Eilat Mazar

THE SUMMIT OF THE CITY OF DAVID

EXCAVATIONS 2005–2008
FINAL REPORTS VOLUME I

 

  
 Eilat Mazar

THE SUMMIT OF THE CITY OF DAVID

EXCAVATIONS 2005–2008

FINAL REPORTS VOLUME I

AREA G

With contributions by
Yiftah Shalev, Irit Yezerski, Reut Livyatan Ben-Arie, Ariel Winderbaum,
Othmar Keel, Yuval Goren, Shira Gurwin, David Ben-Shlomo, Victor Vejil,
Noa Raban-Gerstel, Nuha Agha, Lidar Sapir-Hen, Guy Bar-Oz, Karin Tamar,
Peretz Reuven, Omri Lernau, Margo Karlin
 Shoham

All rights reserved © 2015 Dr. Eilat Mazar

No part of this book, including the photographs, drawings and graphics,
may be copied, translated, reproduced or retained by mechanical,
electronic or any other means without written permission from Eilat Mazar.

ISBN: 978-965-7726-00-6

Layout: Marzel A.S. — Jerusalem

Print: Old City Press

Printed in Israel 2015
 Contents

Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix

Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

List of Loci and Walls Discussed in Chapter One . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

CHAPTER ONE Stratigraphy Eilat Mazar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

CHAPTER TWO The Stepped Stone Structure Eilat Mazar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169

CHAPTER THREE Nehemiah’s Wall Eilat Mazar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189

CHAPTER FOUR The Early Persian Period Pottery Yiftah Shalev . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203

CHAPTER FIVE Iron Age III Pottery Irit Yezerski and Eilat Mazar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243

CHAPTER SIX Hebrew and Non-Indicative Bullae Eilat Mazar and Reut Livyatan Ben-Arie. . . . . . . . 299

CHAPTER SEVEN The Iconic Seals and Bullae of the Iron Age Ariel Winderbaum . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363

CHAPTER EIGHT Egyptian Glyptic Material Othmar Keel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421

CHAPTER NINE Microscopic and Petrographic Examinations of Bullae Yuval Goren and Shira Gurwin. . 441

CHAPTER TEN Petrographic Analysis of Iron Age Figurines and Other Artifacts David Ben-Shlomo . . . 453

CHAPTER ELEVEN Arrowheads Victor Vejil and Eilat Mazar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 469

CHAPTER TWELVE The Dog Burials: Zooarchaeological, Taphonomic and Pathological Analysis
Noa Raban-Gerstel, Nuha Agha, Lidar Sapir-Hen, and Guy Bar-Oz . . . . . . . . . . 487

CHAPTER THIRTEEN Zooarchaeological Analysis of the Faunal Remains Karin Tamar and Guy Bar-Oz . 497

CHAPTER FOURTEEN Loomweights and Spindle Whorls Peretz Reuven. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 511

CHAPTER FIFTEEN Stone and Metal Weights Peretz Reuven. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 519

CHAPTER SIXTEEN Fish Bones Omri Lernau . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 525

CHAPTER SEVENTEEN A Fragment of a Lion-Headed Rhyton Eilat Mazar and Margo Karlin . . . . . . . 539

CHAPTER EIGHTEEN Lion Seal Impressions Ariel Winderbaum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 541

 CHAPTER FOUR

The Early Persian Period Pottery

Yiftah Shalev

INTRODUCTION

A vast concentration of local plain ware pottery dated to the Persian period (late 6th–4th
centuries BCE) was discovered during E. Mazar’s 2007–2008 excavations in Area G. The
pottery was recovered from a sequence of stratified fills (Strata 9A–B) with no architectural
remains, which had accumulated beneath the Northern Tower (Layers 9:2–8, Figs. 4.5–12).
These, in turn, lay above earlier stratified fills (Stratum 9/10) dated by Mazar to the Babylo-
nian period. Despite the large amount of pottery unearthed, the vast majority comprises small
sherds; the indicative pieces are usually small rim fragments, with the exception of the mor-
taria and carrot-shaped bottles. The typological discussion presented here is therefore based
mostly on rim morphology.

TYPOLOGY
(Figs. 4:1–4)

All the pottery found was of coarse ware, some reddish-brown or pink, but most ranging from
pale brown to grayish-brown and usually containing small white gravel.1 Such ware is com-
monly found during the Persian period in the mountainous regions of Judah, Samaria, and the
Land of Benjamin (Stern 1982: 93). Petrographic analysis conducted by A. Gorzalczany on
similar coarse ware vessels from Area E on the eastern slope of the City of David, excavated
by Y. Shiloh (1984), revealed that most had been locally produced. Most types (bowls, kraters,
jugs, etc.) from Area E were made of dolomitic Motza clay, although the cooking pots were of
terra rossa (Gorzalczany 2012).
In the above mentioned regions (as opposed to the coast), pottery forms from this time are a
direct continuation of Iron Age traditions, with many reflecting great similarity to the Late
Iron Age types (Stern 2001: 514–515). In instances where both time periods are present at the
same site, the task of assigning a sherd to one of these periods — especially when small frag-
ments are involved — is quite difficult. In many cases, the kind of ware provides the only hint
of a vessel’s later date (cf. Lipschits 2005: 192–205).
In several cases, small metal fragments were found embedded in sherds, mostly in those
from the earlier layers of the stratum (Layers 7–8 of Stratum 9B). Found in different vessel

1. For a comprehensive discussion on the differences between Persian period ceramic corpora found in
the mountains and on the coast, see Stern 1982: 93–142; 2001: 514–522.

203
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types, they are apparently the remains of metal waste in the clay, or an indication of somewhat
careless production.
Decoration and surface treatment during the Persian period was usually of poor quality:
the widespread red slip of Iron Age IIB disappeared completely; while the burnishing that
characterized Iron Age IIB pottery continued to exist but was much poorer in quality, being
less dense with broader, light reddish-pink bands. Another treatment was knife shaving, found
mostly on “carrot-shaped” bottles and on the bases of open lamps. Decorations are very rare
and limited to simple painted bands, usually on jugs, juglets, and bottles, or wedge- and reed-
shaped impressions, seen primarily on jugs and kraters. As Ephraim Stern’s seminal 1982
study is still the most comprehensive one of Persian period coarse ware, references to his
typology are used here for most examples. Additional references are given to nearby inland
sites like En-Gedi and Ramat Ra¢el. Unless otherwise specified, all parallels refer to inland
sites in Israel, namely Judah and Samaria.

Bowls (Fig. 4.1:1–34)

Bowls were the most common vessel type found in Strata 9A–B, comprising between 40–60%
of all vessels discovered in each layer. This large, diverse assemblage contains fragments that
vary in size, form, and color.

Small Bowls
BL-1 — this is a low V-shaped bowl with everted walls and a simple rim (Fig. 4.1:1–2). This
type is not particularly common in Persian period sites, with the more prominent examples
known from Ramat Ra¢el (Aharoni 1964: Fig. 12:1) and especially Tell el-Hesi, Strata Vd and
Vc, dated to the 5th century BCE (Bennett and Blakely 1989: Figs. 148:3–14, 150:32–33,
151:15–17).
BL-2a — this is a deep hemispheric bowl with thin walls and a straight or slightly concave rim
(Fig. 4.1:3–5). It is classified as Stern’s Group A, but as only rim fragments were found in Area
G, the exact shape is unknown. Such rims may also belong to bowls with a low ring base (Stern
1982: 94, Type A2, Fig. 113) or with convex walls and a flat or rounded base (ibid.: Type A4,
Fig. 115). Examples have been found in the Armenian Garden in Jerusalem (Tushingham
1985: Figs. 13:19–21, 30–32); at Ramat Ra¢el (Aharoni 1964: Fig. 12:2); and also at Tell el-
Hesi, Strata Vd and Vc (Bennett and Blakely 1989: Figs. 145:2, 149:17, 152:34). This type is
found throughout the Persian period (late 6th–4th centuries BCE).
BL-2b — two examples (Fig. 4.1:6–7) apparently constitute a subtype of BL-2. They are
made of the same ware and have the same form as the other bowls of this group; but while they
feature the straight profile reminiscent of Stern’s Type A4, they are larger and thicker. A sim-
ilar example was found in Shiloh’s Area E, Stratum 9 (Zuckerman 2012: 34, Fig. 3.2:28).
BL-3 — with 15–20 cm in diameter, rounded walls and a folded rim, this small bowl (Fig.
4.1:10–13) is the most common bowl type found in Strata 9A–B. This was the most common
bowl type in the 8th and 7th centuries BCE, and was found in most Late Iron II–III Judahite
sites (Stern 2007: Fig. 5.2.1:1–3). These bowls were found in abundance not only in Strata 10
and 9/10, but also in Strata 9A–9B, where they either bear the burnish typical of the period
or are not burnished at all. Their folded rims appear in various forms, both wide and narrow,
and have either a rounded projecting profile or a thin profile incorporated smoothly into the
body.
 C H A P T E R F O U R : T H E E A R LY P E R S I A N P E R I O D P O T T E RY 205

