2

USER MANUAL

EARTH/GROUND RESISTANCE METER

MRU-200 ● MRU-200-GPS

SONEL TEST & MEASUREMENT, Inc.

Santa Clara, Ca. USA

SONEL S.A.
Świdnica, Poland

Version 2.01 21.05.2021

Please acquaint yourself with this manual in order to avoid measuring errors and problems related to
operation of the meter.

This device complies with part 15 of the FCC Rules. Operation is subject to the following two
conditions: (1) This device may not cause harmful interference, and (2) this device must ac-
cept any interference received, including interference that may cause undesired operation.

This equipment has been tested and found to comply with the limits for a Class A digital de-
vice, pursuant to part 15 of the FCC Rules. These limits are designed to provide reasonable
protection against harmful interference when the equipment is operated in a commercial envi-
ronment. This equipment generates, uses, and can radiate radio frequency energy and, if not
installed and used in accordance with the instruction manual, may cause harmful interference
to radio communications. Operation of this equipment in a residential area is likely to cause
harmful interference in which case the user will be required to correct the interference at his
own expense.

Responsible for conformity:

Sonel Test and Measurement, Inc.
3350 Scott Blvd, Bldg 55, Unit 1
Santa Clara, CA 95054
USA

www.SonelTest.com
[email protected]

tel. +1 408 898 2215

CAUTION:
Equipment changes or modifications not expressly approved by SONEL TEST &
MEASUREMENT Inc., the party responsible for FCC compliance, could void the user’s au-
thority to operate the equipment, and could create a hazardous condition.

2 MRU-200 ● MRU-200-GPS – USER MANUAL

 TABLE OF CONTENTS
1 Safety ................................................................................................................ 5
2 Menu .................................................................................................................. 6
2.1 Wireless transmission .............................................................................................. 6
2.2 GPS settings ............................................................................................. 6
2.3 Measurement settings .............................................................................................. 7
2.3.1 Mains frequency ............................................................................................................7
2.3.2 Calibration of the current clamps ....................................................................................8
2.3.3 Ground resistivity settings ............................................................................................ 11
2.4 Meter settings......................................................................................................... 12
2.4.1 LCD contrast ................................................................................................................ 12
2.4.2 LCD Backlight .............................................................................................................. 12
2.4.3 AUTO-OFF settings ..................................................................................................... 12
2.4.4 Display settings............................................................................................................ 13
2.4.5 Date and time .............................................................................................................. 13
2.4.6 Battery discharge procedure ........................................................................................ 13
2.4.7 Software upgrade......................................................................................................... 14
2.5 Language choice .................................................................................................... 14
2.6 Information on the manufacturer ............................................................................ 14
3 Measurements ................................................................................................ 15
3.1 Measurement of earth connection and equipotential bonding (2P) ............................. 15
3.2 Calibration of the test leads ................................................................................... 16
3.2.1 Auto-zeroing on ............................................................................................................ 16
3.2.2 Auto-zeroing off............................................................................................................ 17
3.3 Measurement 3P .................................................................................................... 18
3.4 Measurement 4p .................................................................................................... 21
3.5 Measurement 3p + clamp....................................................................................... 24
3.6 Measurement 3p + ERP-1 adapter ........................................................................ 28
3.7 Two-clamp measurement ....................................................................................... 31
3.8 Measurement 4P (Impulse method) ..................................................................... 33
3.9 Current measurement ............................................................................................ 37
3.10 Earth resistivity measurements .............................................................................. 38
4 Memory ........................................................................................................... 41
4.1 Saving measurement results in the memory .......................................................... 41
4.2 Erasing Memory ..................................................................................................... 42
4.3 Memory browsing ................................................................................................... 43
5 Data transmission .......................................................................................... 44
5.1 Computer connection accessories ......................................................................... 44
5.2 Connection of the meter to a computer .................................................................. 44
5.3 Data transmission with Bluetooth module .............................................................. 44
6 Power supply .................................................................................................. 46
6.1 Monitoring of the power supply voltage.................................................................. 46
6.2 Replacement of batteries ....................................................................................... 46
6.3 Fuse replacement .................................................................................................. 47
6.4 Charging of batteries .............................................................................................. 47
6.5 Discharging of batteries ......................................................................................... 49
6.6 General principles regarding using Ni-MH batteries .............................................. 49
MRU-200 ● MRU-200-GPS – USER MANUAL 3
7 Cleaning and maintenance ........................................................................... 50
8 Storage ........................................................................................................... 50
9 Dismantling and disposal ............................................................................. 50
10 Technical data................................................................................................ 51
10.1 Basic data ............................................................................................................... 51
10.2 Additional data ........................................................................................................ 54
10.2.1 Influence of the serial interference voltage UZ upon earth resistance measurements for
functions 3P, 4P, 3P + clamp ...................................................................................... 54
10.2.2 Influence of the serial interference voltage V Z upon earth resistance measurements for
function ρ .................................................................................................................... 54
10.2.3 Influence of the auxiliary electrodes upon earth resistance measurements for
function 3P, 4P, 3P + clamp ........................................................................................ 54
10.2.4 Influence of the auxiliary electrodes upon earth resistance measurements for function ρ55
10.2.5 Influence of the auxiliary electrodes upon earth resistance measurements by means of
the percussive method ................................................................................................ 55
10.2.6 Influence of the interference current IZ upon the result of the earth resistance
measurement 3P+clamp.............................................................................................. 55
10.2.7 Influence of interference current upon the result of the earth resistance measurement
using double clamps .................................................................................................... 56
10.2.8 Influence of the relation of the resistance measured with clamp for the multiple earthing
branch to the resultant resistance (3P + clamp) .......................................................... 56
10.2.9 Additional uncertainties in accordance with IEC 61557-4 (2P)..................................... 56
10.2.10 Additional uncertainties in accordance with IEC 61557-5 (3P, 4P, 3P + clamp)........... 56
11 Accessories ................................................................................................... 57
11.1 Standard accessories ............................................................................................. 57
11.2 Optional accessories .............................................................................................. 58
12 Positions of the meter’s cover ..................................................................... 59
13 Manufacturer .................................................................................................. 59

4 MRU-200 ● MRU-200-GPS – USER MANUAL

 The icon with the meter name is placed next to sections of the text that refer to specific
features of the device. All other parts of the text relate to all types of the instrument.

1 Safety
Electrical systems depend upon effective grounding for safety. The MRU-200 / MRU-200-GPS meter
has been designed to perform earth ground resistance measurements to determine whether the
grounding of electrical systems meets electrical safety code requirements. For correct operation, and
to ensure the accuracy of test results, observe the following instructions:
• Before operating the meter, acquaint yourself thoroughly with this manual and adhere to all safe-
ty regulations and specifications.
• The MRU-200 / MRU-200-GPS meter has been designed to test and measure the resistance of
earth/ground connections and equipotential bonding, measure ground resistivity, as well as
measure current. Any application that differs from those specified in this manual may result in
damage to the device and injury to the user.
• The device must be operated only by appropriately qualified personnel trained in the safety of
electric installations. Operation of the meter by unauthorized personnel may result in damage to
the device and injury to the user.
• Using this manual does not exclude the need to comply with occupational health and safety regu-
lations and with relevant fire regulations. Before starting work in special environments, e.g. with
fire risks, explosive environments etc., always consult first with the person responsible for health
and safety.
• Do not operate the meter:
 If the meter is completely or partially malfunctioning.
 If the meter has damaged test leads or insulation.
 If the meter has been stored in adverse conditions (e.g. excessive humidity or heat).
If the meter is transferred from a cold to a warmer environment with high relative humidity
do not perform measurements until the meter has been warmed up to the ambient temper-
ature (approximately 30 minutes).
• Before starting any measurements make sure the test leads are connected to the appropriate
measurement sockets and are fully inserted.
• Do not operate a meter with an open or partially closed battery compartment or power it from
sources other than those specified.
• The meter’s inputs are electronically protected from power surges, for example in the case of ac-
cidental connection to a power source, up to 276V for 30 seconds for all input combinations.
• Repairs must only be performed by Sonel or an authorized Sonel service center.
• The device complies with the following norms: EN 61010-1 and EN 61557-1, -4, -5.

Note:
The manufacturer reserves the right to modify the appearance, accessories and
technical data of the meter.

Note:
An attempt to install drivers in 64-bit Windows 8 and Windows 10 may result in
displaying "Installation failed" message.

Cause: Windows 8 and Windows 10 by default blocks drivers without a digital

signature.
Solution: Disable the driver signature enforcement in Windows.

MRU-200 ● MRU-200-GPS – USER MANUAL 5

 2 Menu
The menu is available at any position of the knob.

Press MENU.

Using and buttons highlight

the required position.
Press ENTER to select the option.

