not, never) – This ‫ ظرف‬is used to emphasize ‫ ماضى منفى‬e.g. ‫ط‬
‫ط‬ ُّ َ‫اضربْ ته ق‬
َ َ ‫( َم‬I never hit him.)

‫( َع ْوض‬never) – This ‫ ظرف‬is used to emphasize ‫ مضارع منفى‬e.g. ‫ض ِربه َع ْوض‬

ْ َ‫( الَ ا‬I will never hit him.)

‫( قَ ْبل‬before)
‫( بَ ْعد‬after)
These are ‫ مبنى‬when they are ‫ مضاف‬and the ‫ مضاف اليه‬is not mentioned, but intended.
e.g. 1.) ‫ّه ْاالَ ْمر ِم ْن قَ ْبل َو ِم ْن بَ ْعد‬
ِ ‫( لِل‬Allaah’s is the decision before and after.) ( ‫) ِمن قَ ب ِل ك ِّل َشي ٍئ و ِمن ب ع ِد ك ِّل َشي ٍئ‬
ْ َْ ْ َ ْ ْ ْ
ِ
2.) ‫اضر م ْن قَ ْبل‬ِ ‫( أنا ح‬I was present before you.) )‫ك‬ ِ
َ ِ‫(م ْن قَ ْبل‬
َ
3.) ‫َمتى تَ ِج ْيئ نَا بَ ْعد‬ (When will you come to us after this?) )‫(بَ ْع َد ه َذا‬

NB. When the ‫ مضاف اليه‬is mentioned they will be ‫ معرب‬e.g. ‫ِم ْن قَ ْب ِل الْ َف ْت ِح‬
2. ‫ ظرف مكان‬: the adverbs of place. These are:
‫َح ْيث قدَّام َخلْف تَ ْحت فَ ْوق ِع ْن َد اَيْ َن اَنّى لَدى لَد ْن‬

‫( َح ْيث‬where) – This ‫ ظرف‬is generally ‫ مضاف‬to a sentence e.g. ‫س َح ْيث َزيْد َجالِس‬ ِ ِ
ْ ‫( ا ْجل‬Sit where Zaid is
sitting.)

‫( قدَّام‬in front of)

‫( َخلْف‬behind)
The same rules as ‫ قَ ْبل‬and ‫ بَ ْعد‬apply here e.g. ( ‫َّامه َو َخ ْل َفه‬
َ ‫ام النَّاس قدَّام َو َخلْف ) قد‬
َ َ‫( ق‬The people stood in
front of him and behind him.)

‫( تَ ْحت‬under)
‫( فَ ْوق‬on top, above)
The same rules as ‫قَ ْبل‬and ‫بَ ْعد‬apply here e.g. ( ِ‫ج َرة‬ َّ ‫الش َج َرةِ َو فَ ْو َق‬
َ ‫الش‬ َّ ‫ت‬َ ‫س َزيْد تَ ْحت َو َع ْمرو فَ ْوق ) تَ ْح‬
َ َ‫( َجل‬Zaid sat
under the tree and Amr on the tree.)

‫( ِع ْن َد‬by, at, near, with) e.g. ‫( ال َْمال ِع ْن َد َزيْ ٍد‬The goods are with Zaid.)

‫ اَنّى‬- ‫( اَيْ َن‬where, how) – These are used for ‫ استفهام‬e.g. ‫( اَيْ َن تَ ْذ َهب‬Where are you going?)
‫( اَنّى تَ ْقع ْد‬Where are you sitting?)
They are also used for ‫ شرط ( شرط‬and ‫ جزا‬will get a ‫ ) جزم‬e.g. ‫س‬ ِ ِ
ْ ‫س اَ ْجل‬
ْ ‫( اَيْ َن تَ ْجل‬Where you sit, I will sit.)
‫س‬ ِ ِ
ْ ‫س اَ ْجل‬ ْ ‫( اَنّى تَ ْجل‬Where you sit, I will sit.)
‫ اَنّى‬is also used in the meaning of ‫ف‬ َ ‫ َك ْي‬when it appears after a ‫ فعل‬e.g.
‫ف ِش ْئت ْم‬
َ ‫( فَأْتواْ َح ْرثَك ْم أَنَّى ِش ْئت ْم اي َك ْي‬Approach your farm in whichever manner you wish)

‫( لَدى – لَد ْن‬at, by, near, with) ( same meaning as ‫ ِع ْن َد‬e.g. ‫( ال َْمال لَدى َزيْ ٍد‬The goods are with Zaid.)
‫ لَد ْن ( ِم ْن لَد ْن َح ِك ْي ٍم َخبِْي ٍر‬is generally used with ‫) ِم ْن‬
NB. difference between ‫ لَدى – لَد ْن‬and ‫ ِع ْن َد‬.......
‫ لَدى – لَد ْن‬: the possessed thing must be present with the person.
‫ِع ْن َد‬ : the possessed thing need not be present with the person.
Thus, ‫ ِع ْن َد‬is more general, as compared to the other two words.

Note 1.) These ‫ ظروف‬are all ‫ مبنى‬on ‫ضمة‬

ّ :
ُّ َ‫قَ ْبل بَ ْعد تَ ْحت فَ ْوق قدَّام َخلْف َح ْيث م ْنذ ق‬
‫ط َع ْوض‬
These ‫ ظروف‬are all ‫ مبنى‬on ‫فتحة‬:
‫ف اَيْ َن ِع ْن َد‬
َ ‫اَيَّا َن َك ْي‬
This ‫ ظرف‬is ‫ مبنى‬on ‫كسرة‬:
ِ ‫اَ ْم‬
‫س‬
The remaining are ‫ مبنى‬on ‫سكون‬.

2.) That adverb which is ‫ معرب‬, and is ‫ مضاف‬to a sentence or the word ‫ اِ ْذ‬, could be ‫ مبنى على الفتح‬or it
could get the ‫ اعراب‬according to the ‫عامل‬
e.g. the adverb ‫ يوم‬which is ‫ مضاف‬in the aayat .......
ِ ‫ادقِين‬
‫ص ْدق ه ْم‬ ِ َّ ‫ ه َذا ي وم ي ْن َفع‬This can also be read : ‫ ه َذا ي وم‬just as one reads ‫يَّومئِ ٍذ‬
َ ْ ‫الص‬ َ َْ َ َْ َْ
ِ
ِ ‫ْكنَاي‬
‫ات‬
7. THOSE NOUNS WHICH INDICATE TOWARDS AN UNSPECIFIED QUANTITY. َ ‫اَ ْس َماء ال‬

‫ َك ْم – َك َذا‬: so many, so much, how many, how much (used for numbers)
‫ت‬َ ْ‫ت ذَي‬
َ ‫ َك ْي‬: so and so, such and such

8. THE NUMERICAL PHRASE ‫مركب بنائ‬ e.g. ‫ش َر‬

َ ‫اَ َح َد َع‬

CHAPTER SIX
THE RELATIVE ADJECTIVE
‫اَِْال ْسم ال َْم ْنس ْوب‬

That noun which shows something or someone to be related to it.

ِ ‫ب ْغ َد‬
e.g. ‫ادى‬ َ someone from or something of Bagdad.
‫ِه ْن ِدي‬ inhabitant of India or something made in India
‫ص ْرفِي‬
َ a person who is an expert in sarf
‫نَ ْح ِوي‬ a person who is an expert in nahw
To show this relation a ‫ي‬ ّ ( ‫ ) ياء النّسبة المش ّددة‬preceded by a ‫ كسرة‬is added at the end of the noun after
effecting the following changes.
Rules of forming a relative adjective:
1. If a three or four-lettered noun ends with an ‫ ) ي ( الف مقصورة‬then change the ‫ ) ي ( الف مقصورة‬to a ‫و‬
e.g. ‫ِع ْيسى‬ becomes ‫س ِوى‬َ ‫ع ْي‬
ِ
‫َم ْولى‬ becomes ‫َم ْولَ ِوي‬
NB. In the case of a five-lettered noun the ‫ ) ي ( الف مقصورة‬should be dropped.
e.g. ‫صطَفى‬
ْ ‫م‬ becomes ‫صطَِفى‬
ْ ‫م‬

2. If a noun ends with an ‫ ) اء ( الف ممدودة‬then change the ‫ ء‬to a ‫و‬

e.g. ‫س َماء‬
َ becomes ‫َس َما ِوى‬
‫ضاء‬
َ ‫بَْى‬ becomes ‫ضا ِوى‬َ ‫بَْى‬
3. That noun which already ends with a ‫ ى‬would not require a ‫ياء النّسبة‬
e.g. ‫شافِ ِعى‬
َ would remain as is. (This refers to the great imam as well as those who follow his
madhab.)
4. The round ‫ ة‬at the end of a noun would be dropped.
َّ ‫َم‬
e.g. ‫كة‬ becomes ‫َم ِّكى‬
‫ك ْوفَة‬ becomes ‫ك ْوفِي‬

The round ‫ ة‬and ‫ ى‬of a noun which appears on the scales of ‫ فَ ِع ْي لَة‬and ‫ ف َع ْي لَة‬would be dropped.
e.g. ‫َم ِديْ نَة‬ becomes ‫َم َدنِى‬
‫ج َه ْي نَة‬ becomes ‫ج َهنِى‬

5. That noun which appears on the scale of ‫ فَ ِع ْيل‬and ends with a ‫ ى‬,then change the first ‫ ى‬to a ‫و‬
preceded by a ‫فتحة‬
e.g. ‫) َعلِ ْيى ( َعلِى‬ becomes ‫َعلَ ِوى‬
‫) نَبِْيي ( نَبِي‬ becomes ‫نَبَ ِوي‬

6. If the fourth letter of a noun is a ‫ ى‬preceded by a ‫كسرة‬, then drop the ‫ ى‬or change it to a ‫و‬
e.g. ‫ِد ْهلِى‬ becomes ‫ِد ْهلِى‬ or ‫ِد ْهلَ ِوى‬

7. If an original letter from the end of a noun was dropped, first bring it back, then make the relative
adjective.
e.g. ‫ اَبَو ( اَب‬originally ) becomes ‫اَبَ ِوى‬
‫ اَ َخو ( اَخ‬originally ) becomes ‫اَ َخ ِوى‬
‫ َد َمو ( َدم‬originally ) becomes ‫َد َم ِوى‬

8. Some words do not follow any particular rule. They are based on usage.
e.g. ‫ن ْور‬ becomes ‫ن ْوَرانِى‬
‫َحق‬ becomes ‫َح َّقانِى‬
‫َر ْي‬ becomes ‫َرا ِزي‬
ِ‫ب‬
‫اديَة‬ ‫بَ َد ِوي‬
َ becomes

CHAPTER 7
THE DIMINUTIVE NOUN
‫َّص ِغ ْي ر‬
ْ ‫اَِْال ْسم الت‬

That noun which is used to express the diminutive form, affection or contempt.

Rules :
1. A three-lettered noun would come on the scale of ‫( ف َع ْيل‬or ‫ ف َع ْي لَة‬for feminine).
e.g. ‫َرجل‬ becomes ‫( ر َج ْيل‬a little man)
‫َع ْبد‬ becomes ‫( عبَ ْيد‬a small slave)

2. A four-lettered noun would come on the scale of ‫ف َع ْي ِعل‬

e.g. ‫َج ْع َفر‬ becomes ‫ج َع ْي ِفر‬
3. A five-lettered noun, without a ‫ ي‬- ‫ ا‬- ‫ و‬as the fourth letter, would also come on the scale of
‫ف َع ْي ِعل‬ The fifth letter would be dropped e.g. ‫س َف ْر َجل‬
َ becomes ‫س َف ْيرِج‬

A five-lettered noun, having a ‫ ي‬- ‫ ا‬- ‫ و‬as the fourth letter, would come on the scale of ‫ف َع ْي ِع ْيل‬
e.g. ‫قِ ْرطَاس‬ becomes ‫ق َريْ ِط ْيس‬

Note:1. In the diminutive form the hidden ‫ ة‬of a ‫ مؤنث سماعى‬would become apparent.
e.g. ‫ش ْمس‬
َ becomes ‫سة‬
َ ‫ش َم ْي‬
‫ْأرض‬ becomes ‫ضة‬
َ ْ‫ا َري‬

2. In the diminutive form the last letter of a noun which has been dropped would become
apparent.
e.g. ‫ ( اِبْن‬was ‫) بَ ْن و‬ becomes ‫ب نَى‬ (was ‫ ب نَ ْي و‬which underwent a morphological –
‫ صرفى‬process).

CHAPTER 8
THE DEFINITE AND COMMON NOUNS
ِ ‫اَلْمع ِرفَة و الن‬
‫َّك َرة‬ َ َْ
Nouns are of two types with regards to them being specified or unspecified:
‫ معرفة‬: that noun which denotes a specific thing. There are seven types of ‫معرفة‬
1. ‫ضمير‬ : Personal pronoun.... refer to page 22.

2. ‫َعلَم‬ : Proper noun.... name of a specific person, place or thing.

e.g. ‫َزيْد‬ ‫ِد ْهلِى‬ ‫َزْم َزم‬

3. ‫اسم اشارة‬ : The demonstrative pronoun.... refer to page 27.

4. ‫اسم موصول‬ : The relative pronoun.... refer to page 25.

ِ ‫اَلْم َع َّرف‬
5. ‫ب اَ ْل‬ : That noun which has ‫( اَ ْل‬definite particle) at the beginning.
e.g. ‫لرجل‬
َّ َ‫ا‬ .... the man

6. ‫ مضاف الى المعرفة‬- That common noun ( ‫ ) نكرة‬which is ‫ مضاف‬to any of the above five ‫( معرفة‬definite
nouns) e.g. ‫ك كِتَابِ ْي غالَم َزيْ ٍد غالَمه‬
َ ‫فَ َرس‬ ‫َساكِن ال ّدهلِ ْي‬ ‫َماء َزْم َزَم‬ ‫كِتَاب ه َذا‬ َ ِ‫فَ َرس ذال‬
‫ك‬ ‫غالَم الَّ ِذ ْى ِع ْن َد َك‬
ْ َ‫الرج ِل بِْنت الّتِ ْي ذَ َهب‬
‫ت‬ َّ ‫قَ لَم‬

: The vocative noun.... that noun which appears after an interjection ( ‫ ) حرف نِداء‬e.g. ‫يَا َرجل‬
7. ‫اَلْمنَادى‬
The word ‫ َرجل‬is referred to as the ‫منَادى‬.
‫ نكرة‬: that noun which denotes an unspecified thing.... i.e. a common noun.
e.g. ‫ فَ َرس‬refers to any unspecified horse (‫)نكرة‬. However, when it becomes ‫ مضاف‬to any
noun, then it becomes specified (‫ )معرفة‬e.g. ‫فَ َرس ه َذا فَ َرس َزيْ ٍد‬

CHAPTER 9
THE MASCULINE AND FEMININE NOUN
‫الْم َذ َّكر َو الْم َؤنَّث‬

‫ اَِْال ْسم الْم َذ َّكر‬: The masculine noun.... that noun which does not have any sign of being feminine.
‫ اَِْال ْسم الْم َؤنَّث‬: The feminine noun.... that noun which has a sign of being feminine ( ‫ث‬ ِ ‫) َع َالمات التَّاْنِْي‬,
َ
whether apparent or hidden.

ِ ‫ َع َالمات التَّاْنِْي‬: There are two signs of being feminine.

‫ث‬ َ
ِ ِ
1. ‫( اَلْم َؤنَّث الْقيَاس ُّى‬according to rule) : That feminine noun which has any of the following signs ....
... ‫ ة‬even though it appears on a masculine proper name.
e.g. ‫ارة‬َ َّ‫َسي‬ ‫ْحة‬
َ ‫طَل‬
At times, the ‫ ة‬does not appear outwardly, but is regarded to be there (‫ )حكْما‬e.g. ‫ – َع ْق َرب‬the fourth letter
is in the same ruling as the ‫ة‬.
... ‫)ى (الف مقصورة‬ e.g. ‫صغْرى‬ ‫ح ْبلى‬ ‫ك ْبرى‬
... ‫)اء (الف ممدودة‬ e.g. ‫َح ْم َراء‬ ‫ضاء‬
َ ‫بَ ْي‬

ِ ‫السم‬
2. ‫اع ُّى‬ َ ِّ ‫( اَلْم َؤنَّث‬according to usage) : That feminine noun in which the sign of being feminine is
hidden, and is determined by looking at the diminutive form ( ‫ )تصغير‬of a particular word
(which reveals the original letters of a word).
e.g. ‫ اَ ْرض‬... the diminutive form being ‫ضة‬
َ ْ‫ا َري‬
‫ َش ْمس‬... the diminutive form being ‫سة‬
َ ‫ش َم ْي‬

With regards to essence, ‫ اَلْم َؤنَّث‬is of two types:

‫م َؤنَّث َح ِق ْي ِقى‬ ...that feminine which has an opposite masculine gender, whether the sign of being
feminine is present or not. An example of this is ‫ اِ ْم َراَة‬the opposite of which is ‫ َرجل‬, and ‫( أتَان‬female
donkey) the opposite of which is ‫( ِح َمار‬male donkey.)

5. ‫ م َؤنَّث لَ ْف ِظى‬...that feminine which does not have an opposite masculine gender e.g. ‫ْمة‬
َ ‫ ظل‬and ‫( َع ْين‬eye,
spring.)

CHAPTER 10
SINGULAR, DUAL, PLURAL
ِ‫و‬
‫احد َو تَثْنِيَة َو َج ْمع‬ َ

With regards to quantity, nouns are of three types:

‫ واحد‬: That noun which denotes one e.g. ‫( َرجل‬one man), ‫( اِ ْم َرأة‬one woman)
‫ تثنية‬: That noun which denotes two.
: It is formed by placing at the end of a singular ( ‫ ) واحد‬...
ِ]
... an ‫ الف‬preceded by a ‫ فتحة‬and a ‫ ) الف ما قبلها مفتوح و نون مكسورة ( نون مكسورة‬i.e. [ ََ - ‫ان‬
for ‫حالة رفع‬
e.g. ‫) حالة رفع ( َرج َال ِن‬ two men
... a ‫ ياء ساكن‬preceded by a ‫ فتحة‬and a ‫ ) ياء ما قبلها مفتوح و نون مكسورة ( نون مكسورة‬i.e. [ ََ - ‫]يْ ِن‬
for ‫حالة نصب و جر‬
e.g. ‫) حالة نصب و جر ( َرجلَْي ِن‬ two men

‫ جمع‬: That noun which denotes more than two. Some change is made in the singular word to form the
plural. This additional portion is sometimes visibly seen (‫ )لفظا‬e.g. ‫سلِم ْو َن‬
ْ ‫ م‬and ‫ ; ِر َجال‬and sometimes
hidden (‫ )تقديرا‬e.g. ‫ ف لْك‬which comes on the scale of ‫( ق ْفل‬one ship); and ‫ ف لْك‬which comes on the scale
of ‫( ا ْسد‬many ships).
TYPES OF PLURAL
‫ْج ْم ِع‬
َ ‫ْسام ال‬
َ ‫اَق‬

‫سر‬
َّ ‫ْج ْمع الْم َك‬
َ ‫( اَل‬The broken plural) : That plural, the singular letter sequence/form of which, changes
when making it plural e.g. ‫ َرجل ( ِر َجال‬- singular) It is also called ‫ْج ْمع الْتّ ْك ِس ْي ر‬
َ ‫اَل‬.

‫السالِم‬
َّ ‫ْج ْمع‬
َ ‫( اَل‬The sound plural) : That plural, the singular letter sequence/form of which, does not
change when making it plural.
e.g. ‫سلِم ْو َن‬
ْ‫م‬ ‫ م ْسلِم‬... singular

They are of two types ....