These bowls were common mainly from the mid-8th century until the end of the Iron Age
(e.g., En-Gedi, Stratum V; Yezerski 2007: 87, Type B1.II and bibliography therein), but
remained in use throughout the Persian period as well. Examples of parallels from the Persian
period have been found in Shiloh’s Stratum 9 in the City of David (De Groot and Ariel 2000:
98, Fig. 28:5–6; Zuckerman 2012: 32, Fig. 3.1:16–17); in Kenyon’s Square AXVIII, also in
the City of David (Franken 2005: 94, Fig. 7.4:1–6, Class 1); and in the Armenian Garden
(Tushingham 1985: Fig. 14:8, 11). Sites outside of Jerusalem include Mount Gerizim (Magen
2008: Pl. 2:15) and Tell es-Sa‘idiyeh, Phase IIID in Transjordan (Tubb 2007: Fig. 7:9–10).
BL-4 — the second most common bowl type found in Area G is the low bowl with a broad
ledged rim and a flat or low ring base (Fig. 4.1:14–17). Some examples are burnished inside
and along the rim. Classified as Stern’s Type A3 (Stern 1982: 94, Fig. 114), similar examples
are known from various sites, e.g.: Kenyon’s Square A-XVIII (Franken 2005: 94, Fig. 4.4:7–
16, Class 2) and Shiloh’s Stratum 9 (De Groot and Ariel 2000, Fig. 28:1–4; Zuckerman 2012:
32, Fig. 3.2:13–16), both in the City of David; the Armenian Garden (Tushingham 1985: 33,
Fig. 13:1–9); Cave 2, near what used to be the Holy Land Hotel (Ben-Arieh 2000: 6, Fig. 6:1–
3); Highway 9 (Avner and Eirikh-Rose 2007: Fig. 3:2–6) and the International Convention
Center (Lehmann 2005: Fig. 4:28). Outside Jerusalem, they are known from: Ramat Ra¢el
(Aharoni 1964, Fig. 12:6, 9); En-Gedi, Stratum IV (Stern 2007: 199, Fig. 5.2.1:5–14); and Tell
es-Sa‘idiyeh, Phases IIIB and IIID (Tubb 2007: Figs. 5:3, 7:1).
BL-5 — this bowl type is similar in shape to the previous ones, except for its sharp inner rim
(Fig. 4.1:18–21). Common throughout the Persian period, it is frequently grouped with Type
BL-4. Parallels are known from Cave 2, near what used to be Jerusalem’s Holy Land Hotel
(Ben-Arieh 2000: 6, Fig. 6:7), as well as En-Gedi, Stratum IV (Stern 2007: 199, Fig. 5.2.1:1–
3).
BL-6 — this is a small carinated bowl with flaring walls and an everted rim, ranging from a
low rounded to a high sharp carination (Fig. 4.1:8–9). Common throughout the Persian period,
it is classified as Stern’s Types A5–A6 (Stern 1982: 95, Figs. 116–117). These bowls have
been found at such various sites as: Shiloh’s Stratum 9 in the City of David (Zuckerman 2012:
32, Fig. 3.1:6–15); Cave 2, near what used to be Jerusalem’s Holy Land Hotel (Ben-Arieh
2000: 6, Fig. 6:15–16); Mount Gerizim (Magen 2008: Pl. 3:18); Qadum (Stern and Magen
1984: Fig. 5:2–7); En-Gedi, Stratum IV (Stern 2007: 199, Fig. 5.2.1:16–17); and in a tomb
near Hebron (Stern 1971: 29, Fig. 3:5, 7).

Large Bowls
BL-7 — this is a large deep bowl with thick rounded walls and a sharply inverted rim (Fig.
4.1:22–24). Quite common throughout the Persian period, they are known from such sites as:
Cave 2, near what used to be Jerusalem’s Holy Land Hotel (Ben-Arieh 2000: 6, Fig. 6:4–6),
and the International Convention Center (Lehmann 2005, Fig. 4:29); and, outside of Jeru-
salem, at Qadum (Stern and Magen 1984: Fig. 5:1). One example from Area G seems to repre-
sent a unique, smaller version of the same form (Fig. 4.1:25).
BL-8 — this a large deep bowl with thick walls and a vertical or closed folded rim (Fig.
4.1:26–28). It is found with and without handles, often displaying the typical Persian period
burnishing. Like the small bowls with folded rims (Type BL-3), this bowl type has been found
in various Persian period sites and seems to comprise a direct continuation of an earlier Iron
Age IIB type. Examples are known from the City of David in Kenyon’s Square AXVIII
206 E X C AVAT I O N S AT T H E S U M M I T O F T H E C I T Y O F D AV I D 2 0 0 7 - 2 0 0 8

(Franken 2005: 97, Fig. 7.4:32–36, Class 7) and Shiloh’s Stratum 9 (De Groot and Ariel 2000:
98, Fig. 28:5–6); as well as from the Armenian Garden (Tushingham 1985: Fig. 14:8, 11) and
Mount Gerizim (Magen 2008: Fig. 5:14). They were also found at Tell es-Sa‘idiyeh, Phase
IIID (Tubb 2007: Figs. 5:8, 7:9–10), dated by the excavators to the 6th century BCE.
BL-9 — this is a large heavy bowl, known as a mortarium or “Persian bowl,” with thick flaring
walls; a thick smoothened or ribbed everted rim; and a flat or high ring base (Fig. 4.1: 29–30).
Although it constitutes one of the hallmarks of the Persian period ceramic repertoire, a surpris-
ingly meager amount was discovered in Area G, with the sole complete example featuring a
flat base (Fig. 4.1:30).
These bowls first appeared in the 8th century BCE, and by the 5th and 4th centuries BCE
would become the most commonly found open vessel type in the ceramic repertoire of the Per-
sian period (Zukerman and Ben-Shlomo 2011: 88–91). This bowl type was made mostly of a
greenish-gray ware with many small dark flecks, although some examples are also of a pale
brownish-pink ware. They are known from numerous sites, both coastal and inland,
throughout the eastern Mediterranean, from Anatolia to Egypt, including Cyprus and Rhodes.
Petrographic studies have revealed that this bowl type most likely originated in Cyprus,
though perhaps in northern Syria or southern Anatolia (Bennett and Blakely 1989: 196–202;
Gorzalczany 1999; 2006; 2008: 97–98; Roll and Tal 1999; Villing 2006; Zukerman and Ben-
Shlomo 2011).
Examples from the inland regions of the Land of Israel include: Shiloh’s Stratum 9 at the
City of David (De Groot and Ariel 2000: Fig. 28.7; Franken 2005: 111–112, Fig. 8.7:39–43,
Class 8G; Zuckerman 2012: 38, Fig. 3.4:1–4); Cave 2, near what used to be the Holy Land
Hotel (Ben-Arieh 2000: 10–12); Tell Balatah, Stratum V (Lapp 2007: Fig. 2:1–3); and En-
Gedi, Stratum IV (Stern 2007: 199–201, Fig. 5.2.2). One example (Fig. 4.1:33) from Area G
was found to be pierced with small round holes, a phenomenon seen also at: the Armenian
Garden (Tushingham 1985, Fig. 16:1–4); Cave 2, near what used to be the Holy Land Hotel
(Ben-Arieh 2000: Fig. 6:10); and En-Gedi, Stratum IV (Stern 2007: 199–201, Types 5A–5B,
Fig. 5.2.2).

Attic Bowls
BL-10 — two Attic bowl fragments were retrieved from a dump in Stratum 9B, where they
apparently comprise a later disturbance (see L1210 in Chapter 1). Apart from the mortaria (see
above), these are the only examples of imported ware discovered thus far under the Northern
Tower in Area G. One of the fragments is a simple, unidentified black glazed body sherd;
while the second is the bottom of a black glazed bowl with a low ring base, decorated with two
incised lines near the center, with stamped crescents in between (Fig. 4.1:34). Though the frag-
ment is too small to identify the exact bowl type, stamping and rouletting are not known to
appear prior to the mid-4th century BCE (Sparkes and Talcott 1970: 22–30). Of the hundreds
of pottery sherds found beneath the Northern Tower, these are the only ones dated to such a
late period.

Kraters (Fig. 4.2:1–9)

Only a small number of kraters were found during the excavation, most of the deep rounded
body or globular holemouth type.
KR-1 — this is a deep, round krater with a short vertical neck and an everted rim flattened at
 C H A P T E R F O U R : T H E E A R LY P E R S I A N P E R I O D P O T T E RY 207

the top, two or four vertical handles, and a low ring base (Fig. 4.2:1–4). This form is common
throughout the Persian period, and is classified as Stern’s Type D3 (Stern 1982: Fig. 125).
Examples of similar vessels have been found in Jerusalem in Kenyon’s Square AXVIII in the
City of David (Franken 2005: 97, Fig. 7.4:41–45, Class 9B), the International Convention
Center site (Lehmann 2005: Fig. 5:39–41) and Cave 2, near what used to be Jerusalem’s Holy
Land Hotel (Ben-Arieh 2000: 6, Fig. 7:2–3). It is also known from: Tell Balatah, Stratum V
(Lapp 2008: 25, Fig. 2.5:1); Mount Gerizim (Magen 2008: Pl. 1:13); Qadum (Stern and Magen
1984: Fig. 6:1); and En-Gedi, Stratum IV (Stern 2007: 201–202, Fig. 5.2.3:9–11).
KR-2 — this is a globular krater with a closed folded rim, two to four horizontal handles on its
shoulder, and with or without a short neck (Fig. 4.2:5–7). Classified as Stern’s Type D4, this
type first appears in the Persian period. Stern considered it to be an imitation of the East Greek
kraters of the 7th century BCE (Stern 1982: 99, Fig. 126). This krater type is often found with
wedge- and reed-shaped impressions, a decoration characteristic of the late 6th and 5th centu-
ries BCE (Stern 1982: 133; and see below).
Two of these items (Fig. 4.2:5–6) display very short, thin, everted rims. While their overall
shape is similar to that of the others found in the excavation, their clay is finer (reddish,
minutely porous, of a fine sandy paste with a few small white inclusions), and they reflect a
more refined craftsmanship.
Dated between the late 6th–4th centuries BCE, these kraters have been found in and
around Jerusalem at: Cave 2, near what used to be Jerusalem’s Holy Land Hotel (Ben-Arieh
2000: 6, Fig. 9); Highway 9 (Avner and Eirikh-Rose 2007: Fig. 3:9); Ramat Ra¢el, Stratum
IVB (Aharoni 1964: Fig. 13:9); and En-Gedi, Stratum IV (Stern 2007: Fig. 5.2.12:6–7). Exam-
ples are also known from Tell Balatah, Stratum V (Lapp 1985: Fig. 6:2; 2007: 224, Fig. 1:10;
2008: 27, Pl. 2.7:1, 3) and Tell en-Nasbeh (Wampler 1947: Pl. 66:1497–1498).
KR-3 — this is a large bowl/krater with flaring walls and an everted rim, with only two exam-
ples found in Mazar’s Area G excavations (Fig. 4.2:8–9). One features thin walls, slightly
ribbed on the outside, and a slightly inward-curving rim (Fig. 4.2:8); while the other has thick
walls and a thick, slightly inward-curving rim (Fig. 4.2:9). Dated between the late 6th–4th cen-
turies BCE, parallels are known from: Cave 2, near what used to be the Holy Land Hotel (Ben-
Arieh 2000: 6, Fig. 7:5); Ramat Ra¢el, Stratum IVB (Aharoni 1964: Fig. 13:1); and Tell el-
Hesi, Stratum Vb (Bennett and Blakely 1989: Fig. 161:10).