2.1 Wireless transmission

See chapter 5.3.

2.2 GPS settings

Using , buttons select GPS on or

off. Press ENTER to select the op-
tion.

6 MRU-200 ● MRU-200-GPS – USER MANUAL

Note:
- Enabling GPS during resistance (resistivity) measurement is indicated by the icon in the left up-
per corner of the display. Searching GPS signal is indicated by the blinking icon. The icon stops blink-
ing and is displayed continuously, when the satellite signal is found.

2.3 Measurement settings

Using and buttons highlight

the required position.
Press ENTER to select the option.

2.3.1 Mains frequency

Before making any ground resistance measurements, the local mains frequency must be set in
the meter since it is the source of potential interference with resistance measurements due to stray
electrical fields. The meter will pick the appropriate frequency of its measurement signal to guarantee
the optimum interference filtering. The meter is adapted for filtering of interference at 16 2/3 Hz,
50 Hz, 60 Hz and 400 Hz. The meter can automatically select the filtering parameter (selection of the
mains frequency = AUTO), by running a series of measurements to determine the level of local inter-
ference prior to performing the earth resistance measurement. The AUTO function is active if the in-
terference voltage is ≥1 V. Otherwise the meter adopts the last frequency value selected from the
MENU.

MRU-200 ● MRU-200-GPS – USER MANUAL 7

 Using and buttons select
the desired frequency and press ENTER.

2.3.2 Calibration of the current clamps

Current measurement is made using a rigid current clamp or flexible Rogowski current probe.
The clamp or probe must be calibrated before using for the first time. It is advisable to periodically
calibrate the clamp or probe so age effects will not influence the resolution of measurements. Re-
calibrate again after a clamp or probe has been replaced.

Calibration of hard clamps

Select Clamp calibration in 2.3 above

and press ENTER.

Follow the instructions.

When calibration completes the display shows:

The meter has determined the calibration coefficients for the connected clamp or probe. This da-
ta is saved in the memory and is retained when the meter is switched off. In any subsequent calibra-
tion of a clamp or probe the calibration data will be updated.

8 MRU-200 ● MRU-200-GPS – USER MANUAL

Calibration of flexible clamps (using ERP-1 adapter)

After reading the intro-

ductory information
press ENTER.

Follow on-screen prompts displayed by the meter and short H and E sockets with
a wire.

Connect ERP-1 adapter to the terminal of the clamps.

Turn ERP-1 adapter ON.

MRU-200 ● MRU-200-GPS – USER MANUAL 9

 Connect flexible clamps to ERP-1 adapter.

Wrap the clamps around the wire referred to in sec. (up to 4 times).

Use FLEX and TURNS buttons on ERP-1 adapter to select the clamps
and number of wraps, according to the actual situation around the wire
referred to in sec. .

Press START button on MRU meter.

If the calibration is successful, you will see the following screen.

The meter has determined the correction factor for connected clamp. The factor is saved in the
memory also when the power supply of the meter is off until the following successful calibration of the
clamp has been performed.

10 MRU-200 ● MRU-200-GPS – USER MANUAL

Note:
- Make sure the test lead E – H passes through the center of the clamp or probe.

Additional information displayed by the meter

Message Cause Procedure
The clamp is not Check whether the
connected clamp is connected
to the device or
ERROR: CLAMP NOT CONNECTED
whether it is placed
OR NOT PUT ON WIRE
upon the test lead
CONNECTED TO H AND E SOCKET!
used by the meter
to force the pas-
sage of current.
ERROR: WIRE NOT CONNECTED No wire Revise the connec-
TO H AND E TERMINAL! tions
CALIBRATION ABORTED. PRESS
ENTER
ERROR: CALIBRATION Incorrect calibra- Check the quality of
COEFFICIENT OUT OF RANGE. tion factor the connections
CALIBRATION ABORTED. PRESS and/or replace the
ENTER clamp.

2.3.3 Ground resistivity settings

Using , , and
buttons select the desired op-
tions for distance units and
press ENTER.

MRU-200 ● MRU-200-GPS – USER MANUAL 11

2.4 Meter settings

2.4.1 LCD contrast

Using and buttons set the contrast and press ENTER.

2.4.2 LCD Backlight

Use , buttons to set the time for

LCD backlight to remain on (Always)
or shut-off time, and press ENTER.

2.4.3 AUTO-OFF settings

To set the automatic turn-off of the device use and buttons to set the display ON time, or
AUTO-OFF disable, then press ENTER.

12 MRU-200 ● MRU-200-GPS – USER MANUAL

2.4.4 Display settings
To turn the Settings bar display that shows measurement parameters on or off use and but-
tons to select Yes or No, press ENTER.

Visible Settings bar Hidden Settings bar

2.4.5 Date and time

Use and buttons to

change day, month, hour, or
minute settings.

Use and buttons to set

values. Once the date and time
have been set press ENTER.

2.4.6 Battery discharge procedure

The procedure is fully described in chapter 6.5.

MRU-200 ● MRU-200-GPS – USER MANUAL 13

2.4.7 Software upgrade

NOTE!
Before updating the firmware charge the batteries.
Do not turn the meter off or disconnect the USB cable during the firmware update.

Before updating the meter firmware download the latest meter software version from
www.sonel.pl or www.soneltest.com. Save the file in the computer in a known folder or location, and
then connect the meter to the computer. Select Software upgrade in the MENU and follow the on-
screen instructions.

2.5 Language choice

 Use and buttons to select **Language choice** in the main MENU and press ENTER.
 Use and buttons to select the language and press ENTER.

2.6 Information on the manufacturer

Use and buttons in order to select Product info and press ENTER.

14 MRU-200 ● MRU-200-GPS – USER MANUAL

 3 Measurements
Note:
During measurements the status bar is displayed.

3.1 Measurement of earth connection and equipotential bonding (2P)

Note:
The measurement complies with the requirements specified in the norm
EN 61557-4 (U<24 V, I>200 mA or R≤10 Ω).

Turn the meter on.

Set the rotary
function selector switch at 2P.

Connect the earth ground system to be measured to the terminals S and E of the
meter.

The meter is ready for measurement.

The auxiliary display shows the value
of the interference voltage and its fre-
quency. The settings bar shows the
mains frequency previously set in the
MENU in 2.3.1 above.

MRU-200 ● MRU-200-GPS – USER MANUAL 15

 Press START to begin the test.

View the result.

The right side of the display
shows the date, time, and GPS coordi-
nates.

The result is displayed for 20 s.

It may be displayed again by pressing ENTER.

Additional information displayed by the meter

R>19,99kΩ Measurement range exceeded.
VN>40V! and a con- The voltage on the measurement points exceeds 40 V,
tinuous audio tone the measurement is cancelled.

The voltage on the measurement points exceeds 24 V
VN>24V!
but lower than 40 V, the measurement is cancelled.
The value of the interfering signal is too high,
NOISE!
the result may be distorted by additional uncertainty.

3.2 Calibration of the test leads

In order to eliminate the resistance of the test leads, use the auto-zeroing function to compensate
for test lead resistance. The measurement function 2P includes the AUTOZERO sub-function.

3.2.1 Auto-zeroing on

Turn the meter on.

Set the rotary
function selector switch at 2P.

Press F1.

16 MRU-200 ● MRU-200-GPS – USER MANUAL

 Follow the displayed instructions.

CAT IV 300V
E S

Once the auto-zero compensation has concluded the following will be displayed:

Auto-zeroing enabled is indicated by AUTOZERO shown on the right-hand side of the display.

3.2.2 Auto-zeroing off

Turn the meter on.

Set the rotary
function selector switch at 2P.

Press F1.

Separate the test leads. Press START.

C AT IV 300V

E S

If auto-zero compensation is disabled, AUTOZERO will be not be displayed on the right-

hand side of the display.
MRU-200 ● MRU-200-GPS – USER MANUAL 17
Note:
- Auto-zero compensation needs only be enabled once for a given set of test leads. The last compen-
sation values are remembered when the meter is turned off, until the next successful auto-reset pro-
cedure.

3.3 Measurement 3P
The basic kind of the earth resistance measurement is three-pole measurement.

Disconnect the earth ground electrode for the installation that is to be tested.

Turn the meter on.

Set the rotary
function selector switch at 3P.
CAT IV 300V

E S H

Drive the current probe into the ground and connect to the H socket of the meter.
Drive the voltage probe into the ground and connect to the S socket of the meter.
Connect the earth ground electrode under test to the E socket of the meter.
Align all electrodes in a straight line.

The meter is ready for measurement.

The auxiliary display shows the value of
the interference voltage and its fre-
quency. The settings bar shows the
mains frequency set in the MENU.

18 MRU-200 ● MRU-200-GPS – USER MANUAL

 Press F1 to select the measuring
voltage.