1. ‫سالِم‬
َ ‫( َج ْمع م َذ َّك ٍر‬Masculine sound plural) : It is formed by adding at the end of a singular (‫ )واحد‬...
... a ‫ واو ساكن‬preceded by a ‫ضمة‬ ّ and a ‫ ) واو ما قبلها مضموم و نون مفتوحة ( نون مفتوحة‬i.e. [ َ- ‫ ] ْو َن‬for
‫ حالة الرفع‬e.g. ‫) حالة الرفع ( م ْسلِم ْو َن‬
... a ‫ ياء ساكن‬preceded by a ‫كسرة‬and a ‫ )ياء ما قبلها مكسور و نون مفتوحة (نون مفتوحة‬i.e. [ َِ - ‫]يْ َن‬
for ‫ حالة النصب و الجر‬e.g. ‫سلِ ِم ْي َن‬
ْ‫م‬ ( ‫) حالة النصب و الجر‬

2. ‫سالِم‬ ٍ
َ ‫( َج ْمع م َؤنَّث‬Feminine sound plural) : It is formed by adding at the end of a singular, after
discarding the round ‫ة‬....
... an ‫ الف‬preceded by a ‫ فتحة‬and a ‫ )الف ما قبلها مفتوح و تاء مضمومة ( تاء مضمومة‬i.e. [ ََ - ‫]ات‬
for ‫ حالة رفع‬e.g. ‫سلِ َمات‬
ْ‫م‬ (‫)حالة الرفع‬
ٍ ]
... an ‫الف‬preceded by a ‫فتحة‬and a ‫ )الف ما قبلها مفتوح و تاء مكسورة (تاء مكسورة‬i.e. [ ََ - ‫ات‬
ٍ ‫مسلِم‬
for ‫ حالة نصب و جر‬e.g. ‫ات‬ (‫)حالة النصب و الجر‬
َ ْ

With regards to meaning, ‫ َج ْمع‬is of two types:

 ‫َج ْمع قِلَّ ٍة‬ (Restricted plural) : That plural which denotes a number from three to ten. It has four
common scales ....
‫اَفْ عل‬ e.g. ‫اَ ْكلب‬ ‫َكلْب‬ (singular)
‫اَفْ َعال‬ e.g. ‫ْوال‬َ ‫اَق‬ ‫قَ ْول‬
‫اَفْ ِعلَة‬ ِ ‫اَط‬
e.g. ‫ْع َمة‬ ‫طَ َعام‬
‫فِ ْعلَة‬ e.g. ‫ْمة‬ ِ
َ ‫غل‬ ‫غ َالم‬
: The masculine and feminine sound plural which is not preceded by an ‫ اَ ْل‬is also
considered as ‫ جمع قلّة‬e.g. ‫ َعاقِل ْو َن‬and ‫عاقِ َالت‬.
َ

ٍ‫جمع َكثْ رة‬

َ َْ (Unrestricted plural): That plural which denotes a number from ten upwards. Some of the
common scales are ....
‫فِ َعال‬ e.g. ‫ِعبَاد‬ ‫( َع ْبد‬singular)
‫ف َع َالء‬ e.g. ‫علَ َماء‬ ‫َعلِ ْيم‬
‫اَفْ ِع َالء‬ e.g. ‫اَنْبِيَاء‬ ‫نَبِى‬
‫ف عل‬ e.g. ‫رسل‬ ‫َرس ْول‬
‫ف ع ْول‬ e.g. ‫نج ْوم‬ ‫نَ ْجم‬
‫ف عَّال‬ e.g. ‫خدَّام‬ ِ ‫َخ‬
‫ادم‬
‫فَ ْعلى‬ e.g. ‫َم ْرضى‬ ‫َم ِريْض‬
‫فَ َعلَة‬ e.g. ‫طَلَبَة‬ ‫طَالِب‬
‫فِ َعل‬ e.g. ‫فِ َرق‬ ‫فِ ْرقَة‬
‫فِ ْع َالن‬ e.g. ‫ْمان‬ ِ
َ ‫غل‬ ‫غ َالم‬

: The masculine and feminine sound plural which is preceded by an ‫ اَ ْل‬is also considered
as ‫جمع كثرة‬ e.g. ‫سلِم ْو َن‬ ِ
ْ ‫ اَلْم‬and ‫اَلْم ْسل َمات‬.

Note: The plurals of four and five letter nouns generally appear on the scales of ‫ م ْنتَ َهى الْجم ْو ِع‬. It has
three common scales:
ِ ‫ م َف‬e.g. ‫اجد‬
1.) ‫اعل‬ ِ ‫ مس‬which is the plural of ‫مس ِجد‬.
َ ََ َْ
ِ ‫ م َف‬e.g. ‫ م َفاتِيح‬which is the plural of ‫ ِم ْفتاح‬.
2.) ‫اع ْيل‬ َ ْ َ َ
3.) ‫ فَ َعائِل‬e.g. ‫سائِل‬
َ ‫ َر‬which is the plural of ‫ ِر َسالَة‬.

‫( م ْنتَ َهى الْجم ْو ِع‬The highest plural) : That plural which has after the ‫ْج ْم ِع‬ ِ
َ ‫( اَلف ال‬alif of plural) ....
... two ‫متحرك‬ ‫اجد‬ ِ ‫مس‬
ّ letters e.g. ََ
... one ‫ مش ّدد‬letter e.g. ‫اب‬
ُّ ‫َد َو‬ (the original being ‫) َد َوابِب‬
... three letters, the middle one being ‫ساكن‬ e.g. ‫َم َفاتِْيح‬
Note :

1. Some plurals do not have the same root letters as its singular.
 e.g. ‫اِ ْم َراَة‬ ‫ساء‬ِ
َ‫ن‬
‫ذ ْو‬ ‫اول ْو‬

2. ‫ْج ْم ِع‬ ِ
َ ‫ا ْسم ال‬ (Collective noun) : A singular noun which gives a plural meaning.
e.g. ‫قَ ْوم‬ nation
‫َرْهط‬ group
‫َرْكب‬ group

3. Some plurals are not according to the rule ( ‫) ِخ َالف ال ِْقيَاس‬.

e.g. ‫ام‬ ‫ا َّم َهات‬
‫فَم‬ ‫اَفْ َواه‬
‫َماء‬ ‫ِميَاه‬
‫سان‬ ِ
َ ْ‫ان‬ ‫انَاس‬
‫َشاة‬ ‫ِشيَاه‬

CHAPTER 11
TWO TYPES OF DECLINABLE NOUNS
ٍ ‫الم ْنص ِرف و غَي ر م ْنص ِر‬
‫ف‬ َ ْ َ َ

There are two types of declinable nouns (‫)اَْالَ ْس َماء الْم ْع َربَّة‬:

1. ‫ص ِرف‬ ِ ‫الصر‬
َ ‫م ْن‬ : that noun which does not have two causes of the nine ‫ف‬ ْ َّ ‫اَ ْسبَاب َم ْن ِع‬or one such cause
which is equivalent to two. It accepts all ‫حركات‬as well as a ‫ تنوين‬e.g. ‫َزيْد‬

ٍ ‫غَي ر م ْنص ِر‬: that noun which has two causes of the nine ‫ف‬
2. ‫ف‬ ِ ‫الصر‬
َ ْ ْ َّ ‫ اَ ْسبَاب َم ْن ِع‬or one such cause which is
equivalent to two. Such a noun does not accept a ‫كسرة‬and never gets a ‫تنوين‬, thus in ‫ حالة جر‬it
will get a ‫ فتحة‬in place of a ‫كسرة‬

‫ف‬ِ ‫الصر‬
ْ َّ ‫اَ ْسبَاب َم ْن ِع‬: the nine reasons/causes for stopping ‫ اعراب‬changes are .....
1. ‫ َع ْدل‬2. ‫صف‬ ْ ‫ َو‬3. ‫تَانِْيث‬ 4. ‫ َم ْع ِرفَة‬5. ‫ج َمة‬ ِ
ْ ‫ ع‬6. ‫ َج ْمع م ْنتَ َهى الْجم ْوع‬7. ‫ تَ ْرك ْيب‬8.‫َوْزن فَ ْعل‬ 9. ‫اَلِف َو ن ْون َزائِ َدتَان‬

All of these have been mentioned in the following two stanzas:

‫صف َّو تَانِْيث َّو َم ْع ِرفَة َّو ع ْج َمة ث َّم َج ْمع ث َّم تَ ْركِْيب‬ ْ ‫َع ْدل َّو َو‬
‫َو النُّ ْون َزائِ َدة ِم ْن قَ ْبلِ َها اَلِف َو َوْزن فَ ْع ٍل َو هذا الْ َق ْول تَ ْق ِريْب‬
A few examples of ‫ص ِرف‬
َ ‫ غَْي ر م ْن‬are:
‫ ع َمر‬- The two causes are ‫ َع ْدل‬and ‫ َم ْع ِرفَة‬.
‫ ثَالَث‬- The two causes are ‫ َع ْدل‬and ‫صف‬
ْ ‫ َو‬.
 ِ
َ ‫ طَل‬- The two causes are ‫ تَان ْيث‬and ‫ َم ْع ِرفَة‬.
‫ْحة‬
‫ َزيْ نَب‬- The two causes are ‫ َم ْع ِرفَة‬and ‫ تَانِْيث‬.
‫ اِبْ َر ِاه ْيم‬- The two causes are ‫ ع ْج َمة‬and ‫ َم ْع ِرفَة‬.
‫اجد‬ِ ‫ مس‬- The cause is ‫( جمع م ْنتَ هى الْجموع‬which is equivalent to two causes.)
ََ ْ َ َْ
ُّ َ‫ بَ َعلَب‬- The two causes are ‫ َم ْع ِرفَة‬and ‫تَ ْركِْيب‬.
‫ك‬
‫ َس ْك َران‬- The two causes are ‫ اَلِف َو ن ْون َزائِ َدتَان‬and ‫صف‬
ْ ‫ َو‬.
‫ اَ ْح َمد‬- The two causes are ‫ َوْزن فَ ْعل‬and ‫ َم ْع ِرفَة‬.

Note: According to the gramarians, any noun giving up its original form to assume a new form is
referred to as ‫عدل‬. They are of two types…
‫ عدل تحقيقى‬: that noun which has an original e.g. ‫ثالَث‬. Since the meaning is ‘three three’ we understand
that the original is ‫ثَالَثَة ثَالَثَة‬

‫عدل تقديرى‬: that noun which is assumed to have an original because it is used as ‫ غير منصرف‬by the Arabs.
e.g. ‫ ع َمر‬The original is assumed to be ‫امر‬ ِ ‫( ع‬for this word to be ‫ غير منصرف‬only one reason is found i.e.
َ
‫ َم ْع ِرفَة‬, however since the Arabs use it as ‫غير منصرف‬, it will be assumed that the second reason is ‫)عدل‬

2. ‫ عجمة‬: a word which is a proper noun in another language (non-Arabic language) and has more
ِ ‫اِب ر‬
e.g. ‫اه ْيم‬
than three letters. َْ
: or has three letters and the middle letter is a ‫متحرك‬
ّ e.g. ‫شتَ ر‬ َ (name of a fort)

3. ‫الف و نون زائدتان‬: that noun which ends with an ‫ الف‬and ‫) ان ( نون‬
a.) When it appears at the end of such a concrete noun, the condition is that it must be ‫َعلَم‬
(proper noun) e.g. ‫عثْ َمان‬ ‫َسل َْمان ِع ْم َران‬
NB. Thus the word ‫س ْع َدان‬
َ (grass) is not ‫ غير منصرف‬as it is not an ‫( َعلَم‬proper noun).
b.) When it appears at the end of a ‫( صفة‬non which describes a quality), the condition is that
the feminine should not be on the scale of ‫ فَ ْع َالنَة‬e.g. ‫س ْك َران‬
َ and ‫شان‬
َ ْ‫ ( َعط‬because their feminine is not
on the scale of ‫)فَ ْع َالنَة‬
NB. Thus the word ‫ نَ ْد َمان‬is not ‫ غير منصرف‬as its feminine ( ‫ )نَ ْد َمانَة‬is on the scale of ‫فَ ْع َالنَة‬

4. ‫وزن فعل‬: that proper noun ( ‫ ) َعلَم‬which is on the scale of a verb e.g. ‫ اَ ْح َمد‬which is on the scale of the
verb ‫اَفْ َعل‬

5.) A ‫ غير منصرف‬noun will get a ‫كسرة‬in ‫ حالة جر‬when … it is ‫ مضاف‬e.g. ‫اج ِد ِه ْم‬
ِ ‫صلَّيت فِى مس‬
ََ ْ َْ
… it has ‫ اَ ْل‬before it e.g. ‫ْم َقابِ ِر‬ ِ
َ ‫ذَ َه ْبت الَى ال‬

CHAPTER 12
WORDS WHICH ARE ALWAYS MARFOO’
 ‫َم ْرف ْو َعات‬

‫‪َ are eight:‬م ْرف ْو َعات ‪The‬‬

‫فَ ِ‬
‫اعل ‪1.‬‬ ‫نَائِب الْ َف ِ‬
‫اع ِل ‪2.‬‬ ‫م ْبتَ َدا ‪3.‬‬ ‫س ‪ 7.‬اِ ْسم َكا َن َو اَ َخ َواتِ َها ‪َ 6.‬خ ْب ر اِ َّن َو اَ َخ َواتِ َها ‪َ 5.‬خ ْب ر ‪4.‬‬ ‫ِ‬
‫شبَّ َهتَ ْي ِن بلَْي َ‬
‫ِ‬
‫ا ْسم َما َو الَ اَلْم َ‬
‫َخب ر الَ اَلَّتِى لِنَ ْف ِى ال ِ‬
‫ْج ْن ِ‬
‫س ‪8.‬‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ْ‬

‫ام َزيْد ‪ (Subject / Doer) : The doer of the action/meaning contained in the verb e.g.‬فاعل ‪1.‬‬
‫ب ‪ and‬قَ َ‬
‫ض َر َ‬
‫َ‬
‫َع ْمرو‬
‫ام َزيْد ‪ (visible noun) or 2.) personal pronoun. In the example‬اسم ظاهر )‪ can either be a 1.‬فاعل ‪The‬‬
‫َزيْد ‪ ,‬قَ َ‬
‫ض َربْت ‪ . In‬اسم ظاهر‪is an‬‬
‫‪ (pronoun).‬ضمير ‪ is a‬فاعل ‪َ , the‬‬
‫‪ is visibly‬ضمير ‪ which means apparent. The‬بارز ‪ (pronouns) are of two types. One is referred to as‬ضمير‬
‫‪seen e.g. .‬‬
‫ض َربْ َن‬
‫ض َربَتَا َ‬
‫ض َرب ْوا َ‬
‫ض َربَا َ‬
‫ض َربْ نَا َ‬
‫ض َربْت َ‬
‫ض َربْ ت َّن َ‬
‫ض َربْ ت َما َ‬ ‫ضربْ ِ‬
‫ت َ‬ ‫ض َربْ ت ْم َ َ‬
‫ض َربْ ت َما َ‬
‫ت َ‬
‫ض َربْ َ‬
‫َ‬
‫‪.‬فعل ‪ is hidden in the‬ضمير ‪ (hidden). This is when the‬مستتر ‪The other is called‬‬
‫‪ are hidden in the following scales:‬ضمير ‪These‬‬
‫ب‬
‫ض َر َ‬
‫ه َو ‪َ -‬‬
‫ت‬ ‫ِه َى – َ‬
‫ض َربَ ْ‬
‫ض ِرب‬ ‫)واحد مذكر غائب( ه َو ‪-‬يَ ْ‬
‫ض ِرب‬ ‫)واحد مؤنث غائب( ِه َى – تَ ْ‬
‫ض ِرب‬ ‫ت – تَ ْ‬ ‫)واحد مذكر حاضر( اَنْ َ‬
‫ض ِرب‬
‫)واحد متكلم( اَنَا – اَ ْ‬
‫ض ِرب‬
‫)تثنية و جمع متكلم( نَ ْحن – نَ ْ‬
‫‪ :‬بارز ‪ is‬فاعل ‪In the following scales, the‬‬
‫ض ِرب ِ‬ ‫‪.‬بارز ‪ is‬الف ‪, the‬تَ ْ ِ‬
‫ان ‪In the four dual verb forms‬‬ ‫ض ِربَان ‪ and‬يَ ْ َ‬
‫ض ِرب ْو َن ‪In the scale‬‬
‫ض ِرب ْو َن ‪ and‬يَ ْ‬
‫‪.‬بارز ‪ is‬واو ‪,‬تَ ْ‬
‫ض ِربْ َن ‪In the scale‬‬
‫ض ِربْ َن ‪ and‬يَ ْ‬
‫‪.‬بارز ‪ is‬نون ‪,‬تَ ْ‬
‫ض ِربِْي َن ‪In the scale‬‬
‫‪.‬بارز ‪ is‬يا ‪,‬تَ ْ‬
‫!‪Understand this well‬‬

‫‪Rules:‬‬

‫فاعل‬ ‫فعل‬ ‫‪Example‬‬

‫‪and no word‬ظاهر مؤنث حقيقى ‪1.‬‬ ‫واحد مؤنث‬ ‫ت ِه ْند‬

‫قَ َام ْ‬
‫فاعل ‪and‬فعل ‪appears bet. the‬‬ ‫م‬ ‫م‬
‫ضمير مؤنث ‪2.‬‬ ‫‪according to preceding noun‬مؤنث‬ ‫ِ‬
‫ت‬ ‫ص َرتَا ‪ -‬اَلْم َعلِّ َمة نَ َ‬
‫ص َر ْ‬ ‫ص ْر َن ‪ -‬اَلْم َعلِّ َمتَان نَ َ‬
‫اَلْم َعلِّ َمات نَ َ‬
‫‪and a word‬ظاهر مؤنث حقيقى ‪3.‬‬ ‫‪ ...or...‬واحد مذكر‬ ‫ت الْيَ ْو َم ِه ْند‪...or...‬قَ َراَ الْيَ ْو َم ِه ْند‬ ‫قَ راَ ِ‬
‫َ‬
‫فاعل ‪ and‬فعل ‪appears bet. the‬‬ ‫واحد مؤنث‬
‫ظاهر مؤنث غير حقيقى ‪4.‬‬ ‫واحد مؤنث ‪...or...‬واحد مذكر‬ ‫طَلَع ِ‬
‫طَلَ َع َّ‬
‫الش ْمس‬ ‫‪...or...‬‬ ‫ت َّ‬
‫الش ْمس‬ ‫َ‬
‫ظاهر جمع التكسير ‪5.‬‬ ‫واحد مؤنث ‪...or...‬واحد مذكر‬ ‫الر َجال‬
‫ال ِّ‬
‫قَ َ‬ ‫‪...or...‬‬ ‫الر َجال‬ ‫قَال ِ‬
‫َت ِّ‬
‫اسم ظاهر ‪6. any‬‬ ‫‪corresponding in gender‬واحد‬ ‫ب ا َّلرجل‬‫ض َر َ‬ ‫ب ا َّلرج َال ِن ‪َ -‬‬
‫ض َر َ‬
‫ب ا ِّلر َجال ‪َ -‬‬ ‫ض َر َ‬ ‫َ‬
‫ضمير مذكر ‪7.‬‬ ‫‪according to preceding noun‬مذكر‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫اَلْ َخادم ْو َن ذَ َهب ْوا ‪ -‬اَلْ َخاد َمان ذَ َهبَا ‪ -‬اَلْ َخادم ذَ َه َ‬
‫المكسر ‪8.‬‬
‫ّ‬ ‫ضمير جمع‬ ‫واحد مؤنث ‪...or...‬جمع مذكر‬ ‫اَ ِّلر َجال قَام ْوا‬ ‫ت ‪...or...‬‬ ‫اَ ِّلر َجال قَ َام ْ‬