Cooking Pots (Fig. 4.2:10–15)

A relatively large number of cooking pots were retrieved from Area G, comprising approxi-
mately 10% of the assemblage as a whole. All examples are made of well-fired, dark reddish-
brown ware containing medium and large white grits.
CP-1 — the most common cooking pot type from Area G is a globular vessel with a short wide
neck, short round handles extending from rim to shoulder, and an everted rim, usually trian-
gular in profile (Fig. 4.2:10–12). Classified as Stern’s Types B–C, this is the most common
cooking pot of the Persian period as a whole, prevalent along the coastal plains as well as in
inland sites from the late 6th–4th centuries BCE. To name only a few, such pots have been
found in: Shiloh’s Stratum 9 in the City of David (De Groot and Ariel 2000: 20; Zuckerman
2012: 39, Fig. 3.4:10–12); Cave 2, near what used to be the Holy Land Hotel (Ben-Arieh 2000:
10, Fig. 10); Qadum (Stern and Magen 1984: Fig. 7:103); and En-Gedi, Stratum IV (Stern
2007: 202, Fig. 5.2.4:1–8).
208 E X C AVAT I O N S AT T H E S U M M I T O F T H E C I T Y O F D AV I D 2 0 0 7 - 2 0 0 8

CP-2 — this is an Iron Age-style globular cooking pot with an everted, grooved, or ridged rim
(Fig. 4.2:13–15). It was found in Iron Age IIb to Early Persian period layers (Strata 10–9-6) in
Area G, but is less prevalent in the later layers (Stratum 9-5–9-2). Type CP-2 is the continua-
tion of the mid-7th century BCE cooking pot (Gitin 1990: 219–221, Type 106 and discussion
and references therein), and was likely still in use at the beginning of the 5th century BCE.
Examples are known from Kenyon’s Square AXVIII in the City of David (Franken 2005: 97,
Fig. 7.4:58, Class 11A) and Highway 9 in Jerusalem (Avner and Eirikh-Rose 2007: Fig. 3:12);
as well as at Tell el-Hesi, Strata Vc–Vd (Bennett and Blakely 1989: 203–205), and Tell
Balatah, Stratum V (Lapp 1985). The latter was assigned to the Early Persian period and
believed to be a form used during the 6th century BCE that disappeared ca. 500 BCE (Lapp
1985: 23, Fig. 7:1–7; 2007: 226, Fig. 2:4–5; 2008: 30, Pl. 2.10:2–20).

Storage Jars (Fig. 4.3:1–17)

Storage jars were found in abundance throughout all the sublayers of Strata 9A–9B, and are
the second most common vessel in the assemblage, outnumbered only by the bowls. Although
many fragments were found, representing a wide range of types, the vast majority were small
sherds that unfortunately reveal very little about the jar type.
JR-1 — the most common jar type from the excavation features a high cylindrical neck and an
everted thickened rim (Fig. 4.3:1–6). Rims of this type were found in various shapes: round,
square, or triangle in profile; and probably belonged to at least one of the two main storage jar
types classified by Stern as Type A or C: jars with a sack-shaped body and two loop handles
extending from shoulder to body; or jars with an ovoid body, rounded shoulders, and four han-
dles extending from shoulder to body. Both are a direct continuation of Iron Age IIb forms and
appear throughout the Persian period, with the latter (Stern’s Type C) apparently a continua-
tion of the Iron Age lmlk jars (Stern 1982: 103–104, Figs. 139, 141).
Close parallels are known from: Kenyon’s Square AXVIII in the City of David, where 190
of the 215 jars discovered were attributed to this type (Franken 2005: 98, Fig. 7.4:86–102,
Class 12b); Shiloh’s Stratum 9, also in the City of David (De Groot and Ariel 2000: Fig.
28:17–18); and Cave 2, near what used to be the Holy Land Hotel (Ben-Arieh 2000: 13, Figs.
14–17). Additional examples come from Gezer (Gitin 1990: 229, Type 120, Pls. 25:12–13,
29:12–14) and En-Gedi, Stratum IV (Stern 2007: 203, Fig. 5.2.5).
JR-2 — this jar type has a relatively low neck that is narrower than that of Type JR-1 (Fig.
4.3:7–8). At least one example features rounded shoulders (Fig. 4.13:30). Such jars may pos-
sibly be Stern’s Type F, a common form dated to the 5th–4th centuries BCE (Stern 1982: 104–
105, Fig. 142). They are mostly found along the coast and in the north of Israel, but are also
known from such inland sites as: Tell Balatah, Stratum V (Lapp 2008: 19–20, Fig. 2.1:5–10),
where they in fact comprise the most common jar type; Tell en-Nasbeh (Wampler 1947: Pl. 18:
311–312); and Gezer (Gitin 1990: 229, Type 121, Pl. 29:1–9). None of the examples from Area
G have a shallow groove on top, a feature thought to be a later development, appearing only in
the late 5th century BCE.
JR-3 — this is a jar with a short, cylindrical concave neck, wide everted mouth, and thickened
rim (Fig. 4.3:9–11). This is the narrow cylindrical “torpedo” storage jar classified by Stern as
Type G and dated to the 6th–4th centuries BCE (Stern 1982: 105–106, Fig. 146). Although
mostly found along the coast, a few close parallels were found at inland sites, including
Shiloh’s Stratum 9 at the City of David (De Groot and Ariel 2000: Fig. 28:2), Cave 2, near
 C H A P T E R F O U R : T H E E A R LY P E R S I A N P E R I O D P O T T E RY 209

what used to be the Holy Land Hotel (Ben-Arieh 2000: Fig. 16), and Qadum (Stern and Magen
1984: 19–20, Fig. 4:7–9).
JR-4 — this is a jar with no neck, a wide mouth, and an everted rim that culminates in a
rounded outturned or beak-like lip (Fig. 4.3:12–13). Examples are known from Gezer, where
they were dated to the 5th–4th centuries BCE (Gitin 1990: 234, Type 148, Pl. 31:19).

Holemouth Jars
This jar type is widespread in the Late Iron Age, but is found in lesser quantities during the
Persian period; indeed, only a few examples were found in Area G. As in the case of other
plain ware types (see above), most forms comprise a continuation of earlier Iron Age IIB
types. It should be noted that holemouth jars with folded rims and rounded shoulders, such as
those found in Late Persian period contexts at Khirbet Qeiyafa (Sandhaus 2009: 215, Fig.
2.5:29–30), were not found here.
JR-5 — this is a holemouth jar with a wide mouth, cylindrical body, and closed rim, made of a
light brown ware common in the Persian period (Fig. 4.3:14–15). By their ware and appear-
ance, most jars of this type from Area G apparently date from the Persian period, though some
may be Late Iron Age vessels redeposited in these Persian period layers. Examples from Per-
sian period contexts come from: Kenyon’s Square AXVIII in the City of David (Franken 2005:
98, Fig. 7.5:144–149, Class 14); Gezer (Gitin 1990: 229, Type 123, Pl. 28:26); and Tell es-
Sa‘idiyeh, Strata IID and IIIB (Tubb 2007: Figs. 5:7, 9, 11; 7:11).
JR-6 — this is a holemouth jar with straight shoulders, a narrow mouth and a thickened,
closed rim (Fig. 4.3:16–17). They are not particularly common in the Persian period. Most
examples from Strata 9A–9B were of the reddish ware typical of the Iron Age, and therefore
appear to be Iron Age jars redeposited in later Persian period layers. Others, however, are of
light brown clay with a grayish surface, common in the Persian period. Similar holemouth jars
with thickened rims, though with different rim forms, are known from Qadum (Stern and
Magen 1984: 19, Fig. 6:5) and Dor, dated to the 5th century BCE (Stern 1995: 58, Fig. 2.5:2–
3).