Use and buttons to set the

measuring voltage and press
ENTER.

Press START to begin

measurement.

View the result.

Current probe resistance
Voltage probe resistance
Additional uncertainty caused by the
resistance of the probes.

Displayed, when δ>30%

By pressing the F4 button you can display GPS coordinates.

MRU-200 ● MRU-200-GPS – USER MANUAL 19

 The result is displayed for 20 s. It may be displayed again by pressing ENTER.

Repeat the measurements a few times (see points 3, 7 and

8) each time moving the voltage probe a few feet / a couple
of meters, both to and away from the earth ground electrode
S
under test. If after several measurements, the RE test results
differ more than 3%, then significantly increase the distance
between the current probe from the earth electrode under
test, and repeat the measurement procedure again.

Note:

Earth ground resistance measurement may be performed successfully if the in-

terference voltage does not exceed 24 V. The interference voltage is measured
up to 100 V, but over 50 V is it signalled as hazardous.
Do not connect the meter to a voltage exceeding 100 V.

- Pay particular attention to the quality of the connection of the tested object with the test leads –
the contact area must be cleaned of paint, rust, etc.
- If the resistance of the measurement probes is too high, then the measurement of earth ground re-
sistance RE will be affected by additional uncertainty. A particularly high measurement uncertainty
occurs a low value of earth resistance is measured with probes with weak contact with the ground.
(This situation can occur if the earth electrode is adequately driven into the ground but the upper layer
of the ground is dry and characterized by a low conductivity. The relation between the probe re-
sistance and the resistance of the measured earth ground will be high, leading to measurement un-
certainty. In this situation, perform the testing in accordance with the formulae specified in point 10.2
which will permit evaluation of the influence of the measurement conditions. It is also possible to im-
prove the contact of probes by moistening where the probe is driven, or driving probes into other loca-
tions, or using a longer 80 cm / 2.5 ft. probe. Check that the test leads are securely connected, the
insulation is not damaged, and the probe contacts are not corroded or loose. In most cases meas-
urements will be successful; however, be conscious of the sources of uncertainty the measurement
can be affected by.
- If the resistance of both H and S probes or one of them exceeds 19.9 kΩ, the meter displays the
message: "RH and RS electrodes resistance are higher than 19.9 kΩ! Measurement impossi-
ble!".
- Manufacturer’s calibration doesn’t include the resistance of test leads. Displayed result is sum of
measured object and test leads resistance.

Additional information displayed by the meter

RE>19,99kΩ Measurement range exceeded.
VN>40V! and a con- The voltage on the measurement points exceeds 40 V,
tinuous audio tone the measurement is cancelled.

The voltage on the measurement points exceeds 24 V
VN>24V!
but lower than 40 V, the measurement is cancelled.
The uncertainty of the electrode resistance > 30%. (Un-
LIMIT! certainties calculated on the basis of the measured val-
ues)
The value of the interfering signal is too high,
NOISE!
the result may be distorted by additional uncertainty.

20 MRU-200 ● MRU-200-GPS – USER MANUAL

3.4 Measurement 4p
The four-pole method is recommended in the case of measurements of earth ground resistance
of very low values. It eliminates the influence of test lead resistance on the result of the measure-
ment. To evaluate the earth ground resistance, measurements are repeated as described in section
3.9.
Disconnect the tested earth electrode for the object installation.

Turn the meter on.

Set the rotary
function selector switch at 4P.

CAT IV 300V

E ES S H

E ES S H

Drive the current probe into the ground and connect to the H socket of the meter.
Drive the voltage probe into the ground and connect to the S socket of the meter.
Connect the earth ground electrode under test to the E socket of the meter.
Connect the ES socket to the earth ground electrode under test below the E cable.
Align all electrodes in a straight line.

The meter is ready for measurement.

The auxiliary display shows the value
of the interference voltage and its fre-
quency. The settings bar shows the
mains frequency set in the MENU.

MRU-200 ● MRU-200-GPS – USER MANUAL 21

 Press F1 to select the measuring
voltage.

Use and buttons to set the

measuring voltage and press
ENTER.

Press START to begin measure-

ment.

View the result.

Current probe resistance

Voltage probe resistance
Additional uncertainty caused by
the resistance of the probes.

22 MRU-200 ● MRU-200-GPS – USER MANUAL

 By pressing the F4 button you can display GPS coordinates.

The result is displayed for 20 s. It may be displayed again when ENTER is pressed.

Repeat the measurements a few times (see points 3, 7 and

8) each time moving the voltage electrode a few feet / a
couple of meters, both to and away from the tested earth
S
ground electrode. If after several RE tests the results differ
more than 3%, then significantly increase the distance be-
tween the current electrode from the earth electrode under
test, and repeat the measurement procedure again.

Note:

Earth ground resistance measurement may be performed successfully if the in-

terference voltage does not exceed 24 V. The interference voltage is measured
up to 100 V, but over 50 V is it signalled as hazardous. Do not connect the me-
ter to a voltage exceeding 100 V.

- Pay particular attention to the quality of the connection of the tested object with the test leads –
the contact area must be cleaned of paint, rust, etc.
- If the resistance of the measurement probes is too high, then the measurement of earth ground re-
sistance RE will be affected by additional uncertainty. A particularly high measurement uncertainty
occurs a low value of earth resistance is measured with probes with weak contact with the ground.
(This situation can occur if the earth electrode is adequately driven into the ground but the upper layer
of the ground is dry and characterized by a low conductivity. The relation between the probe re-
sistance and the resistance of the measured earth ground will be high, leading to measurement un-
certainty. In this situation, perform the testing in accordance with the formulae specified in point 10.2
which will permit evaluation of the influence of the measurement conditions. It is also possible to im-
prove the contact of probes by moistening where the probe is driven, or driving probes into other loca-
tions, or using a longer 80 cm / 2.5 ft. probe. Check that the test leads are securely connected, the
insulation is not damaged, and the probe contacts are not corroded or loose. In most cases meas-
urements will be successful; however, be conscious of the sources of uncertainty the measurement
can be affected by.
- If the resistance of both H and S probes or one of them exceeds 19.9 kΩ, the meter displays the
message: "RH and RS electrodes resistance are higher than 19.9 kΩ! Measurement impossi-
ble!".
- Manufacturer’s calibration doesn’t include the resistance of test leads. Displayed result is sum of
measured object and test leads resistance.

MRU-200 ● MRU-200-GPS – USER MANUAL 23

Additional information displayed by the meter
RE>19,99kΩ Measurement range exceeded.
VN>40V! and a con- The voltage on the measurement points exceeds 40 V,
tinuous audio tone the measurement is cancelled.

The voltage on the measurement points exceeds 24 V
VN>24V!
but lower than 40 V, the measurement is cancelled.
The uncertainty of the electrode resistance > 30%. (Un-
LIMIT! certainties calculated on the basis of the measured val-
ues)
The value of the interfering signal is too high,
NOISE!
the result may be distorted by additional uncertainty.

3.5 Measurement 3p + clamp

Turn the meter on.

Set the rotary function selector
switch at 3P .

CAT IV 300V

E S H

Drive the current probe into the ground and connect to the H socket of the meter.
Drive the voltage probe into the ground and connect to the S socket of the meter.
Connect the earth ground electrode under test to the E socket of the meter.
Align all electrodes in a straight line.
Position the current clamp on the earth ground electrode under test below the E cable
connection.

The meter is ready for measurement.

The auxiliary display shows the value of
the interference voltage and its frequen-
cy. The settings bar shows the mains
frequency set in the MENU.

24 MRU-200 ● MRU-200-GPS – USER MANUAL

 Press button F2 to select measurement
with a C-3 current clamp.

Use and buttons to select C-3

clamp and press ENTER.

Press F1 to select the measuring volt-

age.

Use and buttons to set the measur-

ing voltage and press ENTER.

MRU-200 ● MRU-200-GPS – USER MANUAL 25

 Press START to begin measurement.

View the result.

Current probe resistance

Voltage probe resistance
Additional uncertainty caused by
the resistance of the probes.

Press the F4 button to display GPS coordinates.

The result is displayed for 20 s.

It may be displayed again when ENTER is pressed.

Repeat the measurements a few times (see points 2 and 5)

each time moving the voltage probe a few feet / a couple of
meters, both to and away from the tested earth ground elec-
S
trode. If after several RE tests the results differ more than 3%,
then significantly increase the distance between the current
electrode from the earth electrode under test, and repeat the
measurement procedure again.

26 MRU-200 ● MRU-200-GPS – USER MANUAL

Notes:

Flexible Rogowski current probes must not be used for this measurement.

Earth ground resistance measurement may be performed successfully if the in-

terference voltage does not exceed 24 V. The interference voltage is measured
up to 100 V, but over 50 V is it signalled as hazardous. Do not connect the me-
ter to a voltage exceeding 100 V.