‫‪ (passive verb).‬فعل مجهول ‪) : that noun which appears with a‬فاعل ‪ ( Substitute of‬م ْفعول ما لَم يس َّم فَ ِ‬
‫اعله ‪2.‬‬ ‫َ ْ َ ْ َ‬
‫س َّم ‪ (passive verb) is also called‬فعل مجهول ‪ substitutes it.‬مفعول به ‪ is dropped and the‬فاعل ‪The‬‬ ‫َم ي َ‬
‫فعل َما ل ْ‬
‫‪ of which is not mentioned).‬فاعل ‪ the‬فعل ‪ (such a‬فَ ِ‬
‫اعله‬

‫‪ usage rules apply as mentioned above.‬فاعل ‪-‬فعل ‪The same‬‬

‫ت ِه ْند ‪e.g. 1.‬‬
‫ض ِربَ ْ‬
‫ِه ْند ض ِربَ ْ‬
‫ت ‪2.‬‬
‫ت الْيَ ْو َم ِه ْند ‪3.‬‬
‫ض ِربَ ْ‬ ‫‪...or...‬‬ ‫ب الْيَ ْو َم ِه ْند‬
‫ض ِر َ‬
‫ت َّ‬
‫الش ْمس ‪4.‬‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ى َّ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫رايَ ْ‬ ‫‪...or...‬‬ ‫الش ْمس‬ ‫را َ‬
‫ض ِرب ِ‬
‫الر َجال ‪5.‬‬
‫ت ِّ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫‪...or...‬‬ ‫الر َجال‬
‫ب ِّ‬ ‫ض ِر َ‬
‫لرجل ‪6.‬‬ ‫ض ِر َ‬
‫ب ا َّ‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫ب ا َّلرج َال ِن‬‫ض ِر َ‬ ‫الر َجال ‪-‬‬
‫ب ِّ‬ ‫ض ِر َ‬
‫ب ‪7.‬‬ ‫ِ ِ‬ ‫ان طلِبَا‬ ‫ادم ِ‬‫ِ‬ ‫ادم ْو َن طلِب ْوا ‪-‬‬
‫اَلْ َخ ِ‬
‫اَلْ َخادم طل َ‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫اَلْ َخ َ‬
‫الر َجال ض ِرب ْوا ‪8.‬‬
‫ِّ‬ ‫‪...or...‬‬ ‫الر َجال ض ِربَ ْ‬
‫ت‬ ‫ِّ‬

‫‪ (visible governing‬عامل لفظي ‪ (predicate): Both these nouns are void of any‬خبر ‪ (subject) and 4.‬مبتدا ‪3.‬‬
‫مسند ‪ (predicate) is referred to as the‬خبر ‪ whilst the‬مسند اليه ‪ (subject) is also called the‬مبتدا ‪word). The‬‬
‫َزيْد َعالِم ‪ (abstract) e.g.‬معنوي ‪ is‬عامل ‪(the word giving the information). The‬‬
‫‪ (specification) as you‬تخصيص ‪ on condition that there is some‬نكرة ‪ and at times‬معرفة ‪ is generally‬مبتدا ‪The‬‬
‫‪will read in other books.‬‬
‫‪.‬نكرة ‪ is generally‬خبر ‪The‬‬
‫‪A few examples of the above are:‬‬
‫اَللّه َم َعك ْم‬ ‫اءك ْم فَأ ْك ِرم ْوه‬ ‫ِ ِ‬ ‫َزيد اَب وه َعالِم اَللّه ي ْع ِ‬
‫ك ال َْعالم ا ْن َج َ‬
‫صم َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ْ ْ‬

‫فِ ْي الدَّا ِر َزيْد ‪ e.g.‬مبتدا ‪ appears before the‬خبر ‪At times, the‬‬

‫نصب اسم ‪. They are six in total. They give the‬الحروف الشبهة بالفعل ‪َ These are referred to as‬خ ْب ر اِ َّن َو اَ َخ َواتِ َها ‪5.‬‬
‫‪.‬رفع خبر ‪and the‬‬
‫لك َّن َكاَ َّن اَ َّن اِ َّن ‪They are:‬‬
‫ت ِ‬
‫َكاَ َّن َع ْمروا َ‬
‫أسد ‪ e.g.‬ل ََع َّل ل َْي َ‬ ‫اِ َّن َزيْدا قَائِم‬

‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫شبَّ َهتَ ْي ِن بلَْي َ‬
‫س ‪6.‬‬ ‫‪ which has the same meaning and effect‬الَ ‪َ or‬ما ‪) - that‬الَ ‪َ or‬ما ‪: (the noun of‬ا ْسم َما َو الَ اَلْم َ‬
‫س ‪as‬‬‫ضمة ‪ i.e. it gives a‬ل َْي َ‬
‫ِ‬
‫َما َزيْد قَائما ‪ e.g.‬خبر ‪ to the‬فتحة ‪ and a‬مبتدا ‪ّ to the‬‬ ‫ض َل ِم ْن َ‬
‫ك‬ ‫الَ َرجل اَفْ َ‬
7. ‫ اِ ْسم َكا َن َو اَ َخ َواتِ َها‬These are referred to as ‫االفعال الناقصة‬. They are 13 in total. They give the ‫ رفع اسم‬and
the ‫نصب خبر‬.
They are:
‫س‬ َّ ‫ِح َمافَتِ َئ َماانْ َف‬
َ ‫ك ل َْي‬ َ ‫ال َمابَر‬
َ ‫ات َما َد َام َما َز‬
َ َ‫ضحى ظَ َّل ب‬
ْ َ‫صبَ َح اَ ْمسى ا‬
ْ َ‫ص َار ا‬
َ ‫َكا َن‬
e.g. ‫ار الْ َف ِق ْي ر غَنِيًّا‬
َ‫ص‬
ِ
َ and ‫َكا َن َزيْد قَائما‬
ِ ‫ َخب ر الَ اَلَّتِى لِنَ ْف ِى ال‬: the ‫خبر‬of َ‫( ال‬that َ‫ال‬which negates a complete ‫جنس‬- class, species).
8. ‫ْج ْنس‬ ْ ْ
َ‫ ال‬will give its ‫ اسم‬a ‫ فتحة‬and its ‫ خبر‬a ‫ضمة‬ ِ
ّ when the ‫ اسم‬and ‫ خبر‬are ‫ نكرة‬e.g. ‫الَ َرج َل قَائم‬

CHAPTER 13
WORDS WHICH ARE ALWAYS MANSOOB
‫َم ْنص ْوبَات‬

They are twelve in total: 1. ‫ْم ْفع ْول بِ ِه‬ َ ‫ اَل‬2. ‫اَل َْم ْفع ْول الْمطْلَق‬ 3. ‫ْم ْفع ْول لَه‬ َ ‫اَل‬ 4. ‫ْم ْفع ْول فِ ْي ِه‬
َ ‫اَل‬ 5.
ِ ِ ِ ِ ِ ِ ‫اِسم الَ اَلَّتِى لِنَ ْف ِى ال‬
‫ اَل َْم ْفع ْول َم َعه‬6. ‫ْحال‬ َ ‫ اَل‬7. ‫ اَلتَّم ْي ز‬8. ‫ ا ْسم ا َّن َو اَ َخ َوات َها‬9. ‫س‬
َ ‫شبَّ َهتَ ْي ِن بلَْي‬
َ ‫ َخ ْب ر َما َو الَ اَلْم‬10. ‫س‬ ِ ‫ْج ْن‬ ْ ْ
11. ‫ َخ ْب ر َكا َن َو اَ َخ َواتِ َها‬12. ‫ستَثْنى‬
ْ ‫اَلْم‬
1. ‫( مفعول به‬Object) : that word (object) on which the action of the ‫ فاعل‬takes place e.g. ‫أ َكل َزيْد طَ َعاما‬
(Zaid ate food.) ‫ب َخالِد َماء‬ َ ‫( َش ِر‬Khalid drank water.)
The ‫ تَ ْركِيب‬of the above sentence is as follows:
‫ أ َكل‬is ‫فعل‬, ‫ َزيْد‬is ‫ فاعل‬and ‫ طَ َعاما‬is ‫مفعول‬. The ‫فعل‬, ‫ فاعل‬and ‫ مفعول‬join together to form ‫الف ْعلِية الْ َخبَ ِريَّة‬
ِ ‫اَلْجملَة‬.
ْ
Note: Sometimes the verb governing the ‫ مفعول به‬is dropped as in .....
a. ‫س ْهال‬
َ ‫اَ ْهال َو‬ which is said to one’s guest ...two verbs, ‫ت‬
َ ‫ اَتَ ْي‬and ‫ت‬
َ ‫ َوطَْي‬have been dropped ...
‫ت َس ْهال‬
َ ‫ت اَ ْهال َو َوطَْي‬
َ ‫( اَتَ ْي‬you have come to your own people and have come to
comfortable grounds i.e. you are welcome).

b. ‫َس َد‬ َ َّ‫اِي‬

َ ‫اك َو ْاَل‬ The verb ‫ اِتَّ ِق‬has been dropped. In other words, the sentence reads as follows:
‫َس ِد‬ ِ َ ‫ اِتَّ ِق نَ ْفس‬Save yourself from the lion.
َ ‫ك م َن ْاَل‬ َ

c. ‫منَادى‬ This refers to when some-one is calling ot to another. The ‫ فعل‬is dropped on such occasions.
e.g. ‫َزيْ ٍد‬ ‫غ َال َم‬ ‫يَا‬ Here the verb ‫ اَ ْدع ْو‬is dropped ( ‫) اَ ْدع ْو غ َال َم َزيْ ٍد‬
‫ مضاف اليه‬+ ‫مضاف‬
( ‫منادى )مفعول به‬ ‫حرف نداء‬

The following rules apply regarding the ‫اعراب‬of the ‫منادى‬...

‫منادى‬ ‫حالة‬ Example

1. ‫مضاف‬ ‫منصوب‬ ‫غالم زيد‬

َ ‫يا‬
2. ‫*شبه مضاف‬ ‫منصوب‬ ‫يا قارياكتابا‬
3. ‫نكرة غير معيّنة‬ ‫منصوب‬ ‫( يا رجال خذ بيدى‬call of a blind man to any person for assistance)
4. ‫نكرة معيّنة‬ ‫مرفوع‬ ‫يا رجل‬
5. ‫معرفة مفردة‬ ‫مرفوع‬ ‫يا زيد‬
ِ ‫معرف‬
6. ‫ب اَ ْل‬ ّ ‫مرفوع‬ ‫(اَيُّ َها‬mas.) and ‫(اَيَّت َها‬fem.) has to be added between the ‫حرف نداء‬and ‫منادى‬
‫الرجل‬ َّ ‫يَا اَيُّ َها‬ ‫يَا اَيَّت َها ال َْم ْراَة‬
* ‫شبه مضاف‬: similar to ‫مضاف‬in meaning.

‫( ترخيم‬Abbreviation) is allowed in ‫ منادى‬for ease.

e.g. ‫يَا َمالِك‬ becomes ‫يَا َمال‬ ِ ‫يَا َم‬
‫ال‬
‫يَا َم ْنص ْور‬ becomes ‫يَا َم ْنص‬
NB. The last letter can be given a ‫ضمة‬ّ or retain its original ‫حركة‬

2. ‫مفعول مطلق‬ : it is the ‫ مصدر‬of the ‫ فعل‬that governs it e.g. the word ‫ض ْربا‬
َ in ‫ض ْربا‬
َ ‫ض َربْ ته‬
َ (I gave him
a severe hiding.) and the ‫ قِيَاما‬word in ‫( ق ْمت قِيَاما‬I stood up.)
At times, due to some indication, the ‫ مفعول مطلق‬is also dropped e.g. a newcomer is addressed: ‫َخ ْي َر َم ْق َدٍم‬

َ ‫( قَ ِد ْم‬Your coming is very liked.)

which actually means: ‫ت قد ْوما َخ ْي َر َم ْق َدٍم‬
3. ‫ ) َم ْفع ْول ِالَ ْجلِ ِه ( مفعول له‬: that noun which explains the reason for the action taking place e.g. ‫ض َربْ ته‬
َ
‫( تَاْ ِديْ با‬I hit him to teach him manners.) ‫( ق ْمت اِ ْك َراما لَِزيْ ٍد‬I stood in honour of Zaid.)
The ‫ تَ ْركِيب‬is as follows: ‫ض َربْ ته‬ َ is ‫ فعل‬and ‫ فاعل‬and ‫ ه‬is ‫مفعول له‬. The ‫فعل‬, ‫ فاعل‬and ‫ مفعول له‬join together to
َ ْ‫الف ْعلِية ال‬
form ‫خبَ ِريَّة‬ ِ ‫اَلْجملَة‬.
ْ

4. ‫ مفعول معه‬: that noun which appears after a ‫ واو‬which has the meaning of ‫( َم َع‬with).
: this ‫ واو‬is known as ‫ْم ِعيَّة‬
َ ‫واو اَل‬
e.g. ‫اب‬ ِ
َ َ‫اء َزيْد َو الْكت‬
َ ‫َج‬ Zaid came with the book.
‫ِج ْئت َو َزيْدا‬ I came with Zaid.
The ‫ تَ ْركِيب‬is as follows: ‫اء‬
َ ‫ َج‬is ‫فعل‬, ‫ َزيْد‬is ‫فاعل‬, ‫ َو‬is a ‫ حرف‬which has the meaning of ‫( َم َع‬with) and ‫اب‬
ِ
َ َ‫الْكت‬
َ ْ‫الف ْعلِية ال‬
is ‫مفعول معه‬. The ‫فعل‬, ‫ فاعل‬and ‫ مفعول معه‬join together to form ‫خبَ ِريَّة‬ ِ ‫اَلْجملَة‬.
ْ

5. ‫) ظرف ( مفعول فيه‬: that noun which denotes the time ( ‫ ) زمان‬or ( ‫ )مكان‬in which the action took place e.g.
‫َسافَ ْرت َش ْهرا‬
‫ ظرف زمان‬is of two types:
1.) ‫ – ظرف م ْب َهم‬the adverb which has no specified time e.g. ‫ َد ْهر‬and ‫( ِح ْين‬period of time) e.g. ‫ص ْمت َد ْهرا‬
(I fasted for a lengthy period of time.)
2.) ‫حد ْود‬ ْ ‫ ظرف َم‬- the adverb which has a specified time e.g. ‫( يَ ْوم‬day) ‫( ل َْيل‬night) ‫( َش ْهر‬month)
‫( َسنَة‬year) e.g. ‫( َسافَ ْرت َش ْهرا‬I travelled for a month.)

‫ ظرف مكان‬is also of two types:

1.) ‫ – مكان م ْب َهم‬the adverb which has no specified place e.g. ‫ك‬ َ ‫( َجلَ ْست َخ ْل َف‬I sat behind you.) ‫ك‬
َ ‫ق ْمت َأم َام‬
(I stood in front of you.) The word ‫ْف‬ َ ‫ َخل‬and ‫ام‬
َ ‫ َأم‬do not refer to one specified area. It can refer to any
place behind or in front of some-one.
ِ
ْ ‫ مكان َم‬- the adverb which has a specified place e.g. ‫( َجلَ ْست فى الدَّا ِر‬I sat in the house.)
2.) ‫حد ْود‬
‫صلَّْيت فِى ال َْم ْس ِج ِد‬
َ (I performed salah in the masjid.)

Note: In ‫ مكان م ْب َهم‬the preposition ‫ فِ ْى‬is hidden.

In ‫حد ْود‬ ِ
ْ ‫ مكان َم‬the preposition ‫ ف ْى‬is visible.
A poet has beautifully conveyed the five ‫مفعول‬s in a single poem:
‫َح ِم ْدت َح ْمدا َح ِامدا َّو َح ِم ْيدا ِر َعايَةَ ش ْك ِرهِ َد ْهرا َم ِديْدا‬
(I excessively praised Hamid together with Hamd out of gratitude for a long time.)
‫ تَ ْركِيب‬: ‫ َح ِم ْدت‬is ‫ فعل‬and ‫ فاعل‬, ‫ َح ْمدا‬is ‫مفعول مطلق‬, ‫ َح ِامدا‬is ‫مفعول به‬, ‫ َو‬is a ‫ حرف‬which has the meaning of
‫( َم َع‬with) ‫ َح ِم ْيدا‬is ‫مفعول معه‬, َ‫ ِر َعايَة‬is ‫مضاف‬, ‫ ش ْكر‬is ‫ مضاف اليه‬as well as ‫ مضاف‬to the pronoun ‫ه‬. The ‫مضاف‬
and ‫ مضاف اليه‬together become the ‫ مضاف اليه‬of َ‫ ِر َعايَة‬, which then joins together to become the ‫مفعول له‬. ‫َد ْهرا‬
is ‫ موصوف‬and ‫ َم ِديْدا‬is the ‫صفة‬. They join together to form the ‫ مفعول فيه‬. The ‫فعل‬, ‫ فاعل‬and all the ‫مفعول‬s
join together to become ‫الف ْعلِية‬ ِ ‫اَلْجملَة‬.
ْ

6. ‫حال‬: such a noun which describes the condition of either the ‫ فاعل‬or ‫ مفعول‬or both.
e.g. ‫اء َزيْد َراكِبا‬
َ ‫َج‬ Zaid came while/in the condition that he was mounted.
‫ِج ْئت َزيْدا نَائِما‬ I came to Zaid while/in the condition that he was sleeping.
‫س ْي ِن‬ ِ َّ
َ ‫َكل ْمت َزيْدا َجال‬ I spoke to Zaid while/in the condition that both of us were sitting.