Jugs (Fig. 4.3:18–26)

A relatively small amount of jugs were found, mostly small rim fragments that revealed little
about the jug shape as a whole.
JG-1 — this is a jug with a wide cylindrical neck and thickened everted rim (Fig. 4.3:18–19).
Although it is difficult to classify this type with certainty, it apparently corresponds to Stern’s
Type G or H, a sack-shaped or globular jug common in the Persian period (Stern 1982: 117,
Figs. 171–172). Examples are known from Cave 2, near what used to be the Holy Land Hotel
(Ben-Arieh 2000: 13, Figs. 1–2), and Gezer (Gitin 1990: 231, Type 127A, Pl. 29:15, 17).
JG-2 — this jug is similar to Type JG-1, but has thinner walls, a slightly bulbous neck, and an
everted folded rim (Fig. 4.3:20). No exact parallels are known.
JG-3 — this is a jug with a wide mouth, ridged neck, and outturned rim, and is an Iron Age IIb
form that continued in use at least into the Early Persian period (Fig. 4.3:21). Parallels from
Early Persian period contexts come from: Tell Balatah, Stratum V (Lapp 1985: 22, Fig. 5:4–5;
2007: 222, Fig. 1:3–4; 2008: 22, Fig. 2.3:1–10); Tell en-Nasbeh (Wampler 1947: Pl. 33:584–
210 E X C AVAT I O N S AT T H E S U M M I T O F T H E C I T Y O F D AV I D 2 0 0 7 - 2 0 0 8

588); and Tell el-Hesi, Stratum Vd (Bennett and Blakely 1989: Fig. 147:1). No exact parallels
are known thus far from Jerusalem or other Judean sites.
JG-4 — this is a jug with a thin convex neck and a low ridge beneath a flaring rim (Fig.
4.3:22). No exact parallels are known.
JG-5 — this is a jug with a narrow mouth, closed ridged neck, and outturned thickened rim
(Fig. 4.3:23). Similar examples are known from Area E in the City of David (Zuckerman 2012:
Fig. 3.5:5) and Tell Balatah, Stratum V (Lapp 1985: 22, Fig. 26:4–5; 2008: 23, Fig. 2.3:11).
JG-6 — this is a decanter jug with a narrow neck and a thickened, round, or triangular everted
rim, and is the most prevalent small container form in the Area G assemblage (Fig. 4.3:24–26).
It should apparently be classified as Stern’s Type B, a sack-shaped jug dated to the late 6th and
5th century BCE and comprising a direct continuation of the typical Iron Age decanter found
in numerous Persian period sites (Stern 1982: 115, Fig. 168). These include: Cave 2, near what
used to be the Holy Land Hotel (Ben-Arieh 2000: 13, Fig. 12:7); En-Gedi, Stratum IV (Stern
2007: 204, Fig. 6:102); Tell en-Nasbeh (Wampler 1947: Pl. 37:665–666); and Tell Balatah,
Stratum V (Lapp 2008: 23, Fig. 2.3:12–14).

Juglets (Fig. 4.4.1–3)

Only a few juglets were found in Strata 9A–B. Following Stern’s typology, they will be
divided into his three main groups: dipper, globular, and perfume juglets, all widely known
from the Persian period repertoire throughout the Land of Israel.
JL-1 — this is an elongated or sack-shaped dipper juglet with a short neck and a simple
outturned rim (Fig. 4.4:1). Classified as Stern’s Types A1–2, such juglets are common from the
late 6th–4th centuries BCE (Stern 1982: 119, Fig. 177–179), with parallels known from
numerous sites. Examples include: Kenyon’s Square AXVIII in the City of David, where they
were cataloged as jugs (Franken 2005: 98, Fig. 7.4:113–114, Class 13); Cave 2, near what used
to be the Holy Land Hotel (Ben-Arieh 2000: 10, Fig. 11:3); Qadum (Stern and Magen 1984:
Fig. 7:6–7); En-Gedi, Stratum IV (Stern 2007: 205, Fig. 5.2.7:13–15); and Tell el-Hesi,
Stratum V (Bennett and Blakely 1989: 214). Stern divided this juglet form into two main sub-
types, based on their base: flat or convex (Stern 1982: 118; 2007: 205). However, as no com-
plete juglet was recovered in Area G, this division cannot be applied here.
JL-2 — this is a globular juglet with a short, narrow, pinched neck, flaring rim, and handle
extending from rim to shoulder (Fig. 4.4:2). Classified as Stern’s Types B1–2, such juglets
have a round or sack-shaped body, with either a convex or a flat base (Stern 1982: 120, Fig.
181). They are common throughout the Persian period, though it appears that those featuring
flat bases date slightly later, from the 5th to the 4th century BCE (Stern 2007: 205–206). Like
the dipper juglets, these too can be divided into two subtypes, but since only the upper parts of
these juglets were found in Area G, this division cannot be applied here. Examples are known
from: Area E in the City of David (Zuckerman 2012: 40, Fig. 3.5:13–15); Cave 2, near what
used to be the Holy Land Hotel (Ben-Arieh 2000: 10, Fig. 11:8; 12:5); Ramat Ra¢el, Stratum
IVB (Aharoni 1964: Fig. 14:10); and En-Gedi, Stratum IV (Stern 2007: 205–206, Fig. 5.2.7:1–
2).
JL-3 — this is a juglet with a long narrow neck and an everted rim (Fig. 4.4:3). Classified as
Stern’s Type C, such juglets are found throughout the Persian period and likely served as
receptacles for perfume (Stern 1982: 122). They were less common in Area G than the other
 C H A P T E R F O U R : T H E E A R LY P E R S I A N P E R I O D P O T T E RY 211

two, only a few rim fragments being found. Like the first two juglet types, the perfume juglet
developed from the round body and convex base of Iron Age juglets into the sack-shaped body
and flat base typical of the Persian period (Stern 2007: 206). Once again though, as none were
found complete in Area G, this division cannot be applied here.

Flasks (Fig. 4.4:4–5)

All the examples from Area G are large vessels, consisting of two separate halves, featuring a
narrow neck, wide mouth, everted rim, and two handles from mid-neck to shoulder (Fig.
4.4:4–5). Classified as Stern’s Type B, such flasks are common throughout the Persian period,
and are most prevalent in the hill countries of Judah, Samaria and Idumea (Stern 1982: 114,
Fig. 166). Parallels come from: Area E (Zuckerman 2012: 48, Fig. 3.7:10) and Kenyon’s
Square AXVIII in the City of David, which in the latter was classified as a jug (Franken 2005:
98, Fig. 7.4:111, 116, Class 13); Cave 2, near what used to be the Holy Land Hotel (Ben-Arieh
2000: 13, Fig. 13); Ramat Ra¢el, Stratum IVB (Aharoni 1964, Fig. 14:11–19); En-Gedi,
Stratum IV (Stern 2007: 207, Fig. 5.2.8); a burial cave near Hebron (Stern 1971: Fig. 2);
Mount Gerizim (Magen 2008: Pl. 1:6); and Tell en-Nasbeh (Wampler 1947: Pl. 75:1740).

Bottles (Fig. 4.4:6–8)

BT-1 — this is a narrow “carrot-shaped” bottle with a short neck, thick rim, and pointed base
(Fig. 4.4:6–7). This bottle type is usually divided into two main groups: an early Assyrian type
decorated with brown horizontal bands painted around the body; and a later, usually cruder
type that lacks the painted band decoration and is sometimes knife shaved (Stern 1982: 126).
The latter, dated to the Persian period, is considered a direct continuation of the earlier
Assyrian ones. Examples come from numerous sites in contexts dating from the Persian
period, among them: Area E in the City of David (Zuckerman 2012: 39, Fig. 3.5:1–3); Ramat
Ra¢el, Stratum IVB (Aharoni 1964: Fig. 14:40–41); En-Gedi, Stratum IV (Stern 2007: 206–
206, Fig. 5.2.7:16–19); Tell en-Nasbeh (Wampler 1947: Pl. 27: 465–466) and others (Stern
1982: 125 and references therein). Petrographic analysis conducted on two such bottles from
the City of David revealed they were locally manufactured (Gorzalczany 2003: 130).
Although some scholars have argued that the later type should be dated to the late 7th and
6th century BCE (Lapp 1981: 92; Lipschits 2005: 202), their presence at En-Gedi and in other
Persian period sites indicate that Stern was correct when dating them to the Persian period as a
whole (Stern 1982: 126).
BT-2 — this is a small globular bottle with a wide mouth and flaring rim (Fig. 4.4:8). Only one
such example has been found in Area G. Its shape resembles that of the round bottles classified
by Stern as Type F, common in numerous Persian period sites, though with a much narrower
mouth (Stern 1982: 127, Fig. 200; 2007: 206–207, Type 2, Fig. 5.2.7:21). Nearly identical
examples come from Cave 2, near what used to be the Holy Land Hotel (Ben-Arieh 2000: 13,
Fig. 18:3), and En-Gedi, Stratum IV (Stern 2007: 209, Fig. 5.2.9:2–3), though the latter is not a
single vessel but half of a “twin vessel” (cf. Stern 1982: 129–130, Fig. 207).

Stands (Fig. 4.4:9)

A few stands with outward flaring walls were found in Area G (Fig. 4.4:9). Dating from the
late 6th–4th centuries BCE, they resemble other Persian period stands known from such
212 E X C AVAT I O N S AT T H E S U M M I T O F T H E C I T Y O F D AV I D 2 0 0 7 - 2 0 0 8

numerous sites as: Shiloh’s Stratum 9 at the City of David (De Groot and Ariel 2000: Fig.
28:19; Zuckerman 2012: 48, Fig. 3.7:15); Cave 2, near what used to be the Holy Land Hotel
(Ben-Arieh 2000: 13, Fig.18:6); and Ramat Ra¢el, Stratum IVB (Aharoni 1964: Fig. 14:45–
46).

Lamps (Fig. 4.4:10)

The open lamp of the Persian period appears to be a direct continuation of the Iron Age type.
The later lamps are round with a sharply pinched mouth, a broad ledge rim, and a rounded
base, sometimes knife shaved (Fig. 4.4:10). Although open lamps are very common in Persian
period assemblages, only a few examples were found in Strata 9A–9B. Classified as Stern’s
Type A2, parallels are known from essentially all Persian period sites in the Land of Israel
(Stern 1982: 127–128, Fig. 202; 2007: 209–210, Fig. 5.2.10).