- Current clamps and probes are not provided as standard accessories and must be purchased
separately.
- Current clamps and probes must be calibrated before use. Calibrate each clamp or probe periodi-
cally to avoid the influence of component ageing upon the resolution of measurements. The calibra-
tion option is in the MENU.
Pay particular attention to the quality of the connection of the tested object with the test leads –
the contact area must be cleaned of paint, rust, etc.
- If the resistance of the measurement probes is too high, then the measurement of earth ground re-
sistance RE will be affected by additional uncertainty. A particularly high measurement uncertainty
occurs a low value of earth resistance is measured with probes with weak contact with the ground.
(This situation can occur if the earth electrode is adequately driven into the ground but the upper layer
of the ground is dry and characterized by a low conductivity. The relation between the probe re-
sistance and the resistance of the measured earth ground will be high, leading to measurement un-
certainty. In this situation, perform the testing in accordance with the formulae specified in point 10.2
which will permit evaluation of the influence of the measurement conditions. It is also possible to im-
prove the contact of probes by moistening where the probe is driven, or driving probes into other loca-
tions, or using a longer 80 cm / 2.5 ft. probe. Check that the test leads are securely connected, the
insulation is not damaged, and the probe contacts are not corroded or loose. In most cases meas-
urements will be successful; however, be conscious of the sources of uncertainty the measurement
can be affected by.
- If the resistance of both H and S probes or one of them exceeds 19.9 kΩ, the meter displays the
message: "RH and RS electrodes resistance are higher than 19.9 kΩ! Measurement impossi-
ble!".
- Manufacturer’s calibration doesn’t include the resistance of test leads. Displayed result is sum of
measured object and test leads resistance.

Additional information displayed by the meter

RE>1999Ω Measurement range exceeded.
VN>40V! and a con- The voltage on the measurement points exceeds 40 V,
tinuous audio tone the measurement is cancelled.

The voltage on the measurement points exceeds 24 V
VN>24V!
but lower than 40 V, the measurement is cancelled.
The value of the interfering signal is too high,
NOISE!
the result may be distorted by additional uncertainty.
The uncertainty of the electrode resistance > 30%. (Uncertain-
LIMIT!
ties calculated on the basis of the measured values)
Excessive interfering current, the measurement error may ex-
IL>max
ceed the basic error

MRU-200 ● MRU-200-GPS – USER MANUAL 27

3.6 Measurement 3p + ERP-1 adapter
Turn the meter on.
Set the rotary
function selector
switch at 3P .

Drive the current probe into the ground and connect to the H socket of the meter.
Drive the voltage probe into the ground and connect to the S socket of the meter.
Connect the first leg of the pylon to be tested to the E socket of the meter.
Align the leg of the pylon under test, the current electrode, and the voltage electrode in a straight line.
Attach the current probe around the pylon leg under test below the connection point of E as shown.
Select voltage measurement as described in par. 3.5.

Press F2 button to select the measurement

for ERP-1.

28 MRU-200 ● MRU-200-GPS – USER MANUAL

 Use , buttons to select the meas-
urement with ERP-1, press ENTER.

Press F3 button to select the number of

pylon legs.

Use , buttons to select the number

of pylon legs, press ENTER.

MRU-200 ● MRU-200-GPS – USER MANUAL 29

 Press START. Follow the command on the
screen and position the current probe
around the first leg of the pylon (if not al-
ready done).

To start the measurement, press START

again.

After the measurement of the first leg of the pylon, the measured re-
sistance value of the tested leg is shown on the main screen as R1.
After 5 seconds the meter transfers the R1 result to the window on the
right side of the display and displays a message to attach the current
probe around the next leg of the pylon.

The last result may be restored on the display for another 5 seconds by
pressing ENTER.

30 MRU-200 ● MRU-200-GPS – USER MANUAL

 After performing the measurement on the last leg of the pylon the
meter displays the last result for 5 seconds, the meter will then
display the resultant earth resistance RE.

Use buttons and to change results displayed in the window on

the right side of the screen.
By pressing the F4 button you can display GPS coordinates.

3.7 Two-clamp measurement

Two-clamp measurements are used where there is no possibility of using ground-driven elec-
trodes.

NOTE!
The two-clamp method may be used solely in the case of multiple earthing
measurements.

Turn the meter on.

Set the rotary function se-
lector switch at .
CAT IV 300V

C-3
E H

N-1

Connect the transmission clamp to sockets H and E. The measurement clamp

should be connected to the clamp socket.
Attach both the transmission clamp and the measurement clamp on the earth
ground electrode under test at least 1 ft. / 30 cm from each other as shown.

MRU-200 ● MRU-200-GPS – USER MANUAL 31

 The meter is ready for measurement.
The auxiliary display shows the value of the
leakage current passing through the
measurement clamp with split core (C-3)
and its frequency.

Press START to begin measurement.

View the result.

The result is displayed for 20 s. It may be displayed again when ENTER is pressed.

Notes:

Measurements may be performed in the presence of interference current not

exceeding 3 A rms and whose frequency complies with the value set in the
MENU.

Flexible Rogowski current probe must not be used for this measurement.

- Current clamps and probes are not provided as standard accessories and must be purchased
separately.
- Current clamps and probes must be calibrated before use. Calibrate each clamp or probe periodi-
cally to avoid the influence of component ageing upon the resolution of measurements. The calibra-
tion option is in the MENU.
- If the clamp current is insufficient, an appropriate message is displayed: "Measured current is too
low. Measurement impossible!".

32 MRU-200 ● MRU-200-GPS – USER MANUAL

Additional information displayed by the meter
RE>149,9Ω Measurement range exceeded.
VN>40V! and a con- The voltage on the measurement points exceeds 40 V,
tinuous audio tone. the measurement is cancelled.

The voltage on the measurement points exceeds 24 V
VN>24V!
but lower than 40 V, the measurement is cancelled.
The value of the interfering signal is too high,
NOISE!
the result may be distorted by additional uncertainty.

3.8 Measurement 4P (Impulse method)

The impulse method is applied in the case of measurement of the dynamic impedance of light-
ning arrester earthing systems. It must not be used for the purpose of measurements of protective
and working earthing systems.
Due to the high steepness of the test pulse leading edge the inductivity of the earth electrode
highly influences its impedance. Therefore the impedance of the earth electrode measured by means
of the impulse method depends upon its length and the steepness of the test pulse leading edge.
The inductivity of the earth electrode causes a shift between the current spikes and the resultant
voltage drop. Hence extensive earth electrodes of a low resistance measured by means of the low-
frequency method may have a much higher value of the dynamic impedance.
The impulse impedance is calculated on the basis of the following formula:
VS
ZE 
IS
Where VS, IS – peak value of the current and voltage.

The impulse method is used to determine the resultant earth impedance. Therefore the control
measurement points must not be undone.

Note:
Measuring leads must be completely unwound. Otherwise the result of the
measurement may be incorrect.

The following illustration explains the numbers which determine the shape of the pulse (in ac-
cordance with EN 62305-1 Lightning protection – Section 1. General Requirements).
90%

50%
t

10%

T1
T2

t = current amplitude
T1 = pulse leading edge duration
T2 = time to semi-spike

MRU-200 ● MRU-200-GPS – USER MANUAL 33

The pulse shape is determined by the relation T1/T2 eg: 4/10 μs.

Turn the meter on.

Set the rotary
function selector switch at 4P .

C AT IV 300V
E ES S H

Drive the current probe into the ground and connect to the H socket of the meter.
Drive the voltage probe into the ground and connect to the S socket of the meter.
Connect the earth ground electrode under test to the E socket and the shield of
the H cable as shown.
Connect the earth ground electrode under test to the ES socket below the E ca-
ble as shown.
It is recommended to place the test leads in such a manner that the angle be-
tween them is at least 60° - see diagram below.

The meter is ready for measurement.

The auxiliary display shows the value of
the interference voltage and its frequen-
cy. The settings bar shows the pulse
shape; i.e. rise-time and duration.

34 MRU-200 ● MRU-200-GPS – USER MANUAL

 Press F1 to modify the pulse shape.

Use buttons and to select the pulse

shape and press ENTER.

Press START to begin measurement.

View the result.

Current probe resistance

Voltage probe resistance
Additional uncertainty caused by
the resistance of the probes.

By pressing the F4 button you can display GPS coordinates.

The result is displayed for 20 s. It may be displayed again when ENTER is pressed.

MRU-200 ● MRU-200-GPS – USER MANUAL 35

Notes:

Earth ground resistance measurement may be performed successfully if the in-

terference voltage does not exceed 24 V. The interference voltage is measured
up to 100 V, but over 50 V is it signalled as hazardous. Do not connect the me-
ter to a voltage exceeding 100 V.