NB: The condition itself is known as ‫حال‬, whereas the one whose condition is being described is known
as ‫ذو الحال‬. The ‫ ذو الحال‬is generally ‫معرفة‬. If the ‫ ذو الحال‬is ‫ نكرة‬then the ‫ حال‬is brought before the ‫ذو‬
‫ الحال‬e.g. ‫َجائَنِ ْى َراكِبا َرجال‬
The ‫ حال‬can be a sentence e.g.
‫( َجا َءنِ ْى َزيْد َو ه َو َراكِب‬Zaid came to me whilst riding.)
‫( ل َِق ْيت بَ ْكرا َو ه َو َجالِس‬I met Bakr whilst he was sitting.)
The ‫ ذو الحال‬can be hidden at times e.g. ‫ل َجالِسا‬ َ ‫ ( َزيْد اَ َك‬the ‫ ذو الحال‬is ‫ه َو‬, the hidden ‫ ضمير‬in ‫) اَ َك َل‬

The ‫ تَ ْركِيب‬of some of these sentences are as follows:

1.) In the sentence ‫اء َزيْد َراكِبا‬
َ ‫ َج‬the word ‫اء‬
ِ
َ ‫ َج‬is ‫فعل‬, ‫ َزيْد‬is ‫ ذو الحال‬and ‫ َراكبا‬is ‫حال‬. The ‫ ذو الحال‬and ‫حال‬
join together to form the ‫فاعل‬. The ‫ فعل‬and ‫ فاعل‬become ‫الف ْعلِية‬ ِ ‫اَلْجملَة‬.
ْ
2.) In the sentence ‫ ِج ْئت َزيْدا نَائِما‬the word ‫ ِج ْئت‬is ‫ فعل‬and ‫فاعل‬, ‫ َزيْدا‬is ‫ ذو الحال‬and ‫ نَائِما‬is ‫حال‬. The ‫ذو‬
‫ الحال‬and ‫ حال‬join together to form the ‫مفعول‬. The ‫ فاعل فعل‬and ‫ مفعول‬become ‫الف ْعلِية‬ ِ ‫اَلْجملَة‬.
ْ
3.) In the sentence ‫َق ْيت بَ ْكرا َو ه َو َجالِس‬
ِ ‫ ل‬the word ‫ ل َِقيت‬is ‫ فعل‬and ‫فاعل‬, ‫ ب ْكرا‬is ‫مفعول‬, ‫ و‬is ‫حالية‬, ‫ هو‬is ‫مبتدا‬
ْ َ َ َ َْ
and ‫ َجالِس‬is ‫ َخبَر‬. The ‫ م ْبتَدا‬and ‫ َخبَر‬join together to form ‫خبَ ِريَّة‬
َ ْ‫اال ْس ِميَّة ال‬
ِْ ‫اَلْجملَة‬, which in turn becomes ‫حال‬.
ْ
The ‫ حال‬and ‫ ذو الحال‬join together to form ‫مفعول به‬. The ‫فعل‬, ‫ فاعل‬and ‫ مفعول‬together become ‫الف ْعلِية‬
ِ ‫اَلْجملَة‬
ْ
‫الْ َخبَ ِريَّة‬.
4.) In the sentence ‫ل َجالِسا‬ ِ
َ ‫ َزيْد اَ َك‬the word ‫ َزيْد‬is ‫م ْبتَدا‬, ‫ اَ َك َل‬is ‫فعل‬, the hidden ‫ )ه َو( ضمير‬is ‫ فاعل‬and ‫ َجالسا‬is
‫حال‬. The ‫ حال‬and ‫ ذو الحال‬join together to become the ‫ فاعل‬of ‫اَ َك َل‬. The ‫ فعل‬and ‫ فاعل‬together become
‫الف ْعلِية الْ َخبَ ِريَّة‬
ِ ‫اَلْجملَة‬. This in turn becomes the ‫ َخبر‬of the ‫مبتدا‬, which then forms ‫االس ِميَّة الْ َخب ِريَّة‬
ْ َ َْ َ ْ ِْ ‫اَلْج ْملَة‬.

7. ‫تميز‬: that ‫ اسم‬which removes the doubt or vagueness created by the previous noun. The
ambiguity may be in:
Number e.g. ‫ش َر َك ْوَكبا‬
َ ‫( َراَيْت اَ َح َد َع‬I saw eleven stars.)
Measure e.g. ‫( إ ْشتَ َريْت ِرطْال َزيْ تا‬I bought one ratl of olive oil.)
Weight e.g. ‫( بِ ْعت قَ ِف ْي َزيْ ِن ب ًّرا‬I sold two qafeez of wheat.)
The ‫ تَ ْركِيب‬of these sentences are as follows:
1.) In the sentence ‫ش َر َك ْوَكبا‬
َ ‫ َراَيْت اَ َح َد َع‬the word ‫ َراَيْت‬is ‫ فعل‬and ‫فاعل‬, ‫ش َر‬
َ ‫ اَ َح َد َع‬is ‫ مميَّز‬and ‫ َك ْوَكبا‬is ‫تميز‬. The ‫مميَّز‬
َ ْ‫الف ْعلِية ال‬
and ‫ تميز‬join together to become ‫مفعول‬. The ‫فعل‬, ‫ فاعل‬and ‫ مفعول به‬together become ‫خبَ ِريَّة‬ ِ ‫اَلْجملَة‬.
ْ
2.) In the sentence ‫ إ ْشتَ َريْت ِرطْال َزيْ تا‬the word ‫ إ ْشتَ َريْت‬is ‫ فعل‬and ‫فاعل‬, ‫ ِرطْال‬is ‫ مميَّز‬and ‫ َزيْ تا‬is ‫تميز‬. The ‫مميَّز‬
and ‫ تميز‬join together to become ‫مفعول‬. The ‫فعل‬, ‫ فاعل‬and ‫ مفعول به‬together become ‫خبَ ِريَّة‬ َ ْ‫الف ْعلِية ال‬
ِ ‫اَلْجملَة‬.
ْ
3.) In the sentence ‫ بِ ْعت قَ ِف ْي َزيْ ِن ب ًّرا‬the word ‫ بِ ْعت‬is ‫ فعل‬and ‫فاعل‬, ‫ قَ ِف ْي َزيْ ِن‬is ‫ مميَّز‬and ‫ ب ًّرا‬is ‫تميز‬. The ‫ مميَّز‬and
‫ تميز‬join together to become ‫مفعول‬. The ‫فعل‬, ‫ فاعل‬and ‫ مفعول به‬together become ‫الف ْعلِية الْ َخبَ ِريَّة‬ ِ ‫اَلْجملَة‬.
ْ

8. ‫ اِ ْسم اِ َّن َو اَ َخ َواتِ َها‬e.g. ‫اِ َّن َزيْدا قَائِم‬

ِ َ ‫ َخ ْب ر َما َو الَ اَلْم‬e.g. ‫الَ َرجل ظَ ِريْ فا‬

َ ‫شبَّ َهتَ ْي ِن بلَْي‬
9. ‫س‬

ِ ‫ اِسم الَ اَلَّتِى لِنَ ْف ِى ال‬e.g. ‫الَ رجل ظَ ِريف‬

ِ ‫ْج ْن‬
10. ‫س‬ ْ ْ ْ َ َ

11. ‫ َخ ْب ر َكا َن َو اَ َخ َواتِ َها‬e.g. ‫َكا َن َزيْد قَائِما‬

12. ‫مستثنى‬: that noun which has been excluded from a previous connection, and appears after the ‫حرف‬
(particle) of ‫استثنى‬.
The ‫اال ْستِثْنى‬
ِْ ‫( حروف‬the particles of ‫ )استثنى‬are eight:
ْ
‫َما َع َدا‬ َ‫َما َخال‬ ‫َحا َشا‬ ‫َع َدا‬ ‫ِسوى‬َ‫َخال‬ ‫غَْي َر‬ َّ‫اِال‬
The noun which occurs before these ‫ حرْوف‬is referred to as ‫ستَثْنى ِم ْنه‬
ْ‫م‬
An example to understand these concepts:
‫اءنِ ْي الْ َق ْوم اِالَّ َزيْدا‬
َ ‫( َج‬The people came to me except Zaid.)
In this example, ‫ َزيْدا‬has been excluded from the action of coming which has been attributed to the
people. ‫( الْ َق ْوم‬the people) are the ‫مستثنى منه‬, and ‫ َزيْدا‬is the ‫ستَثْنى‬
ْ ‫م‬.

‫ مستثنى‬is of two types:

‫َّصل )‪1.‬‬‫جاء الْ َقوم اِالَّ ‪ e.g.‬مستثنى منه ‪ is from the same kind or type as that of the‬مستثنى ‪ : when the‬اَلْمستَثْنى اَلْمت ِ‬
‫ْ‬ ‫ََ ْ‬
‫‪َ Zaid is of the same type as ‘people’ i.e.... human being.‬زيْدا‬

‫ستَثْنى اَلْم ْن َق ِطع )‪2.‬‬

‫‪ e.g.‬مستثنى منه ‪ is not from the same kind or type as that of the‬مستثنى ‪ : when the‬اَلْم ْ‬
‫ابليس‬
‫َ‬ ‫‪ (The angels prostrated except Iblees.) Iblees was not amongst the angels, but was a‬سجد الملئكة االّ‬
‫‪jinn.‬‬

‫‪ :‬تَ ْركِيب‬
‫اء الْ َق ْوم اِالَّ َزيْدا ‪In the sentence‬‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ ِ‬
‫‪.‬مستثنى ‪َ is‬زيْدا ‪ and‬حرف ْاال ْستثْنى ‪ is‬االَّ ‪,‬مستثنى منه ‪ is‬الْ َق ْوم ‪,‬فعل ‪َ is‬ج َ‬
‫اء ‪َ the word‬ج َ‬
‫خبَ ِريَّة ‪ become‬فاعل ‪ and‬فعل ‪. The‬فاعل ‪ join together to form the‬مستثنى ‪ and‬مستثنى منه ‪The‬‬ ‫الف ْعلِية الْ َ‬
‫‪.‬اَلْجملَة ِ‬
‫ْ‬

‫‪ being mentioned or not.‬مستثنى منه ‪ is also of two types with regards to the‬مستثنى‬
‫ستَثْنى اَلْم َف َّرغ )‪1.‬‬
‫‪ is not mentioned e.g.‬مستثنى منه ‪ : that sentence in which the‬اَلْم ْ‬ ‫اء اِالَّ َزيْد‬
‫َما َج َ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ما ج ِ‬
‫اءن ْي الْ َق ْوم االَّ َزيْدا ‪is mentioned e.g.‬مستثنى منه ‪ : that sentence in which the‬اَلْم ْ‬
‫ستَثْنى اَلْغَْي ر الْم َف َّرغ )‪2.‬‬ ‫َ ََ‬

‫‪ is found is of two types:‬استثنا ‪The sentence in which the‬‬

‫‪ (i.e. a positive sentence) e.g.‬استفهام ‪ or‬نهى ‪-‬نفى ‪ that sentence which does not have a‬اَلْ َك َالم الْم ْو ِجب)‪1.‬‬
‫اء الْ َق ْوم اِالَّ َزيْدا‬
‫َج َ‬
‫‪ (i.e. a negative sentence) e.g.‬استفهام ‪ or‬نهى ‪-‬نفى ‪ that sentence which has a‬اَلْ َك َالم اَلْغَْي ر الْم ْو ِجب )‪2.‬‬
‫اء الْ َق ْوم اِالَّ َزيْدا‬
‫َما َج َ‬

‫‪ will be as follows....‬مستثنى ‪of the‬اعراب ‪The‬‬

‫حروف االستثنى‬ ‫‪Sentence Type‬‬ ‫اعراب المستثنى‬ ‫‪Example‬‬

‫‪1.‬‬ ‫اِالَّ‬ ‫موجب – متصل‬ ‫منصوب‬ ‫اءنِ ْي الْ َق ْوم اِالَّ َزيْدا‬
‫َج َ‬
‫اِالَّ ‪2.‬‬ ‫مستثنى ‪- the‬غير الموجب‬ ‫منصوب‬ ‫ما جائنى االّ َزيْدا احد‬
‫‪is brought forward.‬‬
‫‪3.‬‬ ‫اِالَّ‬ ‫منقطع‬ ‫منصوب‬ ‫ابليس‬
‫َ‬ ‫سجد الملئكة االّ‬
‫‪4.‬‬ ‫اِالَّ‬ ‫المفرغ‬
‫غير الموجب ‪ -‬غير ّ‬
‫منصوب‬ ‫‪-or-‬‬ ‫ما جائنى احد االّ َزيْدا‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫مستثنى منه ‪same as‬‬ ‫ما جائنى احد االّ َزيْد‬
‫‪5.‬‬ ‫اِالَّ‬ ‫مفرغ‬
‫غير الموجب ‪ّ -‬‬
‫‪ (as if‬عامل ‪according to‬‬ ‫ما جاء االّ زيد‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫)‪ does not exist‬اِالَّ‬ ‫ما رايت االّ زيدا‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫ما مررت االّ ٍ‬
‫بزيد‬
‫َما َع َدا ‪َ -‬ما َخالَ ‪6.‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫منصوب‬ ‫جاء القوم ما خال زيدا‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫جاء القوم ما عدا زيدا‬
‫َع َدا ‪َ -‬خالَ‪7.‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫منصوب‬ ‫‪-or-‬‬ ‫جاء القوم خال‪ -‬عدا ‪ -‬حاشا زيدا‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫)‪ (as a preposition‬مجرور‬ ‫جاء القوم خال‪ -‬عدا ‪ -‬حاشا ٍ‬
‫زيد‬
‫‪ِ -‬سوى ‪ -‬غَْي َر ‪8.‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫مجرور‬ ‫غير – حاشا – ِسوى – سواء‬
‫جاء القوم َ‬
- ‫شا‬
َ ‫ َحا‬- ‫سواء‬ ٍ
‫زيد‬

* NB. The ‫اعراب‬of the word ‫ غير‬itself is ascertained as follows: replace ‫ غير‬with ّ‫ اال‬and see what the
‫ اعراب‬of the ‫ مستثنى‬would be. The ‫ اعراب‬of the ‫ ( مستثنى‬with ّ‫ )اال‬will be given to ‫ غير‬as can be seen in the
examples below:
‫اءنِ ْي الْ َق ْوم غ َير َزيْ ٍد‬
َ ‫َج‬
‫ابليس‬
َ ‫غير‬ َ ‫سجد الملئكة‬
‫غير َزيْ ٍد احد‬
َ ‫ما جائنى‬
‫غير َزيْ ٍد و غير َزيْ ٍد‬ َ ‫ما جائنى احد‬
‫ما جاء غير َزيْ ٍد‬
‫غير َزيْ ٍد‬
َ ‫ما رايت‬
ٍ ‫ما مررت بغي ِر‬
‫زيد‬

CHAPTER 14
WORDS WHICH ARE ALWAYS MAJROOR ‫جرْوَرات‬
ْ ‫َم‬

ٍ ‫بِز‬
1. Noun preceded by a ‫ حرف جر‬e.g. ‫يد‬ َ
ٍ
2. ‫ مضاف اليه‬e.g. ‫غ َالم زيد‬
Note:
1.) The ‫ مضاف‬will never get a ‫ اَ ْل‬or a ‫تنوين‬.
The ‫ نون‬of ‫ تثنية‬and ‫ جمع‬is dropped at the time of ‫اضافة‬
e.g. ‫غ َال َما َزيْ ٍد‬ ( ‫ان َزيْ ٍد‬
ِ ‫) قَ لَم‬
َ
‫فَ َر َسا َع ْم ٍرو‬ ِ ‫) فَ رس‬
( ‫ان َع ْم ٍرو‬ ََ
‫ص َر‬ ِ ِ ِ ِ
ْ ‫م ْسلم ْو م‬ ( ‫ص َر‬
ْ ‫) م ْسلم ْو َن م‬
‫طَالِب ْو ِعل ٍْم‬ ٍ ‫) طَالِب ْو َن ِعل‬
( ‫ْم‬

2.) In the translation of ‫ مضاف‬and ‫مضاف اليه‬, the words of, my, ours, etc. are used.
Examples to understand this:
ٍ ‫ غ َالم‬- The slave of Zaid (or Zaid’s slave)
‫زيد‬
‫اضر‬ِ ‫غ َال ِمي ح‬- My slave is present.
َ ْ
ِ
‫ض َربْت غ َالم ْي‬
َ - I hit our slave.

CHAPTER 15

THE I’RAAB OF THE VARIOUS TYPES OF MU’RAB NOUNS

‫لص ِح ْيح‬
َّ َ‫ا‬ : that noun which does not end with any of the ‫ي (حروف علة‬- ‫ا‬- ‫ )و‬. e.g. ‫َرجل‬

‫الص ِح ْي ِح‬
َّ ‫ اَلْ َقائِم َم َقام‬: that noun which ends with a ‫و‬or ‫ ي‬preceded by a ‫ سكون‬e.g. ‫َدلْو‬ ‫ظَْبى‬
‫الستَّة الْم َكبَّ َرة‬
‫اَْالَ ْس َماء ِّ‬ ‫صغَّر ( ‪: those six nouns which are not in their diminutive form‬‬
‫)م َ‬
‫اَب ‪: they are‬‬ ‫اَخ‬ ‫َحم‬ ‫فَم‬ ‫َهن‬ ‫ذ ْو‬

‫اَِْال ْسم ال َْم ْقص ْور‬ ‫)ى (الف مقصورة ‪: that noun which ends with an‬‬ ‫م ْوسى ‪e.g.‬‬

‫اَِْال ْسم ال َْم ْن ق ْوص‬ ‫‪ e.g.‬كسرة ‪ preceded by a‬ى ‪: that noun which ends with a‬‬ ‫اَلْ َق ِ‬
‫اضى‬

‫‪Noun Type‬‬ ‫حالة النصب حالة الرفع‬ ‫حالة الجر‬ ‫‪Example‬‬

‫مفرد منصرف صحيح ‪1.‬‬ ‫ضمة‬ ‫فتحة‬ ‫كسرة‬ ‫جاءنى زيد‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫رايت زيدا‬ ‫مررت ٍ‬
‫بزيد ‪-‬‬

‫مفرد قائم مقام صحيح ‪2.‬‬ ‫ضمة‬ ‫فتحة‬ ‫كسرة‬ ‫هذا ظبى‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫رايت ظبيا‬ ‫مررت ٍ‬
‫بظبى ‪-‬‬

‫مكسر منصرف ‪3.‬‬ ‫قلت ٍ‬

‫جمع ّ‬ ‫ضمة‬ ‫فتحة‬ ‫كسرة‬ ‫هم رجال‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫رايت رجاال‬ ‫لرجال ‪-‬‬

‫غير منصرف ‪4.‬‬ ‫ضمة‬ ‫فتحة‬ ‫فتحة‬ ‫جاء عمر‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫عمر‬
‫رايت َ‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫بعمر‬
‫مررت َ‬

‫اسماء ستّة مكبّرة ‪5.‬‬

‫مضاف ‪a.when‬‬ ‫‪to any‬‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ى‬ ‫جاء ابوك‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫رايت اباك‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫مررت بابيك‬
‫ى ضمير ‪noun besides the‬‬
‫*‬
‫‪-hidden -hidden‬‬ ‫‪-hidden‬‬ ‫جاء ابى‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫رايت ابى‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫مررت بابى‬
‫ضمير ى ‪ to‬مضاف ‪b.when‬‬
‫ضمة‬ ‫جاء اب‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫رايت ابا‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫مررت ٍ‬
‫باب‬
‫مضاف ‪c. when not‬‬ ‫فتحة‬ ‫كسرة‬
‫المضاف الى ياء المتكلّم ‪6.‬‬ ‫‪-hidden -hidden‬‬ ‫‪-hidden‬‬ ‫‪ -‬جاء غالمى‬ ‫رايت غالمى‬ ‫مررت بغالمى ‪-‬‬

‫اسم مقصور ‪7.‬‬ ‫‪-hidden -hidden -hidden‬‬ ‫‪ -‬جاء موسى‬ ‫رايت موسى‬ ‫‪ -‬مررت بموسى‬

‫اسم منقوص ‪8.‬‬ ‫‪-hidden‬‬ ‫فتحة‬ ‫‪-hidden‬‬ ‫‪ -‬جاء القاضى‬ ‫القاضى‬ ‫رايت‬ ‫مررت بالقاضى ‪-‬‬
‫َ‬

‫‪....‬ما تجعل فى فى امراتك ‪..... e.g.‬ضمير ى ‪ to any noun besides the‬مضاف ‪ will drop when‬فَم ‪ of‬م ‪* The‬‬

‫‪Noun Type‬‬ ‫حالة الرفع‬ ‫حالة النصب‬ ‫حالة الجر‬ ‫‪Example‬‬

‫مثنّى ‪9.‬‬ ‫ِ‬

‫ان ‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬يْ ِن‬ ‫‪-‬يْ ِن‬ ‫رجال ِن‬
‫جاء َ‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫رايت رجلَْي ِن‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫مررت برجلَْي ِن‬

‫ان )‪ (mas‬اِثْ نَ ِ‬
‫ان ‪10.‬‬ ‫)‪ (fem‬اِثْ نَتَ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫ان ‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬يْ ِن‬ ‫‪-‬يْ ِن‬ ‫جاء اثنَ ِ‬
‫ان‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫رايت اثنَ ْي ِن‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫مررت باثنَ ْي ِن‬