Wedge- and Reed-Shaped Impressions (Fig. 4.4:11–16)

Wedge and reed-shaped decorations are commonly found on Persian period pottery (Fig.
4.4:11–16). They appear on various vessels, among them jugs and pyxides, but are most often
seen on such large deep containers as holemouth jars and kraters. Though they are known from
both inland and coastal sites, the vast majority comes from late 6th–early 5th centuries BCE
Judah. Stern suggests that this decoration style was probably an imitation of Assyrian and
Achaemenid decorated metal ware (Stern 1982: 135), while J. Zorn assigns its origin to
Arabia, reaching Judah through the spice trade (2001).
Examples include: Kenyon’s Square AXVIII at the City of David (Franken 2005: 98, Fig.
7.4:45, 51); Cave 2, near what used to be the Holy Land Hotel (Ben-Arieh 2000: Figs. 8–9);
Jerusalem’s International Convention Center (Lehmann 2005: Fig. 5:48); Stratum IV at En-
Gedi (Stern 2007: 212, Fig. 5.2.11–12); Mount Gerizim (Magen 2008: Pl. 1:15, Pl. 2:7);
Stratum V at Tell Balatah (Lapp 2007: 224, Fig. 1:10); Qadum (Stern and Magen 1984: 13,
Fig. 4:1); and Tell en-Nasbeh (Wampler 1947: Pl. 66: 1495–1498).

CONCLUSIONS

Most of the Persian period pottery retrieved from Strata 9A–B is known from the ceramic
corpus that characterized the hill countries of Judah, Samaria, and the Land of Benjamin
during this time. Featuring most of the known pottery types from this period, the Area G
assemblage is clearly a domestic one, with vessels like bowls, cooking pots, storage jars, and
juglets making up the dominant forms.
The finds, which include mostly small and unrestorable fragments, seem to point to an
ongoing dumping process, with refuse continuously tossed from the top of the cliff above. Had
these deposits been the result of a one-time “cleaning” or removal event intended to create a
huge constructional fill for the city wall to be erected above it (Franken 2005: 98; see below),
we would have expected them to have yielded a more varied assemblage — as well as marks of
the Babylonian destruction of the city. The presence of numerous animal bone fragments,
alongside the nearly complete lack of any other small find type, lends credence to this assump-
tion.
 C H A P T E R F O U R : T H E E A R LY P E R S I A N P E R I O D P O T T E RY 213

While the 2007–2008 excavations uncovered an extended sequence of stratified accumu-

lations sealed beneath the walls of the Northern Tower, the size of the excavation area — cut
on the south and east by the previous excavations of Kenyon and Shiloh — along with the
dump-like nature of many of its fills, precluded our establishing a complete, undisturbed con-
text of each layer. Likewise, we were unable to carry out any significant quantitative analysis
of the finds. Nevertheless, as these stratified deposits are in fact gradual accumulations from
the Early Persian period (see Dating below), the appearance or the lack of a certain pottery
type, as well as differences in the ratios of pottery types, may be a reflection of different chro-
nological phases.
A number of trends are discernable from the pottery assemblages unearthed in the various
sublayers of the strata:
1. Absence of imported ware: As in all Persian period Judean, Samarian, and Land of
Benjamin sites (except for En-Gedi), nearly all the vessels from Area G were made of
local coarse ware, imported vessels being very meager. There are a few cases of mor-
taria, which were most likely imported, but imported maritime transport jars, such as
straight-shouldered and basket-handled jars and Greek style amphorae were not found
at all (Wolff 2009). No fine tableware, such as the so-called “East Greek” or Attic, was
found either, save for two small Attic fragments that seem to be intrusive.
2. Bowls: A gradual change in the ratio of bowl types was noted within the bowl assem-
blages. In Stratum 9/10 and in the Early Persian period Layer 9-8, bowls with folded
rims outnumbered those with ledge rims by approximately 4:1. In the later layers, 9-7
to 9-4, this ratio changed, with folded rims becoming a minority, outnumbered by
ledge rims with a ratio of 1:3. It should be noted that as we lack secure comparisons to
other Early Persian period sites, it is difficult to determine whether this is a reflection
of a regional change or is merely a local phenomenon.
3. Cooking pots: Layer 9-8 contained only Late Iron Age style cooking pots (CP-2), with
the first Persian period forms appearing in Layer 9-7 (CP-1). These two types were
also found together at Tell Balatah (Stratum V) and at Tell es-Sa‘idiyeh (Stratum IIID)
in contexts dated to the late 6th century BCE (Lapp 2007 and Tubb 2007, respec-
tively). Lapp suggests that Type CP-2 was still in use during the Early Persian period,
until the very beginning of the 5th century (Lapp 2007: 226, Fig. 2:4–5).
4. Burnishing: The use of burnishing, common during the Late Iron Age, gradually dis-
appears in Strata 9A–B. While more than 90% of the bowls in Stratum 9/10 were bur-
nished, the numbers in Strata 9A–B drop from 80% in Layer 9-8 until reaching less
than 40% in Layer 9-4. From Layer 9-7 and onward, the form of the burnish also
changed, and was made up of broad bands in a light reddish-pink hue typical of the
Persian period, rather than the uniform bright red of the Iron Age (Stern 1982: 93;
2001: 214–215).
5. Wedge- and reed-shaped impressions: Such decorations, dated with certainty from the
late 6th–early 5th century BCE, first appear in Layer 9-8.
6. Mending holes: Numerous fragments, especially in Layers 9-8–9-7, contain holes that
had been bored after firing. These are mending holes, an indication that these vessels,
mainly large storage jars and kraters, had been repaired in antiquity.
214 E X C AVAT I O N S AT T H E S U M M I T O F T H E C I T Y O F D AV I D 2 0 0 7 - 2 0 0 8

Dating
In his study of the pottery retrieved from Kenyon’s Square AXVIII in the City of David, H. F.
Franken argues that the Persian period fill is too homogeneous to represent a natural, progres-
sive stratigraphic chronological sequence. He believes that instead this fill represents a short-
term event: “the entire dump was made in preparation of the building of wall 1,” referring to
Nehemiah’s Wall (Franken 2005: 98).
The results of the 2007–2008 excavations beneath the Northern Tower appear to contradict
Franken’s claim. The gradual changes reflected in the pottery assemblages from Layer 9-8
(and some even from Stratum 9/10) to Layer 9-2 indicate a slower, more gradual accumula-
tion. As mentioned above, the disappearance of burnishing, the gradual transformation from
folded to ledge-rim bowls, as well as the appearance of typical Persian period cooking pots, all
point to a long-term accumulation rather than a short-term one.
The destruction debris constituting Stratum 10A-1 (Layers 1–2) has been dated by E.
Mazar to the Babylonian destruction of 586 BCE, and provides a terminus post quem for the
following Stratum 9/10. The latter is entirely devoid of any clear Persian period pottery types,
and contains instead such Late Iron Age forms as shallow bowls, which are completely absent
from the Persian period repertoire. A glaring difference between the Stratum 10 and 9 assem-
blages is the appearance of a new surface treatment, i.e., the transformation from the red ware,
red slip, and dense, narrow burnished bands of the Iron Age to the new light reddish-pink ware
and wide burnished bands of the Persian period.
The first appearance of new Persian period pottery forms comes only in Layers 9-8 and 9-
7. These include globular cooking pots with short necks and triangular rims, holemouth jars,
kraters with horizontal handles, open lamps with knife-shaved bases, and wedge- and reed-
shaped impressions, with these forms continuing to appear in Layers 9-6–9-2. Therefore, it is
not possible to securely date the various sublayers of the strata, nor can the finds from within
the tower above provide them with a terminus ante quem (see Chapter 1).
As noted above, the Area G pottery recalls typical Persian period assemblages of the
Judean and Samarian Hills and the Land of Benjamin, and seems to date from the early part of
the period, i.e., the late 6th–early 5th centuries BCE. Forms dated to the 4th century — such as
large bowls with thick rounded walls, kraters with flaring rims, or jars with folded rims, most
from such well-dated contexts as Khirbet Qeiyafa (Sandhaus 2009) and Na¢al Tut VIII
(Alexandre 2006) — are totally absent here. Also missing are imported wares or local imita-
tions, such as incurved-rim bowls or closed wheel-made lamps dated to the 4th century BCE
(Sandhaus 2009).
In addition, other Persian period vessels that are dated later than the mid-5th century BCE
are also lacking. In contrast to Shiloh’s excavations southeast of the Northern Tower, where he
unearthed a large concentration of storage jars bearing yhd and phw stamp impressions (Ariel
and Shoham 2000:144–152), there is a striking absence of such storage jars beneath the
Northern Tower. Although their exact date remains under debate, these impressions apparently
first appeared in the second half of the 5th century BCE (Stern 2001: 550; but cf. Lipschits and
Vanderhooft 2011, who suggest an earlier date, the late 6th century). The same can be said
about other special finds in these fills, such as Attic pottery or any coins — items that are
absent here but are known to be widespread in the second half of the 5th century.
Although argued almost solely from the perspective of negative evidence, this dating sug-
gestion of the first half of the 5th century still stands strong. Undisturbed archaeological con-
texts containing the typical Persian period pottery repertoire and lacking finds (coins, Attic
pottery) that date later than the mid-5th century BCE are known from several sites. These
 C H A P T E R F O U R : T H E E A R LY P E R S I A N P E R I O D P O T T E RY 215

include Tell Balatah, Stratum V (Lapp 2007; 2008), and Tell es-Sa‘idiyeh, Stratum IVd (Tubb
2007: 284, 288), both dated from the late 6th–early 5th century BCE. Other examples are a
small, single-period site near ‘Ein Zippori (Oshri and Gal 2010: 24) and more recently at a
storage pit at Ramat Ra¢el (Freud et al., forthcoming).2 Taking all the above into consider-
ation, we propose to date the Strata 9A–B assemblages to the Early Persian period.