- Pulse shape 8/20 μs is available from firmware version 2.04.

- RH i RS are measured by means of the low-frequency method.
Pay particular attention to the quality of the connection of the tested object with the test leads –
the contact area must be cleaned of paint, rust, etc.
- If the resistance of the measurement probes is too high, then the measurement of earth ground re-
sistance RE will be affected by additional uncertainty. A particularly high measurement uncertainty
occurs a low value of earth resistance is measured with probes with weak contact with the ground.
(This situation can occur if the earth electrode is adequately driven into the ground but the upper layer
of the ground is dry and characterized by a low conductivity. The relation between the probe re-
sistance and the resistance of the measured earth ground will be high, leading to measurement un-
certainty. In this situation, perform the testing in accordance with the formulae specified in point 10.2
which will permit evaluation of the influence of the measurement conditions. It is also possible to im-
prove the contact of probes by moistening where the probe is driven, or driving probes into other loca-
tions, or using a longer 80 cm / 2.5 ft. probe. Check that the test leads are securely connected, the
insulation is not damaged, and the probe contacts are not corroded or loose. In most cases meas-
urements will be successful; however, be conscious of the sources of uncertainty the measurement
can be affected by.
- If the resistance of H and S probes or one of them exceeds 1 kΩ, an appropriate message is dis-
played: "RH and RS electrodes resistance are higher than 1 kΩ! Measurement impossible!".

Additional information displayed by the meter

ZE>199Ω Measurement range exceeded.
VN>40V! and a con- The voltage on the measurement points exceeds 40 V,
tinuous audio tone. the measurement is cancelled.

The voltage on the measurement points exceeds 24 V
VN>24V!
but lower than 40 V, the measurement is cancelled.
The uncertainty of the electrode resistance > 30%. (Un-
LIMIT! certainties calculated on the basis of the measured val-
ues)
The value of the interfering signal is too high,
NOISE!
the result may be distorted by additional uncertainty.

36 MRU-200 ● MRU-200-GPS – USER MANUAL

3.9 Current measurement
The current measurement function simply measures current with a current clamp or probe. It
may be used for example for measurement of leakage current in an installation. Sonel offers several
types of clamps and probes, with various diameters and current ranges (see Technical Data).

Turn the meter on.

Set the rotary
function selector switch at I.

Press F1 to select type of clamp.

Use buttons and to select the

type of clamp and press ENTER.

Notes:
- Current measurements are continuous and there is no possibility of them being saved.
- Flexible Rogowski current probe F-1 is used for measurement of current > 1 A.

MRU-200 ● MRU-200-GPS – USER MANUAL 37

3.10 Earth resistivity measurements
Earth resistivity measurements  are used to make preliminary measurements for the design of
earth ground system installations, or for geological studies. The function is metrologically identical to
the four-pole earth ground resistance measurement, but includes an additional procedure for storing
the distance between the electrodes. The result gives the resistivity value which is calculated auto-
matically in accordance with the following formula: ρ = 2LRE, (Wenner’s measurement method.) The
method assumes equal distances between electrodes.

Turn the meter on.

Set the rotary
function selector switch at ρ.

E ES S H

L L L

Drive four probes, equally spaced and in a straight line, into the ground. Connect all 4
probes to the meter, as shown above.

The meter is ready for measurement.

The auxiliary display shows the value of
the interference voltage and its fre-
quency. The settings bar shows the
measurement voltage, mains frequency
set in the MENU, and the distance be-
tween the electrodes.

Press F1 to change the measurement

voltage.

38 MRU-200 ● MRU-200-GPS – USER MANUAL

 Use and buttons to select the
measuring voltage and press ENTER.

Press START to begin measurement.

The meter display will first request se-
lecting of the distance between probes.

Use buttons and to set the dis-

tance between probes and press
ENTER to begin measurement.

View the result.

Current probe resistance

Voltage probe resistance
Additional uncertainty caused by
the resistance of the probes

By pressing the F4 button you can display GPS coordinates.

The result is displayed for 20 s. It may be displayed again when ENTER is pressed.

MRU-200 ● MRU-200-GPS – USER MANUAL 39

Notes:

Earth ground resistance measurement may be performed successfully if the in-

terference voltage does not exceed 24 V. The interference voltage is measured
up to 100 V, but over 50 V is it signalled as hazardous.
Do not connect the meter to a voltage exceeding 100 V.

- Calculations are based upon the assumption that the distance between the measurement elec-
trodes are equal (Wenner’s method). If this is not the case, the earth ground resistance measurement
must be perfomed by the four-pole method, and calculations must be performed individually.
Pay particular attention to the quality of the connection of the tested object with the test leads –
the contact area must be cleaned of paint, rust, etc.
- If the resistance of the measurement probes is too high, then the measurement of earth ground re-
sistance RE will be affected by additional uncertainty. A particularly high measurement uncertainty
occurs a low value of earth resistance is measured with probes with weak contact with the ground.
(This situation can occur if the earth electrode is adequately driven into the ground but the upper layer
of the ground is dry and characterized by a low conductivity. The relation between the probe re-
sistance and the resistance of the measured earth ground will be high, leading to measurement un-
certainty. In this situation, perform the testing in accordance with the formulae specified in point 10.2
which will permit evaluation of the influence of the measurement conditions. It is also possible to im-
prove the contact of probes by moistening where the probe is driven, or driving probes into other loca-
tions, or using a longer 80 cm / 2.5 ft. probe. Check that the test leads are securely connected, the
insulation is not damaged, and the probe contacts are not corroded or loose. In most cases meas-
urements will be successful; however, be conscious of the sources of uncertainty the measurement
can be affected by.
- If the resistance of H and S probes or one of them exceeds 19.9 kΩ, an appropriate message is
displayed: "RH and RS electrodes resistance are higher than 19.9 kΩ! Measurement impossi-
ble!".

Additional information displayed by the meter

ρ >999kΩm Measurement range exceeded.
VN>40V! and a con- The voltage on the measurement points exceeds 40 V,
tinuous audio tone. the measurement is cancelled.

The voltage on the measurement points exceeds 24 V
VN>24V!
but lower than 40 V, the measurement is cancelled.
The uncertainty of the electrode resistance > 30%. (Un-
LIMIT! certainties calculated on the basis of the measured val-
ues)
The value of the interfering signal is too high,
NOISE!
the result may be distorted by additional uncertainty.

40 MRU-200 ● MRU-200-GPS – USER MANUAL

 4 Memory
The MRU-200 / MRU-200-GPS meters are equipped with a memory to store up to 990 results of
resistance measurements. Individual measurements are saved in memory cells. The memory is di-
vided into 10 banks of 99 cells each. Each result may be saved in a cell of a defined number, and in a
selected bank. The user may assign numbers of the cells to individual measurement points, and the
numbers of the banks to individual objects, perform measurements in any order, and repeat them
without losing other data.
The memory is not deleted when the meter is turned off, so results may be saved and reviewed
at a later time, or transmitted to a computer.
It is good practice to delete the memory before a new series of measurements is performed,
making sure that before memory is erased the data has been reviewed and retained if necessary,
usually by saving on a computer.

4.1 Saving measurement results in the memory

Once the measurement has finished

press ENTER.

Empty cell Occupied cell

Cells are selected via the and buttons. Banks are selected is via the and
buttons. To save press ENTER.

If the cell is occupied, the following message will be displayed:

Once the option has been selected with the and buttons and press ENTER.

MRU-200 ● MRU-200-GPS – USER MANUAL 41

4.2 Erasing Memory
Note:
- During the process of erasing memory the progress bar is displayed.

Turn the meter on.

Set the rotary
function selector switch at MEM.

Using the and buttons highlight

“Erasing memory”.

Press ENTER.

42 MRU-200 ● MRU-200-GPS – USER MANUAL

 Use the and buttons to select either
"All memory erase", "Erase bank" or
"Erase measurement"

Follow the instructions on the display.

4.3 Memory browsing

Use the and buttons to highlight

“Memory browsing”.

Press ENTER.

Use the and buttons to select a bank

and the and buttons to select a cell.

Note:
- During a memory search only those cells that contain data are listed; empty cells and banks are
skipped and are not viewable. “Meas. 1/20” means the first measurement in a group of 20; cells 21 to
99 are empty. The same principle refers to banks. If the memory is not filled in a continuous manner,
then empty measurements and banks are skipped during browsing.

MRU-200 ● MRU-200-GPS – USER MANUAL 43

 5 Data transmission
Remarks:
- Data transmission is not possible during the charging of the batteries.

5.1 Computer connection accessories

The meter can be connected to a computer via the supplied USB cable, using the Sonel Reader
software. The software can also be downloaded from www.soneltest.com or www.sone.pl.