‫)‪(fem‬كِلْتَا )‪(mas‬كِ َال ‪11.‬‬ ‫ا‪-‬‬ ‫‪ْ -‬ي‬ ‫‪ْ -‬ي‬ ‫كالهما‬
‫جاء َ‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫رايت كلَْيهما‬ ‫مررت بكلَْيهما ‪-‬‬
‫)المضاف الى الضمير(‬ ‫رايت كلتَ ْيهما ‪ -‬جائت كلتَاهما‬ ‫مررت بكلتَ ْيهما ‪-‬‬

‫جمع مؤنث سالم ‪12.‬‬ ‫‪-‬ات‬ ‫‪ٍ -‬‬ ‫‪ٍ -‬‬ ‫مسلمات‬ ‫‪ -‬رايت مسلم ٍ‬
‫ات‬ ‫ات‬ ‫هن َ‬ ‫‪ّ -‬‬ ‫ات‬ ‫َ‬ ‫مررت‬
 ٍ ‫بمسلم‬
‫ات‬ َ

13. ‫جمع مذكر سالم‬ ‫ ْو َن‬- ‫يْ ِن‬- - ‫َِ يْ َن‬ ‫ جاء مسلم ْو َن‬- ِ ‫رايت‬
‫مسلم ْي َن‬ ِ
‫بمسلم ْي َن‬ ‫ مررت‬-

14. ‫ ِسن ْو َن‬-‫سع ْو َن‬ ِ ِ

ْ ‫ع ْشرْو َن الى ت‬ ‫ ْو َن‬- - ‫َِ يْ َن‬ - ‫َِ يْ َن‬ ‫ جاء عشرْو َن َرجال‬- ‫ مررت بعش ِريْ َن َرجال رايت عش ِريْ َن َرجال‬-

15. ‫اول ْو‬ ‫ ْو‬- - ‫َِ ْي‬ - ‫َِ ْي‬ ‫ جاء اول ْو مال‬- ‫رايت اولِ ْى مال‬ ‫ مررت باولِ ْى مال‬-

16. ‫جمع مذكر سالم‬ -hidden ‫ى‬

َّ ‫ى‬
َّ ِ ‫مسلم َّى **هؤالء‬
*- ‫مسلم َّى‬ ِ ‫ رايت‬-** ‫بمسلم َّى مررت‬
ِ
(‫)المضاف الى ياء المتكلّم‬

* ‫سلِ ِم َّى‬
ْ‫م‬ was originally… ‫م ْسلِم ْونَ َى‬
- the ‫ ن‬drops because of ‫…اضافة‬ ‫ى‬ ِ
َ ‫م ْسلم ْو‬
- change the ‫ و‬to a ‫ ى‬and join the two ‫ ى‬according to the morphological ( ‫ )صرفى‬rule .... when a ‫و‬
and a ‫ ى‬appears together and the first is ‫ساكن‬, then change the ‫ و‬to a ‫ى‬, join the two ‫ى‬- ‫ادغام‬- and
change the ‫ ضمة‬before the ‘‫ ’و‬into a ‫كسرة‬... ‫سلِ ِم َّى‬
ْ‫م‬

** ‫سلِ ِم َّى‬ ِِ
ْ ‫ م‬was originally ‫م ْسلم ْي نَ َى‬ Drop the ‫ ن‬because of ‫اضافة‬. Since the ‫ ى‬was present in ‫حالة‬
‫ النصب‬and ‫حالة الجر‬, there is no need for any change. ‫ ادغام‬of the two ‫ى‬s are done. The word becomes
‫م ْسلِ ِم َّى‬.

CHAPTER 16
‫َّوابِع‬
َ ‫اَلت‬
‫تَابِع‬ : that noun which agrees with/follows the same ‫ اعراب‬of the noun before it. The preceding noun is
called the ‫م ْتب ْوع‬.
َ
: the ‫ عامل‬which governs the ‫ متبوع‬also governs the ‫تابع‬
: there are five ‫توابع‬ 1. ‫لص َفة‬
ِّ َ‫ا‬ 2. ‫اَلتَّاكِ ْيد‬ 3. ‫اَلْبَ َدل‬ ٍ ‫اَلْعطْف بِحر‬
4.‫ف‬ ِ ‫َعطْف الْب ي‬
5. ‫ان‬
َْ َ ََ
1. ‫ صفة‬that ‫ تَابِع‬which either describes the ‫ متبوع‬or something related to the ‫متبوع‬.
For example, in the sentence, ‫اءنِ ْى َرجل َعالِم‬ ِ
َ ‫( َج‬A learned man came to me.), the word ‫ َعالم‬describes the
condition of the man ( ‫)متبوع‬.
In the sentence ‫اءنِ ْى َرجل َعالِم أَب ْوه‬ ِ
َ ‫ َج‬, the word ‫ َعالم‬describes the condition of the father, who is connected
to the man ( ‫)متبوع‬.

‫ صفة‬is therefore of two types :

1. ‫ حقيقى‬: that ‫ صفة‬which describes the actual ‫موصوف‬.
The ‫ موصوف‬and ‫ صفة‬must correspond in .......
a. I’raab i.e. ‫رفع‬, ‫ نصب‬and ‫جر‬. -
b. Gender i.e. masculine and feminine. -
c. Number i.e singular, dual and plural. -
d. Ma’rifah and Nakirah. -
Examples of the above are:
‫ نِ ْس َوة َعالِ َمات‬- ‫ان‬
ِ َ‫ان َعالِمت‬ ِ ‫ رج َال ِن َعالِم‬- ‫ِع ْن ِدي رجل َعالِم‬
ِ َ‫ إمرأت‬- ‫ان – ِرجال َعالِمو َن – إمرأة َعالِمة‬
َ َْ َ َْ ْ َ َ َ َ ْ
2. ‫ سببى‬: that ‫ صفة‬which does not describe the ‫موصوف‬, but describes that which is connected to the ‫موصوف‬
e.g. ‫اءنِ ْى َرجل َعالِم اَب ْوه‬
َ ‫( َج‬The boy, whose father is learned, came to me.)
1. In ‫ صفة سببى‬the ‫ موصوف‬and ‫ صفة‬must correspond in only two aspects :
a. I’raab i.e. ‫رفع‬, ‫ نصب‬and ‫جر‬. b. Ma’rifah and Nakirah -
2. The ‫ صفة‬will always be singular whether the ‫ موصوف‬is singular, dual or plural.
3. The ‫ صفة‬will correspond, in gender, with the word after it e.g. ‫إم َرأة َعالِم إِبْ ن َها‬ ِ ‫( ج‬The woman, whose
ْ ‫اءتْن ْى‬
ََ
ِ
son is learned, came to me.) Here ‫ َعالم‬is the ‫ صفة‬of ‫إم َرأة‬
ْ . However, since it is making apparent the
condition of her son, it is in the masculine gender.

Note: The ‫ صفة‬can be a complete sentence, in which case the ‫ موصوف‬must be ‫نكرة‬. The ‫ صفة‬which is a
sentence must have a ‫ ضمير‬which refers to the ‫ نكرة موصوفة‬e.g. ‫اءنِ ْى َرجل اَب ْوه َعالِم‬
َ ‫( َج‬The man, whose
father is learned, came to me.)

The ‫ تَ ْركِيب‬of some of these sentences are as follows:

1.) In the sentence ‫اءنِ ْى َرجل َعالِم‬ ِ ‫ ج‬is ‫ فعل‬and ‫فاعل‬, ‫ ب ْكرا‬is ‫مفعول‬, ‫و‬is ‫حالية‬, ‫ هو‬is ‫ مبتَدا‬and
َ ‫ َج‬the word ‫اءن ْى‬
ََ َ َ َ ْ
ِ ِ ِ
‫ َجالس‬is ‫ َخبَر‬. The ‫م ْبتَدا‬and ‫ َخبَر‬join together to form ‫اَلْج ْملَة ْاال ْسميَّة الْ َخبَ ِريَّة‬, which in turn becomes ‫حال‬. The ‫حال‬
َ ْ‫الف ْعلِية ال‬
and ‫ ذو الحال‬join together to form ‫مفعول به‬. The ‫فعل‬, ‫ فاعل‬and ‫ مفعول‬together become ‫خبَ ِريَّة‬ ِ ‫اَلْجملَة‬.
ْ
2.) In the sentence ‫إم َرأة َعالِم إِبْ ن َها‬ ِ ‫ ج‬the word ‫ت‬
ْ ‫اءتْن ْى‬
ََ ْ ‫اء‬ ِ ِ
َ ‫ َج‬is ‫فعل‬, ‫ ن‬is ‫ وقاية‬, ‫ ْى‬is ‫مفعول‬, ‫ ْإم َرأة‬is ‫موصوف‬, ‫ َعالم‬is
‫اسم فاعل‬, ‫ إِبْن‬is ‫مضاف‬, and ‫ َها‬is ‫مضاف اليه‬. The ‫ مضاف‬and ‫ مضاف اليه‬become the ‫ فاعل‬of ‫ َعالِم‬. ‫ َعالِم‬and its ‫فاعل‬
join to become ‫موصوف‬. The ‫ موصوف‬and ‫ صفة‬join together to become the ‫ فاعل‬of ‫ت‬
ْ ‫اء‬
َ ‫ َج‬. The ‫فعل‬, ‫ فاعل‬and
‫ مفعول‬together become ‫الف ْعلِية الْ َخبَ ِريَّة‬
ِ ‫اَلْجملَة‬.
ْ
3.) In the sentence ‫اءنِ ْى َرجل اَب ْوه َعالِم‬
َ ‫ َج‬the word ‫اء‬
ِ
َ ‫ َج‬is ‫فعل‬, ‫ ن‬is ‫ وقاية‬, ‫ ْى‬is ‫مفعول‬, ‫ َرجل‬is ‫موصوف‬, ‫ اَب ْوه‬is ‫مضاف‬,
and ‫ ه‬is ‫مضاف اليه‬. The ‫ مضاف‬and ‫ مضاف اليه‬together become ‫ م ْبتَدا‬and its‫ َخبَر‬is ‫ َعالِم‬. The ‫ م ْبتَدا‬and ‫َخبَر‬

َ ْ‫اال ْس ِميَّة ال‬

join together to form ‫خبَ ِريَّة‬ ِْ ‫اَلْجملَة‬, which in turn becomes ‫صفة‬. The ‫ موصوف‬and ‫ صفة‬join together to
ْ
َ ْ‫الف ْعلِية ال‬
form ‫فاعل‬. The ‫فعل‬, ‫ فاعل‬and ‫ مفعول‬together become ‫خبَ ِريَّة‬ ِ ‫اَلْجملَة‬.
ْ

Do ‫ تَ ْركِيب‬of the following sentences:

1.) ‫إم َرأة َعالِ َمة‬
ْ ‫َرأيْت‬
2.) ‫َم َر ْرت بَِرج ٍل َعالِ َمة ابْ نَته‬

َ ‫اءنِ ْى َرجل َم‬

3.) ‫ات اَب ْوه‬ َ ‫َج‬
ْ ‫أَ ْخ ِر ْجنَا ِم ْن َه ِذهِ الْ َق ْريَِة الظَّالِ ِم أ‬
4.)‫َهل َها‬
 َ ‫أ ْسك ْن فِ ْي تِل‬
َ ‫ْك الدَّا ِر ال‬
5.) ‫ْم ْفت ْو ِح بَاب َها‬

2. ‫( تاكيد‬EMPHASIS)

‫ تاكيد‬: that ‫ تابع‬which gives emphasis to the ‫ متبوع‬in the matter related to it or emphasises the inclusion
of all members of the ‫ متبوع‬in the matter related to it. The ‫ تابع‬is called ‫ تاكيد‬and the ‫ متبوع‬is called
‫م َؤَّكد‬.
e.g. ‫َجائَنِ ْى َزيْد َزيْد‬ ( the second ‫ َزيْد‬emphasised Zaid’s coming )
e.g. ‫اء الْ َق ْوم كلُّه ْم‬
َ ‫َج‬ ( ‫ كلُّه ْم‬emphasised that all came, not one remained )

There are two types of ‫تاكيد‬: ‫ لَ ْف ِظى‬and ‫َم ْعنَ ِوى‬

1. ‫َّوكِ ْيد اللَّ ْف ِظ ُّى‬
ْ ‫اَلت‬: the emphasis is attained by repeating the ‫ مؤّكد‬e.g. ‫اء َزيْد َزيْد‬
َ ‫َج‬

ُّ ‫اَلت َّْوكِْيد ال َْم ْعنَ ِو‬: the emphasis is attained with any of the following words ....
2. ‫ى‬
‫نَ ْفس‬ ‫َع ْين‬ ‫كِ َال‬ ‫كِلْتَا‬ ‫كل‬ ‫اَ ْج َمع‬ ‫اَ ْكتَع‬ ‫صع‬
َ ْ‫اَب‬ ‫اَبْ تَع‬

‫ َع ْين‬- ‫ نَ ْفس‬: used for singular, dual and plural.

: they have to be ‫ مضاف‬to a ‫ضمير‬
: their ‫ضمير‬and form ( ‫ ) صيغة‬must correspond with the ‫مؤّكد‬
: the plural form ( ‫ ) صيغة‬of ‫نَ ْفس‬and ‫ َع ْين‬will be used for dual.
e.g. ‫ َع ْي نه‬- ‫اء َزيْد نَ ْفسه‬ ِ ‫جاء ال َّزي َد‬
َ ‫َج‬ ‫ اَ ْعي ن ه َما‬- ‫ان اَنْ فسه َما‬ ْ ََ ‫ اَ ْعي ن ه ْم‬- ‫اء ال َّزيْد ْو َن اَنْ فسه ْم‬
َ ‫َج‬
ِ َ‫جائ‬
‫ َع ْي ن َها‬- ‫ت الْم َعلِّ َمة نَ ْفس َها‬ ِ َ‫ت الْمعلِّمت‬
‫ اَ ْعي ن ه َما‬- ‫ان اَنْ فسه َما‬ ِ َ‫جائ‬ ‫ اَ ْعي ن ه َّن‬- ‫ت الْم َعلِّ َمات اَنْ فسه َّن‬ِ َ‫جائ‬
َ ََ َ َ

‫كِ َال‬ - ‫كِلْتَا‬: used for dual only. ( ‫ –كِ َال‬masculine ‫ –كِلْتَا‬feminine )
: must be ‫ مضاف‬to a ‫ضمير‬
e.g. ‫الرج َال ِن كِ َاله َما‬
َّ ‫اء‬
َ ‫َج‬ ‫ان كِلْتَاه َما‬
ِ َ‫ت الْمرأت‬
ِ
ْ َ َ‫َجائ‬

‫ اَ ْج َمع‬- ‫ كل‬: used for singular and plural. ‫ كل‬is used with a ‫ ضمير‬which must correspond with the ‫مؤّكد‬.
‫ اَ ْج َمع‬is used with its form ( ‫ ) صيغة‬changing to correspond with the ‫مؤّكد‬
e.g. ‫اب كلَّه‬ ِ
َ َ‫( قَ َراْت الْكت‬I read the whole book.) ‫اء الْ َق ْوم كلُّه ْم‬
َ ‫( َج‬All the people came.)
‫س اَ ْج َم َعه‬ ِ
َ ‫( ا ْشتَ َريْت الْ َف َر‬I bought the whole horse.) ‫اء النَّاس اَ ْج َمع ْو َن‬
َ ‫( َج‬All the people came.)

‫صع‬
َ ْ‫ اَب‬- ‫ اَبْ تَع‬-‫ اَ ْكتَع‬: used for greater emphasis.
: they appear after ‫ ( اَ ْج َمع‬they are not used without ‫ اَ ْج َمع‬nor can they appear before ‫) اَ ْج َمع‬
e.g. ‫صع ْو َن‬
َ ْ‫اء الْ َق ْوم اَ ْج َمع ْو َن اَ ْكتَ ع ْو َن اَبْ تَ ع ْو َن اَب‬
َ ‫َج‬ (All the people, every single one of them came.)

The ‫ تَ ْركِيب‬of one of the above sentences is as follows:

3.) In the sentence ‫اء الْ َق ْوم كلُّه ْم اَ ْج َمع ْو َن‬
َ ‫ َج‬the word ‫اء‬
َ ‫ َج‬is ‫فعل‬, ‫ الْ َق ْوم‬is ‫مؤكد‬, ‫ ك ُّل‬is ‫مضاف‬, and ‫ ه ْم‬is ‫مضاف اليه‬.
The ‫ مضاف‬and ‫ مضاف اليه‬together become ‫تاكيد‬. ‫ اَ ْج َمع ْو َن‬is the second ‫تاكيد‬. The ‫ مؤكد‬and ‫ تاكيد‬join together

َ ْ‫الف ْعلِية ال‬

to form ‫فاعل‬. The ‫ فعل‬and ‫ فاعل‬together become ‫خبَ ِريَّة‬ ِ ‫اَلْجملَة‬.
ْ

Do ‫ تَ ْركِيب‬of the following sentences:

1.) ‫سجد الملئكة كلّهم اجمعون‬
2.) ‫رايت االمير نفسه‬

3. ‫( بدل‬SUBSTITUTE)

‫ بدل‬: that ‫ تابع‬which is actually intended in the sentence and not its ‫متبوع‬. The ‫ متبوع‬merely serves as an
introduction to the ‫تابع‬
: the ‫ تابع‬is called ‫( بَ َدل‬substitute) and the ‫ متبوع‬is called ‫( م ْب َدل ِم ْنه‬the substituted).

There are four types of ‫بدل‬: ٍّ ‫ بَ َدل ك ٍّل ِم ْن ك‬2. ‫ض ِم ْن ك ٍّل‬

1. ‫ل‬ ِ ‫اال ْشتِم‬
ٍ ‫ بَ َدل بَ ْع‬3. ‫ال‬ ِ
َ ْ ‫بَ َدل‬
ِ َ‫ب َدل الْغَل‬
4. ‫ط‬ َ

ٍّ ‫بَ َدل ك ٍّل ِم ْن ك‬

1. ‫ل‬ : that ‫ بدل‬which is the actual/very ‫ مبدل منه‬e.g. ‫اءنِ ْى َزيْد اَخ ْو َك‬ َ ‫ َج‬- ‫ب‬ ِ ‫ضةَ ْاَل َد‬
َ ‫اب َرْو‬ ِ
َ َ‫قَ َرأْت الْكت‬
In the sentence ‫اءنِ ْى َزيْد اَخ ْو َك‬ ِ ِ
َ ‫ َج‬the word ‫اء‬
َ ‫ َج‬is ‫فعل‬, ‫ ن‬is ‫وقاية‬, ‫ ْى‬is ‫مفعول‬, ‫ َزيْد‬is ‫م ْب َدل م ْنه‬, ‫ اَخ ْو‬is ‫مضاف‬, and ‫َك‬
is ‫مضاف اليه‬. The ‫ مضاف‬and ‫ مضاف اليه‬together become ‫بَ َدل‬. The ‫ م ْب َدل ِم ْنه‬and ‫ بَ َدل‬join together to form
‫فاعل‬. The ‫ فعل‬and ‫ فاعل‬together become ‫الف ْعلِية الْ َخبَ ِريَّة‬
ِ ‫اَلْجملَة‬.
ْ

ٍّ ‫ض ِم ْن ك‬
2. ‫ل‬ ٍ ‫ بَ َدل بَ ْع‬: that ‫ بدل‬which is a part of the ‫ مبدل منه‬e.g. ‫ب َزيْد َراْسه‬ َ ‫( ض ِر‬Zaid’s head was hit.)
ِ
In this sentence, the word ‫ب‬ َ ‫ ض ِر‬is ‫فعل مجهول‬, ‫ َزيْد‬is ‫م ْب َدل م ْنه‬, ‫ َراْس‬is ‫مضاف‬, and ‫ ه‬is ‫مضاف اليه‬. The ‫مضاف‬
and ‫ مضاف اليه‬together become ‫بَ َدل‬. The ‫ م ْب َدل ِم ْنه‬and ‫ بَ َدل‬join together to form ‫نائب فاعل‬. The ‫ فعل‬and
‫ نائب فاعل‬together become ‫الف ْعلِية الْ َخبَ ِريَّة‬
ِ ‫اَلْجملَة‬.
ْ

ِ ‫اال ْشتِم‬
3. ‫ال‬ ِ
َ ْ ‫بَ َدل‬ : that ‫ بدل‬which is connected to the ‫مبدل منه‬, but not part of it
َ ‫( س ِر‬Amr’s money was stolen.) ‫ب َزيْد ثَ ْوبه‬
e.g. ‫ق َع ْمرو َماله‬ ِ
َ ‫( سل‬Zaid’s clothing was stolen.)
The ‫ تَ ْركِيب‬of these two sentences are similar to the above mentioned one.