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Stern, E. and Magen, Y. 1984. A Pottery Group of the Persian Period from Qadum in Samaria.
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Pottery from the Persian-period layers beneath the Northern Tower.

218 E X C AVAT I O N S AT T H E S U M M I T O F T H E C I T Y O F D AV I D 2 0 0 7 - 2 0 0 8

Figure 4.1. Bowls

No. Locus Reg. No. Vessel Type

1 1213 17104/3 Small bowl BL-1
2 1211 17085/3 Small bowl BL-1
3 1215 17173/7 Small bowl BL-2a
4 2009 20103/8 Small bowl BL-2a
5 2004 20016/1 Small bowl BL-2a
6 1210 17140/2 Small bowl BL-2b
7 1210 17166/10 Small bowl BL-2b
8 2012a 20151/1 Small bowl BL-6
9 1207 17025/7 Small bowl BL-6
10 1208 17042/2 Small bowl BL-3
11 1213 17043 Small bowl BL-3
12 1210 17169/3 Small bowl BL-3
13 1210 17166/2 Small bowl BL-3
14 1213 17112/2 Small bowl BL-4
15 1213 17095/1 Small bowl BL-4
16 1210 17166/19 Small bowl BL-4
17 1211 17205/1 Small bowl BL-4
18 1213 17069/12 Small bowl BL-5
19 1213 17069/11 Small bowl BL-5
20 1210 17166/20 Small bowl BL-5
21 1215 17175/5 Small bowl BL-5
22 1213 17104/6 Large bowl BL-7
23 1210 17155/2 Large bowl BL-7
24 1216 17115/2 Large bowl BL-7
25 1213 17064/9 Large bowl BL-7
26 1213 17098/2 Large bowl BL-8
27 1210 17170/1 Large bowl BL-8
28 1215 17183 Large bowl BL-8
29 1216 17120/4 Mortaria BL-9
30 1210 17153/4 Mortaria BL-9
31 1208 17034/1 Mortaria BL-9
32 1211 17203/11 Mortaria BL-9
33 1211 17192/12 Mortaria BL-9
34 1210 17180 Attic bowl BL-10
 C H A P T E R F O U R : T H E E A R LY P E R S I A N P E R I O D P O T T E RY 219

Fig. 4.1. Bowls

220 E X C AVAT I O N S AT T H E S U M M I T O F T H E C I T Y O F D AV I D 2 0 0 7 - 2 0 0 8

Figure 4.2. Kraters and cooking pots

No. Locus Reg. No. Vessel Type

1 1216 17139/1 Krater KR-1
2 1216 17115/1 Krater KR-1
3 2004 20014/5 Krater KR-1
4 1211 17206/3 Krater KR-1
5 1218 17212/2 Krater KR-2
6 1218 17217/47 Krater KR-2
7 2004 +2003 20008/3+ 20021/3 Krater KR-2
8 2004 20014/7 Krater KR-3
9 1213 17097/1 Krater KR-3
10 1210 17166/13 Cooking pot CP-1
11 1211 17203/8 Cooking pot CP-1
12 1211 17199/6 Cooking pot CP-1
13 2007 20068/3 Cooking pot CP-2
14 2004 20021/7 Cooking pot CP-2
15 1215 17368 Cooking pot CP-2
 C H A P T E R F O U R : T H E E A R LY P E R S I A N P E R I O D P O T T E RY 221

Fig. 4.2. Kraters and Cooking Pots

222 E X C AVAT I O N S AT T H E S U M M I T O F T H E C I T Y O F D AV I D 2 0 0 7 - 2 0 0 8

Figure 4.3. Jars and jugs

No. Locus Reg. No. Vessel Type

1 1212 17027/11 Jar JR-1
2 1211 17206/7 Jar JR-1
3 1216 17121/2 Jar JR-1
4 1215 17174/1 Jar JR-1
5 1211 17198/4 Jar JR-1
6 1216 17130/11 Jar JR-1
7 1216 17123/4 Jar JR-2
8 1216 17138/19 Jar JR-2
9 2004 20014/9 Jar JR-3
10 1211 17198/5 Jar JR-3
11 1218 17250/25 Jar JR-3
12 1213 17104/8 Jar/Krater JR-4
13 1207 17025/4 Jar/Krater JR-4
14 1213 17069/10 Holemouth jar JR-5
15 1210 17140/5 Holemouth jar JR-5
16 1210 17126/6 Holemouth jar JR-6
17 1216 17138/10 Holemouth jar JR-6
18 1215 17174/2 Jug JG-1
19 1207 17068/3 Jug JG-1
20 1215 17175/7 + 17174/4 Jug JG-2
21 1208 17086/1 Jug JG-3
22 1208 17086/4 Jug JG-4
23 2012a 20182/1 Jug JG-5
24 2012a 20181/3 Decanter JG-6
25 2007 20078/1 Decanter JG-6
26 1216 17138/7 Decanter JG-6
 C H A P T E R F O U R : T H E E A R LY P E R S I A N P E R I O D P O T T E RY 223

Fig. 4.3. Jars and Jugs

224 E X C AVAT I O N S AT T H E S U M M I T O F T H E C I T Y O F D AV I D 2 0 0 7 - 2 0 0 8

Figure 4.4. Juglets, flasks, bottles, stands, lamps and vessels decorated with wedge- and reed-shaped impressions

No. Locus Reg. No. Vessel Type

1 1211 17235 Juglet JL-1
2 1216 17115/7 Juglet JL-2
3 1218 17255/2 Juglet JL-3
4 1212 17027/15 Flask Flask
5 1212 17027/14 Flask Flask
6 1213 17082 Bottle BT-1
7 1215 17181 Bottle BT-1
8 2006 20042/2 Bottle BT-2
9 2004 20021/1 Stand Stand
10 1210 17160/1 Lamp Lamp
11 1207 17025/1 Krater KR-1
12 2004+2003 20008/3 + 20021/3 Krater KR-2
13 1213 17070/2 Jug (?)
14 1210 17127/5 Jug (?)
15 1211 17192/13 Krater (?)
16 1218 17244 Jug (?)
 C H A P T E R F O U R : T H E E A R LY P E R S I A N P E R I O D P O T T E RY 225

Fig. 4.4. Juglets, flasks, bottles, stands, lamps and vessels decorated with wedge and reed-shaped impressions
226 E X C AVAT I O N S AT T H E S U M M I T O F T H E C I T Y O F D AV I D 2 0 0 7 - 2 0 0 8

Figure 4.5. Layer 9-2

No. Locus Reg. No. Vessel Type Description

1 1207 17046/1 Small bowl BL-4 Pale yellowish-brown ware, a few small white
inclusions
2 1207 17025/7 Small bowl BL-6 Reddish-brown ware, white inclusions
3 1207 17025/2 Jar JR-1 Reddish-brown ware, white inclusions
4 1212 17027/11 Jar JR-1 Buff ware, gray core
5 1207 17025/5 Jar JR-1 Buff ware, gray core
6 1207 17065/8 Jar JR-1 Buff ware, gray core
7 1207 17065/4 Jar JR-1 Reddish-brown ware, white inclusions
8 1207 17025/4 Jar JR-4 Reddish-brown ware, pale brown surface, small
white inclusions
9 1207 17068/3 Jug JG-1 Reddish-brown ware, white inclusions
10 1207 17025/1 Krater KR-1 Greenish-gray ware, burnished on exterior and
wedge-shaped impressions on shoulder
11 1207 17065/5 Juglet JL-1 Reddish-brown ware
12 1212 17027/15 Flask Flask Orange-brown ware, small white inclusions
13 1212 17027/14 Flask Flask Reddish-brown ware, small white inclusions

Fig. 4.5. Layer 9-2

 C H A P T E R F O U R : T H E E A R LY P E R S I A N P E R I O D P O T T E RY 227

Figure 4.6. Layer 9-3: L1208

No. Reg. No. Vessel Type Description

1 17042/2 Small bowl BL-3 Reddish-brown ware, gray core, a few small white inclu-
sions
2 17086/5 Small bowl BL-5 Reddish ware, gray core, a few small white inclusions, bur-
nished interior
3 17034/1 Mortaria BL-9 Gray ware, many large white inclusions, impressed holes
on interior
4 17086/2 Large bowl BL-8 Reddish-brown ware, small white inclusions, traces of bur-
nished interior
5 17042/1 Krater KR-1 Pale brown ware, small white inclusions
6 17125/4 Cooking pot CP-1 Reddish-brown ware, dark inclusions
7 17125/3 Jar JR-1 Pale brown ware, small white inclusions
8 17086/4 Jug JG- 4 Buff ware, small white inclusions
9 17086/1 Jug JG-5 Buff ware, small white inclusions