5.2 Connection of the meter to a computer

1. Set the rotary function selector switch at MEM.
2. Connect the cable to the USB port of the computer and the USB socket of the meter.
3. Run the software Sonel Reader on the computer.

5.3 Data transmission with Bluetooth module

Starting from serial number E30001 the meters are equipped with BT module instead of OR-1.
Starting from serial number E40001 the meters are equipped with BT module instead of OR-1.

1. Select Wireless transmission in the main MENU of the meter.

or set the function switch to MEM and press F1.

2. Connect Bluetooth module to the USB socket of the PC, unless it is integrated into the PC.
3. During the process of pairing the meter with a PC enter PIN code compatible with the PIN code of
the meter defined in main settings.
4. On the computer start data storing programme.

44 MRU-200 ● MRU-200-GPS – USER MANUAL

If a PIN code change is necessary, select Modify PIN code.

Set the required code with the cursors.

Note:

Standard pin for Bluetooth is "123".

- The data transmission may be interrupted using the ESC button.

- With the USB cable active the wireless transmission is not possible.

MRU-200 ● MRU-200-GPS – USER MANUAL 45

 6 Power supply

Note:
The MRU-200 / MRU-200-GPS has been designed for use only with the supplied
rechargeable batteries. Using disposable instead of rechargeable batteries
should take place only in emergency situations when the rechargeable batter-
ies are depleted. However, disposable batteries will discharge rapidly after sev-
eral measurements, which should be expected due to the high instantaneous
power consumption of the instrument.

6.1 Monitoring of the power supply voltage

The level of the charge of the batteries indicated by the symbol in the right upper corner of the
display:

Battery charged.

Battery low.

Battery fully discharged.

Battery fully discharged,

Measurements cannot proceed.

Note:
- The displayed BAT symbol means insufficient power supply voltage and the batteries need to be re-
charged.
- Measurements performed with an insufficient meter power supply voltage are affected by additional
errors which are impossible to ascertain by the user. They cannot be relied upon for correct meas-
urements of the tested earth ground system.

6.2 Replacement of batteries

The MRU-200 / MRU-200-GPS meter is equipped with a package of NiMH batteries and a
charger. The batteries insert into the battery compartment. The charger is built in to the meter, and
must be used only to charge the original batteries. The charger is powered from an external power
supply, or a car lighter socket adapter (supplied as a standard accessory).

46 MRU-200 ● MRU-200-GPS – USER MANUAL

 WARNING:
Remove the test leads during replacement of the batteries as there is a risk of
electric shock.

To replace the batteries:

 Remove all the test leads from the meter sockets and turn the meter off.
 Remove the four screws of the battery compartment (in the lower part of the casing),
 Remove the compartment
 Insert the new compartment in the meter
 Replace the four screws of the battery compartment.

NOTE!
Do not use the meter when the battery compartment is removed or open or
power it from other sources than those mentioned in the present manual.

6.3 Fuse replacement

Remove the battery compartment to get access to two replaceable fuses:
- FST 250Vac 1A, 5x20mm and
- 2A 250Vac, time-delay fuse, 5x20mm.

If the instrument or battery charger does not work, before sending it for servicing check the fuses. If
they are open-circuit, replace them with identical ones. The fuses are placed in holders, near the cen-
ter of the cavity. To remove the fuses use a narrow tool (e.g. a screwdriver).

6.4 Charging of batteries

Charging begins as soon as the power supply is connected to the meter, whether the meter is on
or off. During charging the screen shows the battery symbol. The batteries are quick-charged; the
charge time to full charge is approximately four hours. Full charge is indicated by: Charging con-
cluded. To turn the device off remove the power supply plug of the power adapter.

MRU-200 ● MRU-200-GPS – USER MANUAL 47

 Operating mode Status of charging progress

Charging Progress.

Note:
- As a result of mains-borne interference it is possible that the charging of batteries will finish prema-
turely. In this case, remove the power adapter plug briefly, replace the adapter plug and re-charge.

Additional information displayed by the meter

Message Cause Proceeding
Excessive voltage Check the contacts of the battery
at the battery pack- package. Should the problem
Battery connection error!
age during charg- persist, replace the package.
ing.
No communication Check the contacts of the battery
with the battery package. Should the problem
controller or battery persist, replace the battery.
No battery!
compartment, or
batteries are miss-
ing.
The ambient tem-
It is not possible to charge the
perature is lower
batteries at low temperatures.
than 10C Place the meter in a warmer
Battery temperature too place and re-charge.
low! The message may be displayed
in the case of deep discharge of
the batteries. Try turning the
charger off then on repeatedly.
A damaged or The message is displayed briefly,
deeply discharged then the precharge process be-
battery package gins again. If after several at-
Precharge error
tempts: Battery temperature
too high! is displayed, replace
the battery package.

48 MRU-200 ● MRU-200-GPS – USER MANUAL

6.5 Discharging of batteries
To guarantee proper functioning of the batteries and charge-level indications, and prolong battery
life, it is recommended to periodically discharge them completely and then re-charge them. To first
discharge the batteries:

Press MENU and highlight

Meter settings. Press ENTER.

Use buttons and to select

Battery discharge and press ENTER.

View the displayed text and accept.

Discharging may last up to 10 hours depending on the level of the charge of the batteries. While
discharging the meter displays: Discharge in progress.

6.6 General principles regarding using Ni-MH batteries

- If the meter is not used for prolonged periods, it is recommended to remove the batteries and store
them separately.
- Store the batteries in a dry, cool, and well-ventilated place and protect them from direct sunlight.
The temperature of the storage environment should not exceed 30C / 86F. If batteries are stored for
a long time at high temperature, their lifetime will be shorter.
- Ni-MH batteries can tolerate 500-1000 charging cycles. The batteries reach their maximum capacity
after being formatted (2-3 charge and discharge cycles). The most important factor affecting lifetime
of a battery is the depth of discharge. The deeper the discharge, the shorter the lifetime.
- The memory effect for Ni-MH batteries is small. They may be charged at any point with no serious
consequences. However, it is recommended to discharge them completely periodically.
- During storage, Ni-MH batteries discharge at a rate of approximately 30% per month. High tempera-
tures accelerates discharge. To prevent excessive discharge, after which it will be necessary to for-
mat them, it is recommended to re-charge the batteries periodically, even if meter is not in use.
- Modern fast chargers detect both too low and too high a temperature of batteries and react to the
situation appropriately. Too low a temperature prevents charging, and could damage the battery ir-
reparably. An increase of the temperature of the battery will stop the charging. Charging at a high

MRU-200 ● MRU-200-GPS – USER MANUAL 49

temperature of the environment, in turn, causes an accelerated increase of the temperature of the
battery. It will be not charged to its full capacity, and battery lifetime will be reduced.
- Quick charging charges batteries to approximately 80% of their capacity. The full use of the battery
capacity may be obtained if charging is continued: the charger will charge with a low current and after
a couple of hours the batteries are charged to their full capacity.
- Do not charge or use batteries in extreme temperatures. Extreme temperatures reduce the lifetime
of batteries. Avoid placing devices powered from batteries in very hot or very cold environments. Ob-
serve the nominal working temperature: -10 to 50ºC / 14 to 122ºF.

7 Cleaning and maintenance

NOTE!
Use only the maintenance methods specified in this manual.

The case of the meter may be cleaned with a soft, damp cloth using all-purpose detergents. Do
not use any solvents or cleaning agents which might scratch the casing (powders, pastes, etc.).
Clean the probes with water and dry them. Before probes are stored for a prolonged periods
grease them with any machine lubricant.
The reels and test leads should be cleaned with water and detergents, and dried.

The electronic system of the meter does not require maintenance.

8 Storage

Observe the following recommendations when storing the meter:

 Disconnect all test leads from the meter.
 Clean the meter and all its accessories thoroughly.
 Wind the long test leads onto the reels.
 Remove the batteries if the meter is stored for long periods.
 To prevent total discharge of the batteries in prolonged periods of storage, re-charge them peri-
odically,

9 Dismantling and disposal

Disused, and scrap electric and electronic equipment should be separated and not be placed with
general waste of other types.
Disused, and scrap electric electronic equipment should be sent to a waste collection point in ac-
cordance with local regulations for the disposal of waste electric and electronic equipment, spent bat-
teries, and associated packaging.
Before the equipment is sent to a collection point, do not open or dismantle the equipment.

50 MRU-200 ● MRU-200-GPS – USER MANUAL

 10 Technical data
 The specified accuracy applies to meter terminals.
 The abbreviation „m.v.” in the accuracy definition means the measured value.