ِ َ‫ ب َدل الْغَل‬: that ‫ بدل‬which is mentioned after an error (as a correction)

4. ‫ط‬ َ
e.g. ‫( اِ ْشتَ َريْت فَ َرسا ِح َمارا‬I bought a horse - no, a donkey.) ‫اءنِ ْى َزيْد َج ْع َفر‬
َ ‫( َج‬Zaid came to me – no, Ja’far.)
In this sentence the word ‫ إ ْشتَ َريْت‬is ‫ فعل‬and ‫فاعل‬, ‫ فَ َرسا‬is ‫ م ْب َدل ِم ْنه‬and ‫ ِح َمارا‬is ‫ بَ َدل‬. The ‫ م ْب َدل ِم ْنه‬and ‫بَ َدل‬
join together to become ‫مفعول‬. The ‫فعل‬, ‫ فاعل‬and ‫ مفعول به‬together become ‫خبَ ِريَّة‬ َ ْ‫الف ْعلِية ال‬
ِ ‫اَلْجملَة‬.
ْ

4. ‫عطف بِحرف‬
‫ عطف بِحرف‬: that ‫ تابع‬which appears after a ‫حرف عطف‬. The meaning of the verb directed to the ‫ متبوع‬is
also directed to the ‫تابع‬. The ‫ تابع‬is called the ‫ َم ْعط ْوف‬and the ‫ متبوع‬is called the ‫ َم ْعط ْوف َعلَْيه‬e.g.
 ‫اء َزيْد َو َع ْمرو‬
َ ‫( َج‬Zaid and Amr came.) In this sentence, the action of coming is attributed to
Zaid as well as Amr by means of the ‫حرف العطف‬.
In this sentence, ‫اء‬
َ ‫ َج‬is ‫فعل‬, ‫ َزيْد‬is ‫معطوف عليه‬, ‫ َو‬is ‫حرف العطف‬, and ‫ َع ْمرو‬is ‫معطوف‬. The ‫ معطوف عليه‬and
‫ معطوف‬together to form ‫فاعل‬. The ‫ فعل‬and ‫ فاعل‬together become ‫الف ْعلِية الْ َخبَ ِريَّة‬
ِ ‫اَلْجملَة‬.
ْ

‫ حروف العطف‬: ‫َو‬ ‫ف‬

َ ‫ث َّم‬ ‫َحتّى‬ ‫اِ َّما‬ ‫اَ ْو‬ ‫اَ ْم‬ َ‫ال‬ ‫بَ ْل‬ ِ
‫لك ْن‬

5. ‫عطف بيان‬
‫ عطف البيان‬: that ‫ تابع‬which clarifies or specifies its ‫متبوع‬. Often it is a more famous name of two names
e.g. In this example, ‫اء َزيْد اَب ْو َع ْم ٍرو‬
َ ‫( َج‬Zaid, Abu Amr came.) Abu Amr is an agnomen of Zaid and he is
more well known by his agnomen as compared to his name. So Abu Amr is the ‫ عطف البيان‬in this case.
ِ ‫( جاء اَب و ظَْف ٍر َعبد الل‬Abu Zafr (better known as) Abdullah came.) ‫ َعبد الل ِّه‬is the ‫عطف البيان‬.
In this example, ‫ّه‬ ْ ْ ََ ْ
‫ تَ ْركِيب‬: In the sentence ‫اء َزيْد اَب ْو َع ْم ٍرو‬ َ ‫ َج‬is ‫فعل‬, ‫ َزيْد‬is the ‫متبوع‬, ‫ اَب ْو‬is ‫مضاف‬, and ‫ َع ْم ٍرو‬is
َ ‫ َج‬, the word ‫اء‬
‫مضاف اليه‬. The ‫ مضاف‬and ‫ مضاف اليه‬together become ‫عطف البيان‬. The ‫ متبوع‬and ‫ عطف البيان‬join together to
form the ‫فاعل‬. The ‫ فعل‬and ‫ فاعل‬together become ‫خبَ ِريَّة‬ َ ْ‫الف ْعلِية ال‬
ِ ‫اَلْجملَة‬.
ْ

Do ‫ تَ ْركِيب‬of the following sentences:

1.) ‫ام َع ْمرو أب ْو َك‬
َ َ‫ق‬
2.) ‫ق ِط َع َزيْد يَده‬
ِ ‫س ِر َق ح‬
3.) ‫امد نِ َعاله‬ َ
4.) ‫بِ ْعت َج َمال فَ َرسا‬
5.) ‫ب بَ ْكر َّو َخالِد‬
َ ‫ذَ َه‬
ِ ‫جاء اَب و الظَّْف ِر َعبد الل‬
6.) ‫ّه‬ ْ ْ ََ
CHAPTER 17
GOVERNING WORDS
‫َع َو ِامل‬

‫ عامل‬: that word which governs/renders ‫ اعراب‬changes in another word. There are two types of ‫عوامل‬:
‫ لَ ْف ِظى‬and ‫َم ْعنَ ِوى‬
‫ لفظى عامل‬: that ‫ عامل‬which is in word form. Examples of this are:
In the phrase ‫ض‬ ِ ‫ َعلى ْاَل َْر‬, the ‫ َعلى‬causes the word ‫ض‬
ِ ‫ ْاَل َْر‬to become ‫مجرور‬.
In the sentence ‫اء َزيْد‬
َ ‫ َج‬, , the verb ‫اء‬
َ ‫ َج‬causes Zaid to become ‫مضموم‬.
There are three types of ‫لفظى عامل‬:
1.) ‫( حروف‬chapter 18/19)
2.) ‫( افعال‬chapter 19)
3.) ‫( اسماء‬chapter 20)
 CHAPTER 18
GOVERNING PARTICLES ON A NOUN
ِْ ‫اَلْحروف الْع ِاملَة َعلى‬
‫اال ْس ِم‬ َ ْ

There are seven particles (‫ )حروف‬which govern nouns (‫)اسماء‬.

1. ‫الجارة‬
ّ ‫الحروف‬ : They give the following noun a kasrah. These ‫ حروف‬are 17:
‫ب َحا َشا ِم ْن َع َدا فِ ْى َع ْن َعلى َحتّى إلى‬
َّ ‫با و تا و كاف و الم و واو م ْنذ م ْذ َخالَ ر‬

Examples of the above are:

‫حرف جر‬ Meaning Example

1. ‫ب‬ِ -with ‫َم َرْرت بَِزيْ ٍد‬ I passed by Zaid.

2. ‫ت‬َ -by (for oath) ِ َ‫ت‬
‫ااهلل ََلفْ َعلَ َّن َك َذا‬ By Allaah ! I will definitely do this.
3. ‫َك‬ -like ‫َزيْد َك ْاالَ َس ِد‬ Zaid is like a lion.
4. ‫ِل‬ -for ‫ْح ْمد لِل ِّه‬َ ‫اَل‬ All praise is for Allaah.
‫َو‬ -by (oath) ِ ‫و‬
‫اهلل ََلفْ َعلَ َّن َك َذا‬
5. َ By Allaah ! I will definitely do this.
6. ‫م ْنذ‬ -since ِ ِ
‫َما َراَيْ ته م ْنذ يَ ْوم الْجم َعة‬ I did not see him since Friday.
7. ‫م ْذ‬ -since ‫سةَ اَيَّ ٍام‬ ِ ‫ما ج‬
َ ‫اءن ْى َزيْد م ْذ َخ ْم‬ ََ َ Zaid did not come to me since (for) five days.
8. َ‫َخال‬ -besides, except ‫اءنِى الْ َق ْوم َخالَ َزيْ ٍد‬ َ ‫َج‬ The people came to me except Zaid.
9. ‫ب‬َّ ‫ر‬ -many a .... ‫ب َعالِ ٍم يَ ْع َمل بِ ِعل ِْم ِه‬َّ ‫ر‬ Many a learned person practices on his knowledge.
10. ‫َحا َشا‬ besides,except ‫اءنِى الْ َق ْوم َحا َشا َزيْ ٍد‬ َ ‫َج‬ The people came to me except Zaid.
11. ‫ِم ْن‬ from َّ ‫َر َج ْعت ِم َن‬
‫الس َف ِر‬ I returned from the journey.
‫َع َدا‬ ٍ ِ ‫ج‬
12. besides, except ‫اءنى الْ َق ْوم َع َدا َزيْد‬ ََ The people came to me except Zaid.
13. ‫فِ ْى‬ in, regarding
‫َزيْد فِى الدَّا ِر‬ Zaid is in the house.
14. ‫َع ْن‬ from,regarding ‫َساَلْته َع ْن أ َْم ٍر‬ I asked him regarding a matter.
15. ‫َعلى‬ ‫ْح‬ِ ‫السط‬ َّ ‫ام َزيْد َعلَى‬ َ َ‫ق‬ Zaid stood on the roof..
on
16. ‫َحتّى‬ ‫الس َم َكةَ َحتَّى َرأ ِْس َها‬
ّ ‫أ َك ْلت‬ I ate the fish upto (excluding) its head.
upto, until
17. ‫اِلى‬ ‫َسافَ ْرت اِلَى ال َْم ِديْ نَ ِة‬ I travelled upto Madeenah.
upto, towards

2. ‫ الحروف المشبّهة بالفعل‬: These ‫ حروف‬appear before a ‫ مبتدا‬and ‫) جملة اسمية ( خبر‬. It gives a ‫ فتحة‬to the ‫مبتدا‬
which becomes known as ‫ اِ ْسم اِ َّن‬and a ‫ضمة‬ ِ
ّ to the ‫ خبر‬which becomes known as ‫ َخ ْب ر ا َّن‬.
They are six in total:
Meaning Example
1. ‫اِ َّن‬ -certainly, verily ‫اِ َّن َزيْدا قَائِم‬ Verily Zaid is standing.

2. ‫ اَ َّن‬- certainly, verily, ...that ‫ بَلَغَنِ ْي اَ َّن َزيْدا م ْنطَلِق‬The news reached me that Zaid is going..
3. ‫َكاَ َّن‬ -as if َ ‫َكاَ َّن َزيْدا أ‬
‫َسد‬ It is as if Zaid is a lion.

ِ
4. ‫لك َّن‬ -but, however ‫اضر‬ ِ ‫ غَاب َزيد‬Zaid is absent, but Bakr is present.
ِ ‫لك َّن ب ْكرا ح‬
َ َ ْ

5. ‫ت‬
َ ‫ل َْي‬ -if only ‫ت َزيْدا قَائِم‬
َ ‫ل َْي‬ If only Zaid was standing.

6. ‫ل ََع َّل‬ -maybe, hopefully ‫الس ْلطَا َن ي ْك ِرمنِ ْي‬

ُّ ‫ل ََع َّل‬ Hopefully the ruler will honour me.

3. ‫س‬ ِ
َ ‫ َما و الَ المشبّهتين بلَْي‬:
ِ
َ ‫شبَّ َهتَ ْي ِن بلَْي‬
‫س‬ َ ‫ َما َو الَ اَلْم‬: that ‫ َما‬or َ‫ ال‬which has the same meaning and effect as ‫س‬
َ ‫ ل َْي‬i.e. it gives a ‫ضمة‬
ّ to
the ‫ مبتدا‬and a ‫ فتحة‬to the ‫ خبر‬e.g. ‫( َما َزيْد قَائِما‬Zaid is not standing.) ‫( الَ َرجل ظَ ِريْ فا‬No man is witty.)

ِ ‫الَ اَلَّتِى لِنَ ْف ِى ال‬: - that َ‫ ال‬which negates a complete ‫ جنس‬- class, species).
4. ‫ْج ْنس‬ ْ
1.) Most of the time, the ‫ اسم‬of َ‫ ال‬is ‫ مضاف‬and ‫ منصوب‬, whilst the ‫ خبر‬is ‫ مرفوع‬e.g. ‫رجل ظَ ِريْف فى‬
ٍ ‫غالم‬
َ ‫ال‬
‫( الدار‬No person’s slave is witty in the house.)
2.) If the ‫ اسم‬of َ‫ ال‬is ‫ نكرة مفردة‬, then it will be ‫ مبنى على الفتح‬e.g. ‫رجل فى الدار‬
َ ‫ال‬
3.) If the ‫ اسم‬of َ‫ ال‬is ‫ معرفة‬, then it is necessary to repeat the ‫ ال‬with another ‫معرفة‬. The effect of ‫ ال‬will be
cancelled and the ‫ اسم‬will be ‫مرفوع‬, since it will be regarded as ‫ مبتدا‬e.g.
‫دي و ال عمرو ال َخالِد ههناَ َو الَ َس ِع ْيد‬ ِ
ْ ‫ال زيد ع ْن‬
4.) If two ‫ نكرة‬are negated, then the ‫ اسم‬can be read in one of five ways:
a.) َ‫إم َرأة‬
ْ ‫رجل فى الدار و ال‬
َ ‫ ال‬b.) ‫ ال رجل فى الدار و ال ْإم َرأة‬c.) ‫رجل فى الدار و ال ْإم َرأة‬
َ ‫ال‬ d.) ‫إم َرأة‬
ْ ‫رجل فى الدار و ال‬
َ ‫ال‬
e.) َ‫إم َرأة‬
ْ ‫ال رجل فى الدار و ال‬

5. ‫( حرْوف النِّ َداء‬vocative particles) gives ‫ نصب‬to the ‫ منادى‬when it is ‫مضاف‬.

These vocative particles are five:
َ‫يَا اَيَا َهيَا اَ ْى ا‬
ِ ‫يا َعب َد الل‬
e.g. ‫ّه‬ ْ َ
َ‫ ا‬and ‫ اَ ْى‬are used when the ‫ منادى‬is near.
‫ اَيَا‬and ‫ َهيَا‬are used when the ‫ منادى‬is far.
‫ يَا‬is used for both (near and far).

6. ‫ واو المعيّة‬: That ‫ واو‬which has the meaning of ‫( مع‬with) e.g. َ‫شبَة‬
َ ‫استَ َوى ال َْماء َو الْ َخ‬
ْ (The water
straightened with the wood.)

7. ‫ اِالَّ حرف االستثنى‬: e.g. ‫اء الْ َق ْوم اِالَّ َزيْدا‬

َ ‫َج‬

CHAPTER 19
GOVERNING PARTICLES ON A NOUN
ِ ‫اَلْحروف الْع ِاملَة َعلى‬
َ ‫الف ْع ِل الْم‬
‫ضار ِِع‬ َ ْ
Particles which govern ‫ فعل مضارع‬are of two types:
ِ ‫ اَلْحروف الن‬2. ‫اَلْحروف الْجا ِزمة‬
1. ‫َّاصبَة‬ ْ َ َ ْ

ِ ‫ اَلْحروف الن‬are four: ‫اِذَ ْن َكى لَن اَ ْن‬

‫َّاصبَة‬ ْ ْ ْ
They give ‫ نصب‬to the ‫ فعل‬which appears after them.
Examples:
1.) ‫ اَ ْن‬e.g. ‫( ا ِريْد اَ ْن تَ ق ْو َم‬I want you to stand.) When ‫ اَ ْن‬appears with a ‫فعل‬, it gives the meaning of ‫ مصدر‬i.e.

َ ‫ا ِريْد قِيَ َام‬. Therefore, it is referred to as ‫اَ ْن المصدرية‬.

‫ك‬
2.) ‫َن‬ ْ ‫ ل‬e.g. ‫ب َع ْمرو‬
َ ‫َن يَ ْذ َه‬
ْ ‫( ل‬Amr will never go.) ‫َن‬
ْ ‫ ل‬is used for ‫( نفي تاكيد‬negative emphasis.)
3.) ‫ َك ْى‬e.g. َ‫ْجنَّة‬ َ ‫أسلَ ْمت َك ْى أ ْدخ َل ال‬
ْ (I accepted Islam so that I could enter Jannah.)
4.) ‫ اِذَ ْن‬e.g. ‫( إذَ ْن أ ْشك َر َك‬Then I will thank you.) This is in reply to a person who said ‫ك ِديْ نَارا‬
َ ‫( اَنَا أ ْع ِط ْي‬I will
give you a gold coin.)

Note: ‫ اَ ْن‬is hidden after the following six letters and would give the last letter of ‫ مضارع‬a ‫نصب‬
a. After ‫ َحتّى‬e.g. ‫ادخل البلد‬
َ ‫مررت َحتّى‬
b.After ‫الم جحود‬: that ‫ ِل‬which appears after ‫ْم ْن ِفى‬
َ ‫ َكا َن اَل‬or any of the forms of ‫ َكا َن‬e.g. ‫ما كان اهلل لِيع ّذبَهم‬
c. After ‫ اَ ْو‬which has the meaning of ‫(اِلى اَ ْن‬until) or ‫( اِالَّ اَ ْن‬but that) e.g. ‫أو ت ْع ِطيَنِ ْي َح ِّق ْي‬
ْ ‫َّك‬
َ ‫( ََلل َْزَمن‬I will not
separate from you until you give me my due.) (‫)اِلى اَ ْن ت ْع ِطيَنِ ْي َح ِّق ْي‬
d. After ‫الص ْرف‬
َّ ‫ َواو‬: that ‫ واو‬which “turns away” from the word after it, the effect which the ‫ عامل‬had on
the word before it ( i.e. before the ‫)واو‬. An example of this is found in the following poem:

َ ‫ عار عليك إذا‬... ‫ال تَ ْنهَ عن خل ٍق وتَأتِ َي ِمثْ لَه‬

‫فعلت عظيم‬
Do not prohibit from evil whilst you commit the action yourself. If you do so, then this is a great fault on
you.
In this poem, the ‫ واو‬appeared before the sentence ‫وتَأتِي ِمثْ لَه‬. The effect of ‫ ال‬in the phrase َ‫ ال تَ ْنه‬did not
َ
ِ ِ
enter on ‫ وتَأتي مثْ لَه‬as can be seen in the translation.
َ
e. After ‫الم التعليل‬: that ‫ ِل‬which has the meaning of ‫ ) َك ْى الم ( َك ْى‬e.g. َ‫ْجنَّة‬ ِ
َ ‫أسلَ ْمت َل ْدخ َل ال‬
ْ
ِ
f.After ‫ْج َوابيَّة‬ ِ
َ ‫ ال‬- ‫السبَبيَّة‬
َّ ‫فَاء‬: that ‫ ف‬which comes in reply to any of the following six....
1. ‫امر‬ e.g. ‫اكرمك‬َ َ‫زرنى ف‬ ( ‫اكرمك‬
َ ‫)فَاَ ْن‬
2. ‫نهى‬ e.g. ‫ك‬ َ َ‫هي ن‬ ِِ
ْ ‫ال تَ ْشت ْمن ْي فَا‬
3. ‫نفى‬ e.g. ‫حدِّثَنَا‬
َ ‫ما تأتينا فَ ت‬
4. ‫استفهام‬ e.g. ‫ازورك‬
َ َ‫اين بيتك ف‬
5. ‫تمنّى‬ e.g. ‫انفق منه‬
َ َ‫ليت لى ماال ف‬
6. ‫عرض‬ e.g. ‫تصيب خيرا‬
َ َ‫اال تنزل بنا ف‬

‫ْجا ِزَمة‬
َ ‫ اَلْحرْوف ال‬are five: ‫َم اِ ْن‬
ْ ‫ َالء النَّ ِهى َالم ْاالَ ْمر ل ََّما ل‬. Theey appear before ‫ فعل مضارع‬and gives the last
letter a ‫جزم‬.
Examples:
‫َم يَ ْنص ْر ل َّما يَ ْنص ْر لِيَ ْنص ْر َال يَ ْنص ْر إ ْن تَ ْنص ْر أنْص ْر‬
ْ‫ل‬
 ‫ اِ ْن‬appears before two verbal sentences, the first of which is called ‫( شرط‬condition) and the second ‫جزاء‬
(answer/result) e.g. ‫ب‬ ْ ‫ض ِر‬ ْ َ‫إ ْن ت‬. Even if ‫ اِ ْن‬appears before ‫ فعل ماضى‬, it will give the meaning of the
ْ ‫ض ِر‬
ْ‫بأ‬
future tense e.g. ‫ض َربْت‬
َ ‫ت‬
َ ْ‫ض َرب‬
َ ‫( إ ْن‬If you hit, I will hit.)