Fig. 4.6. Layer 9-3: L1208

228 E X C AVAT I O N S AT T H E S U M M I T O F T H E C I T Y O F D AV I D 2 0 0 7 - 2 0 0 8

Figure 4.7. Layer 9-4: L1213

No. Reg. No. Vessel Type Description

1 17104/3 Small bowl BL-1 Reddish-brown ware, gray core, many small white inclusions
2 17069/8 Small bowl BL-3 Pale brown ware, small white inclusion
3 17043 Small bowl BL-3 Pale brown ware, small white inclusions, burnished interior
4 17112/2 Small bowl BL-4 Reddish-brown ware, many small white inclusions
5 17112/16 Small bowl BL-4 Pale brown ware
6 17107/7 Small bowl BL-4 Pale brown ware, small white inclusions
7 17095/1 Small bowl BL-4 Reddish-brown to pink ware, burnished interior and rim
8 17109/3 Small bowl BL-4 Reddish-brown ware, gray core, many small white inclusions
9 17089/2 Small bowl BL-4 Pale brown ware, small white inclusions
10 17112/5 Small bowl BL-4 Reddish-brown ware, gray core, many small white inclusions
11 17069/12 Small bowl BL-5 Reddish-brown ware, gray core
12 17069/11 Small bowl BL-5 Pale brown ware, small white inclusions
13 17107/5 Small bowl BL-5 Pale brown ware, gray core, small white inclusions
14 17104/6 Large bowl BL-7 Reddish-brown ware, gray core, many small white inclusions
15 17064/9 Large bowl BL-7 Reddish-brown ware, many small white inclusions
16 17107/1 Large bowl BL-8 Reddish-brown ware, many small white inclusions, burnished interior
and rim
17 17098/2 Large bowl BL-8 Reddish-brown ware, many small white inclusions, burnished interior
and rim
18 17107/6 Mortaria BL-9 Greenish-gray ware, many small white inclusions
19 17112/6 Krater KR-1 Reddish-brown ware, gray core, few small white inclusions
20 17064/6 Krater KR-1 Buff ware, gray core, small white inclusions
21 17097/1 Krater KR-3 Reddish-brown ware, many small white inclusions
22 17069/10 Holemouth jar JR-5 Buff ware, gray core, small white inclusions
23 17069/1 Holemouth jar JR-6 Buff ware
24 17104/8 Jar JR-4 Buff ware, gray core, small white inclusions
25 17064/8 Jar JR-1 Reddish-brown ware, many small white inclusions
26 17064/3 Jar JR-1 Reddish-brown ware, buff surface, many small white inclusions
27 17064/5 Jar JR-1 Pale brown ware
28 17112/4 Jar JR-1 Reddish-brown ware, dark inclusions
29 17069/9 Jug JG-6 Pale brown ware
30 17107/8 Jug JG-6 Reddish-brown ware, many small white inclusions
31 17082 Bottle BT-1 Reddish-brown ware
32 17070/2 Jug (?) Reddish-brown ware, many small white inclusions, wedge-shaped
impressions
 C H A P T E R F O U R : T H E E A R LY P E R S I A N P E R I O D P O T T E RY 229

Fig. 4.7. Layer 9-4: L1213

230 E X C AVAT I O N S AT T H E S U M M I T O F T H E C I T Y O F D AV I D 2 0 0 7 - 2 0 0 8

Figure 4.8. Layer 9-4: L1216

No. Reg. No. Vessel Type Description

1 17130/9 Small bowl BL-3 Reddish-brown ware, many small white inclusions, burnished interior
and rim
2 17130/3 Small bowl BL-3 Reddish-brown ware, many small white inclusions, burnished interior
and rim
3 17121/3 Small bowl BL-3 Reddish-brown ware, burnished interior and rim
4 17139/5 Small bowl BL-4 Pale brown ware
5 17150/4 Small bowl BL-4 Reddish-brown ware
6 17121/8 Small bowl BL-4 Reddish-brown ware
(?)
7 17115/2 Large bowl BL-7 Reddish-brown ware, a few small white inclusions
8 17108/7 Large bowl BL-7 Buff ware
9 17120/3 Large bowl BL-8 Grayish-brown ware, gray core, many small white inclusions, bur-
nished interior and rim
10 17120/4 Mortaria BL-9 Greenish ware, many dark inclusions
11 17139/1 Krater KR-1 Reddish-brown ware, many small white inclusions
12 17115/1 Krater KR-1 Reddish-brown ware, gray core, a few small white inclusions
13 17130/5 Krater KR-1 Reddish-brown ware, gray core, a few small white inclusions
14 17134/3 Cooking pot CP-1 Reddish-brown ware, many small white inclusions
15 17130/4 Cooking pot CP-2 Reddish-brown ware, many small white inclusions
16 17138/3 Cooking pot CP-1 Reddish-brown ware, many small white inclusions
17 17130/11 Jar JR-1 Reddish-brown ware, gray core, a few small white inclusions
18 17108/6 Jar JR-1 Pale brown ware
19 17115/4 Jar JR-1 Greenish-brown ware
20 17121/2 Jar JR-1 Reddish-brown ware
21 17138/19 Jar JR-2 Brown ware
22 17123/4 Jar JR-2 Reddish-brown ware, gray core
23 17138/10 Jar JR-6 Reddish-brown ware
24 17132/3 Jug JG-1 Reddish brown ware, a few small white inclusions
25 17138/7 Decanter JG-6 Reddish-brown ware, gray core
26 17115/7 Juglet JL-2 Grayish-brown ware
27 17108/3 Juglet JL-1 Yellowish-brown ware
 C H A P T E R F O U R : T H E E A R LY P E R S I A N P E R I O D P O T T E RY 231

Fig. 4.8. Layer 9-4: L1216

Figure 4.9. Layer 9-5: L1210

No. Reg. No. Vessel Type Description

1 17140/2 Small bowl BL-2b Reddish-brown ware
2 17166/10 Small bowl BL-2b Reddish brown ware, a few small white inclusions
3 17166/21 Small bowl BL-3 Greenish-brown ware, burnished interior and rim
4 17162/8 Small bowl BL-3 Reddish-brown ware, burnished interior and rim
5 17169/3 Small bowl BL-3 Reddish-brown ware, a few small white inclusions, burnished inte-
rior and rim
6 17166/2 Small bowl BL-3 Grayish-brown ware
7 17166/19 Small bowl BL-4 Reddish-brown ware, gray core
8 17155/10 Small bowl BL-4 Reddish-brown ware, gray core
9 17155/7 Small bowl BL-5 Reddish-brown ware, gray core
10 17166/20 Small bowl BL-5 Reddish-brown ware, gray core
11 17164/1 Small bowl BL-5 Reddish-brown ware, gray core
12 17160/3 Small bowl BL-5 Reddish-brown ware, gray core
13 17155/2 Large bowl BL-7 Pale brown ware, gray core
14 17170/1 Large bowl BL-8 Reddish-brown ware, a few small white inclusions, burnished inte-
rior
15 17169/4 Large bowl BL-8 Gray coarse ware, many medium-sized white inclusions
16 17156/2 Large bowl BL-8 Reddish-brown ware, gray core, white inclusions
17 17156/8 Large bowl BL-8 Reddish-brown ware, gray core, white inclusions, burnished interior
18 17160/7 Large bowl BL-8 Reddish-brown ware, gray core, white inclusions, burnished interior
19 17156/3 Large bowl BL-8 Reddish-brown ware, gray core, white inclusions
20 17153/4 Mortaria BL-9 Greenish-brown ware, white inclusions, interior dotted with deep
reed-shaped impressions
21 17160/6 Krater KR-1 Grayish-brown ware
22 17166/13 Cooking pot CP-1 Dark reddish-brown, well-fired ware; many white inclusions
23 17170/4 Cooking pot CP-2 Dark reddish-brown, well-fired ware; many white inclusions
24 17153/3 Jar JR-1 Reddish-brown ware, gray core
25 17169/1 Jar JR-1 Pale brown ware, gray core
26 17156/11 + Jar JR-1 Yellowish-brown ware, tiny iron inclusions
17160/4
27 17127/6 Jar JR-1 Yellowish-brown ware
28 17162/6 + Jar JR-1 Grayish coarse ware, many medium white inclusions
17153/1
29 17140/5 Holemouth jar JR-5 Grayish-brown ware, small white inclusions
30 17126/6 Holemouth jar JR-6 Reddish-brown ware
31 17153/2 Jug JG-1 Reddish-brown ware
32 17156/5 Jug JG-1 Grayish-brown ware
33 17162/7 Decanter JG-6 Reddish-brown ware
34 17140/6 Flask Flask Reddish-brown ware
35 17156/7 Juglet JL-2 Pale brown ware
36 17154/5 Juglet JL-3 Reddish-brown ware
37 17160/1 Lamp Lamp Reddish-brown ware
38 17127/5 Jug (?) Yellowish-brown ware, burnished, wedge-shaped impressions
39 17180 Attic bowl BL-10 Levigated red-pink ware, black glaze on interior and exterior
Fig. 4.9. Layer 9-5: L1210
234 E X C AVAT I O N S AT T H E S U M M I T O F T H E C I T Y O F D AV I D 2 0 0 7 - 2 0 0 8

Figure 4.10. Layer 9-6: L1215

No. Reg. No. Vessel Type Description

1 17173/7 Small bowl BL-2a Reddish-brown ware
2 17175/11 Small bowl BL-3 Grayish-brown ware, burnished interior and rim
3 17173/1 Small bowl BL-3 Pale brown ware, burnished interior and rim
4 17184/18 Small bowl BL-3 Pale brown ware, burnished interior and rim
5 17184/7 Small bowl BL-5 Grayish-brown ware, burnished interior and rim
6 17175/5 Small bowl BL-5 Reddish-brown ware, gray core
7 17183 Large bowl BL-8 Reddish-brown ware, many small white inclusions, burnished inte-
rior and rim
8 17173/9 Large bowl BL-8 Brown ware, gray core, many small white inclusions
9 17184/3 Krater KR-1 Reddish-brown ware, gray core, many small white inclusions
10 17184/4 Krater KR-1 Reddish-brown ware, gray core, many small white inclusions
11 17182/8 Cooking pot CP-1 Dark reddish-brown, well-fired ware; many white inclusions
12 17184/6 Cooking pot CP-1 Dark reddish-brown, well-fired ware, many white inclusions
13 17368 Cooking pot CP-2 Dark reddish-brown, well-fired ware; many white inclusions
14 17174/1 Jar JR-1 Yellowish-brown ware, gray core, many small white inclusions
15 17184/2 Jar JR-1 Yellowish-brown ware, gray core, many small white inclusions
16 17173/3 Jar JR-1 Yellowish-brown ware, gray core, many small white inclusions
17 17174/2 Jug JG-1 Reddish-brown ware, gray core, many small white inclusions
18 17175/7 + Jug JG-2 Reddish-brown ware, gray core, many small white inclusions
17174/4
19 17181 Bottle BT-1 Reddish ware, many small white inclusions, vertical burnished body
and two horizontal burnished bands on neck
20 17174/8 Lamp Lamp Pale brown ware
 C H A P T E R F O U R : T H E E A R LY P E R S I A N P E R I O D P O T T E RY 235