10.1 Basic data

Interference voltage measurement UN (RMS)
Range Resolution Accuracy
0 to 100V 1V ±(2% m.v. + 3 digits)
 measurement for fN 15 to 450 Hz
 frequency of measurements – minimum two measurements/s

Interference frequency measurement fN

Range Resolution Accuracy
15 to 450 Hz 1Hz ±(1% m.v. + 2 digits)
 measurement for interference voltage >1V (for interference voltage <1V the following is
displayed: f=---)

Measurement of connection and equipotential bonding resistance (two-cable method)

The measurement method: technical, in accordance with IEC 61557-5
Range of measurement in accordance with IEC 61557-4: 0,045 ... 19,99k
Range Resolution Accuracy
0.000 to 3,999Ω * 0.001Ω ±(2% m.v. + 4 digits)
4.00 to 39,99Ω 0.01Ω
40 to 399,9Ω 0.1Ω ±(2% m.v. + 2 digits)
400 to 3999Ω 1Ω
4,000 to 19,99kΩ 0.01kΩ ±(5% m.v. + 2 digits)
* In 0.000 to 0.045Ω range uncertainty is unspecified.

Measurement of earth resistance (3, 4-cable method)

The measurement method: technical, in accordance with IEC 61557-5
Range of measurement in accordance with IEC 61557-5: 0.100 to 19.99k
Range Resolution Accuracy
0.000 to 3,999Ω * 0.001Ω ±(2% m.v. + 4 digits)
4.00 to 39,99Ω 0.01Ω
40.0 to 399,9Ω 0.1Ω ±(2% m.v. + 2 digits)
400 to 3999Ω 1Ω
4.00 to 19.99kΩ 0.01kΩ ±(5% m.v. + 2 digits)
* For 3-cable method in 0.000 to 0.045Ω range uncertainty is unspecified.

Measurement of the auxiliary electrode resistance

Range Resolution Accuracy
0 to 999Ω 1Ω
±(5% (RE+RH+RS) + 8 dig-
1.00 to 9.99kΩ 0.01kΩ
its)
10.0 to 19.9kΩ 0.1kΩ

MRU-200 ● MRU-200-GPS – USER MANUAL 51

Measurement of multiple earth resistance with clamp (three-cable with clamp)
Range of measurement in accordance with IEC 61557-5: 0.120 to 1999
Range Resolution Accuracy
0.000 to 3.999Ω * 0.001Ω ±(8% m.v. + 4 digits)
4,00 to 39.99Ω 0.01Ω
40.0 to 399.9Ω 0.1Ω ±(8% m.v. + 3 digits)
400 to1,999Ω 1Ω
* In 0.000 to 0.045Ω range uncertainty is unspecified.
Measurement of multiple earth resistance with double clamp
Range Resolution Accuracy
0.00 to 19.99Ω 0.01Ω ±(10% m.v. + 3 digits)
20.0 to149.9Ω 0.1Ω ±(20% m.v. + 3 digits)
Ground resistivity measurements
The measurement method: Wenner’s, ρ = 2πLRE
Range Resolution Accuracy
0.0 to 199.9Ωm 0.1Ωm
200 to 1,999Ωm 1Ωm Depends on the accuracy
of the RE
2.00 to 19.99kΩm 0.01kΩm
4P measurement but not
20.0 to 99.9kΩm 0.1kΩm less than ±1 digit.
100 to 999kΩm 1kΩm
 distance between measurement probes (L): 1 to 50m / 164 ft.
Earth resistance measurement by means of the impulse method
Range Resolution Accuracy
0.0 to 99.9Ω 0.1Ω
±(2.5% m.v. + 3 cyfry)
100 to 199Ω 1Ω
 impulse shape: 4/10µs or 10/350µs
 impulse measurement current: approximately 1A
 impulse peak voltage: approximately 1500V
Measurement of leakage damage current (rms)
Range Resolution Accuracy
0,1..99,9mA 1 0,1mA ±(8% m.v. + 5 digits)
100..999mA 1 1mA ±(8% m.v. + 3 digits)
±(5% m.v. + 5 digits) 1,3,4
unspecified 2
1,00..4,99A 1,2,3,4 0,01A
unspecified for 0..2 A 3
unspecified for 0..1 A 4
5,00..9,99A1,2,3,4 0,01A
10,0..99,9A1,2,3,4 0,1A ±(5% m.v. + 5 digits)
100 … 300A1,2,3,4 1A
1 – current clamp (diameter 52mm / 2.2ins) – C-3
2 – flexible Rogowski probe – F-1
3 – flexible Rogowski probe – FS-2
4 – flexible Rogowski probe – FSX-3

 frequency range: 45 to 400Hz

52 MRU-200 ● MRU-200-GPS – USER MANUAL

Other technical data
a) insulation ............................................double-insulated, in accordance with EN 61010-1 and IEC 61557
b) measurement category (for 2000 m a.s.l.) ......................................... CAT IV 300 V acc. to EN 61010-1
c) protection grade of case in accordance with EN 60529.................................................................... IP54
d) maximum interference voltage AC + DC at which a measurement may be performed ..................... 24 V
e) maximum measured interference voltage ...................................................................................... 100 V
f) maximum interference current at which measurement of the earth ground resistance by the clamp
method is performed................................................................................................................... 3 A rms
g) frequency of the measurement current ...................................................................................................
.............................................. 125 Hz for the 16 2/3 Hz, 50 Hz, 400 Hz, and 150 Hz for the 60 Hz mains
h) measurement voltage and current for 2P ...........................................V<24 V rms, I≥200 mA for R≤60 
i) measurement voltage for 3P, 4P ............................................................................................ 25 or 50 V
j) measurement current (short-circuit current) for 3P, 4P ............................................................. >200 mA
k) maximum resistance of measurement electrodes .......................................................................... 20 k
l) insufficient clamp current level................................................................................................... ≤0,5 mA
m) power supply of the meter............................................. battery package type SONEL NiMH 4,8V 4,2 Ah
n) AC adapter battery charger.........................................................................100 V to 240 V, 50 H / 60 Hz
o) number of measurements for R 2P ................................................ >1500 (1 , 2 measurement/minute)
p) number of measurements for RE....................> 1200 (RE=10 , RH=RS=100 , 2 measurement/minute)
q) duration of a resistance measurement by means of the two-pole method .........................................<6 s
r) duration of a resistance and resistivity measurement by means of other methods ............................<8 s
s) position Accuracy (in good weather conditions and visibility of satellites) ........ 3 m / 10 ft. (50%CEP)
t) dimensions ................................................................................. 288 x 223 x 75 mm / 11.3 x 8.8 x 3 ins.
u) weight with battery .............................................................................................................. 2 kg / 4.4 lbs
v) operating temperature ............................................................................... -10 to +50ºC / +14 to +122ºF
w) temperature range for battery charging ................................................ +10ºC to +35ºC / +50ºF to +95ºF
x) temperature range battery charging unavailable .................................... < 5ºC / 41ºF and >50ºC / 122ºF
y) reference temperature .................................................................................................23 ±2ºC / 73 ±4ºF
z) storage temperature ..................................................................................... -20 to +70ºC / -4 to +158ºF
aa) relative humidity ..................................................................................................................... 20 to 90%
bb) relative humidity nominal ........................................................................................................ 40 to 60%
cc) altitude (above sea level) ......................................................................................................... ≤2000 m*
dd) quality standard ....................................................................................................................... ISO 9001
ee) EMC meets following standards.............................................................. EN 61326-1 and EN 61326-2-2

NOTE
* Information about the use of meter at altitude from 2000 m to 5000 m

As for voltage inputs E, ES, S, H the instrument is to be considered downgraded to measurement

category CAT III 300 V to ground (max 300 V between inputs) or CAT IV 150 V to ground (max 150 V
between inputs). Markings and symbols indicated on the instrument are to be considered valid when
using it at altitude lower than 2000 m.

EN 55022 Compliance statement

MRU-200 / MRU-200-GPS is a class A product. In a domestic environment this product may cause
radio interference in which case the user may be required to take adequate measures.

MRU-200 ● MRU-200-GPS – USER MANUAL 53

10.2 Additional data
Data regarding additional uncertainties are useful mainly in the case the meter is used under
non-standard conditions as well as for measurement laboratories for the purpose of calibration.

10.2.1 Influence of the serial interference voltage UZ upon earth resistance

measurements for functions 3P, 4P, 3P + clamp

R Additional uncertainty [Ω]

0.000 to 3.999Ω V
 (25 104  RE  2 10 4  z ) Vz
RE
>3.999Ω  (5 10 4  RE  2 10 2 ) Vz

10.2.2 Influence of the serial interference voltage VZ upon earth resistance

measurements for function ρ
add [Ω] =  2,5  (10 3  RE  10 6  RH VZ ) VZ ,

where RE 
2   L
10.2.3 Influence of the auxiliary electrodes upon earth resistance meas-
urements for function 3P, 4P, 3P + clamp

RE RH,RS Additional uncertainty [%]

RH≤500Ω and
within the range of the accuracy
RS≤500Ω
0.000 to RH>500Ω or RS RH
2
1
3,999Ω RS>500Ω or (  200   5  103  (1  )  RH  4  10 4 )
RH and RS>500Ω RS  106 RE  RH  200 RE

RH≤1kΩ and RS≤1kΩ within the range of the accuracy

RH>1kΩ or 2
>3,999Ω RS RH
RS>1kΩ or (  200   5 103  RH  4 104 )
RH and RS>1kΩ R S  106
R E  RH  200
RE[Ω], RS[Ω] and RH[Ω] are values which are displayed by the device.