Note: 1.) ‫ف‬

َ must be brought before the ‫ جزاء‬of a ‫ شرط‬when the ‫ جزاء‬is a ....
a. ‫جملة اسمية‬ e.g. ‫اِ ْن تاتني فَانت مكرم‬
b. ‫امر‬ e.g. ‫اكرمه‬ ِ
ْ َ‫ا ْن رايت زيدا ف‬
c. ‫نهى‬ e.g. ‫اِ ْن اتاك عمرو فَال ته ْنه‬
d. ‫دعاء‬ e.g. ‫اِ ْن اكرمتنى فَجزاك اهلل خيرا‬

2. ‫ فعل ماضى‬will be translated in the future tense when it is ....

a. used as a ‫دعاء‬ e.g. ‫اك اهلل َخ ْي را‬
َ ‫َج َز‬ May Allaah Ta’aala reward you.
b. preceded by a ‫حرف شرط‬ ‫ت َجلَ ْست‬ ِ
e.g. َ ‫ا ْن َجلَ ْس‬ If you sit I will sit.
c. preceded by a ‫اسم موصول‬ e.g. ‫شر اَ ْمثَالِ َها‬
ْ ‫سنَ ِة فَ لَه َع‬ َ ‫اء بِال‬
َ ‫ْح‬ َ ‫ َم ْن َج‬He who brings a good deed, for
him there will be a tenfold reward.

CHAPTER 20
GOVERNING VERBS
‫اَْالَفْ َعال الْ َع ِاملَة‬
Know well that there is no ‫ فعل‬which does not cause some effect. ‫ فعل‬is of two types:
1.) ‫ الفعل المعروف‬2.) ‫الفعل المجهول‬
1.) ‫( اَلْ ِف ْعل الْ َم ْعرْوف‬The active verb) : that verb the doer of which is known/mentioned. It is of two types:
‫الفعل الالزم‬ The intransitive verb i.e. that verb which can be understood without a ‫مفعول‬
‫الفعل المتع ّدى‬ The transitive verb i.e. that verb which cannot be fully understood without a ‫مفعول‬

‫ فعل معروف‬whether ‫ الزم‬or ‫ متعدى‬will govern the following nouns:

It gives a ‫ضمة‬
ّ to the ‫ فاعل‬e.g. ‫ قام زيد‬and ‫ضرب عمرو‬
َ
It gives a ‫ فتحة‬to the a.) ‫ مفعول مطلق‬b.) ‫ مفعول معه‬c.) ‫ مفعول له‬d.) ‫ مفعول فيه‬e.) ‫ حال‬f.) ‫تميز‬.
Note: ‫ مفعول به‬can only be governed by a ‫فعل متعدى‬.

2.) ‫جه ْول‬ ِ

ْ ‫( اَلْف ْعل الْ َم‬The passive verb) : that verb the doer of which is not known/mentioned.
It gives a ‫ضمة‬
ّ to the ‫ ) مفعول به ( نائب فاعل‬and gives a ‫ فتحة‬to all the remaining ‫ مفاعيل‬e.g.
‫امام القاضى ضربا شديدا فى داره تاديبا‬
َ ‫يوم الجمعة‬ َ ‫ض ِر‬
َ ‫ب َزيْد‬
‫ فعل مجهول‬is also known as ‫اعله‬ ِ َ‫فِعل ما لَم يس َّم ف‬
َ ْ َ ْ
The ‫ نائب فاعل‬is also called ‫اعله‬ ِ َ‫مفعول ما لَم يس َّم ف‬.
َ ْ َ
‫فعل متع ّدى‬
There are four types of ‫ فعل متع ّدى‬...
1.Those verbs which require one ‫ مفعول‬as in the case of most verbs e.g. ‫ب َزيْد َع ْمروا‬
َ ‫ض َر‬
َ
2.Those verbs which can be given two ‫ مفعول‬e.g. ‫ اَ ْعطى‬and any verb which has the meaning of “ ‫” اِ ْعطَاء‬
(to give) e.g. ‫( اَ ْعطَْيت َزيْدا ِد ْرَهما‬I gave Zaid one dirham.) It will also be correct to say ‫( اَ ْعطَْيت َزيْدا‬I gave
Zaid.)
ِ ‫( اَفْ َعال الْقل ْو‬verbs which relate
3.Those verbs which must be given two ‫مفعول‬. These verbs are known as ‫ب‬
to the heart... feelings)

Verb Usage Example

‫َراى‬ used for certainty ( ‫) يقين‬ ‫َراَيْت سعيدا ذاهبا‬
‫َو َج َد‬ used for certainty ( ‫) يقين‬ ‫َو َج ْدت رشيدا َعالِما‬
‫َعلِ َم‬ used for certainty ( ‫) يقين‬ ‫َعلِ ْمت َع ْمرا امينا‬

‫َز َع َم‬ used for certainty ( ‫) يقين‬ ‫َز َع ْمت اللّهَ غَف ْورا‬
- or doubt ( ‫) شك‬ ‫ش ْيطَا َن َشك ْورا‬
ّ ‫َز َع ْمت ال‬

‫ب‬ ِ ‫َح ِس ْبت زيدا فاضال‬

َ ‫َحس‬ used for doubt ( ‫) شك‬
‫ال‬
َ ‫َخ‬ used for doubt ( ‫) شك‬ ‫ِخ ْلت خالدا قائما‬
‫ظَ َّن‬ used for doubt ( ‫) شك‬ ‫ظَنَ ْنت بَ ْكرا نَائِما‬

4.Those verbs which require three ‫ مفاعيل‬: ‫اَرى‬ ‫نَبَّاَ اَنْ بَاَ اَ ْعلَ َم‬ ‫َخبَّ َر اَ ْخبَ َر‬ ‫َّث‬
َ ‫َحد‬
Examples: ‫( اَ َراَيْت َع ْمرا خالدا نائما‬I informed Amr that Khalid is sleeping.)
‫( اَ ْعلَ ْمت زيدا َع ْمرا فاضال‬I informed Zaid that Amr is virtuous.)
All these three are ‫مفعول به‬.

AUXILIARY (DEFECTIVE) VERBS

‫صة‬ ِ
َ ‫اَْالَفْ َعال النَّاق‬

They are called ‫( ناقص‬incomplete) because, though being ‫ فعل الزم‬the sentence remains incomplete. It
requires a ‫خبر‬.
These ‫ افعال‬enter on a ‫ مبتدا‬and ‫) جملة اسمية ( خبر‬. It gives a ‫ضمة‬
ّ to the ‫ مبتدا‬which becomes known as
‫ اِ ْسم َكا َن‬and a ‫ فتحة‬to the ‫ خبر‬which becomes known as ‫ َخ ْب ر َكا َن‬.
These ‫ فعل‬are thirteen:
Meaning Example
1. ‫َكا َن‬ -was ‫َكا َن زيد قَائِما‬ Zaid was standing.

2. ‫ار‬
َ‫ص‬ َ -became ‫ص َار الطِّْين َخ َزفا‬
َ The sand became pottery.

3. ‫ح‬
َ َ‫صب‬
ْ َ‫ا‬ -happen in the morning, ‫صبَ َح َزيْد غَنِيًّا‬
ْ َ‫ا‬ Zaid became rich.
became
4. ‫اَ ْمسى‬ happen in the evening, became ‫سى زيد قَائِما‬
َ ‫اَ ْم‬ Zaid stood in the evening.

5. ‫ضحى‬
ْ َ‫ا‬ -happen at mid-morning,became ‫ض َحى زيد َحاكِما‬
ْ َ‫ا‬ Zaid became a ruler.

6. ‫ل‬
َّ َ‫ظ‬ -happen during the day, became ‫ظَ َّل بَ ْكر َكاتِبا‬ Bakr became a scribe.

7. ‫ات‬
َ َ‫ب‬ -happen during the night, became ‫ات َخالِد نَائِما‬
َ َ‫ب‬ Bakr passed the night sleeping.

8. ‫ام‬
َ ‫َما َد‬ -as long as ‫س َما َد َام َزيْد َجالِسا‬ ِ ِ
ْ ‫ا ْجل‬ Sit as long as Zaid is sitting.

9. ‫ال‬
َ ‫َما َز‬ -always, continuously ‫ال بَ ْكر َعالِما‬
َ ‫َما َز‬ Bakr is continuously learning.

10.‫ح‬
َ ‫َمابَ ِر‬ -always, continuously ‫صائِما‬ ِ ‫ما بر‬
َ ‫ِح َخالد‬
َ َ َ Khalid is always fasting.

11.‫ئ‬ ِ ِ َ‫ما فَتِئ س ِعيد ف‬

َ ‫َمافَت‬ -always, continuously ‫اضال‬ َْ َ َ Saeed is always pious.

َّ ‫َماانْ َف‬
12‫ك‬ -always, continuously ‫ك َو ِح ْيد َعاقِال‬
َّ ‫ َما انْ َف‬Waheed is always intelligent.

13. ‫س‬
َ ‫ل َْي‬ -no, not ‫س زيد قَائِما‬
َ ‫ل َْي‬ Zaid is not standing.

‫اَْالَفْ َعال الْم َق َاربَة‬

Those verbs shows nearness in the attainment of the ‫خبر‬.
These ‫ افعال‬enter on a ‫ مبتدا‬and ‫ ) جملة اسمية ( خبر‬just like ‫صة‬ ِ ِ
َ ‫اَْالَفْ َعال النَّاق‬. They give a ‫ رفع‬to the ‫ ا ْسم‬and a
‫ نصب‬to the ‫خبر‬. These four are: ‫اد َعسى‬
َ ‫ب َك‬
َ ‫ك َك َر‬
َ ‫اَ ْو َش‬
Examples:
‫ج‬َ ‫َعسى َزيْد اَ ْن يَّ ْخر‬ Hopefully Zaid will come out.
‫ت المراة ا ْن تَق ْو َم‬ ِ ‫َعس‬
َ Hopefully the woman will come out.
‫اد َع ْمرو يَ ْذ َهب‬ َ ‫َك‬ Amr will soon go.
‫ب َخالِد يَ ْجلِس‬ َ ‫َك َر‬ Khaalid will soon sit.
‫ئى‬ ِ
َ ‫ك َزيْد اَ ْن يَّج‬ َ ‫اَ ْو َش‬ Zaid will soon come.

َّ ‫اَفْ َعال ال َْم ْد ِح َو‬

‫الذ ِّم‬
(Verbs of praise and blame)

Verbs of praise : ‫نِ ْع َم‬ َّ ‫نِ ْع َم‬

e.g. ‫الرجل َع ْمرو‬ What a wonderful man Amr is!
: ‫َحبَّ َذا‬ e.g. ‫َحبَّ َذا َزيْد‬ What a wonderful man Zaid is!

Verbs of blame : ‫س‬ ِ ِ

َ ‫ب ْئ‬ e.g. ‫الرجل َع ْمرو‬
َّ ‫س‬َ ‫ب ْئ‬ What an evil man Amr is!
: ‫اء‬
َ ‫َس‬ e.g. ‫الرجل َزيْد‬
َّ ‫اء‬
َ ‫َس‬ What an evil man Zaid is!
That which appears after the ‫ فاعل‬is called ‫ْم ْدح‬ ِ َّ ِ‫َم ْخص ْوص ب‬
َ ‫ َم ْخص ْوص بال‬or ‫الذ ّم‬

The ‫ فاعل‬of ‫ نِ ْع َم‬- ‫س‬ ِ

َ ‫ ب ْئ‬- ‫اء‬
َ ‫ َس‬must be one of the following….
…prefixed with ‫اَ ْل‬
َّ ‫نِ ْع َم‬
e.g. ‫الرجل َع ْمرو‬
…‫ مضاف‬to a noun prefixed with ‫اَ ْل‬
ِ ‫صا ِحب الْ ِعل‬
e.g. ‫ْم بَ ْكر‬ ِ
َ ‫ن ْع َم‬
…a hidden ‫ ضمير‬followed by a ‫ ( نكرة منصوبة‬being ‫) تميز‬
e.g. ‫نِ ْع َم َرجال َزيْد‬ [ ‫] نِ ْع َم )ه َو( َرجال َزيْد‬

In ‫… َحبَّ َذا َزيْد‬ ‫ب‬َّ ‫ َح‬is the ‫فعل‬

‫َذا‬ ( ‫ ) اسم اشارة‬is its ‫فاعل‬
‫ َزيْد‬is the ‫َم ْخص ْوص بِال َْم ْدح‬
‫ب‬ِ ‫اَفْ َعال التَّ َع ُّج‬
(Verbs of wonder)

There are two scales to express wonder for three-lettered verbs ( ‫مجرد‬
ّ ‫) ثالثى‬
1. ‫ َما اَفْ َعلَه‬: e.g ‫س َن َزيْدا‬
َ ‫( َما اَ ْح‬How wonderful Zaid is!)
‫ َما‬has the meaning of ‫ي َش ْي ٍئ‬ ُّ َ‫ ا‬and is ‫ رفع‬since it is the ‫م ْبتَدا‬. ‫س َن‬
َ ‫ اَ ْح‬is ‫ رفع‬also since it is the ‫ َخبَر‬.
‫تركيب‬: ‫ َما‬is ‫م ْبتَدا‬, ‫س َن‬ َ ‫ اَ ْح‬is ‫فعل‬, ‫ ه َو‬is its ‫فاعل‬, and ‫ َزيْدا‬is the ‫ مفعول به‬. The ‫فعل‬, ‫ فاعل‬and ‫ مفعول به‬together
َ ْ‫الف ْعلِية ال‬
become ‫خبَ ِريَّة‬ ِ ‫اَلْجملَة‬. This then becomes the ‫ َخبر‬. The ‫ مبتدا‬and ‫ َخبر‬join together to form ‫الجملة السمية‬
ْ َ َْ َ
‫االنشائية‬.

2. ‫ل بِ ِه‬ ِ ٍ ِ ِ
ْ ‫اَفْع‬: e.g. ‫( اَ ْحس ْن ب َزيْد‬How wonderful Zaid is!)
‫ ) فعل امر ( اَفْ ِع ْل‬has the meaning of ‫س َن َزيْد ( فعل ماضى‬ ِ
َ ‫ ) اَ ْح‬which means (‫)صار ذا ح ْس ٍن‬. The ‫ ب‬is extra (‫) َزائد‬
CHAPTER 21
‫اَْالَ ْس َماء الْ َع ِاملَة‬
GOVERNING NOUNS

Governing nouns are of ten types:

َّ ‫ اَْالَ ْس َماء‬: These are nine and they have a similar meaning to ‫اِ ْن‬.
1.) ‫الش ْر ِطيَّة‬
‫َم ْن َم ْه َما َمتى اِ ْذ َما َما اَي َح ْيث َما اَنّى اَيْ نَ َما‬
Examples:
1.) ‫اكرمه‬
ْ ‫يكرمنى‬
ْ ‫َم ْن‬
2.) ‫َم ْه َما تقع ْد اقع ْد‬
3.) ‫ب‬
ْ ‫ب اَ ْذ َه‬
ْ ‫َمتى تَ ْذ َه‬
4.) ‫اسافر‬ ِ
ْ ‫تسافر‬
ْ ‫ا ْذ َما‬
5.) ‫شتَر أ ْشتَ ِر‬
ْ َ‫َما ت‬
ْ ‫ض ِربْنِ ْي أ‬
6.) ‫ض ِربْه‬ ْ َ‫اَيُّه ْم ي‬
7.) ‫َح ْيث َما تقع ْد اقع ْد‬
8.) ‫ب‬
ْ ‫ب أ ْكت‬
ْ ‫اَنّى تَ ْكت‬
ِ ‫ص ْد اَق‬
9.) ‫ْص ْد‬ ِ ‫اَي نَما ت ْق‬
َْ

ِ ‫ اَ ْسماء ْاالَفْ َع‬: Those nouns which have the meaning of verbs. They are nine in total.
2.) ‫ال‬ َ
Three are such nouns which have the meaning of ‫ ( فعل ماضى‬would give the noun after it a ‫)رفع‬:
‫ات َشتَّا َن َس ْر َعا َن‬
َ ‫َه ْي َه‬
Examples:
‫ات َزيْد اَ ْن يَّ ْف َع َل ه َذا‬
َ ‫َه ْي َه‬ It was far from (beyond) Zaid to do this.
‫َشتَّا َن َزيْد َو َع ْمرو‬ What a difference there was between Zaid and Amr.
‫َس ْر َعا َن َع ْمرو‬ Amr hastened.

Six nouns are such which have the meaning of ‫ ( امر حاضر‬would give the noun after it a ‫)نصب‬:
‫ك َحيَّ َه ْل رَويْ َد َها‬
َ ‫ك بَلْهَ َعلَْي‬
َ َ‫د ْون‬
Examples:

‫ك َع ْمرا‬ َ َ‫د ْون‬ Take Amr.

‫بَلْهَ َس ِع ْيدا‬ Leave Saeed.
‫ك بَ ْكرا‬َ ‫َعلَْي‬ Hold firmly onto Bakr.
ِ‫الصلوة‬
َّ ‫َحيَّ َه ِل‬ Come to Salaah.
‫رَويْ َد َزيْدا‬ Give Zaid respite.
‫َها َخالِدا‬ Take Khaalid.