Fig. 4.10. Layer 9-6: L1215

Figure 4.11. Layer 9-7

No. Locus Reg. No. Vessel Type Description

1 1211 17085/3 Small bowl BL-1 Pale brown ware
2 2004 20016/1 Small bowl BL-2a Reddish-brown ware, gray core
3 1211 17206/4 Small bowl BL-2b Grayish-brown ware, gray core
4 1211 17199/17 Small bowl BL-3 Reddish-brown ware, gray core
5 1211 17199/4 Small bowl BL-3 Reddish-brown ware, few small white inclusions
6 1211 17070/4 Small bowl BL-3 Reddish-brown ware
7 2004 20014/6 Small bowl BL-4 Pale brown ware
8 1211 17206/9 Small bowl BL-4 Reddish-brown ware
9 1211 17205/1 Small bowl BL-4 Reddish-brown ware
10 2003 20009/5 Small bowl BL-4 Reddish-brown ware
11 1211 17206/11 Small bowl BL-5 Pale brown ware
12 1211 17199/5 Small bowl BL-5 Reddish-brown ware
13 1211 17198/1 Small bowl BL-5 Reddish-brown ware, burnished interior and rim
14 1211 17206/10 Small bowl BL-5 Reddish-brown ware
15 1211 17070/16 Large bowl BL-7 Pale brown ware
16 1211 17203/11 Mortaria BL-9 Grayish-brown ware, many white inclusions
17 1211 17192/12 Mortaria BL-9 Yellowish ware, gray core, many small white inclusions
18 2004 20014/5 Krater KR-1 Reddish-brown ware, gray core, many small white inclusions
19 1211 17206/3 Krater KR-1 Reddish-brown ware, gray core, many small white inclusions
20 2004 20014/7 Krater KR-3 Greenish-brown ware, gray core
21 2004 + 20008/3 + Krater KR-2 Pale brown ware, gray core, wedge-shaped impressions on
2003 20021/3 shoulder
22 2003 20009/3 Krater KR-2 Reddish-brown ware, gray core, many small white inclusions
23 1211 17192/13 Krater KR-2 Reddish-brown ware, gray core, many small white inclu-
sions, wedge-shaped impressions on shoulder
24 2004 20014/2 Krater KR-2 Reddish-brown ware, gray core, many small white inclusions
25 1211 17203/8 Cooking pot CP-1 Dark reddish-brown, well-fired ware; many white inclusions
26 1211 17199/6 Cooking pot CP-1 Dark reddish-brown, well-fired ware; many white inclusions
27 1211 17198/13 Cooking pot CP-1 Dark reddish-brown, well-fired ware; many white inclusions
28 2004 20021/7 Cooking pot CP-2 Dark reddish-brown, well-fired ware; many white inclusions
29 1211 17085/7 Jar JR-1 Grayish-brown ware, many small white inclusions
30 1211 17206/7 Jar JR-1 Reddish-brown ware, gray core, many small white inclusions
31 1211 17198/4 Jar JR-1 Grayish-brown ware
32 1211 17203/6 Jar JR-1 Reddish-brown ware, many small white inclusions
33 1211 17198/5 Jar JR-2 Grayish-brown ware
34 2004 20014/10 Jar JR-2 Reddish-brown ware, many small white inclusions
35 2004 20014/9 Jar JR-3 (?) Reddish-brown ware, many small white inclusions
36 1211 17235 Juglet JL-1 Reddish-brown ware
37 1211 17207 Juglet JL-1 Reddish-brown ware
38 1211 17199/10 Juglet JL-2 Reddish-brown ware
39 2004 20021/2 Lamp Lamp Pale brown ware
40 2004 20021/1 Stand Stand Greenish-brown ware, many large dark and white inclusions
Fig. 4.11. Layer 9-7
238 E X C AVAT I O N S AT T H E S U M M I T O F T H E C I T Y O F D AV I D 2 0 0 7 - 2 0 0 8

Figure 4.12. Layer 9-8

No. Locus Reg. No. Vessel Type Description

1 2005 20024/4 Small bowl BL-1 Reddish-brown ware
2 1218 17236/3 Small bowl BL-3 Reddish-brown ware, gray core, burnished interior
3 2007 20076 Small bowl BL-3 Reddish-brown ware, gray core, small white inclusions, burnished
interior and rim
4 1218 17254/5 Small bowl BL-3 Brown ware, gray core, small white inclusions, burnished interior
5 1218 17236/1 Small bowl BL-3 Brown ware, gray core, small white inclusions, burnished interior
and rim
6 2012a 20167/13 Small bowl BL-3 Reddish-brown ware, gray core, burnished interior and rim
7 2006 20030/8 Small bowl BL-3 Reddish-brown ware, gray core, small white inclusions, burnished
interior and exterior
8 2012a 20159/9 Small bowl BL-3 Reddish-brown ware, gray core, small white inclusions, burnished
interior and rim
9 2007 20069/2 Small bowl BL-4 Reddish-brown ware, gray core, small white inclusions, burnished
interior and exterior
10 1218 17237/6 Small bowl BL-4 Pale brown ware, large white inclusions
11 2012a 20159/8 Small bowl BL-5 Reddish-brown ware, gray core, small white inclusions, burnished
interior and rim
12 1218 17236/2 Small bowl BL-5 Yellowish-brown ware
13 1218 17233/11 Small bowl BL-6 Grayish-brown ware, dark inclusions
14 1218 17234/2 Large bowl BL-8 Reddish-brown ware, gray core
15 2006 20038/1 Large bowl BL-8 Reddish-brown ware, gray core, small white inclusions, reed-
shaped impressions beneath rim
16 2009 20101/1 Large bowl BL-8 Reddish-brown ware, gray core, small white inclusions, burnished
interior
17 1218 17226/3 Krater KR-1 Grayish-brown ware, dark inclusions
18 1218 17223/10 Krater KR-1 Reddish-brown ware
19 2012a 20182/12 Krater KR-1 Yellowish-brown ware, gray core
20 1218 17212/2 Krater KR-2 Pale brown ware, tiny white inclusions
21 1218 17217/47 Krater KR-2 Pale brown ware, tiny white inclusions
22 2007 20068/3 Cooking pot CP-2 Dark reddish-brown, well-fired ware, many white inclusions
23 2006 20038/2 Cooking pot CP-2 Dark reddish-brown, well-fired ware, many white inclusions
 C H A P T E R F O U R : T H E E A R LY P E R S I A N P E R I O D P O T T E RY 239

Fig. 4.12. Layer 9-8

240 E X C AVAT I O N S AT T H E S U M M I T O F T H E C I T Y O F D AV I D 2 0 0 7 - 2 0 0 8

Figure 4.12. Layer 9-8 (Cont.)

No. Locus Reg. No. Vessel Type Description

24 1218 17217/2 Jar JR-1 Reddish-brown ware
25 2005 20024/17 Jar JR-1 Yellowish-brown ware
26 1218 17217/18 Jar JR-1 Reddish-brown ware, gray core
27 2009 20114 Jar JR-1 Brown ware
28 2012a 20146/1 Jar JR-2 Yellowish-brown ware
29 1218 17214/8 Jar JR-2 Reddish-brown ware
30 2007 20092/1 Jar JR-2 Reddish-brown ware
31 1218 17250/25 Jar JR-3 Yellowish-brown ware
32 2005 20024/1 Jar JR-3 Reddish-brown ware, gray core
33 1218 17209/7 Jar JR-3 Grayish-brown ware, white inclusions
34 1218 17217/10 Jar JR-3 Grayish-brown ware, white inclusions
35 2012a 20182/1 Jug JG-3 Pale brown ware, large white inclusions
36 2005 20024/7 Jug JG-5 Reddish-brown ware
37 2012a 20181/3 Decanter (?) JG-6 Yellowish-brown ware, gray core
38 2012a 20167/3 Juglet JL-1 Reddish-brown ware
39 2012a 20167/12 Juglet JL-2 Pale brown ware
40 1218 17255/1 Juglet JL-3 Reddish-brown ware
41 2006 20042/2 Bottle BL-2 Pale brown ware, large white inclusions
42 1218 17212/4 Lamp Lamp Pale brown ware, large white inclusions
43 1218 17213/3 Jar Reddish-brown ware, gray core, three mending holes
44 2007 20082/1 Jug (?) Pale brown ware, large white inclusions, vertical incisions with
reed-shaped impressions between them
45 1218 17244 Jug (?) Pale brown ware with wedge- and reed-shaped impressions
46 2005 20025 Jug (?) Pale brown ware with wedge- and reed-shaped impressions
47 2001 20053 Jug (?) Pale brown ware with wedge- and reed-shaped impressions
 C H A P T E R F O U R : T H E E A R LY P E R S I A N P E R I O D P O T T E RY 241

Fig. 4.12. Layer 9-8 (Cont.)