For measurements with the use of ERP-1

RE RH,RS Additional uncertainty for V = 25 V [%]
RH≤500 Ω and RS≤500 Ω within the range of the accuracy
0.000 Ω
RH>500 Ω or RS RH
2
1
to 3,999
RS>500 Ω or (  200   5  103  (1  )  RH  4  10 4 )
Ω R  106
R  R  200 R
RH and RS>500 Ω S E H E

RH≤1 kΩ i RS≤1 kΩ within the range of the accuracy

RH>1 kΩ or 2
>3,999 Ω RS RH
RS>1 kΩ or (  200   5  10 3  RH  20  10 4 )
RH and RS>1 kΩ RS  106 RE  RH  200

54 MRU-200 ● MRU-200-GPS – USER MANUAL

 RE RH,RS Additional uncertainty for V = 50 V [%]
RH≤500 Ω and RS≤500 Ω within the range of the accuracy
0,000 Ω
RH>500 Ω or RS RH
2
1
to 3,999
RS>500 Ω or (  200   5  103  (1  )  RH  4  10 4 )
Ω RS  10 6
RE  RH  200 RE
RH and RS>500 Ω
RH≤1 kΩ i RS≤1 kΩ within the range of the accuracy
RH>1 kΩ or 2
>3,999 Ω RS RH
RS>1 kΩ or (  200   5  10 3  RH  15  10 4 )
RH and RS>1 kΩ RS  10 6
RE  RH  200
RE[Ω], RS[Ω] and RH[Ω] are values which are displayed by the device.

10.2.4 Influence of the auxiliary electrodes upon earth resistance meas-

urements for function ρ

Uncertainty [%]
R  RS  30000
( H  3,2 107  4 104  RH  RS )
2 2

RE
RE[Ω], RS[Ω] and RH[Ω] are values which are displayed by the device.

10.2.5 Influence of the auxiliary electrodes upon earth resistance meas-

urements by means of the percussive method

RH ZE Uncertainty [%]
RH≤150Ω 0,0…199Ω within the range of the accuracy
RH >150Ω 0,0…4,9Ω R  100
( H  4 102 )
ZE

5,0…199Ω
  (( RH  100 )  7 10 3 )
ZE[Ω] and RH[Ω] are values which are displayed by the device.

10.2.6 Influence of the interference current IZ upon the result of the earth
resistance measurement 3P+clamp
The MRU-200 meter may perform a measurement, if the value of the interference current does
not exceed 3 A rms and the frequency complies with the value set in the MENU.

RE Vwy Uncertainty []

 (5 103  RE  I zakl )
2
25V
≤50
 (2,5 103  RE  I zakl )
2
50V
6
 (70 10  RE  I zakl )
2 2
25V
>50
 (50 106  RE  I zakl )
2 2
50V
If the interference current exceeds 3 A the measurement is cancelled.

MRU-200 ● MRU-200-GPS – USER MANUAL 55

10.2.7 Influence of interference current upon the result of the earth re-
sistance measurement using double clamps
The MRU-200 meter may perform a measurement if the value of the interference current does
not exceed 3 A rms and the frequency complies with the value set in the MENU.

RE Uncertainty [Ω]
0.00 to 4.99Ω within the range of the accuracy
5.00 to 19.9Ω  (5 103  RE  I zakl )
2 3

20.0 to 149.9Ω  (6 102  RE  I zakl )

2 3

If the interference current exceeds 3A the possibility of measurement is blocked.

10.2.8 Influence of the relation of the resistance measured with clamp for
the multiple earthing branch to the resultant resistance (3P + clamp)
RC Uncertainty [Ω]
≤99.9Ω R
 (3  10 3  C2 )
Rw
>99.9Ω RC
 (6  10 2  2
)
Rw

RC[Ω] is the value of the resistance measured with clamps for the branch displayed by the device,
and RW [Ω] is the value of the resultant multiple earth resistance.

10.2.9 Additional uncertainties in accordance with IEC 61557-4 (2P)

Influencing factor Symbol Additional uncertainty
Location E1 0%
Power supply voltage E2 0% (BAT not displayed)
R≤3.999Ω ±0.3digits/°C
R>3.999Ω and
±0.2digits/°C
Temperature E3 <1kΩ
±0.07%/°C
R≥1kΩ
±0.2 digits/°C

10.2.10 Additional uncertainties in accordance with IEC 61557-5 (3P, 4P,

3P + clamp)
Influencing factor Symbol Additional uncertainty
Location E1 0%
Power supply voltage E2 0% (BAT not displayed)
R≤3.999 Ω ±0.3digits/°C
R>3.999Ω and
±0.2digits/°C
Temperature E3 <1kΩ
±0.07%/°C
R≥1kΩ
±0.2 digits/°C
In accordance with formula In
Serial interference voltage E4
10.2.1 (Vz=3V 50/60/400/16 2/3Hz)
Resistance of electrodes and In accordance with the formula in
E5
auxiliary earth electrodes 10.2.3

56 MRU-200 ● MRU-200-GPS – USER MANUAL

 11 Accessories

The current list of accessories can be found on the manufacturer's website.

11.1 Standard accessories

 30 cm / 1 ft probes (4 pieces) – WASONG30
 2.2 m / 7.2 ft. black test lead with banana plugs at one end, with a test prod –
WAPRZ2X2BLBB
 25 m / 82 ft. blue (WAPRZ025BUBBSZ) and red (WAPRZ025REBBSZ) test leads (2 pieces)
with banana plugs at both ends, on reels for distance measurements of extensive earthing sys-
tems
 1.2 m / 3.9 ft. red test lead – WAPRZ1X2REBB
 50 m, 164 ft. yellow shielded test lead wound upon a reel with banana plugs at both ends –
WAPRZ050YEBBSZE,
 Black crocodile clip – WAKROBL20K01
 Red crocodile clip – WAKRORE20K02
 Vice – WAZACIMA1
 Rechargeable batteries – WAAKU07
 Meter protective cover – WAFUTL2
 Neck strap, two pieces (short and long) – WAPOZSZEKPL
 USB cable – WAPRZUSB
 Adapter to charge the battery from a 12V vehicle lighter socket – WAPRZLAD12SAM
 Charger / AC adapter (for different countries) – WAZASZ7
 Calibration certificate issued by an accredited laboratory
 User manual

MRU-200 ● MRU-200-GPS – USER MANUAL 57

11.2 Optional accessories
Additional accessories are available from Sonel and authorized distributors:

WASONG80 WACEGN1BB

 80 cm measurement probe to be driven  Transmission clamp N-1

into the ground

WACEGC3OKR WACEGF1AOKR

 Flexible clamp F-1A

 Reception clamp C-3

WACEGF2AOKR WACEGF3AOKR

 Flexible clamp F-2A  Flexible clamp F-3A

WACEGF4AOKR WACEGFS2OKR

 Flexible clamp F-4A  Flexible clamp FS-2

WACEGFSX3OKR WAWALXL3

 Flexible clamp FSX-3  Case XL3 for the meter and accessories

WAFUTL3 WAPOJ1

 80 cm probe protective cover  Batteries compartment

58 MRU-200 ● MRU-200-GPS – USER MANUAL

 12 Positions of the meter’s cover
The movable cover enables using the meter in various positions.

1 2 3

1 – Cover as the bottom of the meter

2 – Cover used as a support
3 – Cover in the position that enables the meter to be suspended by the neck straps

13 Manufacturer
The manufacturer of the device, which also provides guarantee and post-guarantee service is the
following company:
SONEL TEST & MEASUREMENT, Inc.
Santa Clara, Ca 95054
Tel: 408 74 988 1346
Fax: 408 988 4869
E-mail: [email protected]
Web page: www.soneltest.com

SONEL S.A.
Wokulskiego 11
58-100 Świdnica
Poland
Tel: +48 74 858 38 60
Fax: +48 74 858 38 09
E-mail: [email protected]
Web page: www.sonel.pl

Attention:
Service repairs must performed only by an authorized Sonel service center.

MRU-200 ● MRU-200-GPS – USER MANUAL 59

 NOTES

60 MRU-200 ● MRU-200-GPS – USER MANUAL

62