ِ ‫ اِسم الْ َف‬: It has the same effect as an active verb ( ‫ ) فعل معروف‬i.e. it gives the ‫ فاعل‬a ‫ رفع‬and the
3.) ‫اع ِل‬ ْ
‫ مفعول به‬a ‫ نصب‬with two conditions:
a.) It gives the meaning of present or future tense.
b.) It is preceded by any of the following :
a. ‫مبتدا‬ e.g. ‫ضا ِرب اَب ْوه َع ْمرا‬
َ ‫زيد‬
b. ‫موصوف‬ e.g. ‫ب اَب ْوه بَ ْكرا‬ َ ‫َم َرْرت بَِرج ٍل‬
ٍ ‫ضا ِر‬
c. ‫اسم الموصول‬ e.g. ‫اءنِى الضَّا ِرب اَب ْوه بَ ْكرا‬ ِ ِ ‫ج‬
َ ‫ َج‬or ‫اءنى الْ َقائم اَب ْوه‬
ََ
d. ‫ذو الحال‬ ِ ِ
e.g. ‫اءن ْى َزيْد َراكبا غ َالمه فَ َرسا‬َ ‫َج‬
e. ‫همزة االستفهام‬ e.g. ‫ضا ِرب َزيْد َع ْمرا‬
َ َ‫ا‬
f. ‫حرف النفى‬ e.g. ‫َما قَائِم َزيْد‬

َ and ‫ قَائِم‬governs the following words in the same way as ‫ب‬

‫ضا ِرب‬ َ ‫ض َر‬
َ and ‫ام‬
َ َ‫ ق‬does.

4.) ‫ اِ ْسم الْ َم ْفع ْو ِل‬: it has the same effect as a passive verb ‫ ( فعل مجهول‬it gives the ‫ نائب فاعل‬a ‫)رفع‬.
It governs the word after it with the same two conditions as mentioned above:
a.) It gives the meaning of present or future tense.
b.) It is preceded by one of the above mentioned six like ‫ مبتدا‬etc. :
ْ ‫اضال َع ْمرو م ْعطى غالَمه ِد ْرَهما َزيْد َم‬
Examples: ‫ضرْوب اَب ْوه‬ ِ َ‫َخالِد م ْخب ر إب نه َعمرا ف‬
ِ َ‫اضال ب ْكر م ْعلوم إب نه ف‬
ْ ْ َ َ ْ ْ َ
In these examples, the words ‫ضرْوب‬ ْ ‫ َم‬, ‫م ْعطى‬, ‫ َم ْعل ْوم‬and ‫ م ْخبَ ر‬governs the following words in the same
ِ ِ
َ ‫ض ِر‬, ‫أ ْعطي‬, ‫ عل َم‬and ‫ أ ْخبِ َر‬do.
manner as ‫ب‬
َ

5.) ‫شبَّ َهة‬

َ ‫لص َفة الْم‬
ِّ َ‫ ا‬: That noun which is made from a ‫فعل الزم‬
Like its ‫ فعل الزم‬it generally gives the ‫ فاعل‬a ‫ رفع‬e.g. ‫سن غالَمه‬
َ ‫َزيْد َح‬
In this example, ‫سن‬
َ ‫ َح‬governs the following word in the same manner as ‫ َحس َن‬would.

6.) ‫ض ْيل‬ ِ
َ ‫ ا ْسم التَّ ْف‬That noun which gives the meaning of ‘Greater in Degree’ compared to another.
Usage: ‫ اسم تفضيل‬is used in three ways.
1. With ‫ ِم ْن‬e.g. ‫ضل ِم ْن َع ْم ٍرو‬
َ ْ‫َزيْد اَف‬
َ ْ‫اءنِيء َزيْد ِن ْاَلف‬
2.With ‫ اَ ْل‬e.g. ‫ضل‬ َ ‫َج‬
3. With ‫ضافَة‬ ِ ِ
َ ‫ ا‬e.g. ‫ضل الْ َق ْوم‬
َ ْ‫َزيْد اَف‬

‫ اسم تفضيل‬governs its ‫فاعل‬, the ‫ ه َو ضمير‬which is hidden (‫ )مستتر‬within it.

gives its hidden a ‫ضمة‬
ّ
e.g. ‫ضل ِم ْن بَ ْك ٍر‬
َ ْ‫َزيْد اَف‬ ( the dhameer ‫ ه َو‬in ‫ضل‬
َ ْ‫ اَف‬is its ‫) فاعل‬

7.) ‫ص َدر‬
ْ ‫ اَلْ َم‬It has the effect of its verb i.e. it gives the ‫ فاعل‬a ‫ رفع‬and the ‫ مفعول‬a ‫ نصب‬on condition that it is
not ‫ مفعول مطلق‬e.g. ‫ض ْرب َزيْ ٍد َع ْمرا‬
َ ‫أ ْع َجبَنِ ْي‬

8.) ‫ضاف‬ ِْ
َ ‫اال ْسم اَلْم‬ This makes the ‫ مجرور مضاف اليه‬e.g. ‫اءنِ ْي غالَم َزيْ ٍد‬
َ ‫َج‬
In actual fact, ‫ ِل‬is hidden between the ‫ مضاف‬and ‫مضاف اليه‬. The actual text is ‫غالَم لَِزيْ ٍد‬.

ِّ َّ‫ اِ ْسم الت‬: that noun which would give the noun ( ‫ ) تميز‬after it a ‫نصب‬
9.) ‫ام‬
A noun will be considered as ‫ تام‬when it has a
a.) ‫ تنوين‬e.g. ‫اح ٍة سباحا‬
َ ‫احة ( ما فى السماء قدر َر‬
ٍ ‫) ر‬
ََ
b.) hidden ‫ تنوين‬e.g. ‫ش َر َرجال‬ َ ‫ش َر ( عندى اَ َح َد َع‬
َ ‫ اَ َح َد َع‬was originally ‫ش َر‬
َ ‫) اَ َحد َو َع‬
ِ ‫عندى قَ ِفي ز‬
c.) ‫ ن‬of a dual noun e.g. ‫ان ب ًّرا‬ َْ
ْ ‫عندى ِع‬
d.) ‫ ن‬which resembles the ‫ ن‬of a sound masculine plural ( ‫) جمع مذكر سالم‬e.g. ‫شرْو َن ِد ْرَهما‬

10.) ‫كنَايَِة‬
ِ ْ‫ اَسماء ال‬- That noun which indicates towards an unspecified quantity. They are ‫ َكم‬and ‫َك َذا‬
َْ ْ

‫ َك ْم‬: can be used in two ways…as an interrogative ( ‫ ) استفهام‬or an informative exclamation ( ‫) خبرية‬.
‫ َك ْم اَِْال ْستِ ْف َه ِاميَّة‬: it will give the noun ( ‫ ) تميز‬after it a ‫ نصب‬e.g. ‫( َك ْم َرجال ِع ْن َد َك‬How many men are by you?)
‫ َك ْم اَلْ َخبَ ِريَّة‬: it will give the noun ( ‫ ) تميز‬after it a ‫ ( جر‬being ‫ ) مضاف اليه‬e.g. ‫ت‬ ٍ ‫( َكم َم‬So much of
َ ‫ال اَنْ َف ْق‬ ْ
wealth you have spent!) ‫( َك ْم َدا ٍر ابَنَ ْيت‬So much of houses I built!)
At times the preposition ‫ ِم ْن‬appears before the ‫ تميز‬e.g. ‫موت‬ ِ ‫الس‬ ٍ َ‫( َكم ِمن مل‬So many angels in the
َّ ‫ك فِى‬ َ ْ ْ
heavens……!)

‫( َك َذا‬so much, such and such) : it will give the noun ( ‫ ) تميز‬after it a ‫ نصب‬e.g. ‫( ِع ْن ِد ْى َك َذا ِد ْرَهما‬I have so
much money.)

CHAPTER 22
ABSTRACT GOVERNING WORD
‫معنوى عامل‬

‫معنوى عامل‬: that ‫عامل‬which is not in word form i.e. it is abstract. there are two types of ‫معنوى عامل‬:
1.) ‫ ابتدا‬- being free of a ‫ لفظى عامل‬has made the ‫ مبتدا‬a ‫ مرفوع‬e.g. ‫( َزيْد قَائِم‬Zaid is standing.) In this
sentence, the word ‫ َزيْد‬is ‫ مرفوع‬because of ‫ابتدا‬, as well as ‫قَائِم‬. Thus the ‫( عامل‬governing word) of ‫ َزيْد‬and
‫ قَائِم‬is ‫ابتدا‬.
Here there are two other views:
a.) ‫ ابتدا‬governs only the ‫ مبتدا‬. The ‫ مبتدا‬governs the ‫خبر‬.
b.) The ‫ مبتدا‬governs the ‫خبر‬, and vice versa.

2.) Before a ‫ (مضارع فعل‬being free of a ‫ حرف ناصب‬or ‫ حرف جازم‬has made the ‫ مضارع فعل‬a ‫) مرفوع‬

CHAPTER 23
THE NON GOVERNING PARTICLES
‫اَلْحرْوف الْغَْي ر الْ َع ِاملَة‬
These are of 16 types:

1. ‫حرْوف التَّ ْنبِْي ِه‬ : used to draw the attention of the listener.
: َ‫اَال‬ ‫اَ َما‬ ‫َها‬ Lo! Behold! Take heed!
e.g. ‫اَالَ َزيْد قَائِم‬ ‫أما َع ْمرو نَائِم‬ ِ ‫َها اَنَا ح‬
‫اضر‬ َ

ِْ ‫حروف‬
ِ ‫االيْ َج‬
2. ‫اب‬ ْ : used for affirmation of a statement made.
: ‫نَ َع ْم‬ ‫بَلى‬ ‫اَ َج ْل‬ ‫اِ ْى‬ ‫َج ْي ِر‬ ‫اِ َّن‬

‫نَ َع ْم‬ : used to verify a statement, be it positive or negative.

e.g. If someone says ‫ب َع ْمرو‬
َ ‫َذ َه‬ the reply will be ‫ب َع ْمرو( نَ َع ْم‬َ ‫) َذ َه‬
If someone says ‫اء َزيْد‬
َ ‫ َما َج‬the reply will be ‫اء َزيْد ( نَ َع ْم‬
َ ‫) َما َج‬

‫بَلى‬ : used to convert a negative statement to a positive one.

e.g. Allah Ta’ala says ‫ست بَِربِّك ْم‬
ْ َ‫ أَل‬the reply will be ‫ت َربُّنَا( بَلى‬
َ ْ‫)أَن‬
 ‫اِ ْى‬ : same as ‫نَ َع ْم‬, however it is used with an oath ( ‫ ) قسم‬after a question.
‫ام َزيْد‬ ِ ‫) قَام َزيد ( اِى و‬
e.g. If someone says َ َ‫اَ ق‬ the reply will be ‫اهلل‬ َ ْ ْ َ

‫ اِ َّن‬- ‫ َج ْي ِر‬- ‫ اَ َج ْل‬: same as ‫نَ َع ْم‬

e.g. If someone says ‫اء َزيْد‬
َ ‫َج‬ the reply will be ‫ اِ َّن‬or ‫ َج ْي ِر‬or ‫اء َزيْد ( اَ َج ْل‬
َ ‫) َج‬
NB. ‫ اِ َّن‬is very rarely used for this purpose.

3. ‫َح ْرفَا التَّ ْف ِس ْي ِر‬ : used to clarify a word in a sentence.

:‫ى‬
ْ َ‫ا‬ ‫اَ ْن‬
e.g. ‫ى أب ْو َك‬
ْ َ‫اء َزيْد ا‬
َ ‫َج‬
) ‫اديْ نَاه بِلَ ْف ٍظ ه َو قَ ْولنَا يِّابْ َر ِاه ْيم‬ ِ ِ
َ َ‫اديْ نَاه اَ ْن يّابْ َراه ْيم ( َون‬
َ َ‫َون‬

4. ‫ص َد ِريَِّة‬
ْ ‫ حرْوف الْ َم‬: used to give a masdary/root meaning.
: ‫َما‬ ‫اَ ْن‬ ‫اَ َّن‬
: ‫ َما‬and ‫ اَ ْن‬comes before a ‫ جملة فعلية‬They convert the ‫ فعل‬into a masdar (root) meaning.

e.g. ‫بِر ْحبِ َها‬ - ‫ت‬ْ َ‫ت َعلَْي ِهم ْاالَ ْرض بِ َما َرحب‬
ْ َ‫ضاق‬
َ ‫َو‬
‫ك‬
َ ‫ض ْرب‬َ - ‫ت‬ َ ‫أَ ْع َجبَنِ ْى اَ ْن‬
َ ْ‫ض َرب‬
: ‫ اَ َّن‬comes before a ‫جملة اسمية‬
e.g. ‫نَ ْومه‬ - ‫بَلَغَنِ ْى اَ َّن َزيْدا نَائِم‬

ِ ‫ حروف التَّح‬: used to encourage someone to do something when they appear before ‫فعل مضارع‬
ِ ‫ض ْي‬
5. ‫ض‬ ْ ْ
: َّ‫اَال‬ ‫َه َّال‬ َ‫لَ ْوال‬ ‫لَ ْوَما‬
e.g. ‫صلِّ ْى‬
َ ‫َه َّال ت‬ Will you not perform salaah?
: these particles are also used to create regret and sorrow in the listener when they -
appear before ‫فعل ماضى‬, thus they are also called ‫حرْوف التَّ ْن ِديْ ِم‬
e.g. ‫ص َر‬ َ ‫صلَّْي‬
ْ ‫ت ال َْع‬ َ ‫َه َّال‬ Why did you not perform Asr salaah?

6. ‫َح ْرف التَّ َوقُّ ِع‬ : ‫ قَ ْد‬which is used for ....

‫ تَ ْق ِريْب‬: gives ‫ ماضى‬the meaning of near past.
e.g. ‫اء َزيْد‬
َ ‫قَ ْد َج‬ Zaid has just arrived (recently).

‫ تَ ْقلِ ْيل‬: gives ‫ مضارع‬the meaning of seldomness.

e.g. ‫قَ ْد يَ ِجيئ َزيْد‬ Zaid comes sometimes.

‫ تَ ْح ِق ْيق‬: gives ‫ ماضى‬or ‫ مضارع‬the meaning of certainty.

e.g. ‫اء َزيْد‬
َ ‫قَ ْد َج‬ Certainly Zaid came.
‫قَ ْد يَ ْعلَم اهلل‬ Certainly Allaah knows.
7. ‫اال ْستِ ْف َه ِام‬
ِْ ‫ حروف‬: َ‫ ما ا‬and ‫َهل‬
َْ ْ ...interrogatives
‫ك‬ ِ ‫ام َزيْد اَ َزيْد قَائِم‬
e.g. َ ‫َما ا ْسم‬ َ َ‫َه ْل ق‬

َّ ‫ َح ْرف‬: ‫ َك َّال‬Never!
8. ‫الر ْد ِع‬
: used to deny something e.g. ‫َك َّال‬ to someone who says ‫( َك َفر َزيْد‬Zaid disbelieved.)
: gives the meaning of certainty.-
َ ‫َك َّال َس ْو‬
e.g. ‫ف تَ ْعلَم ْو َن‬ Indeed, soon you will know.

9. ‫اَلتَّ ْن ِويْن‬ : َ- َ- ٍَ - which is used for ....

‫ تَ َم ُّكن‬: that ‫ تنوين‬which shows a noun to be ‫معرب‬
e.g. ‫زيد‬
‫ تَ ْع ِويْض‬: that ‫ تنوين‬which substitutes a ‫مضاف اليه‬
e.g. ‫يَ ْوَمئِ ٍذ‬ i.e. ‫ يَ ْو َم اِ َذ َكا َن َك َذا‬and ‫ِح ْي نَئِ ٍذ‬ i.e. ‫ِح ْي َن اِ َذ َكا َن َك َذا‬

10. ‫ن ْون التَّاكِ ْي ِد‬ : used for emphasis in ‫ مضارع‬and ‫ امر‬e.g. ‫ض ِربَ َّن‬ِ ‫ض ِربَ ْن‬ِ
ْ‫ا‬ ْ‫ا‬

11. ‫حرف َل‬ : used for used for emphasis e.g. ‫ضل ِم ْن َع ْم ٍرو‬
َ ْ‫لََزيْد اَف‬

12. ِ‫ادة‬
َ َ‫الزي‬
ِّ ‫حرْوف‬ : particles which are extra (they are not translated, however they add beauty and
emphasis to the meaning). They are:
‫اِ ْن‬ ‫َما اَ ْن‬ َ‫ال‬ ‫َل‬ ‫ب َك ِم ْن‬ ِ ( ‫ِم ْن‬ ‫ب َك‬ ِ are governing particles - ‫) عاملة‬
e.g. ‫اء الْبَ ِش ْي ر َما اِ ْن َزيْد قَائِم‬
َ ‫فَ لَ َّما اَ ْن َج‬ ‫اءنِ ْى َزيْد و الَ َع ْمرو اِذَا َما تَ ْخر ْج أ ْخر ْج‬ ٍ ‫لَيس َك ِمثْلِ ِه َشيئ ما جاءنِى ِمن أ‬
َ ‫َحد َما َج‬
َ ْ ْ ََ َ ْ َ ْ
َ ‫َرِد‬
‫ف لَك ْم َما َزيْد بَِقائِ ٍم‬

ِ ‫الشر‬
13. ‫ط‬ ْ َّ ‫َح ْرفَا‬ : ‫( اَ َّما‬however, as far as ..... is concerned)
‫ ( ل َْو‬if )
‫اَ َّما‬ : used to explain/clarify something mentioned briefly.
: ‫ ف‬has to be brought in its answer ( ‫) جواب‬
ِ ‫فَ ِم ْن هم َش ِقى َّو س ِعيد فَاَ َّما الَّ ِذين َشقوا فَ ِفى النَّا ِر و اَ َّما الَّ ِذين س ِعدوا فَ ِفى الْجن‬
e.g. ‫َّة‬ َ ْ َْ َ ْ َْ َْ ْ
‫لَ ْو‬ : used to negate the second sentence ( ‫ ) جواب‬on account of the first sentence ( ‫) شرط‬
not being fulfilled.
ِ ِ ِ
َ ‫ل َْو َكا َن ف ْي ِه َما ال َهة االَّ اهلل لََف‬
e.g. ‫س َدتَا‬ (There will not be corruption because there
isn’t more than one َ‫)اِله‬

14. َ‫ل َْوال‬ : It is also used to negate the second sentence ( ‫ ) جواب‬on account of the first sentence ( ‫) شرط‬
being present e.g. ‫ك بَ ْكر‬
َ َ‫ل َْوالَ َزيْد ل ََهل‬ (If it was not for Zaid, Bakr wold be destroyed.) However
because Zaid was present, Bakr was not humiliated)
‫ام ‪15.‬‬
‫َما ‪َ -‬ما َد َ‬ ‫ام ‪َ which has the meaning of‬ما ‪: that‬‬
‫)‪َ (as long as‬ما َد َ‬
‫س ْاالَِم ْي ر ‪e.g.‬‬
‫اَق ْوم َما َجلَ َ‬ ‫)‪(I will stand as long as the leader sits.‬‬

‫حروف الْ َعطْ ِ‬

‫ف ‪16.‬‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َو ‪:‬‬ ‫ف‬
‫َ‬ ‫َحتّى‬‫ث َّم‬ ‫اِ َّما‬ ‫اَ ْو‬ ‫اَ ْم‬ ‫الَ‬ ‫بَ ْل‬ ‫ل ِك ْن‬
‫)‪َ (and‬و‬ ‫)‪ (not‬الَ )‪ (or‬اَ ْم )‪ (or‬اَ ْو )‪ (either .... or‬اِ َّما )‪َ (upto, till, even‬حتّى )‪ (then‬ث َّم )‪َ (then, thus‬‬
‫ف‬
‫)‪ (but, instead‬بَ ْل‬ ‫)‪ (but‬ل ِك ْن‬

‫الحمد هلل الذى بنعمته تتم الصالحات و الصالة و السالم على محمد و آله و اصحابه اجمعين‬